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Post K, Clark EG, Gent IB. Cutaneous lymphangioma in a young dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1991; 32:747-8. [PMID: 17423917 PMCID: PMC1481132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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52
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Mawby DI, Bauer MS, Lloyd-Bauer PM, Clark EG. Vasculitis and necrosis of the mandibular salivary glands and chronic vomiting in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1991; 32:562-4. [PMID: 17423861 PMCID: PMC1481051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Ciszewski DK, Baker JC, Slocombe RF, Reindel JF, Haines DM, Clark EG. Experimental reproduction of respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Microbiol 1991; 28:39-60. [PMID: 1887565 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to reproduce respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in one-month-old, colostrum-fed calves. The hypothesized role of viral hypersensitivity and persistent infection in the pathogenesis of BRSV pneumonia was also investigated. For BRSV inoculation a field isolate of BRSV, at the fifth passage level in cell culture, was administered by a combined respiratory tract route (intranasal and intratracheal) for four consecutive days. Four groups of calves were utilized as follows: Group I, 6 calves sham inoculated with uninfected tissue culture fluid and necropsied 21 days after the last inoculation; Group II, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at the time of maximal clinical response (4-6 days after the last inoculation); Group III, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at 21 days after the last inoculation; Group IV, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV, rechallenged with BRSV 10 days after initial exposure, and necropsied at 21 days after the initial inoculation. Clinical response was evaluated by daily monitoring of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas tensions, hematocrit, total protein, white blood cell count, and fibrinogen. Calves were necropsied and pulmonary surface lesions were quantitated by computer digitization. Viral pneumonia was reporduced in each principal group. Lesions were most extensive in Group II. Disease was not apparent in Group I (controls). Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen tension, and pneumonic surface area were demonstrated between control and infected calves. Results indicate that severe disease and lesions can be induced by BRSV in one-month-old calves that were colostrum-fed and seropositive to BRSV. BRSV rechallenge had minimal effect on disease progression. Based on clinical and pathological response, results did not support viral hypersensitivity or persistent infection as pathogenetic mechanisms of BRSV pneumonia.
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Haines DM, Clark EG. Enzyme immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed tissues for diagnosis in veterinary pathology. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1991; 32:295-302. [PMID: 17423785 PMCID: PMC1481497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Disease diagnosis often relies on the detection of specific antigens in tissue specimens. Enzyme-based immunohistochemical stains of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues may be used to identify antigens associated with viral, bacterial and protozoal microorganisms, autoimmunity, and neoplasia. The detection of antigens in routinely fixed tissues offers several advantages over other diagnostic techniques. Sample submission is convenient and facilitates safe handling of potential human pathogens. Retrospective studies of stored specimens are possible. The technique is relatively rapid and enables detection of nonviable microorganisms. In addition, the ability to detect antigens in fixed specimens allows simultaneous visualization of the antigen and the histological lesion which may enhance the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Belknap EB, Baker JC, Patterson JS, Walker RD, Haines DM, Clark EG. The role of passive immunity in bovine respiratory syncytial virus-infected calves. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:470-6. [PMID: 1847400 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/163.3.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of passive immunity in bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections in neonatal calves was evaluated. Calves were divided into groups as follows: colostrum-deprived, sham-inoculated; colostrum-deprived, BRSV-inoculated; and colostrum-fed, BRSV-inoculated. Calves were inoculated with a low-passage field isolate of BRSV for 4 consecutive days by a combined respiratory tract route and were euthanized 6 days after receiving the last inoculation. Arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) decreased significantly over time in colostrum-deprived, BRSV-inoculated calves (P less than .01) and was significantly different among treatment groups (P less than .05). A significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation was observed in this same group over time (P less than .01). Mean percentage of pneumonic lung volume (determined by computer data digitalization) was significantly greater in infected, colostrum-deprived calves compared with the other groups (P less than .01), and BRSV antigen was detected in these calves by avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining. Thus, passive immunity derived from colostrum feeding decreased the severity of BRSV infections in calves.
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56
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Geor RJ, Clark EG, Haines DM, Napier PG. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a filly. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 197:1489-92. [PMID: 2272881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was diagnosed in a 2-year-old Standardbred filly. Clinical signs of SLE included weight loss, bilateral symmetric alopecia, seborrhea, oral ulceration, and lymphadenopathy. Abnormal laboratory findings included a Coombs test-positive hemolytic anemia and positive antinuclear antibody test result. Histologic evaluation of multiple skin biopsy specimens revealed interface dermatitis with linear deposition of IgG at the basement membrane zones of the epidermis and hair follicles. The filly did not respond to glucocorticoid treatment and was euthanatized. Necropsy findings included membranous glomerulonephritis and fibrous synovitis. On the basis of these findings, SLE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of immune-mediated skin disease in horses. Definitive diagnosis of SLE relies on recognition of multisystemic disease and confirmatory histopathologic and immunopathologic findings.
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Heath SE, Bell RJ, Clark EG, Haines DM. Idiopathic granulomatous disease involving the skin in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 197:1033-6. [PMID: 2243035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs of generalized granulomatous disease in a horse included depression, generalized lymphadenopathy, scaly skin, and dependent edema. Diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically by diffuse granulomas in more than one organ system (lymph nodes and skin), and by ruling out etiologic agents. Response to treatment with corticosteroids was favorable. The clinical features and response to treatment in this horse were different from classic textbook descriptions of equine generalized granulomatous disease. Equine granulomatous disease appears to be comparable to human sarcoidosis. To avoid confusion between human medical and veterinary medical terminology, the authors suggest that the equine disease be referred to as equine idiopathic granulomatous disease and that a complete diagnostic description should include a reference to the organ systems involved.
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Blakley BR, Clark EG, Fairley R. Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) poisoning in pigs. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1990; 31:385-7. [PMID: 17423588 PMCID: PMC1480721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Young pigs, six to ten weeks of age, from two unrelated swine operations were fed a grower ration obtained from a common commercial supplier. Following ingestion of the feed for approximately two weeks, pigs in both groups developed neurological disturbances characterized by blindness, ataxia, incoordination, muscle tremors, posterior paralysis, and quadriplegia. Vocalization described as "screaming" was also observed in several animals. Necropsy findings and tissue arsenic concentrations were consistent with a diagnosis of phenylarsonic acid poisoning. The liver and kidney contained an average arsenic content of 2.9 and 1.8 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively. The feed contained 38 mg of arsenic/kg corresponding to 133 mg roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid)/kg. This level of roxarsone is approximately three to five times higher than the levels recommended for swine rations. The feed company had placed roxarsone in the ration at levels recommended for the less toxic arsanilic acid. It was assumed that the two organic arsenicals could be added to the rations interchangeably at the same level of formulation. The present investigation indicated that roxarsone is more toxic than arsanilic acid and the margin of safety in swine rations is low.
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Abstract
By cadaver dissections, the fifth digit of the canine hind limb was determined to have a consistent neurovascular anatomy, and therefore be a suitable donor for an axial pattern digital pad flap. The defined digital pad flap was transferred to the region of an excised metacarpal pad by microneurovascular anastomoses in five operations on four dogs. One flap failure was considered to result from failure of the venous anastomosis. In all four successful transfers, cutaneous sensation was reestablished on average in 78 days. There was histologic evidence of nerve regeneration across the anastomosis in one dog at week 24. The transferred pads of three dogs monitored for 15 months underwent hypertrophic changes. There were no complications in two active dogs. In one dog, superficial ulceration of a region of the flap adjacent to the pad required surgical revision. This dog continued to show mild lameness after daily runs of 3 to 4 km.
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Van Donkersgoed J, Janzen ED, Chirino-Trejo M, Berry C, Clark EG, Haines DM. Campylobacter jejuni abortions in two beef cattle herds in Saskatchewan. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1990; 31:373-7. [PMID: 17423586 PMCID: PMC1480707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Abortions, accompanied by placental retention and weight loss, occurred during February and March in 19% of 120 and 10% of 108 beef cows and heifers on two neighboring ranches in southern Saskatchewan. A diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni abortion was made based on lesions of necrotizing and suppurative placentitis and fetal bronchopneumonia in association with the culture of large numbers of C. jejuni from placentas and fetal tissues.Campylobacter jejuni was isolated with variable frequency from fecal samples of aborting and healthy cows, and scouring and healthy calves. Campylobacter jejuni serotype 2 (Lior) was isolated from fetal tissues and feces of a scouring calf, whereas C. jejuni serotypes 1, 4, 5 and 99 were isolated from feces of in-contact cattle. We hypothesized that the source and mode of transmission of C. jejuni was fecal contamination of water supplies and feeding grounds by carrier cows or wildlife.
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Clark EG, Zumwalt RE, Schanfield MS. The identification of maternity in an unusual pregnancy-related homicide. J Forensic Sci 1990; 35:80-8. [PMID: 2179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent bizarre homicide which culminated in the delivery of a live-born infant necessitated careful determination of true maternal origin. A 23-year-old pregnant woman was abducted, subdued, strangled, and delivered of a term infant by a crude Cesarean section. The infant was stolen and subsequently presented to physicians by a woman posing as the mother. Methods used to help confirm the surviving infant's parentage involved red cell antigen and enzyme system evaluations as well as immunoglobulin allotyping, which ultimately proved to be the most effective serologic test performed. The forensic science investigation of this unusual case also used bite mark analysis and patterned injury interpretation. Immunoglobulin allotyping is specifically discussed as a forensic serology test which is currently available and particularly applicable in cases involving parentage determination.
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Clark EG, Griffin S, Goodall P. Saskatchewan. Pelodera dermatitis in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1989; 30:970. [PMID: 17423483 PMCID: PMC1681327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Clark EG, Von Dewitz A, Acompanado G. Saskatchewan. Spurious Ascaris suum infection in lambs. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1989; 30:903. [PMID: 17423463 PMCID: PMC1681314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Donkersgoed JV, Janzen E, Schumann F, Clark EG, Orr J, Copeland S, Chirino-Trejo M, Berry C, Spinato M. Saskatchewan. Campylobacter jejuni abortion in beef cattle. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1989; 30:680. [PMID: 17423403 PMCID: PMC1681163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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65
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Haines DM, Clark EG, Chelack BJ. The detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in formalin fixed bovine lung with commercially available monoclonal antibodies and avidin biotin complex immunohistochemistry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1989; 53:366-8. [PMID: 2766160 PMCID: PMC1255727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight commercially available monoclonal antibodies directed against respiratory syncytial virus antigens were tested for ability to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antigen in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded bovine lung using avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemical staining. Monoclonal antibodies from clone 18B2 purchased from Biosoft, Paris, France and those from clone 8G12 purchased from the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska stained BRSV antigen in infected bovine lung with acceptable background staining of uninfected tissues. This method offers advantages over other techniques for BRSV diagnosis in that fresh tissue is not required and all reagents may be purchased commercially.
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Post K, McNeill JR, Clark EG, Dignean MA, Olynyk GP. Congenital central diabetes insipidus in two sibling Afghan hound pups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:1086-8. [PMID: 2708115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital central diabetes insipidus was determined to be the cause of polydipsia and polyuria in sibling pups. Both pups were lacking adequate plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, compared with that in control dogs. Microscopic abnormalities were confined to the brain and pituitary gland in one pup. Without breeding trials of these dogs or their relatives, it cannot be determined whether the cause was familial.
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Donkersgoed JV, Clark EG. Blindness caused by hypovitaminosis A in feedlot cattle. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1988; 29:925-7. [PMID: 17423169 PMCID: PMC1680936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Clark EG. Saskatchewan. Equine systemic lupus erythematosus. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1988; 29:595. [PMID: 17423090 PMCID: PMC1680817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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69
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Schwartz JG, Clark EG. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of mycosis fungoides presenting as an ulcerating breast mass. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 1988; 124:409-13. [PMID: 3345090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A patient with previously diagnosed Hodgkin's disease presented with ulcerating lesions on her scalp and breast. Fine-needle aspiration of the breast lesion revealed convoluted cells consistent with mycosis fungoides. Review of the patient's previously obtained lymph node biopsy specimens revealed a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides rather than Hodgkin's disease. Better communication between hospitals, pathologists, and clinicians may have prevented the erroneous original diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease in this patient.
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Steiss JE, Braund KG, Clark EG. Neuromuscular effects of acute 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exposure in dogs. J Neurol Sci 1987; 78:295-301. [PMID: 3585404 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(87)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was administered once orally to adult female mongrel dogs at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 or 125 mg/kg of body weight (n = 4 per group). Clinical neurological examinations, electromyography (EMG) and motor nerve conduction velocity measurements were carried out before exposure, and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-exposure. On day 7, two dogs per group were killed. Samples of the medial and lateral plantar nerves were removed for teased fiber and semi-thin section analysis; samples of appendicular muscles were removed for histology and histochemistry. Necropsy included histopathological examination of the brain and spinal cord at multiple levels. Remaining dogs were killed on day 28 and their tissues were processed similarly. Transient generalized myotonic discharges were found in skeletal muscles of dogs receiving 50 mg/kg or more of 2,4-D. A few dogs in the higher dosage groups also had mild muscle stiffness, myotonic dimpling and/or lethargy, lasting up to 3 days post-exposure. Other parameters remained within normal limits.
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Steiss JE, Pook HA, Clark EG, Braund KG. Sensory neuronopathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190:205-8. [PMID: 3029001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Haines DM, Cooke EM, Clark EG. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry to detect immunoglobulin in formalin fixed skin biopsies in canine autoimmune skin disease. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1987; 51:104-9. [PMID: 3552168 PMCID: PMC1255282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry was used on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, trypsin digested, skin biopsies to detect immunoglobulin deposition in dogs with autoimmune skin disease. Immunostaining by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique revealed intercellular and/or basement membrane immunoglobulin deposits in 27 of 28 dogs considered to have autoimmune skin disease by clinical and histological evaluation and in six of 19 dogs considered to have autoimmune skin disease by clinical evaluation but without histological confirmation. Similar immunostaining was not evident in five biopsies of normal skin or in biopsies from four dogs with noninflammatory dermatoses, but was present in biopsies from one of ten dogs considered by clinical and histological criteria to have an inflammatory dermatosis other than autoimmune skin disease. Detection of immunoglobulin deposits in skin biopsies by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry offers numerous advantages over conventional immunofluorescence methods including the opportunity to precisely compare histological and immunological findings.
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O'Brien PJ, Fletcher TF, Metz AL, Kurtz HJ, Reed BK, Rempel WE, Clark EG, Louis CF. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: cardiac histomorphometry of dogs and young and market-weight swine. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1987; 51:50-5. [PMID: 3567752 PMCID: PMC1255273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The defect causing malignant hyperthermia has been proposed to involve cardiac as well as skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that histomorphometric parameters for ventricular wall from malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine and dogs were abnormal. Hearts were obtained from: mature dogs, age- and weight-matched young swine (89 +/- 15 days, 30 +/- 3 kg); and market-weight swine (102 +/- 10 kg). Using light microscopy, estimates were made for muscle nuclear dimensions and the volume-fraction of nuclei, sarcoplasm, blood vessels, and interstitial space. Cardiac maturation in both MH and normal swine was accompanied by decreased myocyte volume-fraction due to decreased nuclear volume-fraction and increased interstitial space volume-fraction. Sarcoplasm and vasculature volume-fraction were unchanged after maturation. Nuclear volume-fraction was slightly greater (p less than 0.05) in the right ventricle than the left for malignant hyperthermia and normal swine. Myocyte nuclear dimensions were generally similar among animals. Dogs and the oldest group of swine were not significantly different. Myocytes of all swine contained multiple nuclei, closely spaced in rows of 2 to 12. In contrast, most myocytes of mature dogs apparently contained one or two nuclei. Histomorphometric values were not significantly different between normal and malignant hyperthermia young swine and dogs. However, within the market-weight swine, volume-fraction for malignant hyperthermia myocytes and myocyte nuclei was decreased and interstitial space was increased compared to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Steiss JE, Braund KG, Clark EG. Inability to experimentally produce a polyneuropathy in dogs given chronic oral low level lead. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE : REVUE CANADIENNE DE MEDECINE COMPAREE 1985; 49:401-4. [PMID: 3000550 PMCID: PMC1236199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electromyographic examinations were performed at various times over a 40 week period in four mature dogs receiving chronic oral low doses of lead acetate and a control dog receiving sodium acetate. Blood lead levels in the four dogs were elevated (mean values 1.15, 2.18, 1.13 and 1.72 mumol/liter). No clinical signs of lead intoxication were present. Two dogs had evidence of a nonregenerative anemia. Neither needle electromyographic nor nerve conduction velocity studies showed evidence of a polyneuropathy. Teased nerve fiber preparations of proximal and distal segments of the ulnar and tibial nerves and muscle biopsies of distal appendicular muscles were normal in all dogs. Light microscopic examination of the brain, kidneys and liver revealed no abnormalities in the two dogs necropsied. In conclusion, a polyneuropathy was not produced experimentally in dogs ingesting low doses of inorganic lead for up to 40 weeks.
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