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Kumar A, Boyle EA, Tokita M, Mikheev AM, Sanger MC, Girard E, Silber JR, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Hiatt JB, Adey A, Lee C, Kitzman JO, Born DE, Silbergeld DL, Olson JM, Rostomily RC, Shendure J. Deep sequencing of multiple regions of glial tumors reveals spatial heterogeneity for mutations in clinically relevant genes. Genome Biol 2014; 15:530. [PMID: 25608559 PMCID: PMC4272528 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of intratumoral mutational heterogeneity remains unclear in gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors, especially with respect to point mutation. To address this, we applied single molecule molecular inversion probes targeting 33 cancer genes to assay both point mutations and gene amplifications within spatially distinct regions of 14 glial tumors. Results We find evidence of regional mutational heterogeneity in multiple tumors, including mutations in TP53 and RB1 in an anaplastic oligodendroglioma and amplifications in PDGFRA and KIT in two glioblastomas (GBMs). Immunohistochemistry confirms heterogeneity of TP53 mutation and PDGFRA amplification. In all, 3 out of 14 glial tumors surveyed have evidence for heterogeneity for clinically relevant mutations. Conclusions Our results underscore the need to sample multiple regions in GBM and other glial tumors when devising personalized treatments based on genomic information, and furthermore demonstrate the importance of measuring both point mutation and copy number alteration while investigating genetic heterogeneity within cancer samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0530-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Herman JA, Toledo CM, Olson JM, DeLuca JG, Paddison PJ. Molecular pathways: regulation and targeting of kinetochore-microtubule attachment in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:233-9. [PMID: 25104085 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein structures assembled on centromeric DNA during mitosis that bind to microtubules of the mitotic spindle to orchestrate and power chromosome movements. Deregulation of kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments has been implicated in driving chromosome instability and cancer evolution; however, the nature and source of KT-MT attachment defects in cancer cells remain largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent findings suggesting that oncogene-driven changes in kinetochore regulation occur in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and possibly other cancers exhibiting chromosome instability, giving rise to novel therapeutic opportunities. In particular, we consider the GLE2p-binding sequence domains of BubR1 and the newly discovered BuGZ, two kinetochore-associated proteins, as candidate therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Morfouace M, Shelat A, Jacus M, Freeman BB, Turner D, Robinson S, Zindy F, Wang YD, Finkelstein D, Ayrault O, Bihannic L, Puget S, Li XN, Olson JM, Robinson GW, Guy RK, Stewart CF, Gajjar A, Roussel MF. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine as combination therapy for the treatment of Group3 medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:516-29. [PMID: 24684846 PMCID: PMC3994669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We devised a high-throughput, cell-based assay to identify compounds to treat Group3 medulloblastoma (G3 MB). Mouse G3 MBs neurospheres were screened against a library of approximately 7,000 compounds including US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. We found that pemetrexed and gemcitabine preferentially inhibited G3 MB proliferation in vitro compared to control neurospheres and substantially inhibited G3 MB proliferation in vivo. When combined, these two drugs significantly increased survival of mice bearing cortical implants of mouse and human G3 MBs that overexpress MYC compared to each agent alone, while having little effect on mouse MBs of the sonic hedgehog subgroup. Our findings strongly suggest that combination therapy with pemetrexed and gemcitabine is a promising treatment for G3 MBs.
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Page Glave A, Di Brezzo R, Applegate DK, Olson JM. The effects of obesity classification method on select kinematic gait variables in adult females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2014; 54:197-202. [PMID: 24509991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Obesity has been associated with gait alterations, but most studies have utilized BMI for classification. This study examined gait alterations based on body fat and BMI. METHOD Participants (N.=22) had BMI and body fat percentage determined and underwent gait analysis. Body fat percentage was determined using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Gait variables were examined in 3 groups: step width, preferred walking speed, and stride length; angular displacement at the knee and angular displacement at the ankle; and peak knee flexion velocity and peak knee extension velocity. A multivariate approach with follow-up univariate tests was used. RESULTS Based on BMI, there was a significant effect for step width, preferred walking speed, and stride length (F[3, 16]=3.47, P=0.04). Univariate tests were significant for preferred walking speed and stride length (both P<0.03). Overweight by BMI participants had a lower preferred walking speed (1.31±0.16 m/s vs. 1.53±0.18 m/s) and shorter stride length (1.23±0.11 m vs. 1.38±0.11 m). Based on body fat percentage, there was a significant effect for peak knee flexion velocity and peak knee extension velocity (F[2, 19]=4.08, P=0.03). Overweight by body fat participants had lower peak knee flexion velocity (295.99±21.32 o/s vs. 320.25±27.67 o/s; P=0.04). CONCLUSION Gait alterations were found for both methods of classifying obesity. However, the alterations were different for each method. The method of determining obesity appears to affect where gait alterations are found.
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Kool and colleagues reveal clear genetically defined subclasses of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subclass of medulloblastoma. This molecular dissection of the SHH subclass is not simply a cutting-edge advance; the data have profound impact on clinical trial design and decision-making.
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Shih DJH, Northcott PA, Remke M, Korshunov A, Ramaswamy V, Kool M, Luu B, Yao Y, Wang X, Dubuc AM, Garzia L, Peacock J, Mack SC, Wu X, Rolider A, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Jones DTW, Zitterbart K, Faria CC, Schüller U, Kren L, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Shin Ra Y, Garami M, Hauser P, Chan JA, Robinson S, Bognár L, Klekner A, Saad AG, Liau LM, Albrecht S, Fontebasso A, Cinalli G, De Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cooper MK, Thompson RC, Bailey S, Lindsey JC, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EMC, Scherer SW, Phillips JJ, Gupta N, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Vibhakar R, Eberhart CG, Fouladi M, Lach B, Jung S, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Jabado N, Pollack IF, Weiss WA, Lee JY, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, de Torres C, Lavarino C, Mora J, Cho YJ, Tabori U, Olson JM, Gajjar A, Packer RJ, Rutkowski S, Pomeroy SL, French PJ, Kloosterhof NK, Kros JM, Van Meir EG, Clifford SC, Bourdeaut F, Delattre O, Doz FF, Hawkins CE, Malkin D, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Bouffet E, Rutka JT, Pfister SM, Taylor MD. Cytogenetic prognostication within medulloblastoma subgroups. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:886-96. [PMID: 24493713 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.50.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Current medulloblastoma protocols stratify patients based on clinical features: patient age, metastatic stage, extent of resection, and histologic variant. Stark prognostic and genetic differences among the four subgroups suggest that subgroup-specific molecular biomarkers could improve patient prognostication. PATIENTS AND METHODS Molecular biomarkers were identified from a discovery set of 673 medulloblastomas from 43 cities around the world. Combined risk stratification models were designed based on clinical and cytogenetic biomarkers identified by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses. Identified biomarkers were tested using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on a nonoverlapping medulloblastoma tissue microarray (n = 453), with subsequent validation of the risk stratification models. RESULTS Subgroup information improves the predictive accuracy of a multivariable survival model compared with clinical biomarkers alone. Most previously published cytogenetic biomarkers are only prognostic within a single medulloblastoma subgroup. Profiling six FISH biomarkers (GLI2, MYC, chromosome 11 [chr11], chr14, 17p, and 17q) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, we can reliably and reproducibly identify very low-risk and very high-risk patients within SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. CONCLUSION Combining subgroup and cytogenetic biomarkers with established clinical biomarkers substantially improves patient prognostication, even in the context of heterogeneous clinical therapies. The prognostic significance of most molecular biomarkers is restricted to a specific subgroup. We have identified a small panel of cytogenetic biomarkers that reliably identifies very high-risk and very low-risk groups of patients, making it an excellent tool for selecting patients for therapy intensification and therapy de-escalation in future clinical trials.
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Toledo CM, Herman JA, Olsen JB, Ding Y, Corrin P, Girard EJ, Olson JM, Emili A, DeLuca JG, Paddison PJ. BuGZ is required for Bub3 stability, Bub1 kinetochore function, and chromosome alignment. Dev Cell 2014; 28:282-94. [PMID: 24462187 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the attachment of kinetochores (KTs) to the plus ends of spindle microtubules (MTs) and prevents anaphase onset until chromosomes are aligned and KTs are under proper tension. Here, we identify a SAC component, BuGZ/ZNF207, from an RNAi viability screen in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumor stem cells. BuGZ binds to and stabilizes Bub3 during interphase and mitosis through a highly conserved GLE2p-binding sequence (GLEBS) domain. Inhibition of BuGZ results in loss of both Bub3 and its binding partner Bub1 from KTs, reduction of Bub1-dependent phosphorylation of centromeric histone H2A, attenuation of KT-based Aurora B kinase activity, and lethal chromosome congression defects in cancer cells. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that BuGZ orthologs are highly conserved among eukaryotes, but are conspicuously absent from budding and fission yeasts. These findings suggest that BuGZ has evolved to facilitate Bub3 activity and chromosome congression in higher eukaryotes.
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Akcan M, Stroud MR, Hansen SJ, Clark RJ, Daly NL, Craik DJ, Olson JM. Correction to Chemical Re-engineering of Chlorotoxin Improves Bioconjugation Properties for Tumor Imaging and Targeted Therapy. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9807. [PMID: 26339105 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Diede SJ, Yao Z, Keyes CC, Tyler AE, Dey J, Hackett CS, Elsaesser K, Kemp CJ, Neiman PE, Weiss WA, Olson JM, Tapscott SJ. Fundamental differences in promoter CpG island DNA hypermethylation between human cancer and genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1254-60. [PMID: 24107773 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations are essential for the initiation and progression of human cancer. We previously reported that primary human medulloblastomas showed extensive cancer-specific CpG island DNA hypermethylation in critical developmental pathways. To determine whether genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of medulloblastoma have comparable epigenetic changes, we assessed genome-wide DNA methylation in three mouse models of medulloblastoma. In contrast to human samples, very few loci with cancer-specific DNA hypermethylation were detected, and in almost all cases the degree of methylation was relatively modest compared with the dense hypermethylation in the human cancers. To determine if this finding was common to other GEMMs, we examined a Burkitt lymphoma and breast cancer model and did not detect promoter CpG island DNA hypermethylation, suggesting that human cancers and at least some GEMMs are fundamentally different with respect to this epigenetic modification. These findings provide an opportunity to both better understand the mechanism of aberrant DNA methylation in human cancer and construct better GEMMs to serve as preclinical platforms for therapy development.
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Dey J, Dubuc AM, Pedro KD, Thirstrup D, Mecham B, Northcott PA, Wu X, Shih D, Tapscott SJ, LeBlanc M, Taylor MD, Olson JM. MyoD is a tumor suppressor gene in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6828-37. [PMID: 24092238 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0730-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While medulloblastoma, a pediatric tumor of the cerebellum, is characterized by aberrations in developmental pathways, the majority of genetic determinants remain unknown. An unbiased Sleeping Beauty transposon screen revealed MyoD as a putative medulloblastoma tumor suppressor. This was unexpected, as MyoD is a muscle differentiation factor and not previously known to be expressed in cerebellum or medulloblastoma. In response to deletion of one allele of MyoD, two other Sonic hedgehog-driven mouse medulloblastoma models showed accelerated tumor formation and death, confirming MyoD as a tumor suppressor in these models. In normal cerebellum, MyoD was expressed in the proliferating granule neuron progenitors that are thought to be precursors to medulloblastoma. Similar to some other tumor suppressors that are induced in cancer, MyoD was expressed in proliferating medulloblastoma cells in three mouse models and in human medulloblastoma cases. This suggests that although expression of MyoD in a proliferating tumor is insufficient to prevent tumor progression, its expression in the cerebellum hinders medulloblastoma genesis.
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Lee SJ, Lindsey S, Graves B, Yoo S, Olson JM, Langhans SA. Sonic hedgehog-induced histone deacetylase activation is required for cerebellar granule precursor hyperplasia in medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71455. [PMID: 23951168 PMCID: PMC3739791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor, is thought to arise from deregulated proliferation of cerebellar granule precursor (CGP) cells. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is the primary mitogen that regulates proliferation of CGP cells during the early stages of postnatal cerebellum development. Aberrant activation of Shh signaling during this time has been associated with hyperplasia of CGP cells and eventually may lead to the development of medulloblastoma. The molecular targets of Shh signaling involved in medulloblastoma formation are still not well-understood. Here, we show that Shh regulates sustained activation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and that this activity is required for continued proliferation of CGP cells. Suppression of HDAC activity not only blocked the Shh-induced CGP proliferation in primary cell cultures, but also ameliorated aberrant CGP proliferation at the external germinal layer (EGL) in a medulloblastoma mouse model. Increased levels of mRNA and protein of several HDAC family members were found in medulloblastoma compared to wild type cerebellum suggesting that HDAC activity is required for the survival/progression of tumor cells. The identification of a role of HDACs in the early steps of medulloblastoma formation suggests there may be a therapeutic potential for HDAC inhibitors in this disease.
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Hubert CG, Bradley RK, Ding Y, Toledo CM, Herman J, Skutt-Kakaria K, Girard EJ, Davison J, Berndt J, Corrin P, Hardcastle J, Basom R, Delrow JJ, Webb T, Pollard SM, Lee J, Olson JM, Paddison PJ. Genome-wide RNAi screens in human brain tumor isolates reveal a novel viability requirement for PHF5A. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1032-45. [PMID: 23651857 DOI: 10.1101/gad.212548.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify key regulators of human brain tumor maintenance and initiation, we performed multiple genome-wide RNAi screens in patient-derived glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cells (GSCs). These screens identified the plant homeodomain (PHD)-finger domain protein PHF5A as differentially required for GSC expansion, as compared with untransformed neural stem cells (NSCs) and fibroblasts. Given PHF5A's known involvement in facilitating interactions between the U2 snRNP complex and ATP-dependent helicases, we examined cancer-specific roles in RNA splicing. We found that in GSCs, but not untransformed controls, PHF5A facilitates recognition of exons with unusual C-rich 3' splice sites in thousands of essential genes. PHF5A knockdown in GSCs, but not untransformed NSCs, astrocytes, or fibroblasts, inhibited splicing of these genes, leading to cell cycle arrest and loss of viability. Notably, pharmacologic inhibition of U2 snRNP activity phenocopied PHF5A knockdown in GSCs and also in NSCs or fibroblasts overexpressing MYC. Furthermore, PHF5A inhibition compromised GSC tumor formation in vivo and inhibited growth of established GBM patient-derived xenograft tumors. Our results demonstrate a novel viability requirement for PHF5A to maintain proper exon recognition in brain tumor-initiating cells and may provide new inroads for novel anti-GBM therapeutic strategies.
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Hubert CG, Bradley RK, Ding Y, Chad TM, Skutt-Kakaria K, Girard EJ, Davison J, Berndt J, Corrin P, Basom R, Delrow JJ, Webb T, Pollard SM, Lee J, Olson JM, Paddison PJ. Abstract A20: Genome-wide RNAi screens in human brain tumor isolates reveal a novel viability requirement for PHF5A. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.pms-a20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To identify key regulators of human brain tumor maintenance and initiation, we performed multiple genome-wide RNAi screens in patient-derived glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cells (GSCs). These screens identified the PHD-finger domain protein PHF5A as differentially required for GSC expansion gene, as compared to untransformed neural stem cells (NSCs) and fibroblasts. Given PHF5A's known involvement in facilitating interactions between the U2 snRNP complex and ATP-dependent helicases, we examined cancer-specific roles in RNA splicing. We find that in GSCs, but not untransformed controls, PHF5A facilitates recognition of exons with unusual C-rich 3' splice sites in thousands of essential genes. PHF5A knockdown in GSCs, but not untransformed NSCs, astrocytes, or fibroblasts, inhibited splicing of these genes, leading to cell cycle arrest and loss of viability. Notably, pharmacologic inhibition of U2 snRNP activity phenocopied PHF5A knockdown both in GSCs and in multiple genetically transformed cell types, suggesting that a cancer-specific requirement for PHF5A activity may be generalizable to a wide range of cancers. Furthermore, PHF5A inhibition compromises GSC tumor formation in vivo and dramatically inhibits the growth of established GBM patient-derived xenograft tumors. Together, this work demonstrates an additional mechanism for maintaining splicing fidelity in cancer cells and also suggests that PHF5A activity may provide new in-roads for novel anti-GBM therapeutic strategies.
Citation Format: Christopher G. Hubert, Robert K. Bradley, Yu Ding, Toledo M. Chad, Kyobi Skutt-Kakaria, Emily J. Girard, Jerry Davison, Jason Berndt, Philip Corrin, Ryan Basom, Jeffery J. Delrow, Thomas Webb, Steven M. Pollard, Jeongwu Lee, James M. Olson, Patrick J. Paddison. Genome-wide RNAi screens in human brain tumor isolates reveal a novel viability requirement for PHF5A. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A20.
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Olson JM, Girard E, Ditzler S, Richards A, Lee D, Vrignaud P. Abstract 5055: Efficacy of cabazitaxel in mouse models of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Successful treatment of pediatric brain tumors is limited by significant long-term toxicities associated with surgery and radiation therapy on the developing central nervous system There is an unmet need for chemotherapy with improved efficacy in difficult to treat tumors, such as supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT), as well as diagnoses that currently have good long-term survival, such as medulloblastoma. Overcoming the blood brain barrier is a large hurdle in effectively treating brain tumors, particularly when there is a need, as with very young patients, to avoid radiation therapy. Cabazitaxel is a promising taxane derivative shown to effectively kill tumor cells in pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. Similar to docetaxel, cabazitaxel has favorable drug properties and a manageable safety profile in patients with advanced solid tumors, with the advantage of being able to cross the blood brain barrier. Additionally, cabazitaxel has shown efficacy in docetaxel resistant tumors. The experiments presented here, tested the relative efficacy of cabazitaxel and docetaxel in mouse models of pediatric brain tumors. A spontaneous mouse model of medulloblastoma driven by Smo activation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging for tumor growth and blood brain barrier integrity before and after treatment with cabazitaxel or docetaxel. Efficacy of cabazitaxel and docetaxel against patient-derived pediatric brain tumors was tested in flank and orthotopic xenograft models of medulloblastoma, sPNET, ATRT, and ependymoma. We observed regression in some flank xenograft tumors after treatment with cabazitaxel or docetaxel, with evidence of superior action of cabazitaxel. These data support further testing of cabazitaxel as a therapy to treat human pediatric brain tumors.
This work has been funded by Sanofi Inc.
Citation Format: James M. Olson, Emily Girard, Sally Ditzler, Andrew Richards, Doonhoon Lee, Patricia Vrignaud. Efficacy of cabazitaxel in mouse models of pediatric brain tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5055. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5055
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Hatton BA, Ellison DW, Gajjar A, Kool M, Fero M, Olson JM. Prognostic value and functional consequences of cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 loss in medulloblastoma. Biomark Res 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 24252239 PMCID: PMC4177552 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 functions during normal cerebellar development and has demonstrated tumor suppressor functions in mouse models of medulloblastoma. Because P27 loss is associated with increased proliferation, we assessed whether P27 absence in surgical medulloblastoma specimens correlated with response to therapy in pediatric patients enrolled in two large studies. Additionally, we examined the functional consequence of p27Kip1 loss in the SmoA1 medulloblastoma model to distinguish whether p27Kip1 reduces tumor initiation or slows tumor progression. Findings Analysis of 87 well-characterized patient samples identified a threshold of P27 staining at which significant P27 loss correlated with poor patient outcome. The same criteria, applied to a second test set of tissues from 141 patients showed no difference in survival between patients with minimal P27 staining and others, suggesting that P27 levels alone are not a sufficient prognostic indicator for identifying standard-risk patients that may fail standard therapy. These findings were in contrast to prior experiments completed using a mouse medulloblastoma model. Analysis of cerebellar tumor incidence in compound mutant mice carrying the activated Smoothened (SmoA1) allele that were heterozygous or nullizygous for p27Kip1 revealed that p27Kip1 loss did not alter the frequency of tumor initiation. Tumors haploinsufficient or nullizygous for p27Kip1 were, however, more invasive and displayed a higher proliferative index, suggesting p27Kip1 loss may contribute to SmoA1 medulloblastoma progression. Conclusions These studies revealed P27 loss affects medulloblastoma progression rather than initiation and that this putative biomarker should not be used for stratifying children with medulloblastoma to risk-based therapeutic regimens.
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Cheung I, Olson JM. Sometimes it's easier to forgive my transgressor than your transgressor: effects of subjective temporal distance on forgiveness for harm to self or close other. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ding Y, Hubert CG, Herman J, Corrin P, Toledo CM, Skutt-Kakaria K, Vazquez J, Basom R, Zhang B, Risler JK, Pollard SM, Nam DH, Delrow JJ, Zhu J, Lee J, DeLuca J, Olson JM, Paddison PJ. Cancer-Specific requirement for BUB1B/BUBR1 in human brain tumor isolates and genetically transformed cells. Cancer Discov 2012; 3:198-211. [PMID: 23154965 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To identify new candidate therapeutic targets for glioblastoma multiforme, we combined functional genetics and glioblastoma network modeling to identify kinases required for the growth of patient-derived brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC) but that are dispensable to proliferating human neural stem cells (NSC). This approach yielded BUB1B/BUBR1, a critical mitotic spindle checkpoint player, as the top-scoring glioblastoma lethal kinase. Knockdown of BUB1B inhibited expansion of BTIC isolates, both in vitro and in vivo, without affecting proliferation of NSCs or astrocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that BUB1B's GLE2p-binding sequence (GLEBS) domain activity is required to suppress lethal kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachment defects in glioblastoma isolates and genetically transformed cells with altered sister KT dynamics, which likely favor KT-MT instability. These results indicate that glioblastoma tumors have an added requirement for BUB1B to suppress lethal consequences of altered KT function and further suggest that sister KT measurements may predict cancer-specific sensitivity to BUB1B inhibition and perhaps other mitotic targets that affect KT-MT stability. SIGNIFICANCE Currently, no effective therapies are available for glioblastoma, the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor. Our results suggest that targeting the GLEBS domain activity of BUB1B may provide a therapeutic window for glioblastoma, as the GLEBS domain is nonessential in untransformed cells. Moreover, the results further suggest that sister KT distances at metaphase may predict sensitivity to anticancer therapeutics targeting KT function.
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Callan MJ, Dawtry RJ, Olson JM. Justice motive effects in ageism: The effects of a victim's age on observer perceptions of injustice and punishment judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aref D, Moffatt CJ, Agnihotri S, Ramaswamy V, Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Perry A, Olson JM, Eberhart CG, Croul SE. Canonical TGF-β pathway activity is a predictor of SHH-driven medulloblastoma survival and delineates putative precursors in cerebellar development. Brain Pathol 2012; 23:178-91. [PMID: 22966790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Very little is known about aggressive forms of this disease, such as metastatic or recurrent MBs. In order to identify pathways involved in aggressive MB pathophysiology, we performed unbiased, whole genome microarrays on MB tumors at both the human and murine levels. Primary human MBs were compared, transcriptomically, to their patient-matched recurrent or metastatic tumors. Expression profiling was also performed on murine tumors from two spontaneously developing MB mouse models (Ptch+/- and Smo/Smo) that present with differing clinical severities. At both the human and murine levels we identified transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) as a potential contributor to MB progression/metastasis. Smad3, a major downstream component of the TGF-β pathway, was also evaluated using immunohistochemistry in malignant human tissues and was shown to correlate with MB metastasis and survival. Similarly, Smad3 expression during development identified a subset of cerebellar neuronal precursors as putative cells of origin for the Smad3-positive MBs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that links TGF-β to MB pathogenesis. Our research suggests that canonical activation of this pathway leads to better prognosis for patients.
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Hafer CL, Conway P, Cheung I, Malyk D, Olson JM. The Relation Between People's Connection With a Target and the Perceived Importance of Justice. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2012.711693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Northcott PA, Shih DJH, Peacock J, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Zichner T, Stütz AM, Korshunov A, Reimand J, Schumacher SE, Beroukhim R, Ellison DW, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Mack S, Dubuc A, Yao Y, Ramaswamy V, Luu B, Rolider A, Cavalli FMG, Wang X, Remke M, Wu X, Chiu RYB, Chu A, Chuah E, Corbett RD, Hoad GR, Jackman SD, Li Y, Lo A, Mungall KL, Nip KM, Qian JQ, Raymond AGJ, Thiessen NT, Varhol RJ, Birol I, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Holt R, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Kool M, Jones DTW, Witt H, Fernandez-L A, Kenney AM, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Dirks P, Aviv T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Haberler CC, Delattre O, Reynaud SS, Doz FF, Pernet-Fattet SS, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Scheurlen W, Eberhart CG, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Pollack IF, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Gillespie GY, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EMC, Kloosterhof NK, French PJ, Kros JM, Olson JM, Ellenbogen RG, Zitterbart K, Kren L, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Lach B, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Fontebasso A, Albrecht S, Jabado N, Lindsey JC, Bailey S, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Bognár L, Klekner A, Van Meter TE, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Elbabaa SK, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Liau LM, Van Meir EG, Fouladi M, Nakamura H, Cinalli G, Garami M, Hauser P, Saad AG, Iolascon A, Jung S, Carlotti CG, Vibhakar R, Ra YS, Robinson S, Zollo M, Faria CC, Chan JA, Levy ML, Sorensen PHB, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Bader GD, Tabori U, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Scherer SW, Rutka JT, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Jones SJM, Korbel JO, Pfister SM, Marra MA, Taylor MD. Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 2012; 488:49-56. [PMID: 22832581 DOI: 10.1038/nature11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, is currently treated with nonspecific cytotoxic therapies including surgery, whole-brain radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy. As medulloblastoma exhibits marked intertumoural heterogeneity, with at least four distinct molecular variants, previous attempts to identify targets for therapy have been underpowered because of small samples sizes. Here we report somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) in 1,087 unique medulloblastomas. SCNAs are common in medulloblastoma, and are predominantly subgroup-enriched. The most common region of focal copy number gain is a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson's disease, which is exquisitely restricted to Group 4α. Recurrent translocations of PVT1, including PVT1-MYC and PVT1-NDRG1, that arise through chromothripsis are restricted to Group 3. Numerous targetable SCNAs, including recurrent events targeting TGF-β signalling in Group 3, and NF-κB signalling in Group 4, suggest future avenues for rational, targeted therapy.
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Stroud MR, Hansen SJ, Olson JM. In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:4362-71. [PMID: 22204434 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798999375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection remains the primary component of cancer therapy. The precision required to successfully separate cancer tissue from normal tissue relies heavily on the surgeon's ability to delineate the tumor margins. Despite recent advances in surgical guidance and monitoring systems, intra-operative identification of these margins remains imprecise and directly influences patient prognosis. If the surgeon had improved tools to distinguish these margins, tumor progression and unacceptable morbidity could be avoided. In this article, we review the history of chlorotoxin and its tumor specificity and discuss the research currently being generated to target optical imaging agents to cancer tissue.
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Dey J, Tapscott SJ, Olson JM. Abstract 1431: A novel tumor-suppressor role of MyoD, a muscle differentiation factor, in mouse models of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the cerebellum, is the most common pediatric brain cancer. For decades, it has been known that a small subset of medulloblastomas present with myogenic differentiation. However, the mechanistic basis and significance of this biological anomaly remain to be determined. We have identified hitherto unknown expression of muscle differentiation factor, MyoD in cerebellar tumors from mouse models of medulloblastoma as well as in a subset of human medulloblastomas. At a cellular level, MyoD is expressed in mitotically active cells and intriguingly, in mouse tumors does not activate its canonical targets involved in the muscle differentiation program. To understand the functional consequence of this finding in medulloblastoma genesis, we have conducted genetic studies to assess tumor formation in the SmoA1 and SmoA2 medulloblastoma models, on a MyoD-deficient background. We demonstrate that MyoD acts as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor as the MyoD wt/-; SmoA1 and MyoD wt/-; SmoA2 mice have an accelerated onset of tumors compared to MyoD wt/wt; SmoA1 or MyoD wt/wt; SmoA2 mice respectively. Our findings suggest that the expression of MyoD might be an oncogene-induced compensatory response in the cerebellum to suppress tumor growth by restoring balance between proliferation and differentiation, similar to the role of some other bHLH transcription factors. Harnessing this latent tumor suppressor network to induce differentiation or cell cycle arrest holds promise for future therapeutic interventions.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1431. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1431
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Hubert CG, Ding Y, Toledo C, Paddison PJ, Olson JM, Berndt J. Abstract 5118: A functional genetic approach in patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells reveals pre-mRNA splicing components to be cancer-lethal gene targets. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of brain cancer in adults and is among the deadliest cancers with a median survival period of 12-14 months. This poor prognosis despite aggressive therapy underscores the need for novel therapeutic targets specifically required by GBM cells. Many GBM are thought to arise from a neural stem cell (NSC) origin and, consistent with this premise, tumor-initiating GBM stem cells (GSCs) isolated from patients retain the NSC-like phenotype and molecular profile of primary tumors. Importantly, unlike serum-cultured cell lines, GSCs retain the developmental potential and specific genetic mutations acquired as each patient's tumor progressed from its cell of origin. We hypothesized that these genetic alterations driving GBM growth might also give rise to unique molecular vulnerabilities within the cancer cells. To identify such novel gene targets required for GBM cell growth, but which are dispensable to normal cells, we performed genome-scale RNAi screens in multiple patient-derived GSC isolates and simultaneously counter-screened against primary untransformed human NSCs. From these results, we identified and validated the existence of GBM-lethal genes that, when inhibited, render patient GSCs sensitive to cellular stresses arising within these transformed cells. From these targets, we show that GSCs have an increased requirement for the expression and function of multiple specific members of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery. Notably, loss of specific key splicing proteins resulted in cell cycle arrest and subsequent cell death only in GSCs, identifying the spliceosome as a specific molecular vulnerability in GBM. New treatment strategies for this disease are urgently needed. The identification of spliceosomal proteins as essential for the growth and maintenance of GSCs both adds to our understanding of glioblastoma biology and suggests novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5118. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5118
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Paugh BS, Broniscer A, Qu C, Miller CP, Zhang J, Tatevossian RG, Olson JM, Geyer JR, Chi SN, da Silva NS, Onar-Thomas A, Baker JN, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Baker SJ. Genome-wide analyses identify recurrent amplifications of receptor tyrosine kinases and cell-cycle regulatory genes in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3999-4006. [PMID: 21931021 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term survival for children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is less than 10%, and new therapeutic targets are urgently required. We evaluated a large cohort of DIPGs to identify recurrent genomic abnormalities and gene expression signatures underlying DIPG. PATIENTS AND METHODS Single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays were used to compare the frequencies of genomic copy number abnormalities in 43 DIPGs and eight low-grade brainstem gliomas with data from adult and pediatric (non-DIPG) glioblastomas, and expression profiles were evaluated using gene expression arrays for 27 DIPGs, six low-grade brainstem gliomas, and 66 nonbrainstem low-grade gliomas. RESULTS Frequencies of specific large-scale and focal imbalances varied significantly between DIPGs and nonbrainstem pediatric glioblastomas. Focal amplifications of genes within the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras-phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway were found in 47% of DIPGs, the most common of which involved PDGFRA and MET. Thirty percent of DIPGs contained focal amplifications of cell-cycle regulatory genes controlling retinoblastoma protein (RB) phosphorylation, and 21% had concurrent amplification of genes from both pathways. Some tumors showed heterogeneity in amplification patterns. DIPGs showed distinct gene expression signatures related to developmental processes compared with nonbrainstem pediatric high-grade gliomas, whereas expression signatures of low-grade brainstem and nonbrainstem gliomas were similar. CONCLUSION DIPGs comprise a molecularly related but distinct subgroup of pediatric gliomas. Genomic studies suggest that targeted inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases and RB regulatory proteins may be useful therapies for DIPG.
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Olson JM, Partington JT. An integrative analysis of two cognitive models of interpersonal effectiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maio GR, Olson JM. Value-attitude-behaviour relations: The moderating role of attitude functions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee SJ, Krauthauser C, Maduskuie V, Fawcett PT, Olson JM, Rajasekaran SA. Curcumin-induced HDAC inhibition and attenuation of medulloblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:144. [PMID: 21501498 PMCID: PMC3090367 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common brain tumor in children, and its prognosis is worse than for many other common pediatric cancers. Survivors undergoing treatment suffer from serious therapy-related side effects. Thus, it is imperative to identify safer, effective treatments for medulloblastoma. In this study we evaluated the anti-cancer potential of curcumin in medulloblastoma by testing its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo using established medulloblastoma models. Methods Using cultured medulloblastoma cells, tumor xenografts, and the Smo/Smo transgenic medulloblastoma mouse model, the antitumor effects of curcumin were tested in vitro and in vivo. Results Curcumin induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in medulloblastoma cells. These effects were accompanied by reduced histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4 expression and activity and increased tubulin acetylation, ultimately leading to mitotic catastrophe. In in vivo medulloblastoma xenografts, curcumin reduced tumor growth and significantly increased survival in the Smo/Smo transgenic medulloblastoma mouse model. Conclusions The in vitro and in vivo data suggest that curcumin has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for medulloblastoma.
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Wu C, Hansen SJ, Hou Q, Yu J, Zeigler M, Jin Y, Burnham DR, McNeill JD, Olson JM, Chiu DT. Design of highly emissive polymer dot bioconjugates for in vivo tumor targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3430-4. [PMID: 21381164 PMCID: PMC3095208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wu C, Hansen SJ, Hou Q, Yu J, Zeigler M, Jin Y, Burnham DR, McNeill JD, Olson JM, Chiu DT. Design of Highly Emissive Polymer Dot Bioconjugates for In Vivo Tumor Targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
We argue that various types of evaluative social judgments about the self or others (e.g., employee job performance ratings, self-reported attitudes, ratings of others' traits) may be obtained more accurately using comparative ratings rather than absolute ratings. Comparative ratings involve relative judgments of a target in comparison with other individuals or groups, whereas absolute ratings involve judgments of a target on scales that do not explicitly reference other people. In industrial–organizational, social, and personality psychology research that has compared the validity of comparative and absolute ratings, we have found evidence of more valid measurement as a result of comparative judgmental ratings, despite the nearly exclusive reliance on absolute judgmental ratings in these areas. We offer a social cognitive and evolutionary explanation in support of the hypothesis that humans may often be able to make more accurate ratings using comparative measures. We also recommend an agenda for greater exploitation and understanding of relative judgments in psychological research and practice.
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Conway LG, Dodds DP, Towgood KH, McClure S, Olson JM. The Biological Roots of Complex Thinking: Are Heritable Attitudes More Complex? J Pers 2011; 79:101-34. [PMID: 21223266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Akcan M, Stroud MR, Hansen SJ, Clark RJ, Daly NL, Craik DJ, Olson JM. Chemical re-engineering of chlorotoxin improves bioconjugation properties for tumor imaging and targeted therapy. J Med Chem 2011; 54:782-7. [PMID: 21210710 DOI: 10.1021/jm101018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugates composed of chlorotoxin and near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) moieties are being advanced toward human clinical trials as intraoperative imaging agents that will enable surgeons to visualize small foci of cancer. In previous studies, the NIRF molecules were conjugated to chlorotoxin, which results in a mixture of mono-, di-, and trilabeled peptide. Here we report a new chemical entity that bound only a single NIRF molecule. The lysines at positions 15 and 23 were substituted with either alanine or arginine, which resulted in only monolabeled peptide that was functionally equivalent to native chlorotoxin/Cy5.5. We also analyzed the serum stability and serum half-life of cyclized chlorotoxin, which showed an 11 h serum half-life and resulted in a monolabeled product. Based on these data, we propose to advance a monolabeled chlorotoxin to human clinical trials.
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Callan MJ, Shead NW, Olson JM. Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011; 101:955-73. [DOI: 10.1037/a0024778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cho YJ, Tsherniak A, Tamayo P, Santagata S, Ligon A, Greulich H, Berhoukim R, Amani V, Goumnerova L, Eberhart CG, Lau CC, Olson JM, Gilbertson RJ, Gajjar A, Delattre O, Kool M, Ligon K, Meyerson M, Mesirov JP, Pomeroy SL. Integrative genomic analysis of medulloblastoma identifies a molecular subgroup that drives poor clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29:1424-30. [PMID: 21098324 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastomas are heterogeneous tumors that collectively represent the most common malignant brain tumor in children. To understand the molecular characteristics underlying their heterogeneity and to identify whether such characteristics represent risk factors for patients with this disease, we performed an integrated genomic analysis of a large series of primary tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We profiled the mRNA transcriptome of 194 medulloblastomas and performed high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and miRNA analysis on 115 and 98 of these, respectively. Non-negative matrix factorization-based clustering of mRNA expression data was used to identify molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma; DNA copy number, miRNA profiles, and clinical outcomes were analyzed for each. We additionally validated our findings in three previously published independent medulloblastoma data sets. RESULTS Identified are six molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma, each with a unique combination of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations that globally influence mRNA and miRNA expression. We reveal the relative contribution of each subgroup to clinical outcome as a whole and show that a previously unidentified molecular subgroup, characterized genetically by c-MYC copy number gains and transcriptionally by enrichment of photoreceptor pathways and increased miR-183∼96∼182 expression, is associated with significantly lower rates of event-free and overall survivals. CONCLUSION Our results detail the complex genomic heterogeneity of medulloblastomas and identify a previously unrecognized molecular subgroup with poor clinical outcome for which more effective therapeutic strategies should be developed.
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Janes LM, Olson JM. Is It You or Is It Me? Contrasting Effects of Ridicule Targeting Other People Versus the Self. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v6i3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Giussani C, Poliakov A, Ferri RT, Plawner LL, Browd SR, Shaw DWW, Filardi TZ, Hoeppner C, Geyer JR, Olson JM, Douglas JG, Villavicencio EH, Ellenbogen RG, Ojemann JG. DTI fiber tracking to differentiate demyelinating diseases from diffuse brain stem glioma. Neuroimage 2010; 52:217-23. [PMID: 20363335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Hobden KL, Olson JM. From Jest to Antipathy: Disparagement Humor as a Source of Dissonance-Motivated Attitude Change. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp1503_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ravanpay AC, Hansen SJ, Olson JM. Transcriptional inhibition of REST by NeuroD2 during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:178-89. [PMID: 20346398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For a progenitor cell to become a neuron, three activities must occur: neuronal differentiation program must be activated, elements repressing neuronal differentiation must be deactivated and competing differentiation programs must be silenced. It is known that NeuroD2 and related bHLH transcription factors induce neuronal differentiation, REST represses neuronal differentiation, and Zfhx1a prevents myogenic gene expression. We demonstrate that NeuroD2 suppresses REST during differentiation in culture. In the hippocampus of NeuroD2 knockout mice, higher level of REST is detected. Functional significance of NeuroD2-REST interplay is uncovered by showing that forced expression of REST interferes with neuronal differentiation in culture. NeuroD2 inhibits REST indirectly by involving the inhibitor of myogenic genes, Zfhx1a, which binds response elements in REST 5'-UTR. Our study supports a model wherein NeuroD2 induces transcription of neuronal genes and Zfhx1a, which in turn de-represses neuronal differentiation by down-regulating REST, and suppresses competing myogenic fate.
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Lee MJE, Veiseh O, Bhattarai N, Sun C, Hansen SJ, Ditzler S, Knoblaugh S, Lee D, Ellenbogen R, Zhang M, Olson JM. Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9536. [PMID: 20209054 PMCID: PMC2832013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of biocompatible nanoparticles for in vivo molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Many nanoparticles have undesirable tissue distribution or unacceptably low serum half-lives. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies can help inform decisions determining particle size, coatings, or other features early in nanoparticle development. Unfortunately, these studies are rarely done in a timely fashion because many nanotechnology labs lack the resources and expertise to synthesize radioactive nanoparticles and evaluate them in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings To address this problem, we developed an economical, radioactivity-free method for assessing serum half-life and tissue distribution of nanoparticles in mice. Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan and polyethylene glycol that utilize chlorotoxin as a targeting molecule have a serum half-life of 7–8 hours and the particles remain stable for extended periods of time in physiologic fluids and in vivo. Nanoparticles preferentially distribute to spleen and liver, presumably due to reticuloendothelial uptake. Other organs have very low levels of nanoparticles, which is ideal for imaging most cancers in the future. No acute toxicity was attributed to the nanoparticles. Conclusions/Significance We report here a simple near-infrared fluorescence based methodology to assess PK properties of nanoparticles in order to integrate pharmacokinetic data into early nanoparticle design and synthesis. The nanoparticles tested demonstrate properties that are excellent for future clinical imaging strategies and potentially suitable for targeted therapy.
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Callan MJ, Kay AC, Olson JM, Brar N, Whitefield N. The effects of priming legal concepts on perceived trust and competitiveness, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kievit FM, Veiseh O, Bhattarai N, Fang C, Gunn JW, Lee D, Ellenbogen RG, Olson JM, Zhang M. PEI-PEG-Chitosan Copolymer Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: synthesis, complexation, and transfection. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2009; 19:2244-2251. [PMID: 20160995 PMCID: PMC2756666 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200801844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy offers the potential of mediating disease through modification of specific cellular functions of target cells. However, effective transport of nucleic acids to target cells with minimal side effects remains a challenge despite the use of unique viral and non-viral delivery approaches. Here we present a non-viral nanoparticle gene carrier that demonstrates effective gene delivery and transfection both in vitro and in vivo. The nanoparticle system (NP-CP-PEI) is made of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (NP), which enables magnetic resonance imaging, coated with a novel copolymer (CP-PEI) comprised of short chain polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted to the natural polysaccharide, chitosan (CP), which allows efficient loading and protection of the nucleic acids. The function of each component material in this nanoparticle system is illustrated by comparative studies of three nanoparticle systems of different surface chemistries, through material property characterization, DNA loading and transfection analyses, and toxicity assessment. Significantly, NP-CP-PEI demonstrates an innocuous toxic profile and a high level of expression of the delivered plasmid DNA in a C6 xenograft mouse model, making it a potential candidate for safe in vivo delivery of DNA for gene therapy.
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Callan MJ, Will Shead N, Olson JM. Foregoing the labor for the fruits: The effect of just world threat on the desire for immediate monetary rewards. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ravanpay AC, Olson JM. E protein dosage influences brain development more than family member identity. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1472-81. [PMID: 18214987 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function studies have revealed the role of many basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors at specific points during development; however, the role of E proteins in the development of the nervous system has not been experimentally addressed. E proteins have been speculated to interact selectively with class II bHLH factors to form different neurogenic complexes. In this study, using coimmunoprecipitation in a culture model of neurogenesis (P19 cells), we show that E proteins E12, HEB, and E2-2 interact with neuroD2. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and P19 cell culture, we show that these heterodimers bind a neuroD2 preferred E box and induce neurogenesis equally well. We examine the mRNA levels of the three E proteins at 10 time points during brain development and show that E protein gene expression is regulated such that at certain times during development selective interaction between neuroD2 and a single E protein (HEB) is a possibility. This led us to study the brains of HEB and E2A knockout mice, which manifest no gross neuroanatomical, cellular, or behavioral deficits. These findings, together with homology in the primary peptide sequence of E proteins, suggest functional compensation among E proteins during development of the nervous system.
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145
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Peterson AA, Haynes GA, Olson JM. Self-Esteem Differences in the Effects of Hypocrisy Induction on Behavioral Intentions in the Health Domain. J Pers 2008; 76:305-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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146
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Spiller SE, Ditzler SH, Pullar BJ, Olson JM. Response of preclinical medulloblastoma models to combination therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). J Neurooncol 2007; 87:133-41. [PMID: 18060600 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current medulloblastoma therapy, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, is unacceptably toxic. However, 13-cis retinoic acid (RA) and SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, have each been shown to induce apoptosis in medulloblastoma cultures and mouse models. Both drugs cross the blood brain barrier, have been given safely to children, and achieve brain concentrations that are at or near therapeutic levels. Retinoic acid acts by transcriptionally activating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and SAHA facilitates transcriptional activity through chromatin accessibility. We tested the hypothesis that these drugs additively induce BMP-2 transcription and apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RA + SAHA induction of BMP-2 transcription and apoptosis in medulloblastoma cultures was evaluated. Subsequently the response of mouse medulloblastomas to these two agents in the presence and absence of cisplatin was evaluated. RESULTS BMP-2 transcription multiplied 3-fold with addition of RA to culture, and 7-fold with both agents. The IC50 of SAHA was reduced by 40% when low dose RA was added. Interestingly, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor that partially blocks RA-induced apoptosis did not inhibit the activity of RA + SAHA. Flank D283 tumors in athymic mice had slower growth in the RA + SAHA arm than single drug or control arms. Intracranial tumors in ND2:SmoA1 mice treated with RA + SAHA + cisplatin showed a 4-fold increase in apoptosis over controls, and a 2-fold increase over animals receiving only SAHA or RA + SAHA. CONCLUSIONS RA + SAHA additively induce BMP-2 transcription and medulloblastoma apoptosis. The combination may act through a p38 MAPK independent mechanism. Efficacy increased with cisplatin, which has implications for clinical trial design.
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147
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Hatton BA, Knoepfler PS, Kenney AM, Rowitch DH, de Alborán IM, Olson JM, Eisenman RN. N-myc is an essential downstream effector of Shh signaling during both normal and neoplastic cerebellar growth. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8655-61. [PMID: 16951180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the genetic requirements for the Myc family of oncogenes in normal Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-mediated cerebellar granule neuronal precursor (GNP) expansion and in Shh pathway-induced medulloblastoma formation. In GNP-enriched cultures derived from N-myc(Fl/Fl) and c-myc(Fl/Fl) mice, disruption of N-myc, but not c-myc, inhibited the proliferative response to Shh. Conditional deletion of c-myc revealed that, although it is necessary for the general regulation of brain growth, it is less important for cerebellar development and GNP expansion than N-myc. In vivo analysis of compound mutants carrying the conditional N-myc null and the activated Smoothened (ND2:SmoA1) alleles showed, that although granule cells expressing the ND2:SmoA1 transgene are present in the N-myc null cerebellum, no hyperproliferation or tumor formation was detected. Taken together, these findings provide in vivo evidence that N-myc acts downstream of Shh/Smo signaling during GNP proliferation and that N-myc is required for medulloblastoma genesis even in the presence of constitutively active signaling from the Shh pathway.
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148
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Veiseh M, Gabikian P, Bahrami SB, Veiseh O, Zhang M, Hackman RC, Ravanpay AC, Stroud MR, Kusuma Y, Hansen SJ, Kwok D, Munoz NM, Sze RW, Grady WM, Greenberg NM, Ellenbogen RG, Olson JM. Tumor paint: a chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 bioconjugate for intraoperative visualization of cancer foci. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6882-8. [PMID: 17638899 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toward the goal of developing an optical imaging contrast agent that will enable surgeons to intraoperatively distinguish cancer foci from adjacent normal tissue, we developed a chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 (CTX:Cy5.5) bioconjugate that emits near-IR fluorescent signal. The probe delineates malignant glioma, medulloblastoma, prostate cancer, intestinal cancer, and sarcoma from adjacent non-neoplastic tissue in mouse models. Metastatic cancer foci as small as a few hundred cells were detected in lymph channels. Specific binding to cancer cells is facilitated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) as evidenced by reduction of CTX:Cy5.5 binding in vitro and in vivo by a pharmacologic blocker of MMP-2 and induction of CTX:Cy5.5 binding in MCF-7 cells following transfection with a plasmid encoding MMP-2. Mouse studies revealed that CTX:Cy5.5 has favorable biodistribution and toxicity profiles. These studies show that CTX:Cy5.5 has the potential to fundamentally improve intraoperative detection and resection of malignancies.
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149
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Prakash A, Piening B, Whiteaker J, Zhang H, Shaffer SA, Martin D, Hohmann L, Cooke K, Olson JM, Hansen S, Flory MR, Lee H, Watts J, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Paulovich A, Schwikowski B. Assessing bias in experiment design for large scale mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1741-8. [PMID: 17617667 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600470-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics holds great promise as a discovery tool for biomarker candidates in the early detection of diseases. Recently much emphasis has been placed upon producing highly reliable data for quantitative profiling for which highly reproducible methodologies are indispensable. The main problems that affect experimental reproducibility stem from variations introduced by sample collection, preparation, and storage protocols and LC-MS settings and conditions. On the basis of a formally precise and quantitative definition of similarity between LC-MS experiments, we have developed Chaorder, a fully automatic software tool that can assess experimental reproducibility of sets of large scale LC-MS experiments. By visualizing the similarity relationships within a set of experiments, this tool can form the basis of systematic quality control and thus help assess the comparability of mass spectrometry data over time, across different laboratories, and between instruments. Applying Chaorder to data from multiple laboratories and a range of instruments, experimental protocols, and sample complexities revealed biases introduced by the sample processing steps, experimental protocols, and instrument choices. Moreover we show that reducing bias by correcting for just a few steps, for example randomizing the run order, does not provide much gain in statistical power for biomarker discovery.
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150
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Strand AD, Aragaki AK, Baquet ZC, Hodges A, Cunningham P, Holmans P, Jones KR, Jones L, Kooperberg C, Olson JM. Conservation of regional gene expression in mouse and human brain. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e59. [PMID: 17447843 PMCID: PMC1853119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have a hallmark regional and cellular pathology. Gene expression analysis of healthy tissues may provide clues to the differences that distinguish resistant and sensitive tissues and cell types. Comparative analysis of gene expression in healthy mouse and human brain provides a framework to explore the ability of mice to model diseases of the human brain. It may also aid in understanding brain evolution and the basis for higher order cognitive abilities. Here we compare gene expression profiles of human motor cortex, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum to one another and identify genes that are more highly expressed in one region relative to another. We separately perform identical analysis on corresponding brain regions from mice. Within each species, we find that the different brain regions have distinctly different expression profiles. Contrasting between the two species shows that regionally enriched genes in one species are generally regionally enriched genes in the other species. Thus, even when considering thousands of genes, the expression ratios in two regions from one species are significantly correlated with expression ratios in the other species. Finally, genes whose expression is higher in one area of the brain relative to the other areas, in other words genes with patterned expression, tend to have greater conservation of nucleotide sequence than more widely expressed genes. Together these observations suggest that region-specific genes have been conserved in the mammalian brain at both the sequence and gene expression levels. Given the general similarity between patterns of gene expression in healthy human and mouse brains, we believe it is reasonable to expect a high degree of concordance between microarray phenotypes of human neurodegenerative diseases and their mouse models. Finally, these data on very divergent species provide context for studies in more closely related species that address questions such as the origins of cognitive differences. Animal models of human neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, particularly mouse models, have assumed a central role in biomedical research aimed at discovering the causes of disease and generating novel, mechanism-based treatments. But to what degree can a mouse brain serve as a model for a human brain? Here we begin to address this question by looking at patterns of gene expression across three corresponding regions of mouse and human brains. We find that within each species, the different regions (motor cortex, striatum, and cerebellum) have very distinct gene expression profiles. It is likely that these differences reflect distinctions in regional neurochemistry and function. We then show that genes that are enriched in one of the three areas relative to the other two in mice have the same pattern of expression in humans. Looking at the relationship between conservation of expression and amino acid sequence, we find that genes showing patterned expression generally have been more conserved than more uniformly expressed genes. This suggests that in the brain, constraints on the evolution of DNA sequence and gene expression can also be particularly high for genes with regional or tissue-specific expression.
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