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Petrylak D, Chi K, Drakaki A, Sternberg C, de Wit R, Nishiyama H, Yu E, Castellano D, Hussain S, Percent I, Fléchon A, Bamias A, van der Heijden M, Matsubara N, Alekseev B, Walgren R, Hamid O, Zimmermann A, Bell-Mcguinn K, Powles T. RANGE: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of docetaxel (DOC) with or without ramucirumab (RAM) in platinum-refractory advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx440.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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52
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Garcia-Donas J, Lainez N, Santos-Romero M, Puente J, Castellano D, Rodriguez-Moreno J, Esteban E, Grande Pulido E, Fernandez Parra E, Rodriguez Lajusticia L, Domenech M, Gonzalez Billalabeitia E, Sáez M, Gallardo Diaz E, Hernando Polo S, Herrador A, Inglada-Pérez L, Robledo M, Rodriguez-Antona C. Prospective study assessing the expression of angiogenesis-related genes as markers of anti-VEGFR2 response in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx363.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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53
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Grivas P, Plimack E, Balar A, Castellano D, O'Donnell P, Bellmunt J, Powles T, Hahn N, de Wit R, Bajorin D, Ellison M, Frenkl T, Keefe S, Vuky J. Pembrolizumab (pembro) as first-line therapy in cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer (UC): Outcomes from KEYNOTE-052 in senior patients (pts) with poor performance status. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx371.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Font A, Real F, Puente J, Vazquez Mazon F, Sala N, Virizuela J, Rodriguez-Vida A, Grande Pulido E, Castellano D, Climent M, Gallardo E, González del Alba A, Fernandez P, Jares P, Aldecoa I, Gibson N, Serra J, Imedio E, Ehrnrooth E, Mellado B. Afatinib in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) with genetic alterations in ErbB receptors 1–3 who failed on platinum-based chemotherapy: The Phase II LUX-Bladder 1 trial. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx371.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Conteduca V, Wetterskog D, Sharabiani MTA, Grande E, Fernandez-Perez MP, Jayaram A, Salvi S, Castellano D, Romanel A, Lolli C, Casadio V, Gurioli G, Amadori D, Font A, Vazquez-Estevez S, González del Alba A, Mellado B, Fernandez-Calvo O, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Climent MA, Duran I, Gallardo E, Rodriguez A, Santander C, Sáez MI, Puente J, Gasi Tandefelt D, Wingate A, Dearnaley D, Demichelis F, De Giorgi U, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Attard G. Androgen receptor gene status in plasma DNA associates with worse outcome on enzalutamide or abiraterone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-institution correlative biomarker study. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:1508-1516. [PMID: 28472366 PMCID: PMC5834043 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to guide personalized therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We aimed to clinically qualify androgen receptor (AR) gene status measurement in plasma DNA using multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in pre- and post-chemotherapy CRPC. METHODS We optimized ddPCR assays for AR copy number and mutations and retrospectively analyzed plasma DNA from patients recruited to one of the three biomarker protocols with prospectively collected clinical data. We evaluated associations between plasma AR and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 73 chemotherapy-naïve and 98 post-docetaxel CRPC patients treated with enzalutamide or abiraterone (Primary cohort) and 94 chemotherapy-naïve patients treated with enzalutamide (Secondary cohort; PREMIERE trial). RESULTS In the primary cohort, AR gain was observed in 10 (14%) chemotherapy-naïve and 33 (34%) post-docetaxel patients and associated with worse OS [hazard ratio (HR), 3.98; 95% CI 1.74-9.10; P < 0.001 and HR 3.81; 95% CI 2.28-6.37; P < 0.001, respectively], PFS (HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.08-4.39; P = 0.03, and HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.23-3.11; P = 0.01, respectively) and rate of PSA decline ≥50% [odds ratio (OR), 4.7; 95% CI 1.17-19.17; P = 0.035 and OR, 5.0; 95% CI 1.70-14.91; P = 0.003, respectively]. AR mutations [2105T>A (p.L702H) and 2632A>G (p.T878A)] were observed in eight (11%) post-docetaxel but no chemotherapy-naïve abiraterone-treated patients and were also associated with worse OS (HR 3.26; 95% CI 1.47-not reached; P = 0.004). There was no interaction between AR and docetaxel status (P = 0.83 for OS, P = 0.99 for PFS). In the PREMIERE trial, 11 patients (12%) with AR gain had worse PSA-PFS (sPFS) (HR 4.33; 95% CI 1.94-9.68; P < 0.001), radiographic-PFS (rPFS) (HR 8.06; 95% CI 3.26-19.93; P < 0.001) and OS (HR 11.08; 95% CI 2.16-56.95; P = 0.004). Plasma AR was an independent predictor of outcome on multivariable analyses in both cohorts. CONCLUSION Plasma AR status assessment using ddPCR identifies CRPC with worse outcome to enzalutamide or abiraterone. Prospective evaluation of treatment decisions based on plasma AR is now required. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT02288936 (PREMIERE trial).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androstenes/adverse effects
- Androstenes/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Circulating Tumor DNA/blood
- Circulating Tumor DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Europe
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Multivariate Analysis
- Mutation
- Nitriles
- Odds Ratio
- Patient Selection
- Phenylthiohydantoin/adverse effects
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/therapeutic use
- Precision Medicine
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Powles T, Bellmunt J, Castellano D, O’Donnell P, Grivas P, Vuky J, Plimack E, Hahn N, Balar A, Pang L, Savage M, Perini R, Keefe S, Bajorin D, De Wit R. Pembrolizumab produces clinically meaningful responses as first-line therapy in cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer: Results from subgroup analyses of KEYNOTE-052. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(17)30236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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57
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Faivre S, Niccoli P, Castellano D, Valle JW, Hammel P, Raoul JL, Vinik A, Van Cutsem E, Bang YJ, Lee SH, Borbath I, Lombard-Bohas C, Metrakos P, Smith D, Chen JS, Ruszniewski P, Seitz JF, Patyna S, Lu DR, Ishak KJ, Raymond E. Sunitinib in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: updated progression-free survival and final overall survival from a phase III randomized study. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:339-343. [PMID: 27836885 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a phase III trial in patients with advanced, well-differentiated, progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, sunitinib 37.5 mg/day improved investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) versus placebo (11.4 versus 5.5 months; HR, 0.42; P < 0.001). Here, we present PFS using retrospective blinded independent central review (BICR) and final median overall survival (OS), including an assessment highlighting the impact of patient crossover from placebo to sunitinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, cross-sectional imaging from patients was evaluated retrospectively by blinded third-party radiologists using a two-reader, two-time-point lock, followed by a sequential locked-read, batch-mode paradigm. OS was summarized using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. Crossover-adjusted OS effect was derived using rank-preserving structural failure time (RPSFT) analyses. RESULTS Of 171 randomized patients (sunitinib, n = 86; placebo, n = 85), 160 (94%) had complete scan sets/time points. By BICR, median (95% confidence interval [CI]) PFS was 12.6 (11.1-20.6) months for sunitinib and 5.8 (3.8-7.2) months for placebo (HR, 0.32; 95% CI 0.18-0.55; P = 0.000015). Five years after study closure, median (95% CI) OS was 38.6 (25.6-56.4) months for sunitinib and 29.1 (16.4-36.8) months for placebo (HR, 0.73; 95% CI 0.50-1.06; P = 0.094), with 69% of placebo patients having crossed over to sunitinib. RPSFT analysis confirmed an OS benefit for sunitinib. CONCLUSIONS BICR confirmed the doubling of PFS with sunitinib compared with placebo. Although the observed median OS improved by nearly 10 months, the effect estimate did not reach statistical significance, potentially due to crossover from placebo to sunitinib. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00428597.
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Castellano D, Rubio C, López-Calderón F, Segovia C, Dueñas M, Martinez-Fernández M, Otero I, Manneh R, De Velasco G, Paramio J. 8P Cdk4/6 inhibitor activity in metastatic bladder cancer cell lines is independently of RB1 status. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw573.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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59
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Park S, Castellano D, Petrylak D, Galsky M, van der Heijden M, Loriot Y, Ogawa O, Su WP, Huang W, Levin W, Ferro S, Ben Y, Bellmunt J, Powles T. 285TiP DANUBE: A Phase 3 randomised study of first-line durvalumab (MEDI4736) ± tremelimumab vs standard of care (SoC) chemotherapy (CT) in patients (pts) with Stage IV urothelial carcinoma (UC). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw583.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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60
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Castellano D, Rubio C, Lopez-Calderon F, Segovia C, Duenas M, Martinez-Fernandez M, Otero I, Manneh R, De Velasco G, Paramio J. 8P Cdk4/6 inhibitor activity in metastatic bladder cancer cell lines is independently of RB1 status. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(21)00170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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61
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Anido U, Fita MJ, Munielo-Romay L, Pérez-Valderrama B, Mellado B, de Olza MO, Calvo OF, Castellano D, Parra EF, Domenec M, Hernando S, Arija JA, Caballero C, Duran I, Campayo M, Climent M. Phase II study of weekly cabazitaxel for ‘unfit’ metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients (mCRPC) progressing after docetaxel (D) treatment. Circulating tumour cell (CTC) analysis (SOGUG-CABASEM Trial). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw372.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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62
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De Velasco G, Gámez-Pozo A, Urbanowicz M, Ruiz-Ares G, Sepulveda J, Manneh R, Homet B, Trilla-Fuertes L, Otero I, Celiz P, Villacampa F, Paz-Ares L, Vara JF, Castellano D. Proteomics profiling predicts poor prognosis in patients with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw373.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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63
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Capdevila J, Teulé A, Barriuso J, Castellano D, Lopez C, Manzano J, Alonso V, Garcia-Carbonero R, Dotor E, Matos I, Custodio A, Casanovas O, Salazar R. Phase II study of everolimus (EVL) and octreotide (OCT) LAR in patients with non-functioning gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours (GI-NETs): EVERLAR study. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw369.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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64
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Grande E, Fernández Pérez M, Font A, Vazquez S, Mellado B, Fernandez Calvo O, Méndez Vidal M, Climent M, González del Alba A, Gallardo E, Rodríguez Sánchez A, Santander C, Sáez M, Duran I, Puente J, Alonso Gordoa T, Tudela J, Martínez A, Castellano D, González Billalabeitia E. Early responses to enzalutamide in AR-V7 positive first line metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A prospective SOGUG clinical trial: The PREMIERE study. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw372.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Pérez-Valderrama B, Font A, Echaburu JV, Hernando S, Climent M, Arija JA, Guzman JV, Llorente M, Lainez Milagro N, Mellado B, González del Alba A, Gallardo E, Castellano D, Anido U, Domenech M, Garcia del Muro X, Puente J, Morales R, Bellmunt J, Garcia-Donas J. Randomized placebo controlled phase II trial (MAJA): Efficacy results of maintenance vinflunine after cisplatin chemotherapy (CT) in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). SOGUG 2011-02. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw373.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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66
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De Velasco G, Trilla-Fuertes L, Gámez-Pozo A, Urbanowicz M, Ruiz-Ares G, Sepulveda J, Manneh R, Homet B, Otero I, Celiz P, Villacampa F, Paz-Ares L, Vara JF, Castellano D. Proteomics-based system biology analyses unravel a functional structure with prognostic value. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw362.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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67
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Bellmunt J, Balar A, Galsky M, Loriot Y, Theodore C, Grande Pulido E, Castellano D, Retz M, Niegisch G, Bracarda S, Necchi A, Vaishampayan U, Sridhar S, Eigl B, Hussain S, van der Heijden M, Danner B, Mariathasan S, Legrand F, Rosenberg J. IMvigor210: updated analyses of first-line (1L) atezolizumab (atezo) in cisplatin (cis)-ineligible locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw373.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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68
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Luengo M, Hervás D, Sobrevilla N, Muro XG, Padro JGI, Castellano D, Aparicio J, Muñoz AS, Buxo E, Saenz A, Aguilar J, Valverde Morales C, Fernández Aramburu A, Maroto P, Espinosa M, Fonseca PJ, Ros S, Margeli M, Sastre J, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E. A risk assessment model for predicting venous thromboembolic events in chemotherapy-treated germ-cell cancer. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw390.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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69
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Oudard S, Sartor O, Sengeløv L, Daugaard G, Saad F, Hansen S, Hjelm-Eriksson M, Jassem J, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Caffo O, Castellano D, Mainwaring P, Bernard J, Shen L, Chadjaa M, Fizazi K. FIRSTANA: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) and post-hoc analyses for the phase III study assessing cabazitaxel (C) vs docetaxel (D) in chemotherapy-naïve patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw372.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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70
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Tran B, Ruiz-Morales J, Billalabeitia EG, Amir E, Seidel C, Bokemeyer C, Fankhauser C, Hermanns T, Rumyantsev A, Tryakin A, Brito M, Flechon A, Castellano D, Garcia del Muro X, Hamid A, Palmieri G, Kitson R, Reid A, Heng D, Bedard P. Large retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy (RPLN) and increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients (pts) with metastatic germ cell tumours (mGCT): a global germ cell cancer group (G3) study. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw373.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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71
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Balar A, Bellmunt J, O'Donnell P, Castellano D, Grivas P, Vuky J, Powles T, Plimack E, Hahn N, de Wit R, Pang L, Savage M, Perini R, Keefe S, Bajorin D. Pembrolizumab (pembro) as first-line therapy for advanced/unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer: Preliminary results from the phase 2 KEYNOTE-052 study. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw435.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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72
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Castellano D, Coronado-Zamora M, Campos JL, Barbadilla A, Eyre-Walker A. Adaptive Evolution Is Substantially Impeded by Hill-Robertson Interference in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:442-55. [PMID: 26494843 PMCID: PMC4794616 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hill-Robertson interference (HRi) is expected to reduce the efficiency of natural selection when two or more linked selected sites do not segregate freely, but no attempt has been done so far to quantify the overall impact of HRi on the rate of adaptive evolution for any given genome. In this work, we estimate how much HRi impedes the rate of adaptive evolution in the coding genome of Drosophila melanogaster. We compiled a data set of 6,141 autosomal protein-coding genes from Drosophila, from which polymorphism levels in D. melanogaster and divergence out to D. yakuba were estimated. The rate of adaptive evolution was calculated using a derivative of the McDonald-Kreitman test that controls for slightly deleterious mutations. We find that the rate of adaptive amino acid substitution at a given position of the genome is positively correlated to both the rate of recombination and the mutation rate, and negatively correlated to the gene density of the region. These correlations are robust to controlling for each other, for synonymous codon bias and for gene functions related to immune response and testes. We show that HRi diminishes the rate of adaptive evolution by approximately 27%. Interestingly, genes with low mutation rates embedded in gene poor regions lose approximately 17% of their adaptive substitutions whereas genes with high mutation rates embedded in gene rich regions lose approximately 60%. We conclude that HRi hampers the rate of adaptive evolution in Drosophila and that the variation in recombination, mutation, and gene density along the genome affects the HRi effect.
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73
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Puig M, Castellano D, Pantano L, Giner-Delgado C, Izquierdo D, Gayà-Vidal M, Lucas-Lledó JI, Esko T, Terao C, Matsuda F, Cáceres M. Functional Impact and Evolution of a Novel Human Polymorphic Inversion That Disrupts a Gene and Creates a Fusion Transcript. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005495. [PMID: 26427027 PMCID: PMC4591017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of study into inversions, very little is known about their functional consequences, especially in humans. A common hypothesis is that the selective value of inversions stems in part from their effects on nearby genes, although evidence of this in natural populations is almost nonexistent. Here we present a global analysis of a new 415-kb polymorphic inversion that is among the longest ones found in humans and is the first with clear position effects. This inversion is located in chromosome 19 and has been generated by non-homologous end joining between blocks of transposable elements with low identity. PCR genotyping in 541 individuals from eight different human populations allowed the detection of tag SNPs and inversion genotyping in multiple populations worldwide, showing that the inverted allele is mainly found in East Asia with an average frequency of 4.7%. Interestingly, one of the breakpoints disrupts the transcription factor gene ZNF257, causing a significant reduction in the total expression level of this gene in lymphoblastoid cell lines. RNA-Seq analysis of the effects of this expression change in standard homozygotes and inversion heterozygotes revealed distinct expression patterns that were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, we have found a new fusion transcript that is generated exclusively from inverted chromosomes around one of the breakpoints. Finally, by the analysis of the associated nucleotide variation, we have estimated that the inversion was generated ~40,000–50,000 years ago and, while a neutral evolution cannot be ruled out, its current frequencies are more consistent with those expected for a deleterious variant, although no significant association with phenotypic traits has been found so far. Since the discovery of chromosomal inversions almost 100 years ago, how they are maintained in natural populations has been a highly debated issue. One of the hypotheses is that inversion breakpoints could affect genes and modify gene expression levels, although evidence of this came only from laboratory mutants. In humans, a few inversions have been shown to associate with expression differences, but in all cases the molecular causes have remained elusive. Here, we have carried out a complete characterization of a new human polymorphic inversion and determined that it is specific to East Asian populations. In addition, we demonstrate that it disrupts the ZNF257 gene and, through the translocation of the first exon and regulatory sequences, creates a previously nonexistent fusion transcript, which together are associated to expression changes in several other genes. Finally, we investigate the potential evolutionary and phenotypic consequences of the inversion, and suggest that it is probably deleterious. This is therefore the first example of a natural polymorphic inversion that has position effects and creates a new chimeric gene, contributing to answer an old question in evolutionary biology.
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Fernandez Parra E, Ochoa M, Castellano D, Munielo L, Juan M, Perez Valderrama B, Mellado B, Fernandez Calvo O, Anido U, Domenech M, Hernando S, Arranz J, Caballero C, Campayo M, Estevez P, Leon L, Climent M. 2543 Weekly cabazitaxel in “unfit” metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients (mCRPC) progressing after docetaxel (D) treatment. CABASEM-SOGUG phase II trial. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Sharma P, Escudier B, McDermott D, George S, Hammers H, Srinivas S, Tykodi S, Sosman J, Procopio G, Plimack E, Castellano D, Gurney H, Donskov F, Bono P, Wagstaff J, Gauler T, Ueda T, Xu L, Waxman I, Motzer R. 3LBA CheckMate 025: a randomized, open-label, phase III study of nivolumab (NIVO) versus everolimus (EVE) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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