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Watson R, Lindner S, Bordereau P, Hunze EM, Tak F, Ngo S, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Dragon-Durey MA, Marchbank KJ. Standardisation of the factor H autoantibody assay. Immunobiology 2014; 219:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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52
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Chen Q, Wiesener M, Eberhardt HU, Hartmann A, Uzonyi B, Kirschfink M, Amann K, Buettner M, Goodship T, Hugo C, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. Complement factor H-related hybrid protein deregulates complement in dense deposit disease. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:145-55. [PMID: 24334459 DOI: 10.1172/jci71866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal disorder C3 glomerulopathy with dense deposit disease (C3G-DDD) pattern results from complement dysfunction and primarily affects children and young adults. There is no effective treatment, and patients often progress to end-stage renal failure. A small fraction of C3G-DDD cases linked to factor H or C3 gene mutations as well as autoantibodies have been reported. Here, we examined an index family with 2 patients with C3G-DDD and identified a chromosomal deletion in the complement factor H-related (CFHR) gene cluster. This deletion resulted in expression of a hybrid CFHR2-CFHR5 plasma protein. The recombinant hybrid protein stabilized the C3 convertase and reduced factor H-mediated convertase decay. One patient was refractory to plasma replacement and exchange therapy, as evidenced by the hybrid protein quickly returning to pretreatment plasma levels. Subsequently, complement inhibitors were tested on serum from the patient for their ability to block activity of CFHR2-CFHR5. Soluble CR1 restored defective C3 convertase regulation; however, neither eculizumab nor tagged compstatin had any effect. Our findings provide insight into the importance of CFHR proteins for C3 convertase regulation and identify a genetic variation in the CFHR gene cluster that promotes C3G-DDD. Monitoring copy number and sequence variations in the CFHR gene cluster in C3G-DDD and kidney patients with C3G-DDD variations will help guide treatment strategies.
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53
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Micklisch S, Schult K, Zipfel P, Skerka C. Expression of recombinant ARMS2 and binding to self cell surfaces via glycosaminoglycans. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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54
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Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Hallström T, Wolf G. 14th European Meeting on Complement in Human Disease, Jena, Germany, August 17–21, 2013. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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55
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Chen Q, Wiesener M, Eberhardt H, Hartmann A, Kirschfink M, Amann K, Buettner M, Goodship T, Hugo C, Skerka C, Zipfel P. Complement deregulation in dense deposit disease by a novel CFHR2–CFHR5 hybrid protein. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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56
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Orth-Höller D, Ehrlenbach S, Rosales A, Poolpol K, Zipfel P, Skerka C, Córdoba SRD, Karpman D, Karch H, Würzner R. Shiga toxin 2 binds and modulates complement regulatory proteins in the fluid phase and on host cell membranes. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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57
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Pilz C, Luo S, Hartmann A, Skerka C, Zipfel P. Pra1 from Candida albicans has a metalloprotease function to cleave the central complement component C3. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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58
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Luo S, Reza M, Hoffmann R, Skerka C, Verschoor A, Zipfel P. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 is a novel Candida albicans complement inhibitor. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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59
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Luo S, Hipler UC, Münzberg C, Skerka C, Verschoor A, Zipfel P. Sequence variations and expression of the Candida albicans immune evasion proteins Gpm1 and Pra1 in clinical isolates contribute to virulence. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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60
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Pradel G, Simon N, Lasonder E, Scheuermayer M, Kühn A, Fischer R, Zipfel P, Skerka C. The impact of complement evasion on transmission of malaria. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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61
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Luo S, Skerka C, Kurzai O, Zipfel PF. Complement and innate immune evasion strategies of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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62
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Hallström T, Siegel C, Mörgelin M, Kraiczy P, Skerka C, Zipfel P. CspA from Borrelia burgdorferi inhibits the terminal complement pathway. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Staphylococcus aureus: the multi headed hydra resists and controls human complement response in multiple ways. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:188-94. [PMID: 24461453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a spectrum of human diseases including pneumonia, tissue and skin infections, endocarditis, pneumonia and sepsis. The increasing number of resistant bacteria and the threat of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) urge for the need to develop new antibacterial compounds. A prerequisite for development of such anti microbial compounds is a better understanding of the complex immune crosstalk between the pathogenic bacterium and its human host. To this end proteins staphylococcal proteins that contribute to innate immune evasion especially to complement control need to be identified and their mode of action needs to be analyzed in order to provide new targets for immune interference.
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64
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Vödisch S, Skerka C. Role of ApoE and its isoforms in AMD. Mol Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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65
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Weinberger AWA, Eddahabi C, Carstesen D, Zipfel PF, Walter P, Skerka C. Human complement factor H and factor H-like protein 1 are expressed in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Ophthalmic Res 2013; 51:59-66. [PMID: 24280833 DOI: 10.1159/000351624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common haplotype in the gene for the regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation factor H has been linked to individual predisposition to age- related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS In this study, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, i.e. immortalized ARPE-19 as well as primary human RPE cells, were investigated for expression of factor H and FHL-1 by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analysis. RESULTS Factor H and the alternative spliced product FHL-1 are expressed in RPE cells, i.e. in immortalized ARPE-19 and primary human RPE cells. Factor H and FHL-1 expression was induced in a dose-dependent manner in ARPE-19 cells upon treatment with the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6). In situ hybridization experiments confirmed an elevated expression rate of the factor H gene in IL-6-treated ARPE-19 cells. AMD is characterized by complement-associated inflammatory processes in the retina. Thus, local synthesis of complement regulators affects the protection of retinal cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis at the RPE-choroid interface.
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Ansari M, McKeigue PM, Skerka C, Hayward C, Rudan I, Vitart V, Polasek O, Armbrecht AM, Yates JRW, Vatavuk Z, Bencic G, Kolcic I, Oostra BA, Van Duijn CM, Campbell S, Stanton CM, Huffman J, Shu X, Khan JC, Shahid H, Harding SP, Bishop PN, Deary IJ, Moore AT, Dhillon B, Rudan P, Zipfel PF, Sim RB, Hastie ND, Campbell H, Wright AF. Genetic influences on plasma CFH and CFHR1 concentrations and their role in susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4857-69. [PMID: 23873044 PMCID: PMC3820139 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a longstanding puzzle why non-coding variants in the complement factor H (CFH) gene are more strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) than functional coding variants that directly influence the alternative complement pathway. The situation is complicated by tight genetic associations across the region, including the adjacent CFH-related genes CFHR3 and CFHR1, which may themselves influence the alternative complement pathway and are contained within a common deletion (CNP147) which is associated with protection against AMD. It is unclear whether this association is mediated through a protective effect of low plasma CFHR1 concentrations, high plasma CFH or both. We examined the triangular relationships of CFH/CFHR3/CFHR1 genotype, plasma CFH or CFHR1 concentrations and AMD susceptibility in combined case–control (1256 cases, 1020 controls) and cross-sectional population (n = 1004) studies and carried out genome-wide association studies of plasma CFH and CFHR1 concentrations. A non-coding CFH SNP (rs6677604) and the CNP147 deletion were strongly correlated both with each other and with plasma CFH and CFHR1 concentrations. The plasma CFH-raising rs6677604 allele and raised plasma CFH concentration were each associated with AMD protection. In contrast, the protective association of the CNP147 deletion with AMD was not mediated by low plasma CFHR1, since AMD-free controls showed increased plasma CFHR1 compared with cases, but it may be mediated by the association of CNP147 with raised plasma CFH concentration. The results are most consistent with a regulatory locus within a 32 kb region of the CFH gene, with a major effect on plasma CFH concentration and AMD susceptibility.
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67
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Koenigs A, Hammerschmidt C, Jutras BL, Pogoryelov D, Barthel D, Skerka C, Kugelstadt D, Wallich R, Stevenson B, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P. BBA70 of Borrelia burgdorferi is a novel plasminogen-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25229-25243. [PMID: 23861404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi lacks endogenous, surface-exposed proteases. In order to efficiently disseminate throughout the host and penetrate tissue barriers, borreliae rely on recruitment of host proteases, such as plasmin(ogen). Here we report the identification of a novel plasminogen-binding protein, BBA70. Binding of plasminogen is dose-dependent and is affected by ionic strength. The BBA70-plasminogen interaction is mediated by lysine residues, primarily located in a putative C-terminal α-helix of BBA70. These lysine residues appear to interact with the lysine-binding sites in plasminogen kringle domain 4 because a deletion mutant of plasminogen lacking that domain was unable to bind to BBA70. Bound to BBA70, plasminogen activated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator was able to degrade both a synthetic chromogenic substrate and the natural substrate fibrinogen. Furthermore, BBA70-bound plasmin was able to degrade the central complement proteins C3b and C5 and inhibited the bacteriolytic effects of complement. Consistent with these functional activities, BBA70 is located on the borrelial outer surface. Additionally, serological evidence demonstrated that BBA70 is produced during mammalian infection. Taken together, recruitment and activation of plasminogen could play a beneficial role in dissemination of B. burgdorferi in the human host and may possibly aid the spirochete in escaping the defense mechanisms of innate immunity.
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68
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Skerka C, Chen Q, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement factor H related proteins (CFHRs). Mol Immunol 2013; 56:170-80. [PMID: 23830046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Factor H related proteins comprise a group of five plasma proteins: CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4 and CFHR5, and each member of this group binds to the central complement component C3b. Mutations, genetic deletions, duplications or rearrangements in the individual CFHR genes are associated with a number of diseases including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), C3 glomerulopathies (C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN), dense deposit disease (DDD) and CFHR5 nephropathy), IgA nephropathy, age related macular degeneration (AMD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although complement regulatory functions were attributed to most of the members of the CFHR protein family, the precise role of each CFHR protein in complement activation and the exact contribution to disease pathology is still unclear. Recent publications show that CFHR proteins form homo- as well as heterodimers. Genetic abnormalities within the CFHR gene locus can result in hybrid proteins with affected dimerization or recognition domains which cause defective functions. Here we summarize the recent data about CFHR genes and proteins in order to better understand the role of CFHR proteins in complement activation and in complement associated diseases.
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69
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Schwab J, Hammerschmidt C, Richter D, Skerka C, Matuschka FR, Wallich R, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P. Borrelia valaisiana resist complement-mediated killing independently of the recruitment of immune regulators and inactivation of complement components. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53659. [PMID: 23320099 PMCID: PMC3539980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato complex differ in their resistance to complement-mediated killing, particularly in regard to human serum. In the present study, we elucidate the serum and complement susceptibility of B. valaisiana, a genospecies with the potential to cause Lyme disease in Europe as well as in Asia. Among the investigated isolates, growth of ZWU3 Ny3 was not affected while growth of VS116 and Bv9 was strongly inhibited in the presence of 50% human serum. Analyzing complement activation, complement components C3, C4 and C6 were deposited on the surface of isolates VS116 and Bv9, and similarly the membrane attack complex was formed on their surface. In contrast, no surface-deposited components and no aberrations in cell morphology were detected for serum-resistant ZWU3 Ny3. While further investigating the protective role of bound complement regulators in mediating complement resistance, we discovered that none of the B. valaisiana isolates analyzed bound complement regulators Factor H, Factor H-like protein 1, C4b binding protein or C1 esterase inhibitor. In addition, B. valaisiana also lacked intrinsic proteolytic activity to degrade complement components C3, C3b, C4, C4b, and C5. Taken together, these findings suggest that certain B. valaisiana isolates differ in their capability to resist complement-mediating killing by human serum. The molecular mechanism utilized by B. valaisiana to inhibit bacteriolysis appears not to involve binding of the key host complement regulators of the alternative, classical, and lectin pathways as already known for serum-resistant Lyme disease or relapsing fever borreliae.
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70
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Simon N, Lasonder E, Scheuermayer M, Kuehn A, Tews S, Fischer R, Zipfel P, Skerka C, Pradel G. Malaria Parasites Co-opt Human Factor H to Prevent Complement-Mediated Lysis in the Mosquito Midgut. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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71
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Luo S, Hoffmann R, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 is a novel factor H-, factor H-like protein 1-, and plasminogen-binding surface protein of Candida albicans. J Infect Dis 2012. [PMID: 23204165 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans uses human complement regulators such as factor H and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) for immune evasion. To define the whole panel of fungal complement-evasion molecules, C. albicans cell extract was absorbed to a factor H-coupled matrix. One 52-kDa protein was eluted and identified by mass spectrometry as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (Gpd2). Consequently, Gpd2 was recombinantly expressed and purified. Recombinant Gpd2 binds factor Hand and FHL-1, mainly via short consensus repeat 7; and binds plasminogen, via lysine residues. The 3 human complement regulators, when attached to candida Gpd2, became functionally active, and the attached host proteins assist in inactivation of the complement cascade or cleave fibrinogen in the extracellular matrix component fibrinogen. Polyclonal Gpd2 antiserum was generated and localized Gpd2 at the surface of C. albicans. In addition, candida Gpd2 bound to human nonphagocytic cells but not to phagocytic U937 cells. Thus, candida Gpd2 is a novel fungal immune evasion protein that binds several human complement regulators and, in addition, binds human cells.
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Eberhardt HU, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Hallström T, Hartmann A, Chen Q. C3-glomerulopathy associated human factor H-related proteins 2 (CFHR2) and 5 (CFHR5) regulate complement C3b and TCC. Immunobiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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73
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Hallström T, Siegel C, Luo S, Mörgelin M, Hammerschmidt S, Skerka C, Kraiczy P, Zipfel PF. Microbial pathogens of diverse origin inhibit the terminal complement pathway: A common immune evasion strategy? Immunobiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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74
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Chen Q, Wiesener M, Eberhardt H, Hartmann A, Hugo C, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. A novel hybrid CFHR2/CFHR5 gene develops MPGN II and provides insights into disease mechanism and therapeutic implications. Immunobiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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75
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Hallström T, Mörgelin M, Barthel D, Raguse M, Kunert A, Hoffmann R, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is a Surface-Exposed Immune Evasion Protein That Binds Three Members of the Factor H Family and Plasminogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4939-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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