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Hölscher T, Baumann M, Kotzerke J, Wirth M, Thomas C, Zips D, Löck S, Krause M, Lohaus F. PO-1332 OLI-P trial: pattern of progression after radiotherapy in PSMA-PET positive METs of prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huber J, Karschuck P, Koch R, Ihrig A, Krones T, Neisius A, Von Ahn S, Klopf C, Weikert S, Siebels M, Haseke N, Weißflog C, Baunacke M, Liske P, Tosev G, Benusch T, Schostak M, Stein J, Spiegelhalder P, Thomas C, Groeben C. Match of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and the urologists’ assessment in non-metastatic prostate cancer: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Donix L, William D, Erb H, Peitzsch C, Dubrovska A, Thomas C, Fuessel S, Erdmann K. Cisplatin tolerance is elevated in mismatch repair deficient prostate cancer cell lines but independent of acquired resistance to irradiation or docetaxel. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)00822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi JW, Corcoran S, Wang B, Häupl B, Ceribelli M, Huang DW, Wright GW, Shaffer AL, Phelan JD, Scheich S, Yu X, Yang Y, Thomas C, Oellerich T, Staudt LM. TARGETING PROXIMAL BCR SIGNALING PATHWAY IN DIFFUSE LARGE B‐CELL LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.11_2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Flegar L, Baunacke M, Groeben C, Borkowetz A, Kraywinkel K, Eisenmenger N, Thomas C, Huber J. Treatment trends for muscle-invasive bladder cancer in Germany from 2006 to 2018: Increasing case numbers facilitate more high-volume centers. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Corp A, Thomas C, Adlam M. The cardiovascular effects of positive pressure ventilation. BJA Educ 2021; 21:202-209. [PMID: 34026273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Smith R, Thomas C, Squires H, Götschi T, Kahlmeier S, Goyder E. The price of precision: trade-offs between usability and validity in the World Health Organization Health Economic Assessment Tool for walking and cycling. Public Health 2021; 194:263-269. [PMID: 33992906 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The widely used World Health Organization (WHO) Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling quantifies health impacts in terms of premature deaths avoided or caused as a result of changes in active transport. This article attempts to assess the effect of incorporating 'life-years' as an impact measure to increase the precision of the model and assess the effect on the tool's usability. STUDY DESIGN This article is a methods paper, using simulation to estimate the effect of a methodological change to the HEAT 4.2 physical activity module. METHODS We use the widely used WHO HEAT for walking and cycling as a case study. HEAT currently quantifies health impacts in terms of premature deaths avoided or caused as a result of changes in active transport. We assess the effect of incorporating "duration of life gained" as an impact measure to increase the precision of the model without substantially affecting usability or increasing data requirements. RESULTS Compared with the existing tool (HEAT version 4.2), which values premature deaths avoided, estimates derived by valuing life-years gained are more sensitive to the age of the population affected by an intervention, with results for older and younger age groups being markedly different between the two methods. This is likely to improve the precision of the tool, especially where it is applied to interventions that affect age groups differentially. The life-years method requires additional background data (obtained and used in this analysis) and minimal additional user inputs; however, this may also make the tool harder to explain to users. CONCLUSIONS Methodological improvements in the precision of widely used tools, such as the HEAT, may also inadvertently reduce their practical usability. It is therefore important to consider the overall impact on the tool's value to stakeholders and explore ways of mitigating potential reductions in usability.
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Flatrès C, Roué JM, Picard C, Carausu L, Thomas C, Pellier I, Millot F, Gandemer V, Chantreuil J, Lorton F, Gras Le Guen C, Launay E. Investigation of primary immune deficiency after severe bacterial infection in children: A population-based study in western France. Arch Pediatr 2021; 28:398-404. [PMID: 33903000 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries and may preferentially affect predisposed children, especially immunocompromised children. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of recommended immunological tests in children with community-onset severe bacterial infection (COSBI) admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. We also assessed the frequency and described the typology of diagnosed primary immune deficiency (PID). METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational epidemiological study in six university hospitals in western France. All children from 1 month to 16 years of age admitted to hospital for bacterial meningitis, purpura fulminans, or meningococcal disease between August 2009 and January 2014 were included. We analyzed the frequency, type, and results of the immunological tests performed on children with meningitis, purpura fulminans, or a meningococcemia episode. RESULTS Among the 143 children included (144 episodes), 84 (59%) and 60 (41%) had bacterial meningitis and purpura fulminans or meningococcemia, respectively: 72 (50%) had immunological tests and 8% had a complete immunological investigation as recommended. Among the 72 children examined for PID, 11 (15%) had at least one anomaly in the immunological test results. Two children had a diagnosis of PID (one with C2 deficit and the other with C8 deficit) and seven other children had possible PID. Thus, the prevalence of a definite or possible diagnosis of PID was 12% among the children examined. CONCLUSION PID is rarely investigated after COSBI. We raise awareness of the need for immunological investigations after a severe infection requiring PICU admission.
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Harji D, Thomas C, Antoniou SA, Chandraratan H, Griffiths B, Henniford BT, Horgan L, Köckerling F, López-Cano M, Massey L, Miserez M, Montgomery A, Muysoms F, Poulose BK, Reinpold W, Smart N. A systematic review of outcome reporting in incisional hernia surgery. BJS Open 2021; 5:6220250. [PMID: 33839746 PMCID: PMC8038267 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of incisional hernia is up to 20 per cent after abdominal surgery. The management of patients with incisional hernia can be complex with an array of techniques and meshes available. Ensuring consistency in reporting outcomes across studies on incisional hernia is important and will enable appropriate interpretation, comparison and data synthesis across a range of clinical and operative treatment strategies. Methods Literature searches were performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE (from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. All studies documenting clinical and patient-reported outcomes for incisional hernia were included. Results In total, 1340 studies were screened, of which 92 were included, reporting outcomes on 12 292 patients undergoing incisional hernia repair. Eight broad-based outcome domains were identified, including patient and clinical demographics, hernia-related symptoms, hernia morphology, recurrent incisional hernia, operative variables, postoperative variables, follow-up and patient-reported outcomes. Clinical outcomes such as hernia recurrence rates were reported in 80 studies (87 per cent). A total of nine different definitions for detecting hernia recurrence were identified. Patient-reported outcomes were reported in 31 studies (34 per cent), with 18 different assessment measures used. Conclusions This review demonstrates the significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting in incisional hernia studies, with significant variation in outcome assessment and definitions. This is coupled with significant under-reporting of patient-reported outcomes.
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Huber J, Karschuck P, Groeben C, Thomas C, Praus F, Miernik A, Gratzke C, Alpers GW, Kriegmair M, Michel MS. Erratum zu: Empowerment für unsere Patienten. Gelebte Innovation im urologischen Alltag. Urologe A 2021; 60:521-522. [PMID: 33835208 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-021-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Farragher J, Davis J, Polatajko H, Elliott M, Ravani P, Manns B, Thomas C, Hemmelgarn B. POS-572 EXPLORING THE LIFE PARTICIPATION EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE ON CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS WHO PARTICIPATED IN AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT EDUCATION PROGRAM. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Batchelor R, Thomas C, Gardiner BJ, Lee SJ, Fleming S, Wei A, Coutsouvelis J, Ananda-Rajah M. When Azoles Cannot Be Used: The Clinical Effectiveness of Intermittent Liposomal Amphotericin Prophylaxis in Hematology Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab113. [PMID: 34337090 PMCID: PMC8318248 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients unable to take azoles are a neglected group lacking a standardized approach to antifungal prophylaxis. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of intermittent liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) prophylaxis in a heterogenous group of hematology patients. Methods A retrospective cohort of all hematology patients who received a course of intravenous L-AMB, defined as 1 mg/kg thrice weekly from July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2018, were identified from pharmacy records. Outcomes included breakthrough-invasive fungal disease (BIFD), reasons for premature discontinuation, and acute kidney injury. Results There were 198 patients who received 273 courses of L-AMB prophylaxis. Using a conservative definition, the BIFD rate was 9.6% (n = 19 of 198) occurring either during L-AMB prophylaxis or up to 7 days from cessation in patients who received a course. Probable/proven BIFD occurred in 13 patients (6.6%, 13 of 198), including molds in 54% (n = 7) and non-albicans Candidemia in 46% (n = 6). Cumulative incidence of BIFD was highest in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (6.8%) followed by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2.7%) and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (2.5%). The most common indication for L-AMB was chemotherapy, or anticancer drug-azole interactions (75% of courses) dominated by vincristine, or acute myeloid leukemia clinical trials, followed by gut absorption concerns (13%) and liver function abnormalities (8.8%). Acute kidney injury, using a modified international definition, complicated 27% of courses but was not clinically significant, accounting for only 3.3% (9 of 273) of discontinuations. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a high rate of BIFD among patients receiving L-AMB prophylaxis. Pragmatic trials will help researchers find the optimal regimen of L-AMB prophylaxis for the many clinical scenarios in which azoles are unsuitable, especially as targeted anticancer drugs increase in use.
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Gonzalez Albo G, Broderick G, Cockerill K, Baird B, Thomas C. 049 Does the Clasification of Peyronie's Disease with Doppler US Affect Surgical Intervention Pursued by the Patient? J Sex Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gill E, Thomas C, Sonwalkar S, Howell S. Perioperative analgesia for colorectal cancer patients. Br J Anaesth 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bass-Stringer S, Donner D, Kiriazis H, Brown A, Gregorevic P, May C, Bernardo B, Thomas C, Weeks K, McMullen J. Generation and Characterisation of Novel PI3K-Based Gene Therapies for the Treatment of Heart Failure. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Song SH, McMurray C, Thomas C, Kavanagh S, Stephenson J. Improving pre-pregnancy care for women with diabetes: a community-focused strategy. Diabet Med 2020; 37:2171-2172. [PMID: 32617999 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rapp MA, Tschorn M, Supprian T, Thomas C, Kreisel S, Benninghoff J, Schumann G, Heinz A. [Potentials and limits of aging cohort studies for geriatric psychiatry]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 92:219-227. [PMID: 33242121 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sizeable number of population-based cohort studies of aging in Germany have provided highly valuable contributions for the specification of risk factors and predictors for frequent mental disorders in old age, especially dementia and depression. The results from these cohort studies enable the specification of mechanisms for the development of and preventative interventions for common mental disorders in old age. On the other hand, there is a significant paucity of clinical cohort studies investigating disease trajectories and possible markers for specific individualized interventions of frequent mental disorders in old age. In this article, we report selected key findings from cohort studies of aging and discuss novel approaches for the integration and harmonization of population-based and clinical cohort studies.
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Spannhorst S, Weller S, Thomas C. [Inpatient equivalent treatment : A new form of care also in gerontopsychiatry]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 53:713-720. [PMID: 33231760 PMCID: PMC7683866 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-020-01823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seit 2018 ist es nach einer Novellierung des SGB V psychiatrischen Kliniken möglich, stationäre aufsuchende Behandlung im Lebensumfeld psychiatrisch Erkrankter zu realisieren. Dabei sind besondere Strukturmerkmale und Dokumentationspflichten zu beachten. So muss dem Behandlungsteam neben einem Mitglied der ärztlichen und der pflegerischen Berufsgruppe auch mindestens ein Mitglied einer dritten Berufsgruppe angehören (z. B. Ergotherapie, Sozialarbeit, Physiotherapie). Die Leistungsvergütung wird zwischen der jeweiligen Klinik und den Krankenkassen verhandelt und schließt, regional divergent, Abrechnungen nach Pauschalen, nach geleisteten Minuten oder gemischte Modelle ein. Aus psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Sicht bietet die Behandlung gerontopsychiatrischer Patienten in ihrem Wohnumfeld und damit in ihren sozialen Kontexten viele Vorteile. Voraussetzung für ein Gelingen dieses Ansatzes ist ein auch in somatischen Erkrankungen erfahrenes und logistisch hochflexibles multiprofessionelles Behandlungsteam. Unter den Bedingungen der Coronapandemie stellen sich besondere Herausforderungen aufgrund der Besuchsverbote in Pflegeheimen und der mit aufsuchender Arbeit verbundenen Infektionsgefahr für Patienten und Mitglieder des Behandlungsteams.
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Michaelidou A, Adjogatse D, Suh Y, Pike L, Thomas C, Woodley O, Rackely T, Palaniappan N, Jayaprakasam V, Sanchez-Nieto B, Evans M, Barrington S, Lei M, Guerrero Urbano T. 18F-FDG-PET in guided dose-painting with intensity modulated radiotherapy in oropharyngeal tumours: A phase I study (FiGaRO). Radiother Oncol 2020; 155:261-268. [PMID: 33161013 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The FiGaRO trial assessed the feasibility and safety of using an FDG-PET-based dose-painting technique to deliver a radiotherapy (RT) boostto the FDG-avid primary tumour in patients with locally advanced high and intermediate risk oropharyngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD Patients underwent a planning 18FDG-PET-CT scan, immobilised in the treatment position, after one cycle of induction chemotherapy. The volume of persistent FDG-avidity in the primary tumour was escalated to 71.5 Gy in30 fractions delivered using a simultaneous integrated boost Intensity Modulated RT (SIB-IMRT) technique. RT was delivered with concomitant Cisplatin following 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy. The primary outcome was the incidence of grade ≥ 3 late mucosal toxicity 12 months post-treatment, with an excess rate of >10% regarded as unacceptable. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were included and twenty-four were treated between 2014 and 2018, in two UK centres. Median follow-up was 36 months (range 4-56 months). Pre-defined planning target volume objectives and organ at risk dose constraints were met in all cases. There were no incidents of acute grade 4 toxicity. There were 4 cases of grade ≥ 3 mucosal toxicity at 12 months post-treatment (19.1%). There were no cases of persistent mucosal ulceration at 12 months. Overall survival at 3-years was 87.5%, 92.9% for intermediate and 70.0% for high risk patients. CONCLUSION Late toxicity rates, although higher than anticipated, are comparable to contemporary published data for standard dose chemo-IMRT. Results suggest improved 3y survival rates for high risk patients. This approach merits further investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02953197.
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Thomas C, Dregely I, Oksuz I, Guerrero-Urbano T, Greener A, King A, Barrington S. OC-0351: Deep learning for rectal spacer stratification in prostate boost radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Thomas C, Dregely I, Oksuz I, Guerrero-Urbano T, Greener A, King A, Barrington S. PO-1751: Effect of pseudoCT methods on dose-derived rectal toxicity prediction in MR-only prostate RT. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hanumanthappa N, Goldsmith C, Mullassery V, Morris S, Aggarwal A, Taylor B, Gaya A, Smith D, Dunne E, GuerreroUrbano T, Qureshi A, Staykova V, Thomas C, Williams C, Hartill C, Taylor L, Harris V, Edwards C, Grandi V, Vivekanandan S, Sisodia C, Ahmad S. PO-1248: Preliminary safety and survival report of Stereotactic radiotherapy to oligometastases. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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George M, Balantac Z, Gillette C, Farooqui N, Tervonen T, Thomas C, Gilbert I, Gandhi H, Israel E. P213 UNMET MEDICAL NEED ACROSS THE ASTHMA DISEASE SPECTRUM: A US FOCUS GROUP STUDY. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Adams E, Currie S, Thomas C, Pediaditaki A, Temple S, South C, Currie G, Nisbet A. PD-0193: Validation of a multi-centre knowledge-based planning model for radiotherapy of cervical cancer. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Valanou E, Oakenful R, Thomas C, Tsouli C, Adkin A. Integration of tools and social science into food safety risk assessments. EFSA J 2020; 18:e181104. [PMID: 33294043 PMCID: PMC7691613 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.e181104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Food Risk Assessment (EU-FORA) Fellowship work programme 'Integration of tools and social science into food safety risk assessments' was proposed and delivered by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), UK. The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the UK, responsible for protecting public health in relation to food in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The programme was tailored to several different activities to provide an overview of the different tools that can be employed in food safety risk assessment also accounting for the interaction between risk assessment and social science. In order to structure the proposed work, the programme was split into four modules to run over the 12-month period of 'learning-by-doing'. In the first module, the fellow was introduced to Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA), in the second to Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA), in the third to Social Science, and finally, in the fourth to the Risk Prioritization Tools and Networks in UK - National Dietary Data (NDNS), collection methodology, coding and analysis. The fellow was assigned to the Risk Assessment Unit within the Science, Evidence and Research Department which brings together specialist expertise from Microbiological, Chemical Risk Assessment, and Analytics Units, under one department together with additional staff from the food allergy and radiological risk assessment fields. The aim was to be fully integrated in the organisation's work gaining first-hand experience, increase knowledge of scientific aspects relevant to food safety risk assessment, and more importantly, to enhance network connection activities in the EU food risk assessment environment.
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