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Yarchoan M, Huang CY, Zhu Q, Ferguson AK, Durham JN, Anders RA, Thompson ED, Rozich NS, Thomas DL, Nauroth JM, Rodriguez C, Osipov A, De Jesus-Acosta A, Le DT, Murphy AG, Laheru D, Donehower RC, Jaffee EM, Zheng L, Azad NS. A phase 2 study of GVAX colon vaccine with cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1485-1494. [PMID: 31876399 PMCID: PMC7013064 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mismatch repair proficient (MMRp) colorectal cancer (CRC) has been refractory to single‐agent programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor therapy. Colon GVAX is an allogeneic, whole‐cell, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor ‐secreting cellular immunotherapy that induces T‐cell immunity against tumor‐associated antigens and has previously been studied in combination with low‐dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) to inhibit regulatory T cells. Methods We conducted a single‐arm study of GVAX/Cy in combination with the PD1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with advanced MMRp CRC. Patients received pembrolizumab plus Cy on day 1, GVAX on day 2, of a 21‐day cycle. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Secondary objectives included safety, overall survival, progression‐free survival, changes in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and immune‐related correlates. Results Seventeen patients were enrolled. There were no objective responses, and the disease control rate was 18% by RECIST 1.1. The median progression‐free survival was 82 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 48‐97 days) and the median overall survival was 213 days (95% CI 179‐441 days). Biochemical responses (≥30% decline in CEA) were observed in 7/17 (41%) of patients. Grade ≥ 3 treatment‐related adverse events were observed in two patients (hemolytic anemia and corneal transplant rejection). Paired pre‐ and on‐treatment biopsy specimens showed increases in programmed death‐ligand 1 expression and tumor necrosis in a subset of patients. Conclusions GVAX/Cy plus pembrolizumab failed to meet its primary objective in MMRp CRC. Biochemical responses were observed in a subset of patients and have not previously been observed with pembrolizumab monotherapy in MMRp CRC, indicating that GVAX may modulate the antitumor immune response.
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Cottrell TR, Thompson ED, Forde PM, Stein JE, Duffield AS, Anagnostou V, Rekhtman N, Anders RA, Cuda JD, Illei PB, Gabrielson E, Askin FB, Niknafs N, Smith KN, Velez MJ, Sauter JL, Isbell JM, Jones DR, Battafarano RJ, Yang SC, Danilova L, Wolchok JD, Topalian SL, Velculescu VE, Pardoll DM, Brahmer JR, Hellmann MD, Chaft JE, Cimino-Mathews A, Taube JM. Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC). Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1853-1860. [PMID: 29982279 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 may improve outcomes for patients with resectable NSCLC and provides a critical window for examining pathologic features associated with response. Resections showing major pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy, defined as ≤10% residual viable tumor (RVT), may predict improved long-term patient outcome. However, %RVT calculations were developed in the context of chemotherapy (%cRVT). An immune-related %RVT (%irRVT) has yet to be developed. Patients and methods The first trial of neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 (nivolumab, NCT02259621) was just reported. We analyzed hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from the post-treatment resection specimens of the 20 patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma who underwent definitive surgery. Pretreatment tumor biopsies and preresection radiographic 'tumor' measurements were also assessed. Results We found that the regression bed (the area of immune-mediated tumor clearance) accounts for the previously noted discrepancy between CT imaging and pathologic assessment of residual tumor. The regression bed is characterized by (i) immune activation-dense tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with macrophages and tertiary lymphoid structures; (ii) massive tumor cell death-cholesterol clefts; and (iii) tissue repair-neovascularization and proliferative fibrosis (each feature enriched in major pathologic responders versus nonresponders, P < 0.05). This distinct constellation of histologic findings was not identified in any pretreatment specimens. Histopathologic features of the regression bed were used to develop 'Immune-Related Pathologic Response Criteria' (irPRC), and these criteria were shown to be reproducible amongst pathologists. Specifically, %irRVT had improved interobserver consistency compared with %cRVT [median per-case %RVT variability 5% (0%-29%) versus 10% (0%-58%), P = 0.007] and a twofold decrease in median standard deviation across pathologists within a sample (4.6 versus 2.2, P = 0.002). Conclusions irPRC may be used to standardize pathologic assessment of immunotherapeutic efficacy. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine irPRC reliability as a surrogate for recurrence-free and overall survival.
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Matsushita Y, Smith B, Delannoy M, Trujillo MA, Chianchiano P, McMillan R, Kamiyama H, Liang H, Thompson ED, Hruban RH, Matsui W, Wood LD, Roberts NJ, Eshleman JR. Biphenotypic Differentiation of Pancreatic Cancer in 3-Dimensional Culture. Pancreas 2019; 48:1225-1231. [PMID: 31593010 PMCID: PMC6791773 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Improved characterized models of PDAC are needed for drug screening. METHODS We grew 4 established pancreatic cancer cell lines in hanging drop cultures to produce spheroids. We also grew organoids from explanted xenografted PDAC and surgically resected primary PDAC. We performed transmission and scanning electron microscopy and compared findings with those of the normal pancreatic duct. We also performed single-cell cloning to determine the potential options for differentiation. RESULTS Spheroids contained tight junctions and desmosomes but lacked zymogen granules, as expected. The former features were present in normal pancreatic duct but absent from PDAC cell lines grown in standard 2-dimensional culture. Spheroids functionally excluded macromolecules in whole mounts. Cells on the surface of PDAC spheroids were carpeted by microvilli except for rare cells with prominent stereocilia. Carpets of microvilli were also seen in low passage organoids produced from xenografts and surgically resected human PDAC, in addition to normal human pancreatic duct. We performed single-cell cloning and resulting spheroids produced both cell phenotypes at the same approximate ratios as those from bulk cultures. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic cancer spheroids/organoids are capable of biphenotypic differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/ultrastructure
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Desmosomes/ultrastructure
- Female
- Heterografts/pathology
- Heterografts/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Organoids/pathology
- Organoids/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Ducts/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
- Tight Junctions/ultrastructure
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Fischer CG, Guthrie VB, Braxton AM, Zheng L, Wang P, Song Q, Griffin JF, Chianchiano PE, Hosoda W, Niknafs N, Springer S, Molin MD, Masica D, Scharpf RB, Thompson ED, He J, Wolfgang CL, Hruban RH, Roberts NJ, Lennon AM, Jiao Y, Karchin R, Wood LD. Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms Arise From Multiple Independent Clones, Each With Distinct Mutations. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1123-1137.e22. [PMID: 31175866 PMCID: PMC6756950 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are lesions that can progress to invasive pancreatic cancer and constitute an important system for studies of pancreatic tumorigenesis. We performed comprehensive genomic analyses of entire IPMNs to determine the diversity of somatic mutations in genes that promote tumorigenesis. METHODS We microdissected neoplastic tissues from 6-24 regions each of 20 resected IPMNs, resulting in 227 neoplastic samples that were analyzed by capture-based targeted sequencing. Somatic mutations in genes associated with pancreatic tumorigenesis were assessed across entire IPMN lesions, and the resulting data were supported by evolutionary modeling, whole-exome sequencing, and in situ detection of mutations. RESULTS We found a high prevalence of heterogeneity among mutations in IPMNs. Heterogeneity in mutations in KRAS and GNAS was significantly more prevalent in IPMNs with low-grade dysplasia than in IPMNs with high-grade dysplasia (P < .02). Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that IPMNs contained multiple independent clones, each with distinct mutations, as originally indicated by targeted sequencing and evolutionary modeling. We also found evidence for convergent evolution of mutations in RNF43 and TP53, which are acquired during later stages of tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of the heterogeneity of mutations throughout IPMNs, we found that early-stage IPMNs contain multiple independent clones, each with distinct mutations, indicating their polyclonal origin. These findings challenge the model in which pancreatic neoplasms arise from a single clone. Increasing our understanding of the mechanisms of IPMN polyclonality could lead to strategies to identify patients at increased risk for pancreatic cancer.
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Reimann H, Fettrow T, Grenet D, Thompson ED, Jeka JJ. Phase-Dependency of Medial-Lateral Balance Responses to Sensory Perturbations During Walking. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:25. [PMID: 33344949 PMCID: PMC7739817 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is mechanically unstable during walking. Maintaining upright stability requires constant regulation of muscle force by the central nervous system to push against the ground and move the body mass in the desired way. Activation of muscles in the lower body in response to sensory or mechanical perturbations during walking is usually highly phase-dependent, because the effect any specific muscle force has on the body movement depends upon the body configuration. Yet the resulting movement patterns of the upper body after the same perturbations are largely phase-independent. This is puzzling, because any change of upper-body movement must be generated by parts of the lower body pushing against the ground. How do phase-dependent muscle activation patterns along the lower body generate phase-independent movement patterns of the upper body? We hypothesize that when a sensory system detects a deviation of the body in space from a desired state that indicates the onset of a fall, the nervous system generates a functional response by pushing against the ground in any way possible with the current body configuration. This predicts that the changes in the ground reaction force patterns following a balance perturbation should be phase-independent. Here we test this hypothesis by disturbing upright balance in the frontal plane using Galvanic vestibular stimulation at three different points in the gait cycle. We measure the resulting changes in whole-body center of mass movement and the location of the center of pressure of the ground reaction force. We find that the magnitude of the initial center of pressure shift in the direction of the perceived fall is larger for perturbations late in the gait cycle, while there is no statistically significant difference in onset time. These results contradict our hypothesis by showing that even the initial CoP shift in response to a balance perturbation depends upon the phase of the gait cycle. Contrary to expectation, we also find that the whole-body balance response is not phase-independent. Both the onset time and the magnitude of the whole-body center of mass shift depend on the phase of the perturbation. We conclude that the central nervous system recruits any available mechanism to generate a functional balance response by pushing against the ground as fast as possible in response to a perturbation, but that the different mechanisms available at different phases in the gait cycle are not equally strong, leading to phase-dependent differences in the overall response.
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Llosa NJ, Luber B, Tam AJ, Smith KN, Siegel N, Awan AH, Fan H, Oke T, Zhang J, Domingue J, Engle EL, Roberts CA, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Thompson ED, Taube JM, Durham JN, Sears CL, Le DT, Diaz LA, Pardoll DM, Wang H, Anders RA, Housseau F. Intratumoral Adaptive Immunosuppression and Type 17 Immunity in Mismatch Repair Proficient Colorectal Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5250-5259. [PMID: 31061070 PMCID: PMC6726531 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately 10% of patients with mismatch repair-proficient (MMRp) colorectal cancer showed clinical benefit to anti-PD-1 monotherapy (NCT01876511). We sought to identify biomarkers that delineate patients with immunoreactive colorectal cancer and to explore new combinatorial immunotherapy strategies that can impact MMRp colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the expression of 44 selected immune-related genes in the primary colon tumor of 19 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who responded (n = 13) versus those who did not (n = 6) to anti-PD-1 therapy (NCT01876511). We define a 10 gene-based immune signature that could distinguish responder from nonresponder. Resected colon specimens (n = 14) were used to validate the association of the predicted status (responder and nonresponder) with the immune-related gene expression, the phenotype, and the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes freshly isolated from the same tumors. RESULTS Although both IL17Low and IL17High immunoreactive MMRp colorectal cancers are associated with intratumor correlates of adaptive immunosuppression (CD8/IFNγ and PD-L1/IDO1 colocalization), only IL17Low MMRp tumors (3/14) have a tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) that resembles the TiME in primary colon tumors of patients with mCRC responsive to anti-PD-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a preexisting antitumor immune response in MMRp colorectal cancer (immunoreactive MMRp colorectal cancer) is not sufficient to predict a clinical benefit to T-cell checkpoint inhibitors. Intratumoral IL17-mediated signaling may preclude responses to immunotherapy. Drugs targeting the IL17 signaling pathway are available in clinic, and their combination with T-cell checkpoint inhibitors could improve colorectal cancer immunotherapy.See related commentary by Willis et al., p. 5185.
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Llosa NJ, Luber B, Siegel N, Awan AH, Oke T, Zhu Q, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Thompson ED, Jaffee EM, Durham JN, Sears CL, Le DT, Diaz LA, Pardoll DM, Wang H, Housseau F, Anders RA. Immunopathologic Stratification of Colorectal Cancer for Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1574-1579. [PMID: 31439614 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch-repair deficiency in solid tumors predicts their response to PD-1 blockade. Based on this principle, pembrolizumab is approved as standard of care for patients with unresectable or metastatic microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) cancer. Despite this success, a large majority of metastatic colorectal cancer patients are not MSI-H and do not benefit from checkpoint blockade treatment. Predictive biomarkers to develop personalized medicines and guide clinical trials are needed for these patients. We, therefore, asked whether immunohistologic stratification of metastatic colorectal cancer based on primary tumor PD-L1 expression associated with the presence or absence of extracellular mucin defines a subset of metastatic colorectal cancer patients who exhibit a preexisting antitumor immune response and who could potentially benefit from the checkpoint blockade. To address this, we studied 26 advanced metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab (NCT01876511). To stratify patients, incorporation of histopathologic characteristics (percentage of extracellular mucin) and PD-L1 expression at the invasive front were used to generate a composite score, the CPM (composite PD-L1 and mucin) score, which discriminated patients who exhibited clinical benefit (complete, partial, or stable disease) from those patients with progressive disease. When validated in larger cohorts, the CPM score in combination with MSI testing may guide immunotherapy interventions for colorectal cancer patient treatment.
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Thomas DL, Murphy AG, Weiss MJ, He J, Makary MA, Burkhart RA, Wolfgang CL, Jaffee EM, Zheng L, Thompson ED. Abstract 3102A: Analysis of spatial relationships between infiltrating immune cells within the tumor microenvironment following combinatorial immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy, which is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United Sates. As the number of new cases continues to rise, the current treatments of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation have not drastically improved PDAC survival rates. PDAC is known to have a quiescent immune microenvironment, which is resistant to single-agent checkpoint inhibitors. We identified a combination approach using immune checkpoint inhibition and immune activing agonists to prime the tumor microenvironment (TME) to activate T-cells in order to overcome this “cold” environment. Here we investigate spatial relationships between CD8+, PD-1+ (programmed cell death protein), and PD-L1+ (programmed cell death ligand) cells in the TME following single agent and combinatorial immunotherapy protocols.
Experimental Procedures: Our cohort includes 17 surgically resected patient tumor specimens from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. These patients either received GM-CSF vaccine (GVAX) with or without immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-1. Of the 11 patients analyzed, six received GAVX with anti-PD-1 while the others received GVAX alone. Automated immunohistochemical staining was performed for CD8, PD-1, and PD-L1. Analysis was performed using HALO image analysis software (Indica Labs) (HALO v2.0.1145.31). Proximal distance (Nearest Neighbor Analysis) of CD8+ to PD-1+ cells, CD8+ to PD-L1+ cells, PD-1+ to PD-L1+ cells within the tumor area was measured for each patient to generate average distance between cell types.
Results: Of the 17 PDAC patients in our cohort, 11 patient specimens were analyzed. Nearest Neighbor Analysis between the two groups shows there is a trend of increased distance between CD8+ cells and PD-1+ cells and between CD8+ cells and PD-L1+ cells in patients receiving GVAX and anti-PD-1 compared to GVAX alone (p=0.032 and n.s., respectively). Proximal distance analysis of PD-1+ cells to PD-L1+ cells is ongoing.
Conclusions: PDAC remains a considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its poor survival outcomes. However, immunotherapy may provide an alternative strategy to improve survival for PDAC patients. Our results suggest that monotherapy with GVAX versus combination therapy with GVAX plus anti-PD-L1 leads to differences in the spatial relationship between CD8+ cells and PD-1+ and PD-L1+ cells, specifically, greater distance between CD8+ T cells and PD-L1+ and PD-1+ cells, suggesting the potential for greater functionality and less direct cell/cell suppression. More broadly, our results demonstrate the ability to detect differences in patient groups based on spatial analysis of distance between cell types, a technique that can be applied generally to the correlative analyses of immunotherapy protocols.. Further analysis of spatial relationships and immune cell infiltration in the TME following immunotherapy will help elucidate how these treatment protocols impact the architecture of the TME and will help guide therapeutic approaches to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. We demonstrate a technique of spatial analysis that will aid in dissecting these cellular relationships.
Citation Format: Dwayne L. Thomas II, Adrian G. Murphy, Matthew J. Weiss, Jin He, Martin A. Makary, Richard A. Burkhart, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Lei Zheng, Elizabeth D. Thompson. Analysis of spatial relationships between infiltrating immune cells within the tumor microenvironment following combinatorial immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3102A.
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Smith KN, Llosa NJ, Cottrell TR, Siegel N, Fan H, Suri P, Chan HY, Guo H, Oke T, Awan AH, Verde F, Danilova L, Anagnostou V, Tam AJ, Luber BS, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Sidhom JW, Zhu Q, Sears CL, Cope L, Sharfman WH, Thompson ED, Riemer J, Marrone KA, Naidoo J, Velculescu VE, Forde PM, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Papadopoulos N, Durham JN, Wang H, Le DT, Justesen S, Taube JM, Diaz LA, Brahmer JR, Pardoll DM, Anders RA, Housseau F. Correction to: persistent mutant oncogene specific T cells in two patients benefitting from anti-PD-1. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:63. [PMID: 30841906 PMCID: PMC6402146 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Smith KN, Llosa NJ, Cottrell TR, Siegel N, Fan H, Suri P, Chan HY, Guo H, Oke T, Awan AH, Verde F, Danilova L, Anagnostou V, Tam AJ, Luber BS, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Sidhom JW, Zhu Q, Sears CL, Cope L, Sharfman WH, Thompson ED, Riemer J, Marrone KA, Naidoo J, Velculescu VE, Forde PM, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Papadopoulos N, Durham JN, Wang H, Le DT, Justesen S, Taube JM, Diaz LA, Brahmer JR, Pardoll DM, Anders RA, Housseau F. Persistent mutant oncogene specific T cells in two patients benefitting from anti-PD-1. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:40. [PMID: 30744692 PMCID: PMC6371497 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several predictive biomarkers are currently approved or are under investigation for the selection of patients for checkpoint blockade. Tumor PD-L1 expression is used for stratification of non-small cell lung (NSCLC) patients, with tumor mutational burden (TMB) also being explored with promising results, and mismatch-repair deficiency is approved for tumor site-agnostic disease. While tumors with high PD-L1 expression, high TMB, or mismatch repair deficiency respond well to checkpoint blockade, tumors with lower PD-L1 expression, lower mutational burdens, or mismatch repair proficiency respond much less frequently. Case presentation We studied two patients with unexpected responses to checkpoint blockade monotherapy: a patient with PD-L1-negative and low mutational burden NSCLC and one with mismatch repair proficient colorectal cancer (CRC), both of whom lack the biomarkers associated with response to checkpoint blockade, yet achieved durable clinical benefit. Both maintained T-cell responses in peripheral blood to oncogenic driver mutations – BRAF-N581I in the NSCLC and AKT1-E17K in the CRC – years after treatment initiation. Mutation-specific T cells were also found in the primary tumor and underwent dynamic perturbations in the periphery upon treatment. Conclusions These findings suggest that T cell responses to oncogenic driver mutations may be more prevalent than previously appreciated and could be harnessed in immunotherapeutic treatment, particularly for patients who lack the traditional biomarkers associated with response. Comprehensive studies are warranted to further delineate additional predictive biomarkers and populations of patients who may benefit from checkpoint blockade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0492-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kuboki Y, Fischer CG, Beleva Guthrie V, Huang W, Yu J, Chianchiano P, Hosoda W, Zhang H, Zheng L, Shao X, Thompson ED, Waters K, Poling J, He J, Weiss MJ, Wolfgang CL, Goggins MG, Hruban RH, Roberts NJ, Karchin R, Wood LD. Single-cell sequencing defines genetic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. J Pathol 2019; 247:347-356. [PMID: 30430578 DOI: 10.1002/path.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are precursors to pancreatic cancer; however, little is known about genetic heterogeneity in these lesions. The objective of this study was to characterize genetic heterogeneity in IPMNs at the single-cell level. We isolated single cells from fresh tissue from ten IPMNs, followed by whole genome amplification and targeted next-generation sequencing of pancreatic driver genes. We then determined single-cell genotypes using a novel multi-sample mutation calling algorithm. Our analyses revealed that different mutations in the same driver gene frequently occur in the same IPMN. Two IPMNs had multiple mutations in the initiating driver gene KRAS that occurred in unique tumor clones, suggesting the possibility of polyclonal origin or an unidentified initiating event preceding this critical mutation. Multiple mutations in later-occurring driver genes were also common and were frequently localized to unique tumor clones, raising the possibility of convergent evolution of these genetic events in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Single-cell sequencing of IPMNs demonstrated genetic heterogeneity with respect to early and late occurring driver gene mutations, suggesting a more complex pattern of tumor evolution than previously appreciated in these lesions. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Hong SM, Noë M, Hruban CA, Thompson ED, Wood LD, Hruban RH. A "Clearer" View of Pancreatic Pathology: A Review of Tissue Clearing and Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:31-39. [PMID: 30256228 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although pathologic lesions in the pancreas are 3-dimensional (3D) complex structures, we currently use thin 2D hematoxylin and eosin stained slides to study and diagnose pancreatic pathology. Two technologies, tissue clearing and advanced microscopy, have recently converged, and when used together they open the remarkable world of 3D anatomy and pathology to pathologists. Advances in tissue clearing and antibody penetration now make even dense fibrotic tissues amenable to clearing, and light sheet and confocal microscopies allow labeled cells deep within these cleared tissues to be visualized. Clearing techniques can be categorized as solvent-based or aqueous-based techniques, but both clearing methods consist of 4 fundamental steps, including pretreatment of specimens, permeabilization and/or removal of lipid, immunolabeling with antibody penetration, and clearing by refractive index matching. Specialized microscopes, including the light sheet microscope, the 2-photon microscope, and the confocal microscope, can then be used to visualize and evaluate the 3D histology. Both endocrine and exocrine pancreas pathology can then be visualized. The application of labeling and clearing to surgically resected human pancreatic parenchyma can provide detailed visualization of the complexities of normal pancreatic anatomy. It also can be used to characterize the 3D architecture of disease processes ranging from precursor lesions, such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, to infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. The evaluation of 3D histopathology, including pathology of the pancreatic lesions, will provide new insights into lesions that previously were seen, and thought of, only in 2 dimensions.
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Bender AM, Thompson ED, Hackam DJ, Cameron JL, Rhee DS. Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas in a Young Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. Pancreas 2018; 47:1364-1368. [PMID: 30325866 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are the most common pediatric pancreatic tumor; however, most data in children are extrapolated from adults. This study describes a young presentation of SPN in a 5-year-old girl and presents a comprehensive systematic review of the literature regarding SPNs in children. A systematic review was performed using PubMed and Embase for all articles in English using predetermined search terms, including "solid pseudopapillary neoplasm" and "pediatric" and historical terms for SPN. A total of 523 pediatric patients were identified in 135 articles. Eighty-three percent of patients were female, and median age was 13.6 years. Abdominal pain was the most frequent presenting symptom (78%), and median tumor size was 8.2 cm. The pancreatic head was involved in 46% of cases. Computed tomographic scan was the most common imaging modality (87%), and 61% were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Surgical resection was reported in 507 patients, with a complication rate of 21.1% reported in 393 patients. Only 3.8% received adjuvant therapy, and 6.7% had recurrent disease. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are rare tumors in childhood. Male sex and pancreatic head involvement are seen more often in children than in adults. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment with excellent results.
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Yu Y, Lauer RT, Tucker CA, Thompson ED, Keshner EA. Visual dependence affects postural sway responses to continuous visual field motion in individuals with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil 2018; 21:531-541. [PMID: 29341797 PMCID: PMC6237184 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2018.1424265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The current study aimed to explore the impact of visual dependence on sensorimotor coupling of postural sway and visual motion in adults and teens with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). We hypothesized that individuals with CP would exhibit greater magnitudes of sway than healthy individuals, and the presence of visual dependence (VD) would produce instability in the direction of visual motion. Participants stood in a virtual environment in which the visual scene remained static or continuously rotated 30 degree/second in pitch-up or pitch-down. Increased center of pressure and center of mass responses were observed in the direction of visual scene motion in those with CP. Those with VD exhibited reduced frequency responses in anterior-posterior direction than those who were visually independent. VD suggests deficient sensorimotor integration that could contribute to postural instability and reduced motor function. Individuals with CP who are visually dependent may benefit from more sensory focused rehabilitation strategies. ABBREVIATIONS AP, anterior-posterior; CP, cerebral palsy; COM, center of mass; COP, center of pressure; MDF, median frequency; ML, mediolateral; PD, pitch down (nose down) rotation; PU, pitch up (nose up) rotation; RFT, rod and frame test; RMS, root mean square; SLP, slope of the fitted line; TD, typical development; VD, visual dependence; VI, visual independence; VOR, vestibulo-ocular reflex; VPI, visual perceptual impairment.
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Reimann H, Fettrow T, Thompson ED, Jeka JJ. Neural Control of Balance During Walking. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 30271354 PMCID: PMC6146212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural control of standing balance has been extensively studied. However, most falls occur during walking rather than standing, and findings from standing balance research do not necessarily carry over to walking. This is primarily due to the constraints of the gait cycle: Body configuration changes dramatically over the gait cycle, necessitating different responses as this configuration changes. Notably, certain responses can only be initiated at specific points in the gait cycle, leading to onset times ranging from 350 to 600 ms, much longer than what is observed during standing (50-200 ms). Here, we investigated the neural control of upright balance during walking. Specifically, how the brain transforms sensory information related to upright balance into corrective motor responses. We used visual disturbances of 20 healthy young subjects walking in a virtual reality cave to induce the perception of a fall to the side and analyzed the muscular responses, changes in ground reaction forces and body kinematics. Our results showed changes in swing leg foot placement and stance leg ankle roll that accelerate the body in the direction opposite of the visually induced fall stimulus, consistent with previous results. Surprisingly, ankle musculature activity changed rapidly in response to the stimulus, suggesting the presence of a direct reflexive pathway from the visual system to the spinal cord, similar to the vestibulospinal pathway. We also observed systematic modulation of the ankle push-off, indicating the discovery of a previously unobserved balance mechanism. Such modulation has implications not only for balance but plays a role in modulation of step width and length as well as cadence. These results indicated a temporally-coordinated series of balance responses over the gait cycle that insures flexible control of upright balance during walking.
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Cloutier J, Thompson ED, Cimino-Mathews A, Rooper LM, Matoso A, Argani P. Metastatic breast cancer simulating well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms of visceral organs. Hum Pathol 2018; 82:76-86. [PMID: 30031098 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) mimicking visceral well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms has not previously been reported. We identified 5 consultation cases originally submitted as neuroendocrine neoplasms in women but that were found to be MBC on subsequent review. All 5 neoplasms demonstrated nested architecture and relatively uniform nuclei. Four patients had a known history of breast cancer (remote in 3 and concurrent in 1), but the metastases (3 liver, 1 lung) labeled for chromogranin and/or synaptophysin, prompting misdiagnosis as neuroendocrine neoplasm. In a fifth case, a liver metastasis in a patient with a known pancreatic endocrine neoplasm was originally thought to be of pancreatic origin; an occult concurrent primary breast cancer (PBC) was subsequently identified as the source. On further immunohistochemistry (IHC), all metastases evaluated were diffusely, strongly positive for estrogen receptor (5/5 cases) and GATA3 (4/4 cases). Three patients had previously received ineffective treatment for neuroendocrine carcinoma. Based on the consultation diagnosis, all 4 patients with follow-up received hormone therapy, which was effective in 3. In a separate tissue microarray cohort of paired PBCs and hematogenous MBCs, chromogranin and/or synaptophysin IHC labeling was typically negative and increased from the PBC to the MBC in only 5% of cases. In conclusion, although neuroendocrine differentiation is uncommon in breast cancer and does not commonly increase in metastases, MBC with neuroendocrine differentiation should be considered in patients with visceral neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown primary site. Diffuse IHC labeling for estrogen receptor and GATA3 helps establish the correct diagnosis.
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Cottrell TR, Stein JE, Chaft JE, Thompson ED, Rekhtman N, Anagnostou V, Smith KN, Duffield AS, Anders RA, Isbell JM, Jones DR, Cuda JD, Battafarano R, Yang SC, Illei PB, Gabrielson E, Askin F, Velez M, Hellmann MD, Sauter JL, Danilova L, Velculescu VE, Wolchok JD, Topalian SL, Brahmer JR, Pardoll DM, Cimino-Mathews A, Forde PM, Taube JM. Abstract LB-154: Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC). Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-lb-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is great interest in using PD-(L)1 blockading drugs as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with resectable NSCLC. Early results demonstrated a 45% (9/20) major pathologic response (MPR) rate in patients with Stage I-III NSCLC after receiving nivolumab (NCT02259621). Major pathologic response (MPR) criteria were developed in the context of cytotoxic chemotherapy, defined as ≤10% residual viable tumor cells (RVT). The features of immune-mediated tumor regression following anti-PD-1 have yet to be described. We reviewed H&E-stained slides from resection specimens in 19 patients treated with neoadjuvant nivolumab [n=9 MPR, n=3 partial responders, n=7 non-responders (>70% RVT)] to identify histopathologic features of immune-mediated tumor regression. Specimens were assessed for immune characteristics (tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and macrophage density, and presence/absence of, lymphoid aggregates, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), dense plasma cell infiltrates, neutrophils, giant cells, etc.) and non-immune features (necrosis, hemosiderin, hyalinized and proliferative fibrosis). We found that immune-mediated tumor regression is characterized by a fibroinflammatory stroma with features of (1) immune activation, including dense TIL and macrophages, TLS, and granulomas; (2) massive [tumor] cell death, including cholesterol clefts and giant cells; and (3) tissue repair, including neovascularization and proliferative fibrosis (each enriched in MPR vs. non-responders, Fisher's exact test p<0.05). An “outside-in” pattern of regression was noted, which has important implications for defining total tumor bed area. As such, we propose “Immune-Related Pathologic Response Criteria” (irPRC), with tumor bed defined by RVT + necrosis + surrounding fibroinflammatory stroma. The areas of each are summed across all slides to calculate %RVT (RVT area/tumor bed area). This differs from chemotherapy MPR criteria, where %RVT is determined for each slide and then averaged, and the distinct fibroinflammatory regression stroma and peripheral regression bed are not acknowledged. The surgical resection specimens were then evaluated by four independent pathologists blinded to response to assess inter-observer variability. Compared to %RVT using chemotherapy criteria, irPRC had improved inter-observer variability [median per-case %RVT variability 5% (0-29%) vs. 10% (0-58%), paired t test p=0.007] and a two-fold decrease in median standard deviation across pathologists within a sample (4.6 vs 2.2, F-test p=0.002). We propose irPRC to standardize pathologic assessment of immune-mediated tumor regression and immunotherapeutic efficacy. Long-term follow up is needed to determine the reliability of irPRC as a surrogate for clinical outcomes such as recurrence-free and overall survival.
Citation Format: Tricia R. Cottrell, Julie E. Stein, Jamie E. Chaft, Elizabeth D. Thompson, Natasha Rekhtman, Valsamo Anagnostou, Kellie N. Smith, Amy S. Duffield, Robert A. Anders, James M. Isbell, David R. Jones, Jonathan D. Cuda, Richard Battafarano, Stephen C. Yang, Peter B. Illei, Edward Gabrielson, Frederic Askin, Moises Velez, Matthew D. Hellmann, Jennifer L. Sauter, Ludmila Danilova, Victor E. Velculescu, Jedd D. Wolchok, Suzanne L. Topalian, Julie R. Brahmer, Drew M. Pardoll, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Patrick M. Forde, Janis M. Taube. Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-154.
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Ojalvo LS, Thompson ED, Wang TL, Meeker AK, Shih IM, Fader AN, Cimino-Mathews A, Emens LA. Tumor-associated macrophages and the tumor immune microenvironment of primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Hum Pathol 2017; 74:135-147. [PMID: 29288043 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with better prognosis in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but clinical trials of immunotherapies in patients with heavily treated disease reveal limited activity. Understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) of primary and recurrent EOC should guide future trials. Here, we evaluated the TME of paired primary and recurrent tumors (n = 17), and non-paired primary (n = 20) and recurrent (n = 15) tumors, for CD8+ T cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). CD8+ T cells were similar in primary and recurrent tumors, but Tregs were higher in recurrent tumors (P = .0210). Higher TAM density (≥5%) associated with higher Tregs (P = .001) and CD8+ T cells (P < .001) in recurrent tumors, but only with higher Tregs in primary tumors (P = .02). TAM-dense recurrent tumors expressed PD-L1 on tumor and immune cells, whereas TAM-dense primary tumors expressed PD-L1 predominantly on immune cells. In survival analyses, higher Tregs in primary tumors correlated with decreased time to first recurrence (17.0 versus 28.5 months, P = .022). Conversely, higher Tregs in recurrent tumors correlated with longer overall survival (OS) from recurrence (median not met versus 20.0 months, P = .022). TAM density did not affect patient survival. However, patients with increased TAMs at recurrence (n = 5) had longer OS from recurrence compared to patients without increased TAMs (n = 12) (56.0 versus 20.0 months); with the small sample size, this did not reach statistical significance (P = .074). Further characterization of the evolution of the TME is warranted.
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Ojalvo LS, Thompson ED, Wang TL, Meeker AK, Shih IM, Fader AN, Cimino-Mathews A, Emens LA. Abstract 3991: Profiling the immune tumor microenvironment in primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Clinical trials targeting the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) typically have included patients with heavily pre-treated advanced disease and demonstrated only marginal efficacy. A better understanding of how the EOC TME evolves with progression from primary to recurrent disease may inform future immunotherapy trials. Here, we evaluate the immune TME in primary and recurrent EOC using tissue microarrays. Our cohort included matched primary and recurrent tumors from 17 patients, and additional non-matched primary tumors from 20 patients and recurrent tumors from 15 patients. We stained for CD8, FOXP3 (regulatory T cells (Tregs)), CD68 (tumor associated macrophages (TAMs)), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) by immunohistochemistry to interrogate the immune composition of the TME. Tregs increased in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors (8.0 vs 14.2/HPF, p=0.0210). Higher TAM density was associated with higher levels of Treg and CD8+ T cell infiltrates in recurrent tumors (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), and with higher Treg but not CD8+ T cell infiltrates in primary tumors (p=0.027 and p=0.200). TAM-dense recurrent tumors had increased PD-L1 on tumor cells and immune cells, whereas TAM-dense primary tumors had increased PD-L1 only on immune cells. Increased Tregs in primary tumors correlated with decreased time to first recurrence (17.0 vs 28.5 months, p=0.022). Conversely, increased Tregs in recurrent tumors correlated with longer overall survival (OS) from recurrence (median not met vs 20.0m, p=0.022). Although TAM density did not affect patient survival, analysis of matched primary and recurrent tumors revealed that patients with increased TAMs at recurrence (n=5) had a longer median OS from recurrence than patients without increased TAMs at recurrence (n=12). Tregs increased at recurrence in the majority of matched tumor pairs (n=12), but there was no correlation with survival. In conclusion, the TME of EOC is immunologically active. TAM-dense recurrent disease had higher CD8+ T cell and Treg infiltrates and PD-L1 expression. In this study, patients with increased cellular recruitment to the TME at recurrence had improved survival. Larger, more detailed studies characterizing the evolution of the TME with progression from primary EOC to recurrence are warranted.
Citation Format: Laureen S. Ojalvo, Elizabeth D. Thompson, Tian-Li Wang, Alan K. Meeker, Ie-Ming Shih, Amanda N. Fader, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Leisha A. Emens. Profiling the immune tumor microenvironment in primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3991. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3991
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Thompson ED, Zahurak M, Murphy A, Cornish T, Cuka N, Abdelfatah E, Yang S, Duncan M, Ahuja N, Taube JM, Anders RA, Kelly RJ. Patterns of PD-L1 expression and CD8 T cell infiltration in gastric adenocarcinomas and associated immune stroma. Gut 2017; 66:794-801. [PMID: 26801886 PMCID: PMC4958028 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data supports a significant role for immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumours. Here, we evaluate gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinomas for their expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), infiltration by CD8+ T cells and the relationship of both factors to patient survival. DESIGN Thirty-four resections of primary invasive G/GEJ were stained by immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and CD8 and by DNA in situ hybridisation for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). CD8+ T cell densities both within tumours and at the tumour-stromal interface were analysed using whole slide digital imaging. Patient survival was evaluated according to PD-L1 status and CD8 density. RESULTS 12% of resections showed tumour cell membranous PD-L1 expression and 44% showed expression within the immune stroma. Two cases (6%) were EBV positive, with one showing membranous PD-L1 positivity. Increasing CD8+ densities both within tumours and immune stroma was associated with increasing percentage of tumour (p=0.027) and stromal (p=0.005) PD-L1 expression. Both tumour and immune stromal PD-L1 expression and high intratumoral or stromal CD8+ T cell density (>500/mm2) were associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 is expressed on both tumour cells and in the immune stroma across all stages and histologies of G/GEJ. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that increasing CD8 infiltration is correlated with impaired PFS and OS. Patients with higher CD8+ T cell densities also have higher PD-L1 expression, indicating an adaptive immune resistance mechanism may be occurring. Further characterisation of the G/GEJ immune microenvironment may highlight targets for immune-based therapy.
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Reimann H, Fettrow TD, Thompson ED, Agada P, McFadyen BJ, Jeka JJ. Complementary mechanisms for upright balance during walking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172215. [PMID: 28234936 PMCID: PMC5325219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral balance is a critical factor in keeping the human body upright during walking. Two important mechanisms for balance control are the stepping strategy, in which the foot placement is changed in the direction of a sensed fall to modulate how the gravitational force acts on the body, and the lateral ankle strategy, in which the body mass is actively accelerated by an ankle torque. Currently, there is minimal evidence about how these two strategies complement one another to achieve upright balance during locomotion. We use Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to induce the sensation of a fall at heel-off during gait initiation. We found that young healthy adults respond to the illusory fall using both the lateral ankle strategy and the stepping strategy. The stance foot center of pressure (CoP) is shifted in the direction of the perceived fall by ≈2.5 mm, starting ≈247 ms after stimulus onset. The foot placement of the following step is shifted by ≈15 mm in the same direction. The temporal delay between these two mechanisms suggests that they independently contribute to upright balance during locomotion, potentially in a serially coordinated manner. Modeling results indicate that without the lateral ankle strategy, a much larger step width is required to maintain upright balance, suggesting that the small but early CoP shift induced by the lateral ankle strategy is critical for upright stability during locomotion. The relative importance of each mechanism and how neurological disorders may affect their implementation remain an open question.
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Jhaveri DT, Kim MS, Thompson ED, Huang L, Sharma R, Klein AP, Zheng L, Le DT, Laheru DA, Pandey A, Jaffee EM, Anders RA. Using Quantitative Seroproteomics to Identify Antibody Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:225-33. [PMID: 26842750 PMCID: PMC4843125 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0200-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Less than 6% of patients survive beyond the fifth year due to inadequate early diagnostics and ineffective treatment options. Our laboratory has developed an allogeneic, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting pancreatic cancer vaccine (GVAX) that has been tested in phase II clinical trials. Here, we employed a serum antibodies-based SILAC immunoprecipitation (SASI) approach to identify proteins that elicit an antibody response after vaccination. The SASI approach uses immunoprecipitation with patient-derived antibodies that is coupled to quantitative stable isotope-labeled amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Using mass spectrometric analysis, we identified more than 150 different proteins that induce an antibody response after vaccination. The regulatory subunit 12A of protein phosphatase 1 (MYPT1 or PPP1R12A), regulatory subunit 8 of the 26S proteasome (PSMC5), and the transferrin receptor (TFRC) were shown to be pancreatic cancer-associated antigens recognized by postvaccination antibodies in the sera of patients with favorable disease-free survival after GVAX therapy. We further interrogated these proteins in over 80 GVAX-treated patients' pancreases and uniformly found a significant increase in the expression of MYPT1, PSMC5, and TFRC in neoplastic compared with non-neoplastic pancreatic ductal epithelium. We show that the novel SASI approach can identify antibody targets specifically expressed in patients with improved disease-free survival after cancer vaccine therapy. These targets need further validation to be considered as possible pancreatic cancer biomarkers.
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Peske JD, Thompson ED, Gemta L, Baylis RA, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Effector lymphocyte-induced lymph node-like vasculature enables naive T-cell entry into tumours and enhanced anti-tumour immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7114. [PMID: 25968334 PMCID: PMC4435831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lymph node (LN)-like vasculature in tumors, characterized by expression of peripheral node addressin and chemokine CCL21, is correlated with T-cell infiltration and positive prognosis in breast cancer and melanoma patients. However, mechanisms controlling the development of LN-like vasculature and how it might contribute to a beneficial outcome for cancer patients are unknown. Here we demonstrate that LN-like vasculature is present in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. It enables infiltration by naïve T-cells that significantly delay tumor outgrowth after intratumoral activation. Development of this vasculature is controlled by a mechanism involving effector CD8 T-cells and NK cells that secrete LTα3 and IFNγ. LN-like vasculature is also associated with organized aggregates of B-lymphocytes and gp38+ fibroblasts that resemble tertiary lymphoid organs that develop in models of chronic inflammation. These results establish LN-like vasculature as both a consequence of and key contributor to anti-tumor immunity.
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Thompson ED, Enriquez HL, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Tumor masses support naive T cell infiltration, activation, and differentiation into effectors. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1791-804. [PMID: 20660615 PMCID: PMC2916130 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of T cell responses to tumors have focused on the draining lymph node (LN) as the site of activation. We examined the tumor mass as a potential site of activation after adoptive transfer of naive tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Activated CD8 T cells were present in tumors within 24 h of adoptive transfer and proliferation of these cells was also evident 4-5 d later in mice treated with FTY720 to prevent infiltration of cells activated in LNs. To confirm that activation of these T cells occurred in the tumor and not the tumor-draining LNs, we used mice lacking LNs. Activated and proliferating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were evident in these mice 24 h and 4 d after naive cell transfer. T cells activated within tumors acquired effector function that was evident both ex vivo and in vivo. Both cross-presenting antigen presenting cells within the tumor and tumor cells directly presenting antigen activated these functional CD8 effectors. We conclude that tumors support the infiltration, activation, and effector differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, despite the presence of immunosuppressive mechanisms. Thus, targeting of T cell activation to tumors may present a tool in the development of cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD11a Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Integrin alpha4/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Ferguson AR, Nichols LA, Zarling AL, Thompson ED, Brinkman CC, Hargadon KM, Bullock TN, Engelhard VH. Strategies and challenges in eliciting immunity to melanoma. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:28-42. [PMID: 18363993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of CD8+ T cells to recognize melanoma tumors has led to the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that use the antigens CD8+ T cells recognize. However, clinical response rates have been disappointing. Here we summarize our work to understand the mechanisms of self-tolerance that limit responses to currently utilized antigens and our approach to identify new antigens directly tied to malignancy. We also explore several aspects of the anti-tumor immune response induced by peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs). DCs differentially augment the avidity of recall T cells specific for self-antigens and overcome a process of aberrant CD8+ T-cell differentiation that occurs in tumor-draining lymph nodes. DC migration is constrained by injection route, resulting in immune responses in localized lymphoid tissue, and differential control of tumors depending on their location in the body. We demonstrate that CD8+ T-cell differentiation in different lymphoid compartments alters the expression of homing receptor molecules and leads to the presence of systemic central memory cells. Our studies highlight several issues that must be addressed to improve the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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