Abstract P2-09-21: Molecular alterations and poziotinib, a pan-HER inhibitor efficacy in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) positive breast cancers: Combined exploratory biomarker analysis from phase II clinical trial of poziotinib for refractory HER2 positive breast cancer(BC) patients

Introduction: Poziotinib is a novel, pan-HER kinase inhibitor which showed potent anti-tumor activities through irreversible inhibition of HER family tyrosine kinases in preclinical and early clinical studies. Recent the open-label, multicenter phase II trial of poziotinib monotherapy evaluated that poziotinib is a new promising option for patients with HER2-positive metastatic BC who have failed more than two HER2 targeted therapy (NCT02418689). We evaluated genetic profiles of HER2-positive metastatic BC and investigated potential biomarkers of poziotinib for HER2-positive metastatic BC (MBC). Methods: All participants were diagnosed as HER2-positive BCs according to American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists HER2 guideline and provided tissue specimens that would be possible to extract DNA and RNA for next generation sequencing. We performed targeted deep sequencing with a customized 381 cancer gene panel (CancerSCAN™) and analyzed the relationship among the sequencing data, immunohistochemistry and clinical outcome.

Results: From Apr 2015 to Feb 2016, 106 patients were enrolled in the trial from 7 institutes in Korea. Of 106 patients, biomarker data were available for 79 patients. TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene (70.8%) followed by PIK3CA (45.6%). HER2 single nucleotide variant (SNV) was detected in 13 BCs (16.5%) and HER3 SNV was in 9 (11.4%). The score of HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was 3+ in 68 BCs and 2+ with positive in situ hybridization in 11 BCs. In copy number variant (CNV) analysis, HER2 amplification (86.1%) was most frequently observed and followed by CDK12 amplification (58.2%) and APOBEC3B deletion (30.4%). IHC score of HER2 was positively correlated to copy number (CN) of HER2 (P=0.001) but 11 breast cancer tissue did not have copy number amplification of HER2 (13.9%) (Six of HER2 IHC score 2+ and 5 of 3+). The median progression free survival (PFS) was 4.04 months (95% CI, 2.96 - 4.40) for patients who treated with poziotinib in this study. PIK3CA activating mutations were associated with short PFS compared to wild type (WT) and other SNVs (Median PFS of activating mutations vs. WT and others: 2.66 vs. 4.40 (months), P=0.009). HER2 CN amplification was positively correlated to duration of PFS (Median PFS of no amplification vs. 4 ≤ CN < 16 vs. 16 ≤ CN: 2.56 vs. 3.02 vs. 4.86 (months), P=0.032). HER2 SNVs prolonged duration of PFS without statistical significance (Median PFS of HER2 SNVs vs. WT: 4.24 vs. 3.19 (months), P=0.114), but 10 of 13 BCs with HER2 SNV (76.9%) had clinical benefit from poziotinib and 5 BCs (38.5%) had durable response more than 6 months. Conclusion: In this biomarker analysis, SNV of HER2 was frequently observed in HER2 positive MBCs and HER2 CN amplification was detected not in all. High CN amplification of HER2 derived longer PFS than those with low CN. To contrary to this, activating PIK3CA mutations shorten PFS compared to those with WT. In addition, HER2 SNVs might be a potential biomarker of poziotinib in HER2-positive MBC. Further functional study would be warranted.

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Lee E, Park K, Jung HH, Park W-Y, Lee K-H, Sohn JH, Lee KS, Jung KH, Kim J-H, Lee KH, Im S-A, Park YH. Molecular alterations and poziotinib, a pan-HER inhibitor efficacy in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) positive breast cancers: Combined exploratory biomarker analysis from phase II clinical trial of poziotinib for refractory HER2 positive breast cancer(BC) patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-21.

Afatinib versus gefitinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: overall survival data from the phase IIb LUX-Lung 7 trial

Background

In LUX-Lung 7, the irreversible ErbB family blocker, afatinib, significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS), time-to-treatment failure (TTF) and objective response rate (ORR) versus gefitinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we present primary analysis of mature overall survival (OS) data.

Patients and methods

LUX-Lung 7 assessed afatinib 40 mg/day versus gefitinib 250 mg/day in treatment-naïve patients with stage IIIb/IV NSCLC and a common EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion/L858R). Primary OS analysis was planned after ∼213 OS events and ≥32-month follow-up. OS was analysed by a Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by EGFR mutation type and baseline brain metastases.

Results

Two-hundred and twenty-six OS events had occurred at the data cut-off (8 April 2016). After a median follow-up of 42.6 months, median OS (afatinib versus gefitinib) was 27.9 versus 24.5 months [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66‒1.12, P = 0.2580]. Prespecified subgroup analyses showed similar OS trends (afatinib versus gefitinib) in patients with exon 19 deletion (30.7 versus 26.4 months; HR, 0.83, 95% CI 0.58‒1.17, P = 0.2841) and L858R (25.0 versus 21.2 months; HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.62‒1.36, P = 0.6585) mutations. Most patients (afatinib, 72.6%; gefitinib, 76.8%) had at least one subsequent systemic anti-cancer treatment following discontinuation of afatinib/gefitinib; 20 (13.7%) and 23 (15.2%) patients received a third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Updated PFS (independent review), TTF and ORR data were significantly improved with afatinib.

Conclusion

In LUX-Lung 7, there was no significant difference in OS with afatinib versus gefitinib. Updated PFS (independent review), TTF and ORR data were significantly improved with afatinib.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier

NCT01466660.

The Prevalence of the Male Pattern in Electrocardiograms of Healthy Chinese Adult Males in Hong Kong

Introduction

The main feature of the male pattern in electrocardiograms (ECG) is ST-elevation at the J-point of >0.1 mV in at least one of the leads V1–4 with concave upward ST-segments. The prevalence of the male pattern in ECG of healthy male foreigners who were 16–58 years old (mostly Caucasians or Blacks) was high (85%). These ST-segment elevations may meet the ECG criteria for fibrinolytic therapy according to the present guidelines for the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), thus resulting in potentially inappropriate management. Clinicians should be aware of this common phenomenon. As yet, the prevalence of the male pattern in healthy Chinese adult males has not been studied specifically.

Materials and methods

Standard 12-lead ECG from 202 apparently healthy Chinese adult males (aged 20–54) were collected and analysed.

Results

The prevalence of the male pattern was 95.5% in our 202 samples (p<0.05). Of these samples of male patterns, 97.4% might have met the ECG criteria for fibrinolytic therapy according to the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (2004); but if we followed the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (2003), only 21.8% met the criteria.

Conclusions

The prevalence of the male pattern in ECG of healthy Chinese adult males in Hong Kong is high. Clinicians should be more cautious while managing patients with possible acute coronary syndrome to avoid over-diagnosis of STEMI. It seems the European guidelines are safer to follow as regard to the prescription of fibrinolytics for STEMI, especially for junior doctors.

How Much do we Know about ST Elevation?: Case Report of a Patient with Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Observation Ward

The identification of acute coronary syndrome continues to challenge even experienced clinicians. Emergency physicians have the responsibility to identify, treat and admit those patients with true acute coronary syndrome to the appropriate units. This article described a case of acute coronary syndrome that developed in the observation ward, with discussion on some recent reviews of standard electrocardiogram analysis. It is very important to point out that controversy over the measurement of ST elevation exists which may adversely affect patient management.

An Unfamiliar “Common” Skin Disease: Poison Ivy Allergic Contact Dermatitis

We present a case of phytodermatitis caused by a poisonous plant known as poison ivy. It is one of the leading causes of allergic contact dermatitis and it causes significant morbidity in the United States. Prevention of the disease is by identification and avoidance of the plant. Barrier protection minimises the chance of contact and prompt rinsing with soap water limits antigen exposure after skin contact. General approach to treatment of allergic contact dermatitis can be applied but special precaution should be taken on the duration of systemic steroid therapy. Too short a course of oral steroid may result in a more severe recurrent flare. High potency topical steroids may limit the development of skin lesions. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2011; 18:335-338)

The usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging performed in the acute phase as an early predictor of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae in acute carbon monoxide poisoning

Delayed onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms after apparent recovery from acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning has been described as delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS). No previous study has determined whether early use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) can predict which patients will develop DNS in the acute CO poisoning. This retrospective observational study was performed on adult patients with acute CO poisoning consecutively treated over a 17-month period. All included patients with acute CO poisoning underwent DWI to evaluate brain injury within 72 h after CO exposure. DWI was evaluated as follows: (1) presence of pathology, (2) number of pathologies, (3) asymmetry, and (4) location of pathology. Patients were divided into two groups. The DNS group was composed of patients with delayed sequelae, while the non-DNS group included patients with no sequelae. A total of 102 patients with acute CO poisoning were finally enrolled in this study. DNS developed in 10 patients (9.8%). Between the DNS group and the non-DNS group, presence of pathology on DWI and initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) showed significant difference. There was also a statistical difference between the non-DNS group and DNS group in terms of CO exposure time, troponin I, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and pneumonia. The presence of pathology in DWI and initial GCS (cutoff: <12) at the emergency department served as an early predictors of DNS.

The relationship between serum ammonia level and neurologic complications in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: A prospective observational study

Glufosinate ammonium poisoning can cause neurological complications even after a symptom-free period. We prospectively investigated the predictors of neurologic complications in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning and the change of serum ammonia level as a predictor of patient’s presence and recovery of neurologic complication. This prospective observational study collected data from consecutive patients diagnosed with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning between September 2014 and June 2016. Serum ammonia was serially measured. The patients were divided into two groups: the neurologic complication group and the nonneurologic complication group. We also defined 25 other insecticide- or herbicide-poisoned patients as controls. The neurologic complication group included 18 patients (72.0%). The latency period for neurologic complications was within 48-h postingestion. The peak ammonia level was statistically higher in the neurologic complication group than in the control group ( p < 0.001) and the nonneurologic complication groups ( p = 0.001). There was a statistical difference between the nonneurologic complication group and the neurologic complication group ( p = 0.0085) in terms of ingested amount. The peak ammonia was the only predictor for the development of neurologic complications (the optimal cutoff: 90 μg/dL). In patients with mental changes, the mean serum ammonia levels before and after recovery of the mental changes were statistically different ( p = 0.0019). In acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning, serial serum ammonia level measurements are needed and a serum peak ammonia level greater than 90 μg/dL is a predictor of neurologic complications. Also, it is important to treat the hyperammonemia in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning.

Bone mineral density among Korean females aged 20-50 years: influence of age at menarche (The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011)

To evaluate a possible correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and age at menarche, the present study used the BMD dataset of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-V (KNHANES IV-V). Age at menarche had a small but significant association with BMD of the lumbar spine in premenopausal Korean females, aged 20-50 years.

INTRODUCTION

To investigate any correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and age at menarche in Korean females using data from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-V; 2008-2011).

METHODS

In total, 37,753 individuals participated in health examination surveys between 2008 and 2011. A total of 5032 premenopausal females aged 20-50 years were eligible. Age, height, weight, and age at menarche were assessed.

RESULTS

Results from the univariate linear regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that age (per 1 year), height (per 1 cm), weight (per 1 kg), exercise (per 1 day/week), familial osteoporosis history (yes), parity (n = 0 to ≥4), and menarche age distribution were associated with BMD of the total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine. After stratifying the bone area and adjusting for age, parity, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, and familial osteoporosis history, no effect was seen for the total femur or femur neck. Age at menarche 16~17 and ≥18 years groups were associated with BMD of the lumbar spine only.

CONCLUSIONS

Age at menarche had a small but significant association with BMD of the lumbar spine in premenopausal Korean females, aged 20-50 years. Females with late menarche may achieve lower peak bone mass at some skeletal sites, which may put them at greater risk for osteoporosis in later life.

'Sack of marbles' in mature cystic ovarian teratoma

Mature ovarian cystic teratoma (also known as ovarian dermoid cyst) is a slow growing encapsulated tumor which contains well differentiated derivations of at least two out of three germ cell layers (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). The lesion is lined by ectodermally derived squamous epithelium containing skin appendages. The cyst content commonly consists of keratin, sebaceous materials and fat. On CT images, the intracystic globules of sebum/fat could appear as multiple free floating rounded hypoattenuating nodules, giving the classical 'sack-of-marbles' appearance.

Long-term effect of aromatase inhibitors on bone microarchitecture and macroarchitecture in non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women with breast cancer

In non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women with breast cancer, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) negatively affected bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine trabecular bone score (TBS) as a bone microarchitecture index, and hip geometry as a bone macroarchitecture index.

INTRODUCTION

AIs increase the risk of fracture in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the long-term skeletal effects of AIs in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective longitudinal observational study in non-osteoporotic patients with breast cancer who were treated with AIs for ≥3 years (T-score >-2.5). Patients with previous anti-osteoporosis treatment or those who were given bisphosphonate during AI treatment were excluded from the analysis. We serially assessed BMD, lumbar spine TBS, and hip geometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

BMD significantly decreased from baseline to 5 years at the lumbar spine (-6.15%), femur neck (-7.12%), and total hip (-6.35%). Lumbar spine TBS also significantly decreased from baseline to 5 years (-2.12%); this change remained significant after adjusting for lumbar spine BMD. The annual loss of lumbar spine BMD and TBS slowed after 3 and 1 year of treatment, respectively, although there was a relatively constant loss of BMD at the femur neck and total hip for up to 4 years. The cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia, minimal neck width, femur strength index, and section modulus significantly decreased, although the buckling ratio increased over the treatment period (all P < 0.001); these changes were independent of total hip BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term adjuvant AI treatment negatively influenced bone quality in addition to BMD in patients with breast cancer. This study suggests that early monitoring and management are needed in non-osteoporotic patients with breast cancer who are starting AIs.

Serum neuron-specific enolase as an early predictor of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning

Delayed onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms after apparent recovery from acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning has been described as delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS). To date, there have been no studies on the utility of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of neuronal cell damage, as a predictive marker of DNS in acute CO poisoning. This retrospective observational study was performed on adult patients with acute CO poisoning consecutively treated over a 9-month period. Serum NSE was measured after emergency department arrival, and patients were divided into two groups. The DNS group comprised patients with delayed sequelae, while the non-DNS group included patients with none of these sequelae. A total of 98 patients with acute CO poisoning were enrolled in this study. DNS developed in eight patients. The median NSE value was significantly higher in the DNS group than in the non-DNS group. There was a statistical difference between the non-DNS group and the DNS group in terms of CO exposure time, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), loss of consciousness, creatinine kinase, and troponin I. GCS and NSE were the early predictors of development of DNS. The area under the curve according to the receiver operating characteristic curves of GCS, serum NSE, and GCS combined with serum NSE were 0.922, 0.836, and 0.969, respectively. In conclusion, initial GCS and NSE served as early predictors of development of DNS. Also, NSE might be a useful additional parameter that could improve the prediction accuracy of initial GCS.

Abstract OT1-01-12: A phase II, multicenter, randomized trial of eribulin plus gemcitabine (EG) vs. paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (PG) in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer as first-line chemotherapy

Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is an incurable disease and is needed to improve effective chemotherapy. Paclitaxel plus Gemcitabine (PG) combination chemotherapy is one of the preferred chemotherapeutic regimens for patients with MBC, and was found to be proper as a maintenance chemotherapy regimen with survival benefit and feasible toxicity profile. Eribulin mesylate is a non-taxane inhibitor of microtubule dynamics of the halichondrin class of antineoplastic drugs. A recent pooled analysis of two phase II studies with eribulin showed improved overall survival in in various patient subgroups with advanced/metastatic breast cancer who had previously received an anthracycline and a taxane. Furthermore, eribulin may have rational benefit compared with paclitaxel in terms of neurotoxicity. Therefore, Eribulin plus Gemcitabine (EG) combination chemotherapy may have less neurotoxocity comparing to PG.

Trial Design: Prospective randomized phase 2, open-label, two-arm, multi-center study comparing EG chemotherapy with PG chemotherapy for patients with HER-2 negative MBC as first-line chemotherapy.

Eligibility Criteria: Histologically confirmed breast cancer patients, at least 19 years of age, with no prior history of chemotherapy for metastatic, recurrent breast cancer with evaluable lesions (as per RECIST, 1.1) who have adequate hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. Patients either may or may not have a prior anthracycline containing regimen. Prior hormonal therapy as a treatment of metastatic disease is allowed.

Specific Aims:

The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial is Progression-Free Survival (PFS). The secondary efficacy endpoints are: Time to Treatment Failure (TTF); Overall Survival (OS); neuropathic scale (FACT for Taxane QOL assessment); toxicity; duration of response; Objective Response Rate (ORR); Clinical Benefit Rate. The exploratory endpoint of the study includes pharmacogenetic profile.

Statistical Methods:

The initial sample size of the present study was determined based on the data derived from a previous trial on PG maintenance chemotherapy design; 6-month PFS is 70% for PG chemotherapy. This design was hypothesized that EG chemotherapy would not be inferior to PG chemotherapy. Thus, estimated PFS for each arm is 70%. Based on this estimate, we would plan to recruit a total of 100 patients (50 per arm). Considering drop-out rate of 10%, total 112 MBC patients planned to be enrolled.

Present Accrual and Target Accrual:Enrollment has been completed as of March, 2016 with a target enrollment of 112 patients.

Contact information:Kyung Hae Jung MD, Ph.D. khjung@amc.seoul.kr

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02263495.

Citation Format: Park YH, Im S-A, Sohn JH, Lee KS, Chae YS, Lee KH, Kim J-H, Im Y-H, Ahn JS, Kim T-Y, Lee K-H, Kim S-B, Ahn J-H, Kim GM, Park IH, Lee SJ, Han HS, Kim SH, Jung KH. A phase II, multicenter, randomized trial of eribulin plus gemcitabine (EG) vs. paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (PG) in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer as first-line chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-01-12.

Molecular characterization of glycation-associated skin ageing: an alternative skin model to study in vitro antiglycation activity of topical cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations

BACKGROUND

Glycation is a nonenzymatic reaction that cross-links a sugar molecule and protein macromolecule to form advanced glycation products (AGEs) that are associated with various age-related disorders; thus glycation plays an important role in skin chronological ageing.

OBJECTIVES

To develop a novel in vitro skin glycation model as a screening tool for topical formulations with antiglycation properties and to further characterize, at the molecular level, the glycation stress-driven skin ageing mechanism.

METHODS

The glycation model was developed using human reconstituted full-thickness skin; the presence of N^ε -(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) was used as evidence of the degree of glycation. Topical application of emulsion containing a well-known antiglycation compound (aminoguanidine) was used to verify the sensitivity and robustness of the model. Cytokine immunoassay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and histological analysis were further implemented to characterize the molecular mechanisms of skin ageing in the skin glycation model.

RESULTS

Transcriptomic and cytokine profiling analyses in the skin glycation model demonstrated multiple biological changes, including extracellular matrix catabolism, skin barrier function impairment, oxidative stress and subsequently the inflammatory response. Darkness and yellowness of skin tone observed in the in vitro skin glycation model correlated well with the degree of glycation stress.

CONCLUSIONS

The newly developed skin glycation model in this study has provided a new technological dimension in screening antiglycation properties of topical pharmaceutical or cosmeceutical formulations. This study concomitantly provides insights into skin ageing mechanisms driven by glycation stress, which could be useful in formulating skin antiageing therapy in future studies.

Comparison of contrast-enhanced CT angiography and gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography in the detection of subsegmental-sized pulmonary embolism: An experimental study in a pig model

Purpose: To compare contrast-enhanced CT angiography (CTA) and gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) for the detection of subsegmental-sized pulmonary emboli in a pig model.

Material and Methods: In 5 anesthetized pigs, 3-mm diameter embolic materials made of Konjac, a semisolid food, were introduced through the internal jugular vein into pulmonary arteries. After embolization, CTA and MRA images were obtained. Respiration was suspended during CTA and MRA image acquisition. Two readers reviewed the CTA and MRA images to detect emboli. The pigs were sacrificed, and sliced specimens of inflated lung served as the gold standard.

Results: Thirty-six emboli were detected within peripheral arteries. The sensitivity (and 95% confidence intervals) of CTA for the two readers were 57% (39–74%) and 66% (48–81%), and 88% (69–98%) and 92% (74–94%) for MRA. The specificity of CTA was 95% (91–97%) and 98% (96–99%), and that of MRA was 85% (74–93%) and 90% (80–96%). Interobserver agreement was higher for MRA (kappa 0.898) than CTA (kappa 0.574).

Conclusion: For the detection of subsegmental pulmonary emboli, MRA was superior to CTA, with a higher sensitivity and interobserver agreement by demonstrating perfusion deficits.

On-scene factors that predict severe injury of patients involved in frontal crashes of passenger cars

PURPOSE

We sought to determine on-scene factors that predict severe injury to the occupants of passenger cars involved in frontal crashes.

METHODS

From January 2011 to December 2014, we collected data from patients who were taken to two emergency centres following a frontal motor vehicle crash. Binomial logistic regression was used to model the effects of occupant characteristics (sex, age, body mass index), vehicle damage (according to the collision deformation classification code), and safety devices on severe injuries (injury severity score >15).

RESULTS

Of 344 subjects, 75 (21.8 %) had severe injuries. Sex, seat belt status, extent of vertical crash, intrusion, and deformation extent (DE) were significantly different between severe and non-severe injuries. After adjusting for confounders, non-use of seat belt tripled the odds of severe injury [odds ratio (OR) 2.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.461-5.105]. DE ≥4 and intrusion increased the risk of severe injury (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.120-5.204 and OR 5.2, 95 % CI 2.525-10.780, respectively). A combination model to predict severe injury using intrusion, seat belt use, and DE ≥4 demonstrated 56.0 % sensitivity, 88.9 % specificity, and 58.4 % positive predictive value (AUC = 0.781, 95 % CI 0.734-0.824).

CONCLUSIONS

For passenger cars involved in a frontal crash, intrusion, unbelted status, and DE ≥4 are good predictors of severe injury. Sequential criteria using vehicle DE, seat belt use, and intrusion can be used by first responders to triage patients involved in a frontal collision.

Intestinal microbiota and oral administration of Enterococcus faecium associated with the growth performance of new-born piglets

The oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1 to new-born suckling and weaning piglets along with their growth performances and intestinal microbiota was investigated in this study. Twenty-four new-born piglets were initially divided into 2 groups. The probiotics group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk by oral gavage supplemented with 6×10(8) cfu/ml viable E. faecium EF1 at the first, the third and the fifth day after birth, while the control group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk without probiotics at the same time. Results showed that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 was associated with a remarkable increase on the body weight of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods, by 30.73% (P<0.01) and 320.84% (P<0.01), and also decreased the diarrhoea rate, by 43.21% (P<0.05) and 71.42% (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, 454-pyrosequencing analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal microbial diversity of the suckling piglets between the two groups; nevertheless, when compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the probiotics group was substantially augmented, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria diminished. However, results indicated that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 did not have any influence on the relative abundance of Firmicutes in weaning piglets rather than increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, at the level of the Firmicutes phylum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillales in the probiotic group increased significantly. These findings suggest that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 to new-born piglets could improve the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods.

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 upregulation by O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 protects against hypoxia-induced mouse embryonic stem cell apoptosis via mTOR activation

Oxygen signaling is critical for stem cell regulation, and oxidative stress-induced stem cell apoptosis decreases the efficiency of stem cell therapy. Hypoxia activates O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) of stem cells, which contributes to regulation of cellular metabolism, as well as cell fate. Our study investigated the role of O-GlcNAcylation via glucosamine in the protection of hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Hypoxia increased mESCs apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, hypoxia also slightly increased the O-GlcNAc level. Glucosamine treatment further enhanced the O-GlcNAc level and prevented hypoxia-induced mESC apoptosis, which was suppressed by O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors. In addition, hypoxia regulated several lipid metabolic enzymes, whereas glucosamine increased expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (GPAT1), a lipid metabolic enzyme producing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In addition, glucosamine-increased O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1, which subsequently leads to Sp1 nuclear translocation and GPAT1 expression. Silencing of GPAT1 by gpat1 siRNA transfection reduced glucosamine-mediated anti-apoptosis in mESCs and reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation. Indeed, LPA prevented mESCs from undergoing hypoxia-induced apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of mTOR and its substrates (S6K1 and 4EBP1). Moreover, mTOR inactivation by rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) increased pro-apoptotic proteins expressions and mESC apoptosis. Furthermore, transplantation of non-targeting siRNA and glucosamine-treated mESCs increased cell survival and inhibited flap necrosis in mouse skin flap model. Conversely, silencing of GPAT1 expression reversed those glucosamine effects. In conclusion, enhancing O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 by glucosamine stimulates GPAT1 expression, which leads to inhibition of hypoxia-induced mESC apoptosis via mTOR activation.

Airborne formaldehyde causes skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND

It remains to be elucidated whether exposure to air pollutants aggravates atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to formaldehyde for 1 h and 2 h on skin barrier function in both the control and the AD groups.

METHODS

In 41 patients with AD and 34 healthy children, a provocation test was performed in which two different areas of normal-appearing skin on the forearm were stimulated with airborne formaldehyde at 500 μg m(-3) or placebo for 2 h. We measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH, and calculated the percentage change from baseline.

RESULTS

Exposure to formaldehyde increased TEWL in the control group [P < 0·001; median of difference 1·4; interquartile range (IQR) 0·9-1·6] and in the AD group (P < 0·001; median of difference 2·5; IQR 2·0-3·6). The percentage change of TEWL after formaldehyde exposure in the AD group was higher than in the control group (P < 0·001), whereas exposure to placebo showed no differences between both groups. The AD group also demonstrated a higher percentage increase in skin pH after exposure to formaldehyde than the control group (P < 0·001).

CONCLUSIONS

Short-term exposure to formaldehyde causes skin barrier dysfunction in both healthy children and children with AD, and this effect is more prominent in children with AD.

Abstract P1-09-09: Role of endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, compared with postmenopausal patients: Diachronic analyses from nationwide cohort in Korea (KCSG BR 14-07)

Background

Endocrine therapy (E) has a major role in treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, in contrast to western countries, premenopausal patients (PRE) more prevalent (50% of all breast cancer patients) and have less options of E than postmenopausal patients (POST) in Korea where the use of LHRH agonist in combination aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in PRE is restricted. Recently we have been successfully established nationwide cohort for the patients MBC (575 patients from 26 institutes). This study was designed to evaluate the role of E especially in PRE.

Methods

The patients with MBC were prospectively or retrospectively enrolled between September 2014 and May 2015. Only menopausal status-confirmed patients (296) were analyzed. Postmenopause was defined, based on NCCN guideline. Total duration of treatment was defined as the time from start day of any first treatment to end of any last treatment. Total duration of E was defined as the sum of time duration of each E. Overall survival was calculated from the start day of any treatment for MBC to any causes of death. This work is supported by National Strategic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (H110C2020).

Results

A total of 296 patients with HR-positive MBC were analyzed [PRE, 169 (57.1%) and POST, 127 (42.9%)]. Except age (mean 44 and 60 years), baseline characteristics including in pathology, HER2 status, initial pathologic stage, de novo metastasis versus recurrence, surgery and adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and radiotherapy) were well balanced. 92 (54.4%) of PRE and 77 (60.6%) of POST received at least one or more E through all treatment course. 41 (24.2%) of PRE and 44 (34.6%) received E as 1st-line treatment (p=0.034). Among PRE who received 1st-line of E, 30 (71.4%) and 9 (21.4%) of PRE received 2nd- and 3rd-line E. 20 (45.4%) and 10 (22.7%) of POST received 2nd- and 3rd- or more line of E. Most of PRE (54%) received tamoxifen+/-goserelin and 32% of PRE received AIs along with ovarian suppression. 71% of POST received AIs. As initial treatment, E was more frequently used in POST than in PRE (34.6% and 24.3%, p=0.053). Overall survival (OS) of all patients was 18.2 months (95% CI, 14.8-21.5). There was no difference in OS between PRE (17.8 months, 10.9-24.8) and POST (18.5 months, 95% CI, 13.2-23.9) (P=0.337). No difference of OS was observed (E, 18.1 moths, 95% CI, 13.0-23.3; chemotherapy 21.2 moths, 95% CI, 16.8-25.5), regardless of initial treatment. Total duration of treatment of PRE and POST were 15.2 and 13.6 months, respectively with no significant difference (p=0.389). PRE (8.3 moths, 95% CI,5.7-10.8) showed the trend toward longer duration of E in comparison with POST (5.5 moths, 95% CI,4.4-6.7), however the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.051).

Conclusion

E was more commonly used as 1st-line therapy in POST than in PRE. Although PRE had limited options of E, E was used in long duration of treatment especially in PRE. These findings suggested that E had a role in treatment for PRE with HR-positive MBC and could be used in treatment for PRE with good efficacy.

Citation Format: Kim T-Y, Ahn J-H, Yoon JH, Sohn JH, Kim GM, Lee KH, Park YH, Koh S-J, Lee SE, Chae Y, Lee KS, Lee KE, Won HS, Kim JH, Jeong J, Park KH, Cho EK, Im Y-H, Im S-A, Jung KH. Role of endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, compared with postmenopausal patients: Diachronic analyses from nationwide cohort in Korea (KCSG BR 14-07). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-09-09.