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Wright MA, Schuler B, Szabo E, Grem JL. Sustained partial response of an intra-abdominal desmoid tumor treated with gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:659-60. [PMID: 12649120 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdg155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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52
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Szabo E. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: New directions. Eur J Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)80022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Löllgen RM, Hessman O, Szabo E, Westin G, Akerström G. Chromosome 18 deletions are common events in classical midgut carcinoid tumors. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:812-5. [PMID: 11351300 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Classical midgut carcinoids are rare intestinal neuroendocrine tumors that often present with metastases at diagnosis. In contrast to foregut carcinoids, midgut carcinoids are not related to the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome, and the mechanisms involved in their tumorigenesis are unknown. Eight classical midgut carcinoids were analyzed by genome-wide screening for loss of heterozygosity. Deletions on chromosome 18 were found in 88% of the tumors. DNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining for Smad4/DPC4, which often is homozygously mutated in pancreatic and colon carcinomas, revealed no aberrations. In 1 tumor, a region telomeric to the Smad4/DPC4/DCC genes at 18q21 was deleted. Other chromosomes were affected in 3 lesions only. The high frequency of chromosome 18 deletions strongly indicates a genetic alteration of importance in classical midgut carcinoid tumorigenesis, apparently not involving the Smad4/DPC4 gene.
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Szabo E, Reber G, Weibler J, Brodbeck FC, Wunderer R. Values and behavior orientation in leadership studies: reflections based on findings in three German-speaking countries. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Correa P, Szabo E, Lundgren E, Carling T. [Primary hyperparathyroidism is common among postmenopausal women. Identification of genetic risk factors can contribute to individualized treatment]. LAKARTIDNINGEN 2001; 98:2198-200. [PMID: 11402599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is commonly seen in postmenopausal women. Along with the clinical characterisation of the disease, studies of molecular genetics have contributed to increased understanding of the etiology of pHPT. Genetic association studies have revealed that certain vitamin D receptor polymorphisms relate to the development of sporadic pHPT. A new type of familial pHPT was recently discovered. Studies of parathyroid adenomas have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 and the oncogene cyclinD1 are of importance for the tumorigenesis.
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Linnoila RI, Szabo E, DeMayo F, Witschi H, Sabourin C, Malkinson A. The role of CC10 in pulmonary carcinogenesis: from a marker to tumor suppression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 923:249-67. [PMID: 11193761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CC10 is infrequently expressed in human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), despite being abundantly produced by progenitor cells for normal and neoplastic epithelium. Many abnormalities in the surrounding lung associated with field carcinogenesis, which reflect prolonged exposure to such carcinogens as tobacco smoke, also revealed altered expression of CC10. Exposure of hamsters and mice to the tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK led to reduced CC10 expression, which was partially reversible. Overexpression of CC10 in immortalized bronchial epithelial cells delayed the induction of anchorage-independent growth in response to NNK. The data suggest that downregulation of CC10 contributes to carcinogenesis because CC10 antagonizes the neoplastic phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/drug effects
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Humans
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Lung Neoplasms/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Synaptophysin/genetics
- Synaptophysin/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Uteroglobin
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Soejima K, Traber LD, Schmalstieg FC, Hawkins H, Jodoin JM, Szabo C, Szabo E, Virag L, Salzman A, Traber DL, Varig L. Role of nitric oxide in vascular permeability after combined burns and smoke inhalation injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:745-52. [PMID: 11254534 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.9912052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe burn and/or smoke inhalation injury suffer both systemic and pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability. We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a role in the changes in microvascular permeability seen with this injury. To test the hypothesis, we administered mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), a selective iNOS inhibitor, to conscious sheep subjected to a combined smoke inhalation and third-degree burn injury to 40% of total body surface area. The sheep were surgically prepared for chronic study with lung and prefemoral lymph fistulas in order to estimate microvascular permeability. Both the groups and a control group of animals showed an increase in iNOS protein and message in their lungs. The control animals showed significant increases in either plasma or lymph NO2-/NO3- (NOx) concentration at 24 h after injury, with associated cardiac depression and hemoconcentration. The airway epithelium stained for nitrotyrosine. In the treatment group, NOx did not increase significantly in plasma or lymph throughout the experiment, there was no nitrotyrosine staining, hemodynamic depression was not observed, and the fluid requirement was significantly less than in the control group. Changes in pulmonary microvascular permeability were significantly suppressed by inhibition of iNOS. However, there was no significant difference between the two study groups in the microvascular permeability of burned tissue. These data suggest that NO produced by iNOS plays an important role in the changes in systemic and pulmonary microvascular permeability in combined smoke inhalation/third-degree burn injury, but does not affect the vascular permeability of third-degree-burned tissue in this type of injury.
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Carling T, Szabo E, Bai M, Ridefelt P, Westin G, Gustavsson P, Trivedi S, Hellman P, Brown EM, Dahl N, Rastad J. Familial hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria caused by a novel mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the calcium receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:2042-7. [PMID: 10843194 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.5.6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial hyperparathyroidism (HPT), characterized by hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, and familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) are the most common causes of hereditary hypercalcemia. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) regulates PTH secretion and renal calcium excretion. Heterozygous inactivating mutations of the gene cause FHH, whereas CaR gene mutations have not been demonstrated in HPT. In a kindred with 20 affected individuals, the hypercalcemic disorder segregated with inappropriately higher serum PTH and magnesium levels and urinary calcium levels than in unaffected members. Subtotal parathyroidectomy revealed parathyroid gland hyperplasia/adenoma and corrected the biochemical signs of the disorder in seven of nine individuals. Linkage analysis mapped the condition to markers flanking the CaR gene on chromosome 3q. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation changing phenylalanine to leucine at codon 881 of the CaR gene, representing the first identified point mutation located within the cytoplasmic tail of the CaR. A construct of the mutant receptor (F881L) was expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), and demonstrated a right-shifted dose-response relationship between the extracellular and intracellular calcium concentrations. The hypercalcemic disorder of the present family is caused by an inactivating point mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the CaR and displays clinical characteristics atypical of FHH and primary HPT.
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Chang TH, Szabo E. Induction of differentiation and apoptosis by ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1129-38. [PMID: 10706135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the steroid receptor superfamily. It is a key regulator of adipogenic differentiation, the ligands of which have also been demonstrated to induce differentiation in human breast and colon cancer cell lines. This study examined PPARgamma, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PPARgamma mRNA and protein were expressed in NSCLC cell lines, with highest levels in adenocarcinomas. PPARgamma protein was also expressed in 50% of primary lung cancers by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of multiple cell lines with two distinct PPARgamma ligands in the presence of serum resulted in growth arrest, irreversible loss of capacity for anchorage-independent growth, decreased activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, and modulation of multiple markers in a manner consistent with differentiation. Specifically, there was up-regulation of general markers of the differentiated state such as gelsolin, Mad, and p21. Down-regulation of specific markers of progenitor lineages for the peripheral lung, i.e., the type II pneumocyte lineage markers MUC1 and surfactant protein-A and the Clara cell lineage marker CC10, also occurred. In addition, HTI56, a marker of terminally differentiated type I pneumocytes, was also induced. Consistent with a more mature, less malignant phenotype, ligand treatment also inhibited the expression of cyclin D1 and led to hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. In contrast, in the absence of serum, ligand treatment rapidly resulted in apoptosis and substantially earlier onset of differentiation. Taken together, these results show that depending on the growth milieu, ligands of PPARgamma induce differentiation and apoptosis in NSCLC, suggesting clinical utility for these agents.
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Lee HR, Chang TH, Tebalt MJ, Senderowicz AM, Szabo E. Induction of differentiation accompanies inhibition of Cdk2 in a non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Int J Oncol 1999. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.15.1.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee HR, Chang TH, Tebalt MJ, Senderowicz AM, Szabo E. Induction of differentiation accompanies inhibition of Cdk2 in a non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Int J Oncol 1999; 15:161-6. [PMID: 10375610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of differentiation in a variety of model systems is accompanied by cell cycle exit and inhibition of Cdk2 kinase activity. We asked whether inhibition of Cdk2 activity is sufficient to allow differentiation to occur in a non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Treatment of NCI-H358 with flavopiridol, an inhibitor of multiple Cdk's, resulted in growth arrest and induction of mucinous differentiation. The onset of differentiation coincided temporally with loss of Cdk2 kinase activity. Western analysis revealed that flavopiridol treatment resulted in depletion of both cyclin E and D1, suggesting that loss of the regulatory subunits is at least partially responsible for the loss of Cdk kinase activity. Similarly, roscovitine, an inhibitor of Cdk's 1, 2, and 5, but not Cdk4, also induced differentiation in NCI-H358, although the resulting pattern of expression of cell cycle regulatory genes differed from the pattern obtained with flavopiridol. Furthermore, stable expression of an antisense Cdk2 construct in NCI-H358 also resulted in the appearance of a marker of mucinous differentiation. These results show that the inhibition of activity of cyclin dependent kinases, particularly Cdk2, by multiple different mechanisms is accompanied by differentiation. Thus, induction of differentiation is one potential mechanism of action for agents that down-regulate Cdk activity.
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Den Hartog DN, House RJ, Hanges PJ, Ruiz-Quintanilla S, Dorfman PW, Abdalla IA, Adetoun BS, Aditya RN, Agourram H, Akande A, Akande BE, Akerblom S, Altschul C, Alvarez-Backus E, Andrews J, Arias ME, Arif MS, Ashkanasy NM, Asllani A, Audia G, Bakacsi G, Bendova H, Beveridge D, Bhagat RS, Blacutt A, Bao J, Bodega D, Bodur M, Booth S, Booysen AE, Bourantas D, Brenk K, Brodbeck F, Carl DE, Castel P, Chang CC, Chau S, Cheung F, Chhokar JS, Chiu J, Cosgriff P, Dastmalchian A, Coleta JAD, Coleta MFD, Deneire M, Dickson M, Donnelly-Cox G, Earley C, Elgamal MA, Erez M, Falkus S, Fearing M, Field RH, Fimmen C, Frese M, Fu P, Gorsler B, Gratchev MV, Gupta V, Gutierrez C, Hartanto FM, Hauser M, Holmberg I, Holzer M, Hoppe M, Howell JP, Ibrieva E, Ickis JC, Ismail Z, Jarmuz S, Javidan M, Jesuino JC, Ji L, Jone KY, Jones G, Jorbenadse R, Kabasakal H, Keating M, Keller A, Kennedy JC, Kim JS, Kipiani G, Kipping M, Konrad E, Koopman PL, Kuan FY, Kurc A, Lacassagne MF, Lee SM, Leeds C, Leguizamon F, Lindell M, Lobell J, Luthans F, Maczynski J, Mansor N, Martin G, Martin M, Martinez SM, Messallam A, McMillen C, Misumi E, Misumi J, al-Homoud M, Ngin PM, O'Connell J, Ogliastri E, Papalexandris N, Peng T, Preziosa MM, Prieto JM, Rakitsky B, Reber G, Rogovsky N, Roy-Bhattacharya J, Rozen A, Sabadin A, Sahaba M, Bustamante CSD, Santana-Melgoza C, Sauers DA, Schramm-Nielsen J, Schultz M, Shi Z, Sigfrids C, Song KC, Szabo E, Teo AC, Thierry H, Tjakranegara JH, Trimi S, Tsui AS, Ubolwanna P, Wyk MWV, Vondrysova M, Weibler J, Wilderom C, Wu R, Wunderer R, Yakob NRN, Yang Y, Yin Z, Yoshida M, Zhou J. Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jarrard JA, Linnoila RI, Lee H, Steinberg SM, Witschi H, Szabo E. MUC1 is a novel marker for the type II pneumocyte lineage during lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1998; 58:5582-9. [PMID: 9850098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in mucin-type glycoprotein expression have been documented in a variety of cancers, identifying these molecules as targets for immunologically based therapies and prognostic/diagnostic assays. We examined the expression of the membrane-bound MUC1 mucin in normal, histologically atypical, and neoplastic lung to determine its potential contribution to lung carcinogenesis. In vivo, intense MUC1 immunoreactivity was present in normal type II pneumocytes as well as in a range of atypical lesions derived from type II cells and >60% of primary and metastatic non-small cell lung cancers. Expression was not associated with altered survival, although it was highly correlated with the adenocarcinoma histology. A carcinogenesis model using 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-exposed hamsters revealed that MUC1 mRNA increased prior to the histological appearance of tumors. In vitro studies using MUC1 expressing non-small cell lung cancer cell lines revealed that differentiation away from a type II cell lineage was associated with dramatic down-regulation of MUC1. We propose that MUC1 is a powerful new marker for the type II pneumocyte cell lineage that allows us to follow the type II pneumocyte lineage during the process of lung carcinogenesis.
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Lundgren E, Szabo E, Ljunghall S, Bergström R, Holmberg L, Rastad J. Population based case-control study of sick leave in postmenopausal women before diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 317:848-51. [PMID: 9748176 PMCID: PMC31094 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7162.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/1998] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse sick leave in women at risk of primary hyperparathyroidism before its diagnosis. DESIGN Case-control study nested within a screened cohort of postmenopausal women. Cases were women with hyperparathyroidism without prior knowledge of their disease and no traditional symptoms or complications. Controls were women from the screened population without hyperparathyroidism. SETTING Population based screening within a Swedish community. SUBJECT 48 case-control pairs of women aged 55-70 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Sick leave during the 5 years before diagnosis. RESULTS Total duration of sickness benefits was longer in the cases than controls, and this discrepancy included sick leave on full time or half time and for periods of longer than a week. Cases had an increased risk of sick leave more than half of the investigated time compared with controls (odds ratio 12). Doctors' certificates showed that the overrepresented sick leave in the cases related mainly to cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic mild primary hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women is accompanied by a previously unrecognised morbidity, which has consequences for clinical management of the disorder and its impact on the health economy.
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Stocker J, Szabo E. Balanced budget act threatens home care nursing. THE MICHIGAN NURSE 1998; 71:21-3. [PMID: 12038253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Szabo E, Lundgren E, Juhlin C, Ljunghall S, Akerström G, Rastad J. Double parathyroid adenoma, a clinically nondistinct entity of primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1998; 22:708-13. [PMID: 9606286 DOI: 10.1007/s002689900457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Double parathyroid adenoma (DA) has been suggested to be a clinically distinct entity of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Altogether 659 patients with sporadic primary HPT were analyzed retrospectively by evaluating consecutive primary operations for more than three decades. Patients with postoperatively persistent HPT and those with incomplete medical, operative, or histologic records were disregarded. The mean age (+/- SD) at surgery was 60.9 +/- 12.7 years; 78% of the patients were female; and the duration of postoperative follow-up averaged 7.8 +/- 7.2 years. DA, defined as two enlarged parathyroid glands, was found in 77 patients (12%). Enlargement of a single gland (SA) or three or more glands (MA) occurred in 80% and 8%, respectively. DAs were bilateral in 72% of patients, and the weight of the two glands differed by 317 +/- 407 mg. The three histologic subgroups of patients exhibited no significant discrepancy with respect to age, classic symptoms of HPT, proportion of overtly asymptomatic individuals, or parathyroid tissue weight. A lower female predominance and extent of hypercalcemia and higher preoperative serum creatinine level occurred with DA and MA compared to SA. SA and DA differed from MA with respect to variably strong trends to lower postoperative incidences of recurrent HPT and hypoparathyroidism. DA seems to comprise an underrated histologic cause of HPT, which is eligible for a conservative operative approach. Clinical characteristics consistent with a distinct entity of sporadic primary HPT were not seen.
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Szabo E, Goheer A, Witschi H, Linnoila RI. Overexpression of CC10 modifies neoplastic potential in lung cancer cells. CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION : THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH 1998; 9:475-85. [PMID: 9663466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CC10 is infrequently expressed in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, despite being abundantly produced by progenitor cells for normal and neoplastic airway epithelium. We overexpressed CC10 cDNA in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 to determine its effect on the neoplastic phenotype. A549 cells transfected with CC10 demonstrated a marked reduction in invasiveness that was paralleled by diminished 92-kDa and absent 72-kDa metalloproteinase activity by zymography. Western analysis revealed the near absence of the corresponding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CC10-transfected cell lines, but not in the vector-transfected cell lines. The CC10-transfected cell lines also demonstrated decreased adhesiveness to fibronectin compared with the controls. CC10 expression was associated with decreased anchorage-independent growth but not with decreased anchorage-dependent growth. These data suggest that loss of CC10 may contribute to carcinogenesis, because CC10 antagonizes the neoplastic phenotype.
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Szabo E, Francis J, Birrer MJ. Alterations in differentiation and apoptosis induced by bufalin in cJun overexpressing U-937 cells. Int J Oncol 1998; 12:403-9. [PMID: 9458368 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.12.2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that c-jun plays a pivotal role in macrophage differentiation induced by multiple agents and that cJun overexpression induces partial macrophage differentiation in the leukemic cell line U-937. The novel differentiating agent bufalin, a Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor, has also been shown to induce macrophage differentiation in U-937. In order to further define the role of c-jun in macrophage differentiation, we examined the function of c-jun/AP-1 during bufalin induced differentiation in both c-jun transfected and parental U-937 cells. In contrast to phorbol esters, bufalin does not significantly stimulate c-jun or c-fos mRNA expression or AP-1 transactivation. However, bufalin treatment leads to markedly greater morphologic and functional changes indicative of more extensive differentiation in the cJun overexpressing cells compared to the non-transfected controls. Furthermore, cJun overexpressing cells maintain greater viability in the presence of bufalin and arrest in a different phase of the cell cycle than do control cell lines (G0/G1 versus S/G2M, respectively), although some apoptosis occurs in all cell lines treated with bufalin. These data suggest that while bufalin can induce some degree of differentiation in U-937 cells independent of c-jun/AP-1 controlled pathways, the involvement of these pathways by enforced cJun expression enhances the extent of differentiation and shifts the balance between differentiation and apoptosis.
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Kjellstrand CM, Kovithavongs C, Szabo E. On the success, cost and efficiency of modern medicine: an international comparison. J Intern Med 1998; 243:3-14. [PMID: 9487326 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the success and cost of modern medicine in industrialized, rich countries from 1980 to 1990. DESIGN Cost per capita and per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) spent on health was related to: (i) mortality in six diseases amenable to treatment by modern medicine; (ii) the sum of those six diseases (avoidable disease); (iii) death due to other, unavoidable diseases; (iv) maternal and infant mortality; (v) life expectancy at birth; (vi) renal dialysis and transplantation rates. Efficiency was studied by comparing a country's avoidable mortality rates multiplied by expenses, to the mean for all countries. RESULTS During the 10 years, avoidable death rate decreased 38% but unavoidable death rate only 10%. Life expectancy increased 3%. Cost per capita increased 107% but health expenditures, as per cent of GDP only 10%. There was a reasonable correlation between expenses and avoidable mortality but none between expenses and unavoidable death rate. In 1990 avoidable mortality was lowest in Canada, and highest in Japan. Cost was lowest in New Zealand, and highest in the USA. The efficiency index was highest for Australia, and lowest in the USA. CONCLUSION Modern medicine as we have studied it is successful. Avoidable death rate shows a steep uninterrupted decline over the last 50 years while unavoidable death rate shows only small decreases. Cost as per cent of GDP has increased only moderately. There is a correlation between expenses and mortality from avoidable but not from unavoidable diseases, and a large variation in efficiency.
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Jarvis WD, Fornari FA, Auer KL, Freemerman AJ, Szabo E, Birrer MJ, Johnson CR, Barbour SE, Dent P, Grant S. Coordinate regulation of stress- and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the apoptotic actions of ceramide and sphingosine. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:935-47. [PMID: 9415703 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.6.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized participation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade in the lethal actions of the cytotoxic lipid messengers ceramide and sphingosine in U937 human monoblastic leukemia cells. Acute exposure of U937 cells to either lipid resulted in loss of proliferative capacity, degradation of genomic DNA, and manifestation of apoptotic cytoarchitecture. Ceramide robustly stimulated p46-JNK1/p54-JNK2 activity and increased expression of c-jun mRNA and c-Jun protein; in contrast, sphingosine moderately stimulated p46-JNK1/p54-JNK2 and failed to modify c-jun/c-Jun expression. Dominant-negative blockade of normal c-Jun activity by transfection with the TAM-67 c-Jun NH2-terminal deletion mutant abolished the lethal actions of ceramide but was without effect on those of sphingosine, indicating that ceramide-related apoptosis is directly dependent on activation of c-Jun, whereas sphingosine-induced cell death proceeds via an unrelated downstream mechanism. Characterization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in these responses revealed a further functional disparity between the two lipids: basal p42-ERK1/ p44-ERK2 activity was gradually reduced by ceramide but immediately and completely suppressed by sphingosine. Moreover, blockade of the MAPK cascade by the aminomethoxyflavone MEK1 inhibitor PD-98059 unexpectedly activated p46-JNK1/p54-JNK2 and induced apoptosis in a manner qualitatively resembling that of sphingosine. Both lipids sharply increased p38-RK activity; selective pharmacological inhibition of p38-RK by the pyridinyl imidazole SB-203580 failed to mitigate the cytotoxicity associated with either ceramide or sphingosine, suggesting that p38-RK is not essential for lipid-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that reciprocal alterations in the SAPK and MAPK cascades are associated with the apoptotic influence of either lipid inasmuch as (i) ceramide-mediated lethality is primarily associated with strong stimulation of SAPK and weak inhibition of MAPK, whereas (ii) sphingosine-mediated lethality is primarily associated with weak stimulation of SAPK and strong inhibition of MAPK. We therefore propose that leukemic cell survival depends on the maintenance of an imbalance of the outputs from the MAPK and SAPK systems such that the dominant basal influence of the MAPK cascade allows sustained proliferation, whereas acute redirection of this balance toward the SAPK cascade initiates apoptotic cell death.
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Szabo E, Witschi H, Goheer A, Linnoila R. 612 Inhibition of metalloproteinases by enforced CC10 expression. Implications for pulmonary carcinogenesis. Lung Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(97)89991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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73
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Szabo E. Choice of treatment improves quality of life. A study on patients undergoing dialysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1001/archinte.157.12.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Szabo E, Moody H, Hamilton T, Ang C, Kovithavongs C, Kjellstrand C. Choice of treatment improves quality of life. A study on patients undergoing dialysis. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1997; 157:1352-6. [PMID: 9201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QOL) is an important measure of the success of medicine. Choice of treatment is an important variable influencing QOL. We studied QOL in patients undergoing treatment for end-stage renal failure. Until June 1993 our patients needing dialysis could freely choose continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); however, since that time most patients have been forced to undergo CAPD because the hemodialysis program is full. METHODS We compared QOL in patients accepted before or after June 1993. Forty-five patients undergoing CAPD were studied during the period of choice compared with 44 who had no choice. Quality of life was studied by Bradburn Affect Scale, Mental Health Scale, Campbell Life Satisfaction, Perceived Health, Karnofsky Scale, Activity Scale, Physical Symptoms Scale, and desire for treatment change. RESULTS The patients undergoing CAPD in the no-choice group had a lower score than the choice population in 4 of the 7 QOL scales. The Mental Health Scale mean score was 18.4 compared with 15.5, and the patients ranking highest on the Mental Health Scale decreased from 33% to 18%, while those ranking lowest increased 7-fold from 2% to 14% comparing choice with no-choice group. The Bradburn Affect Scale score was +0.7 in the choice group compared with -0.3 in the no-choice group. There were no differences in age, sex, race, or treatment that explained the difference. Influence of other time-related factors is unlikely as there were no similar lower scores with time in the QOL reported by patients in the in-center or assisted self-care hemodialysis or transplant groups. CONCLUSIONS Once the freedom of choice of treatment is gone from the patients undergoing CAPD their psychological QOL deteriorates.
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Mulshine JL, Zhou J, Treston AM, Szabo E, Tockman MS, Cuttitta F. New approaches to the integrated management of early lung cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997; 11:235-52. [PMID: 9137968 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have briefly surveyed some the developments in the field of molecular diagnostics that provide a basis for cautious optimism about progress in population-based early lung cancer screening. The sound lung cancer management strategies that were formulated several decades ago failed in clinical trials because the necessary tools to implement the strategies were not yet available. Technology is beginning to emerge that makes population-based screening achievable. This same technology may be used to define a comprehensive marker panel including the most informative markers from the long list of candidate markers. Validation studies will define more clearly the strengths and limitations of new molecular diagnostics and provide leads for further research attention. The clinical community can expedite this process if these validation efforts are aggressively pursued. Parallel developments are clearly needed in refining the range of therapeutic intervention for early cancer management. The success of both diagnostic and intervention tools is interwoven in the ultimate goal of reducing lung cancer mortality. This article is an invitation to think expansively about new approaches to cancer care that integrate the fruits of our hard-learned lessons.
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