[Effect of overexpression of apoptosis-stimulating protein 2 of p53 on activation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 and its mechanism]

Objective: To study the effect of apoptosis-stimulating protein 2 of p53 (ASPP2) on the activation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF - β1), and to explore the role of autophagy in this process. Methods: Mouse hepatic stellate cells were primarily isolated and cultured with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing empty vector adenovirus (Ad-GFP) and ASPP2 expressing adenovirus (Ad-ASPP2) for 12 h by transfection kit, and then treated with TGF-β1 (10ng/ml) for 24 h. The experiments were grouped as follows: control group: green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing empty vector adeno (Ad-GFP); experimental group 1: transfected with Ad-GFP and added with TGF-β1; experimental group 2: transfected with Ad-ASPP2 and induced by TGF-β1. Western blot and quantitative fluorescence PCR were used to detect the expression of ASPP2, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). At the same time, autophagy was determined by microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-β (LC3). Autophagy and apoptosis of MHSc were observed by immunocytochemistry and RNA interference (RNAi). Multiple pairwise-comparisons between the mean of groups was performed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The relative expression of α-SMA mRNA in mHSC of TGF-β1 + Ad-GFP group (16.83 ± 2.41) was significantly higher than Ad-GFP group (3.62 ± 0.56) (P < 0.05), while the relative expression of α-SMA mRNA (4.22 ± 0.48) in TGF-β1 + Ad-GFP group was significantly lower than TGF-β1 + Ad-GFP group (P < 0.05). The expression of α-SMA protein in each group was consistent with mRNA expression. The proportion of mHSC autophagy in TGF-β1 + Ad-GFP group (80%) was significantly higher than Ad-GFP group (35%); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The proportion of mHSC autophagy in TGF-β1 + Ad-ASPP2 group was 42%, which was significantly lower than TGF-β1 + Ad-GFP group, but the apoptotic rate was significantly increased. Cells were simultaneously treated with autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and TGF-β1. The level of autophagy was not statistically significantly different from that of TGF-β1 + Ad-ASPP2 group, but the apoptotic rate was increased. In addition, the RNAi group added with ASPP2 had increased autophagy (LC3-II/LC3-I) than control RNAi group, and the rate of apoptosis was significantly decreased. Conclusion: Overexpression of ASPP2 can alleviate the activation of mHSC and promote the apoptosis of HSC by inhibiting autophagy, so as to alleviate liver fibrosis.

MiR-1271 negatively regulates AKT/MTOR signaling and promotes apoptosis via targeting PDK1 in pancreatic cancer

OBJECTIVE

Pancreatic cancer (PC) possesses a very poor prognosis, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Evidence has suggested that microRNAs play important roles in cancer development and progression, the present study was designed to study the function of miR-1271 in PC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

PC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 17 patients. MiR-1271 and PDK1 expression were quantified by quantitative reverse-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AKT/MTOR signaling activity and PDK1 protein expression were determined by Western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Luciferase assay was used to verify whether miR-1271 directly targets PDK1.

RESULTS

MiR-1271 was significantly down-regulated in PC tissues compared with that in the paired normal adjacent tissue, and its expression was up-regulated dose-dependently upon cisplatin treatment in PC cells. Overexpression of miR-1271 in these cells produced a pro-apoptotic effect, similar to what caused by cisplatin treatment. Moreover, overexpression of miR-1271 inhibited AKT/MTOR signaling, which was due to the targeting relationship between miR-1271 and PDK1. Finally, knockdown of PDK1 exerted a similar effect on apoptosis to that of miR-1271 overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-1271 is a potent tumor suppressor in PC, its pro-apoptotic function was partially mediated by reduced AKT/MTOR signaling. Targeting miR-1271 may represent an effective strategy for PC treatment.

Neck masses in children: a 10-year single-centre experience in Northwest China

Neck masses in children are a common clinical concern but there is a paucity of published information about them. We organised this retrospective study to analyse their prevalence and treatment in Northwest China. The records of 207 children who presented with neck masses between 2008 and 2017 were retrieved from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, and age, sex, clinical presentation, preoperative investigation, surgical procedure, histopathological diagnosis, and complications were recorded. Their mean (range) age was 10 years (6 months to 21 years), and the male:female ratio was 1.23:1. In total 128 patients (62%) had congenital lesions, 35 (17%) had inflammatory lesions, and 44 (21%) had neoplastic lesions. The most common mass was a thyroglossal cyst (31%), followed by plunging ranula (17%) and lymphangioma (16%). Temporary injury to the facial nerve and wound infection were the major complications of surgical treatment. The types of neck masses in Northwest China differ from those previously reported, which may be attributed to genetic alterations in people of this race. The present report adds to the knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of neck masses in children in Northwest China, and brings out the demographic differences between races.

Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients in four fibrous ingredients fed to barrows at three different initial body weights

This study was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in four fibrous ingredients [corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean hull, wheat bran, and corn bran] fed to barrows at three different growth stages. Thirty growing barrows, 30 finishing barrows, and 30 fattening barrows (initial body weights of 29.04, 58.57, and 105.65 kg, respectively) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to one of four test diets or a basal corn–soybean meal diet in a 3 × 5 factorial design. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 5 d after a 12 d adaption period. The DE and ME values and ATTD of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), crude protein, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in wheat bran, as well as the ATTD of GE, OM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ADF in corn DDGS, and ATTD of NDF and ADF in soybean hull, were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs at stage 3 compared with those at stages 1 and 2. In conclusion, both body weight and fibrous ingredients have effects on energy values and nutrient digestibility in barrows.

Differentially expressed proteins identified by TMT proteomics analysis in bone marrow microenvironment of osteoporotic patients

We applied tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics to investigate protein changes in bone marrow microenvironment of osteoporotic patients undergoing spine fusion. Multiple bioinformatics tools were used to identify and analyze 219 differentially expressed proteins. These proteins may be associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION

Bone marrow microenvironment is indispensable for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We speculated that alterations of some factors in the microenvironment of osteoporotic subjects might influence the homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the expression of protein factors in the bone marrow environment of osteoporosis.

METHODS

We performed a proteomics analysis in the vertebral body-derived bone marrow supernatant fluid from 8 Chinese patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion (4 osteoporotic vs. 4 non-osteoporotic) and used micro-CT to analyze the microstructural features of spinous processes from these patients. We further performed western blotting to validate the differential expressions of some proteins.

RESULTS

There was deteriorated bone microstructure in osteoporotic patients. Based on proteomics analysis, 172 upregulated and 47 downregulated proteins were identified. These proteins had multiple biological functions associated with osteoblast differentiation, lipid metabolism, and cell migration, and formed a complex protein-protein interaction network. We identified five major regulatory mechanisms, splicing, translation, protein degradation, cytoskeletal organization, and lipid metabolism, involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS

There are various protein factors, such as DDX5, PSMC2, CSNK1A1, PLIN1, ILK, and TPM4, differentially expressed in the bone marrow microenvironment of osteoporotic patients, providing new ideas for finding therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.

A prospective genome-wide study of prostate cancer metastases reveals association of wnt pathway activation and increased cell cycle proliferation with primary resistance to abiraterone acetate-prednisone

Background

Genomic aberrations have been identified in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but molecular predictors of resistance to abiraterone acetate/prednisone (AA/P) treatment are not known.

Patients and methods

In a prospective clinical trial, mCRPC patients underwent whole-exome sequencing (n = 82) and RNA sequencing (n = 75) of metastatic biopsies before initiating AA/P with the objective of identifying genomic alterations associated with resistance to AA/P. Primary resistance was determined at 12 weeks of treatment using criteria for progression that included serum prostate-specific antigen measurement, bone and computerized tomography imaging and symptom assessments. Acquired resistance was determined using the end point of time to treatment change (TTTC), defined as time from enrollment until change in treatment from progressive disease. Associations of genomic and transcriptomic alterations with primary resistance were determined using logistic regression, Fisher's exact test, single and multivariate analyses. Cox regression models were utilized for determining association of genomic and transcriptomic alterations with TTTC.

Results

At 12 weeks, 32 patients in the cohort had progressed (nonresponders). Median study follow-up was 32.1 months by which time 58 patients had switched treatments due to progression. Median TTTC was 10.1 months (interquartile range: 4.4-24.1). Genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were more frequently mutated and negative regulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling were more frequently deleted or displayed reduced mRNA expression in nonresponders. Additionally, mRNA expression of cell cycle regulatory genes was increased in nonresponders. In multivariate models, increased cell cycle proliferation scores (≥ 50) were associated with shorter TTTC (hazard ratio = 2.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-3.80; P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation and increased cell cycle progression scores can serve as molecular markers for predicting resistance to AA/P therapy.

Abstract P2-14-18: Achiveing rapid intrao-operative diagnosis during breast cancer surgery using high-reloution full-field optical coherence imaging and dynamic cell imaging

Background: Intraoperative pathological diagnosis such as frozen section and imprint cytology is not routinely recommended in clinical practice because of time and accuracy concerns. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a new optical imaging technique that could generate sectioning tomogram from fresh tissue and provide depiction of the morphological structure and pathological changes in minutes without conventional tissue preparation, slicing, and staining, and dynamic cell imaging (DCI) added the viability information of cells/tissue, which could be more important in cancer diagnosis. This study was to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic value of FF-OCT and DCI in breast lesions and lymph node specimens during breast cancer surgery.

Methods: We evaluated normal breast tissue, benign breast lesions, breast cancer and axillary lymph node specimens from 107 patients using FF-OCT and DCI. After the optical assessment, the tissue was paraffin embedded and sent to conventional H&E diagnosis. The similar layer of OCT and H&E images were compared and diagnostic criteria were generated. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by two trained surgeons without pathology diagnosis experience were evaluated.

Results: A total of 194 specimens were examined, including 143 breast tissue(101 malignant and 42 benign/normal) and 51 lymph nodes(26 metastatic and 25 non-metastatic). On FF-OCT and DCI, normal morphological structures such as adipose, collagen, mammary ducts, and lobules in breast tissue and lymphoid follicle and hilum in lymph nodes were easily recognized. Breast cancer characteristics on H&E imaging correspond to collagen distortion, focal hypointensity, micro-calcification, clustered or linear lively cells et etc on FF-OCT or DCI, which could also be easily distinguished. We included the previously mentioned features to build diagnosis criteria for cancer on FF-OCT and DCI. The average acquisition time is 14±11 minutes. The sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer diagnosis were 92.1% and 94.3% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for lymph node involvement were 92.3% and 84% respectively.

Conclusion: The time- and tissue-saving optical imaging technique yielded high accuracy that was comparable to that of traditional intraoperative and postoperative pathological diagnosis in breast cancer and lymph node metastasis. These results implied the promising application in the intraoperative evaluation and possible decrease of the re-excision rate for breast cancer surgery.

Citation Format: Yang H, Zhang S, Guo J, Xie F, Tong F, Cao Y, Liu P, Zhou B, Cheng L, Liu M, Wang S, Peng Y, Wang C, Yang Y, Ma Y, Chen D, Shen D, Wang S. Achiveing rapid intrao-operative diagnosis during breast cancer surgery using high-reloution full-field optical coherence imaging and dynamic cell imaging [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-18.

[Clinical features of 12 cases of respiratory diseases associated with inflammatory bowel diseases]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of respiratory diseases associated with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 12 cases of respiratory diseases associated with IBD admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from January 2011 to May 2017. Their clinical data, including symptoms, laboratory, spirometry, radiological findings as well as therapy and clinical course, were collected. Results: These 12 patients, including 11 males and 6 smokers, were 37-75 years old, with an average age of (61±12) years. There were 11 patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and 1 with Crohn's disease(CD). The interval between the diagnosis of IBD and the occurrence of respiratory diseases ranged from 5 months to 30 years. The patients did not receive therapy for IBD when respiratory diseases were diagnosed. The respiratory diseases associated IBD included bronchiectasis (n=3), interstitial lung diseases (n=5, with 2 cases of organizing pneumonia by pathology), pulmonary embolism(n=3) and pulmonary arterial stenosis (n=1). Of the 12 cases, 9 presented with respiratory symptoms, including cough, expectoration and dyspnea. One patient presented with abdominal symptoms and 2 cases were found by physical examinations. Chest CT features were manifested as bronchiectasis, reticular patterns, patchy opacity and pulmonary artery filling defect. Conclusions: Respiratory diseases associated with IBD are various, which can involve airways, interstitium and pulmonary vessels. Respiratory diseases seem to be more common in patients with UC as compared to those with CD.

Alterations in Brain Metabolites in Patients with Epilepsy with Impaired Consciousness: A Case-Control Study of Interictal Multivoxel 1H-MRS Findings

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous studies have shown perfusion abnormalities in the thalamus and upper brain stem in patients with epilepsy with impaired consciousness. We hypothesized that these areas associated with consciousness will also show metabolic abnormalities. However, metabolic abnormalities in those areas correlated with consciousness has not been characterized with multiple-voxel ¹H-MRS. In this study, we investigated the metabolic alterations in these brain regions and assessed the correlation between seizure features and metabolic alterations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty-seven patients with epilepsy and 24 control subjects underwent routine MR imaging and 3D multiple-voxel ¹H-MRS. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups: focal impaired awareness seizures (n = 18), primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n = 19), and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n = 20). The measured metabolite alterations in NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cr + Cho), and Cho/Cr ratios in brain regions associated with the consciousness network were compared between the patient and control groups. ROIs were placed in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, thalamus, and upper brain stem. Correlations between clinical parameters (epilepsy duration and seizure frequency) and metabolite alterations were analyzed.

RESULTS

Significantly lower NAA/Cr and NAA/(Cho + Cr) ratios (P < .05 and < .01, respectively) were observed in the bilateral thalamus and upper brain stem in all experimental groups, and significantly high Cho/Cr ratios (P < .05) were observed in the right thalamus in the focal impaired awareness seizures group. There were no significant differences in metabolite ratios among the 3 patient groups (P > .05). The secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures group showed a negative correlation between the duration of epilepsy and the NAA/(Cr + Cho) ratio in the bilateral thalamus (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic alterations were observed in the brain stem and thalamus in patients with epilepsy with impaired consciousness.

Variations in carbon source-sink relationships in subalpine fir across elevational gradients

Cold-adapted trees display acclimation in both carbon source and carbon sink capacity to low-temperature stress at their upper elevational range limits. Hence a balanced carbon source-sink capacity might be required for their persistence and survival at the elevational tree limits. The present study examined the spatial dynamics of carbon source-sink relationship in subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) trees along elevational gradients in the northern slope of the temperate region and in the southern slope of the subtropics in terms of climate in the Qinling Mountain range, north-central China. The results showed that non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in both the source and sink tissues increased with the increase in elevation. The ratio of carbon source-sink displayed a consistent decreasing trend with the increase in elevation and during growing season, showing that it was lowest at a ratio of 2.93 in the northern slope and at a ratio of 2.61 in the southern slope at the upper distribution elevations in the late growing season. Such variations of carbon source-sink ratio might be attributable to the balance between carbon source and sink activities, which changed seasonally across the elevational distribution range. We concluded that a ratio of carbon source-sink of at least 2.6 might be essential for subalpine fir trees to persist at their upper range limits. Therefore, a sufficient source-sink ratio and a balanced source-sink relationship might be required for subalpine fir trees to survive and develop at their upper elevational distribution limits.

Efficacy and Safety of the Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor Concentrate, Haemate-P/Humate-P: Ristocetin Cofactor Unit Dosing in Patients with von Willebrand Disease

The present study was initiated to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Haemate-P® (Humate-P® in North America) (anti-hemophilic FVIII/VWF complex [human] dried, pasteurized) dosed in ristocetin cofactor units (VWF:RCo) in the treatment of von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients in Canada. This retrospective data collection reviewed the medical records of VWD patients treated under the Canadian Emergency Drug Release Program from November 22, 1991, to April 30, 1996. Data collection was accomplished by on-site retrieval from source data for 97 patients. Dosing was based on the German package insert, which lists only Factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) units, which were converted in the study analysis to VWF:RCo units based on the analysis of the individual manufactured lots of product used in these patients (average ratio of 2.6 IU VWF:RCo per IU FVIII:C). Twenty five different lots of Haemate-P/Humate-P were used to treat 437 different events in the 97 study patients (344 hemorrhagic events, 73 surgical interventions and 20 prophylactic infusion cycles). Overall, the median dose of concentrate per infusion used to treat surgical events was 69.1 IU VWF:RCo/kg (range 11.9-222.8); bleeding events 55.3 IU VWF:RCo/kg (range 17.1-227.5) and prophylaxis 41.6 IU VWF:RCo/kg (range 34.6-81.0). Treatment periods varied, with the majority of events treated for ≤ 10 days (91%). Fifty percent of events that were treated longer than 10 days were given for prophylactic reasons. Efficacy was determined in a standardized manner by the physician, based on dosing in VWF:RCo activity. An overall clinical result of “excellent” or “good” was reported in 97% (424/437) of treatment events. A pediatric sub-population analysis of the patient population reported “excellent/good” efficacy in 100% (17/17) of treatment events in infants, 95% (155/164) in children, and 94% (76/81) in adolescent patients. Related adverse events (AEs) were observed in only 4 (4%) patients and were not deemed to be serious. The findings in this study confirm the safety and efficacy of Haemate-P/Humate-P using VWF:RCo dosing in pediatric and adult patients with various types of VWD.

[Study on changes of calpain and myocardial damage in rats with burn-blast combined injury]

Objective: To study myocardial damage and rules of calpain change in rats with burn-blast combined injury. Methods: One hundred and twenty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, burn group, blast group, burn-blast group, with 32 rats in each group.

CONTROL GROUP

37 degrees' warm water for 12 s; Burn group: 94 degrees' boiling water for 12 s; Blast group: 5 g cyclonite explode in 75 cm distance from left chest wall of rat; Burn-blast group: burn group and blast group combined modeling method. At 6, 24, 48, 72 h observation points after injury, abdominal aorta blood samples and myocardial specimen were collected. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular fractional shortening index (FS) were measured through color Doppler ultrasound instrument; Myocardial tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE); serum cardiac troponin I (CTnI) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were detected; detection of cell apoptosis in myocardial tissue was performed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP notch labeling technique (Tunel). Expression levels of calpain mRNA level and protein were detected with Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western imprinting method analysis; calpain activity was detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Results: The injury of burn-blast combined injured rats was obvious, including myocardial interstitial edema, large area of myocardial cell degeneration and disintegration and the number of neutrophil infiltration increased. Cardiac function decreased 24 h after injury in burn group, blast group, burn-blast group; both EF and FS were significant lower than those of control group (all P<0.05). FS at 48, 72 h and EF at 72 h in burn-blast group were significantly lower than those of burn group, blast group at the same time points (all P<0.05); the level of cTnI in burn-blast group rose and was higher than control group at all time points, higher than the burn group, blast group at 48 h (all P<0.05). CK-MB in burn-blast group rats increased after injury, lowered at 24 h and rose again at 48 h. The level was significantly higher than control group and burn group (both P<0.05). Comparing to control group, myocardial apoptosis index in burn group, blast group and burn-blast group were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Those of burn group (25.3±4.0) at 24 h and (28.8±5.3) at 48 h were significantly lowered than burn-blast group (43.3±9.4), (53.3±10.4) at same time points, and burn group (31.9±6.7) at 72 h was significantly higher than blast group (17.3±6.3) (all P<0.05). Compared to control group, Calpain mRNA and protein expression in myocardial tissue were significantly increased in burn-blast group at all time points (all P<0.05). Calpain activity reached the peak at 24 h after injury, then gradually declined, and was significantly higher than control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Calpain expression and activity increase in burn-blast combined injured rats which leads to myocardial damage.