Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in young children

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a serious complication of BMT. Several factors are important in the etiology of TMA, such as cyclosporin A, GVHD, irradiation, intensive conditioning chemotherapy and infection, which cause damage to vascular endothelial cells leading to activation of these cells. We describe two young children with TMA following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous BMT. Development of TMA was accompanied by reactivation of HHV-6, which was identified by both an increase in the copy number of HHV-6 DNA in the peripheral blood and a significant increase in antibody titers to HHV-6. Thus, it was suggested that reactivation of HHV-6 together with high-dose chemotherapy played an important role in the pathogenesis of TMA in these patients. Since HHV-6 is known to infect vascular endothelial cells, and CMV which is virologically closely related to HHV-6, has been reported to be a pathogen that causes TMA, infection with HHV-6 of vascular endothelial cells may induce TMA via damage and activation of these cells.

A case of primary adrenal lymphoma diagnosed from percutaneous needle biopsy

A case of bilateral lymphoma of the adrenal glands is reported. A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of bilateral adrenal masses. A 20-gauge core needle biopsy of the left adrenal tumor was performed under ultrasonographic guidance. The pathological specimen revealed a malignant lymphoma. The diagnostic procedure for adrenal lymphoma is discussed.

Multiple pulmonary metastasis of prostatic carcinoma with little or no bone or lymph node metastasis. Report of two cases and review of the literature

We describe 2 cases of prostatic carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis. In the first case there was no lymph node or bone metastasis, and in the second case there was only one bony metastatic lesion. Presentation, etiology and management are discussed.

Genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of naturally occurring archaeal communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments was carried out by PCR-mediated small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequencing. As determined through partial sequencing of rDNA clones amplified with archaea-specific primers, the archaeal populations in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments showed a great genetic diversity, and most members of these populations appeared to be uncultivated and unidentified organisms. In the phylogenetic analysis, a number of rDNA sequences obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were placed in deep lineages of the crenarchaeotic phylum prior to the divergence of cultivated thermophilic members of the crenarchaeota or between thermophilic members of the euryarchaeota and members of the methanogen-halophile clade. Whole cell in situ hybridization analysis suggested that some microorganisms of novel phylotypes predicted by molecular phylogenetic analysis were likely present in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. These findings expand our view of the genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments and of the phylogenetic organization of archaea.

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by a two-strand system (FTFOs) targeted to the polypurine tract

Reverse transcription of HIV-1 vRNA into the double-stranded DNA provirus involves initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis at the polypurine tract (PPT) by reverse transcriptase (RT). The PPT is highly conserved among the known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) strains and is a possible target for triplex formation. We show the effects of triple-helix formation by assays of primer extension inhibition in vitro, using a two-strand system (foldback triplex-forming oligonucleotides (FTFOs)) targeted to the PPT of HIV-1. The two-stranded composition of a triple-helix is thermodynamically and kinetically superior to the three-strand system. The FTFOs inhibited the RT activity in a sequence-specific manner, i.e. the triplex actually formed at the PPT and blocked the RT. The FTFOs containing the phosphorothioate groups at the antisense sequences showed greater 3'-exonuclease resistance. In HIV-1-infected MOLT-4 cells, the FTFOs containing the phosphorothioate groups at the antisense sequence sites and guanosine rich parts within the third Hoogsteen base-pairing sequence inhibit the replication of HIV-1 more effectively than the antisense oligonucleotides, indicating sequence-specific inhibition of HIV-1 replication.

Specific inhibition of human telomerase activity by transfection reagent, FuGENE6-antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complex in HeLa cells

Human telomerase might be associated with malignant tumor development and could be a highly selective target for antitumor drug design. Antisense phosphodiester (ODNs) and phosphorothioate (S-ODNs) oligonucleotides were investigated for their abilities to inhibit telomerase activity in the HeLa cell line. The ODNs and S-ODNs were designed to be complementary to nucleotides within the RNA active site of telomerase. As a transfection reagent, FuGENE6 was used to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides in cell cultures. The results showed that S-ODN-3 (19-mer) encapsulated with FuGENE6 clearly inhibited the telomerase activity in HeLa cells, and the inhibitory efficiency increased with an increase in the S-ODN-3. However, free S-ODN-3 showed no inhibitory activity. On the other hand, ODN-3 encapsulated with FuGENE6 had no detectable inhibitory activity. The encapsulated S-ODNs exhibited higher inhibitory activities than the free S-ODNs, and showed sequence specific inhibition. Thus, the activities of the S-ODNs were effectively enhanced by using the transfection reagent. The transfection reagent, FuGENE6, may thus be a potentially useful delivery vehicle for oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and transgenes, and is appropriate for use in vitro and in vivo.

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to CXCR4 mRNA block replication of HIV-1 in COS cells

CXCR4 is both a chemokine receptor and an entry co-receptor for the T-cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To find a more efficacious therapeutic treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, we examined the effects of antisense oligonucleotides on CXCR4 production. COS cells, stably expressing CXCR4 and CD4, were incubated with several kinds of oligonucleotides. Total human p24 antigen production was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. An antisense phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotide, complementary to the translation initiation region of the CXCR4 mRNA, showed minimal inhibition of p24 antigen production at the high concentration of 2 microM. On the other hand, the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, when used with transfection reagents, showed high efficiency at low concentrations, and confirmed the sequence-specific action. Interestingly, the oligonucleotide with the natural phosphodiester backbone, when used with the transfection reagents, also had high functional effects, comparable to the modified oligonucleotide. This study defines the prerequisite criteria necessary for the design and the application of antisense oligonucleotides against HIV-1 in vivo.

In vitro and in vivo anti-influenza A virus activity of antisense oligonucleotides

We have demonstrated that antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) inhibit influenza virus A replication in MDCK cells. The liposomally encapsulated and the free antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides with four target sites (PB1, PB2, PA, and NP) were tested for their abilities to inhibit virus-induced cytopathogenic effects by a MTT assay using MDCK cells. The liposomally encapsulated S-ODN complementary to the sites of the PB2-AUG initiation codon showed highly inhibitory effects. Therefore, the antiviral effects of S-ODN-PB2-AUG and PA-AUG were examined in a mouse model of influenza virus A infection. PB2-AUG oligomer treated i.v. significantly prolonged the mean survival time in day (MDS) and increased the survival rates with does dependent manner.

Inhibition of restriction endonuclease cleavage by triple helix formation with RNA and 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides containing 8-oxo-adenosine in place of cytidine

The ability of homopyrimidine oligoribonucleotides (RNA) and oligo-2'-O-methyl-ribonucleotides (2'-O-methyl RNA) containing 8-oxo-adenosine (AOH) and 8-oxo-2'-O-methyl (AmOH) adenosine to form stable, triple-helical structures with sequences containing the recognition site for the class II-S restriction enzyme, Ksp632-I, was studied as a function of pH. The AOH- and AmOH-substituted RNA and 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides were shown to bind within the physiological pH range in a pH-independent fashion, without a compromise in specificity. The substitutions of three cytidine residues with AOH showed higher endonuclease inhibition than the substitution of either one or two cytidine residues with AOH. In particular, the 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotide with only one cytidine substituted with AmOH showed higher endonuclease inhibition than the homopyrimidine RNA and 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides and the RNA oligonucleotides containing either one or two AOH moieties. Furthermore, the AmOH-substituted 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides were stable (53%) after an incubation in 10% fetal bovine serum for 8 h, whereas the RNA oligonucleotides were completely degraded. Increased resistance to nucleases is observed with the introduction of 2'-O-methylnucleosides. This stabilization should help us to design much more efficient third strand homopyrimidine oligomer and antisense nucleic acid-based antiviral therapies, which could be used as tools in cellular biology.

Lineage switch in childhood leukemia with monosomy 7 and reverse of lineage switch in severe combined immunodeficient mice

Morphophenotypic lineage switches occur in a small percentage of those with acute leukemia, and the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we attempted to induce a lineage switch in acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with monosomy 7, whose lineage had switched from acute T-lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) during chemotherapy, in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Although the transplanted myeloid cells were engrafted in SCID mice without cytokine administration, T-ALL developed in SCID mice treated with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or recombinant human interleukin 3. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the rearranged T-cell receptor gamma-chain (TCR-gamma) gene revealed that this lineage switch resulted from the selection of the T-lineage subclone in SCID mice, which had expanded at onset. In addition, we found that the T-lineage and myeloid cells belonged to the distinct subclones, which were different in TCR-gamma gene rearrangements, but were derived from a common clone with an identical N-ras gene mutation for both subclones. In in vitro cultures, only the myeloid subclone grew; the T-lineage subclone failed to grow even in the presence of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or recombinant human interleukin 3. These results suggested that the initial diagnostic T-lymphoid subclone, whose growth was dependent on these cytokines and the hematopoietic microenvironment, emerged from a bipotential T-lymphoid/myeloid leukemic stem cell, and further genetic event(s) induced the myeloid subclone, which grew independently of these cytokines and the microenvironment.

In vitro codon-reading specificities of unmodified tRNA molecules with different anticodons on the sequence background of Escherichia coli tRNASer

The codon-reading properties of wobble-position variants of the unmodified form of Escherichia coli tRNASer1 (the UGA anticodon) were measured in a cell-free translation system. Two variants, with the AGA and CGA anticodons, each exclusively read a single codon, UCU and UCG, respectively. The only case of efficient wobbling occurred with the variant with the GGA anticodon, which reads the UCU codon in addition to the UCC codon. Surprisingly, this wobble reading is more efficient than the Watson-Crick reading by the variant with the AGA anticodon. Furthermore, we prepared tRNA variants with AA, UC, and CU, instead of GA, in the second and third positions and measured their relative efficiencies in the reading of codons starting with UU, GA, and AG, respectively. The specificity concerning the wobble position is essentially the same as that in the case of the codons starting with UC.

Thermaerobacter marianensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic extremely thermophilic marine bacterium from the 11,000 m deep Mariana Trench

A novel extremely thermophilic bacterium was isolated from the world's deepest sea-floor, the Mariana Trench Challenger Deep at a depth of 10,897 m. Cells were Gram-reaction variable, non-spore-forming and non-motile rods without flagella. Growth was observed between 50 and 80 degrees C (optimum: 74-76 degrees C; 90 min doubling time), pH 5.4 and 9.5 (optimum: pH 7.0-7.5) and 0.5 and 5% sea salts (optimum: 2% sea salts). The isolate was a strictly aerobic heterotroph capable of utilizing as sole energy and carbon source: yeast extract, peptone, cellulose, starch, chitin, casein, Casamino acids, a variety of sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences placed this aerobic, high-G + C-content bacterium among the members of the Gram-positive, low-G + C-content anaerobic thermophilic bacteria within the Bacillus-Clostridium subphylum. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, the name Thermaerobacter marianensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 7p75aT = JCM 10246T) is proposed.

A single uridine modification at the wobble position of an artificial tRNA enhances wobbling in an Escherichia coli cell-free translation system

5-Methoxyuridine was introduced into the first position of the anticodon of the unmodified form of tRNA(1Ser) from Escherichia coli. The codon reading efficiencies of this tRNA (tRNA(5-methoxyuridine UGA)) relative to those of the unmodified counterpart (tRNA(UGA)) were measured in a cell-free translation system. tRNA(5-methoxyuridine UGA) was more efficient than tRNA(UGA) in the reading of the UCU and UCG codons and was less efficient in the reading of the UCA codon. Thus, the single modification of U to 5-methoxyuridine can enhance the wobble readings.

Altered pharmacokinetics of a novel anticancer drug, UCN-01, caused by specific high affinity binding to alpha1-acid glycoprotein in humans

The large species difference in the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) can be partially explained by the high affinity binding of UCN-01 to human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) (Fuse et al, Cancer Res., 58: 3248-3253, 1998). To confirm whether its binding to human AGP actually changes the in vivo pharmacokinetics, we have studied the alteration in its pharmacokinetics after simultaneous administration of human AGP to rats: (a) the protein binding of UCN-01 was evaluated by chasing its dissociation from proteins using dextran-coated charcoal. The UCN-01 remaining 0.1 h after adding dextran-coated charcoal to human plasma or AGP was approximately 80%, although the values for other specimens, except monkey plasma (approximately 20%), were <1%, indicating that the dissociation from human AGP was specifically slower than from other proteins; and (b) the pharmacokinetics of UCN-01 simultaneously administered with human AGP has been determined. The plasma concentrations after i.v. administration of UCN-O1 with equimolar human AGP were much higher than those after administration of UCN-01 alone. The steady-state distribution volume and the systemic clearance were reduced to about 1/100 and 1/200, respectively. Human AGP thus reduced the distribution and elimination of UCN-01 substantially. On the other hand, dog AGP, which has a low binding affinity for UCN-01, did not change the pharmacokinetics of UCN-01 so much. Furthermore, human AGP markedly reduced the hepatic extraction ratio of UCN-01 from 0.510 to 0.0326. Also, human AGP (10 microM) completely inhibited the initial uptake of UCN-01 (1 microM) into isolated rat hepatocytes, whereas the uptake of UCN-01 was unchanged in the presence of human serum albumin (10 microM). In conclusion, the high degree of binding of UCN-01 to human AGP causes a reduction in the distribution and clearance, resulting in high plasma concentrations in humans.

A modified immunoperoxidase assay for detection of antibody porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in swine sera

MARC-145 cell monolayers infected with PRRS virus were fixed in 3% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained by avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase (ABC) method. Test sera were applied to sections as primary antibodies. The positive reactions were detected by ABC method and indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). There was good correlation between ABC and IFA, and the titers in ABC were higher than those in IFA. The present results indicate that the immunohistochemical staining is a useful test for the detection and quantitation of PRRS virus antibody in swine sera as well as IFA.

Modified nucleosides in the first positions of the anticodons of tRNA(Leu)4 and tRNA(Leu)5 from Escherichia coli

Minor leucine tRNA species, tRNA(Leu)4 and tRNA(Leu)5, from Escherichia coli B have been reported to recognize leucine codons UUA and UUG [Goldman, E., Holmes, W. M., and Hatfield, G. W. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 129, 567-585]. In the present study, these two tRNA(Leu) species were purified from E. coli A19, and the nucleotide sequences were determined by a post-labeling method. tRNA(Leu)5 was found to correspond to the tRNA gene reported as su degrees6 tRNA [Yoshimura, M., Inokuchi, H., and Ozeki, H. (1984) J. Mol. Biol. 177, 627-644]. The first letter of the anticodon was identified to be 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm). tRNA(Leu)4 was identified as the minor leucine tRNA that has been sequenced previously (tRNA(Leu)UUR) [Yamaizumi, Z., Kuchino, Y., Harada, F., Nishimura, S., and McCloskey, J. A. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2220-2225]. There was an unidentified modified nucleoside (N*) in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA(Leu)4. Nucleoside N* was isolated to homogeneity (1 A260 unit). By 1H NMR spectroscopy, nucleoside N was found to be a 2'-O-methyluridine derivative with a substituent having a -CH2NH2+CH2COO- moiety in position 5 of the uracil ring. On the basis of these NMR analyses together with mass spectrometry, the chemical structure of nucleoside N* was determined as 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2'-O-methyluridine (cmnm5Um). Nucleoside N* was thus found to be a novel type of naturally occurring modified uridine. Because of the conformational rigidity of Cm and cmnm5Um in the first position of the anticodon, these tRNA(Leu) species recognize the leucine codons UUA++ and UUG correctly, but never recognize the phenylalanine codons UUU and UUC.

Knocking out a specific tRNA species within unfractionated Escherichia coli tRNA by using antisense (complementary) oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Methods for the preparation of an Escherichia coli tRNA mixture lacking one or a few specific tRNA species can be the basis for future applications of cell-free protein synthesis. We demonstrate here that virtually a single tRNA species in a crude E. coli tRNA mixture can be knocked out by an antisense (complementary) oligodeoxyribonucleotide. One out of five oligomers complementary to tRNA(Asp) blocked the aspartylation almost completely, while minimally affecting the aminoacylation with other 13 amino acids tested. This 'knockout' tRNA behaved similarly to the untreated tRNA in a cell-free translation of an mRNA lacking Asp codons.

[Urolithiasis associated with Crohn's disease: a case report]

We report a case of urolithiasis caused by surgical treatment for Crohn's disease. A 28-year-old woman was referred to our department for further examination of renal stones from the medical department in September, 1995. She suffered from Crohn's disease and had a history of jejuno-ileal resection because of perforation of the ileum in 1988. Radiographs revealed multiple bilateral renal stones, and the urine oxalate concentration was elevated. She was treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and the administration of sodium bicarbonate and citrate, but these treatments did not prevent recurrence and enlargement of stones. Renal function was gradually worsened and we performed transurethral lithotomy and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. The stones were mainly composed of oxalate calcium monohydrate. A renal biopsy was performed at the operation, showing deposition of crystals in almost all renal tubules. Diet therapy (low oxalate and low fat) and the administration of sodium bicarbonate and citrate were performed strictly and recurrence was not recognized 10 months after complete removal of the stones.

Inhibition of influenza virus RNA polymerase by 5'-capped short RNA fragments

We have demonstrated that 5'-capped short RNA fragments inhibit the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in the murine 76 cell line, derived which expresses the genes for the RNA polymerases (PB1, PB2, and PA) and the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus in response to treatment with dexamethasone. We have synthesized 5'-capped short RNA fragments (8-13 ntds long) with a 5'-capped structure (m7GpppGm) using T7 RNA polymerase. The 5'-capped short RNA fragments (8-13 ntds long) were encapsulated in liposomes and were tested for their inhibitory effect by a CAT-ELISA assay using the clone 76 cells. The RNA fragments that were 9-12 ntds long showed inhibitory effects. In particular, the 9 ntds long RNA fragment, was highly inhibitory. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the 13 ntds long RNA fragment was considerably decreased in comparison with the other short RNA fragments. The minimal RNA chain length required for priming activity was found to be 12 ntds long. Furthermore, the 5'-capped RNA fragments exhibited higher inhibitory activities than the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PB2-AUG-as, 20 ntds long) complementary to the site of the PB2-AUG initiation codon. Liposome encapsulation protected the RNA fragments in serum-containing medium and substantially improved their cellular accumulation.

Properties of nicked and circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides containing antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides

We have designed a new class of oligonucleotides, 'dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric phosphodiester oligonucleotides', consisting of a sense RNA sequence and its complementary antisense DNA sequence, with two hairpin loop structures. The reaction of the Nicked (NDRDON) and Circular (CDRNON) dumbbell DNA/RNA chimeric oligonucleotides with RNase H gave the corresponding antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide together with the sense RNA cleavage products. The liberated antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide was bound to the target 45 mer RNA, which gave 45 mer RNA cleavage products by treatment with RNase H. The circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide showed more nuclease resistance than the linear antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide (anti-ODN) and the nicked dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligodeoxynucleotide. The circularization, achieved by joining the 3' and the 5' ends of RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides containing two hairpin loop structures, increases the oligonucleotide uptake into cells, as compared with the nicked dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide and the linear antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides. When the circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide is directly delivered into retrovirus infected cells, its antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide function appears.

Double-conditioning regimens consisting of thiotepa, melphalan and busulfan with stem cell rescue for the treatment of pediatric solid tumors

Major dose-limiting factors of high-dose thiotepa (TEPA) and melphalan are life-threatening mucositis and neurotoxicity. To administer a maximum dose of these drugs safely and to obtain a maximum anti-cancer effect, a double-conditioning regimen with a single grafting, two cycles of administration of a combination of TEPA (300-600 mg/m2) plus melphalan (70-150 mg/m2) with a 1-week interval was attempted in 20 patients with pediatric advanced or chemotherapy-resistant solid tumors (seven rhabdomyosarcoma, four hepatoblastoma, three neuroblastoma and four other malignancy). Combinations of TEPA plus melphalan/busulfan (Bu) (8-10 mg/kg) and TEPA plus Bu were given to four and two patients with brain tumors, respectively. In an additional two patients, three cycles of drug administration were performed. According to the results of the dose-escalating study, the maximum tolerable doses of TEPA and melphalan for children aged 2 years old or older were 1000 mg/m2 and 280 mg/m2, respectively. Mucositis was dose-limiting. Renal toxicity was also dose-limiting in young children (<2 years old). There were two treatment-related deaths (7%) (fungal pneumonia and renal tubular acidosis). Among 13 patients who received high-dose chemotherapy during CR, 10 are alive with no evidence of disease (15-59 months, median: 35 months) and in 13 evaluable patients without CR, six are alive without regrowth of the disease (14-59 months, median: 39 months). Thus, these novel conditioning regimens allowed us to increase the dose intensity to nearly the maximum for each drug and seemed to reduce adverse effects compared to previously reported regimens with these drugs. With regard to the effect on outcome, the results of this study seem to be encouraging, but a further study on a larger number of patients is required.

Cognitive strategies and recall of pace by long-distance runners

The purpose of this study was to examine whether long-distance runners with high or low performance of recalling running pace differed in their use of cognitive strategies in a race. Recalling pace means the accuracy which runners have to approach their self-set target pace in a race. 60 male competitive runners who participated in a 20-km intercollegiate race were categorized as either runners with high recall of pace (accurate) or the runners with low recall of pace (inaccurate) on the basis of the discrepancy between a self-set target time and actual time. Analysis showed that the 30 accurate recallers used the attention strategies more frequently for recalling running pace, used the strategy of following other runners less frequently, and set a more appropriate finish time in accordance with their running ability than the 30 inaccurate recallers. The accurate recallers, who monitored their running pace and fatigue by using attention strategies, would reproduce more accurate self-set target times in accordance with their running ability.

Synthesis and anti-influenza virus-A activity of circular dumbbell RNA DNA chimeric oligonucleotides

We have designed a new type of antisense oligonucleotide, containing two hairpin loop structures with RNA/DNA base pairs (sense (RNA) and antisense (DNA)) in the double helical stem (nicked and circular dumbbell DNA/RNA chimeric oligonucleotides). The reaction of the nicked and circular dumbbell DNA/RNA chimeric oligonucleotides with RNase H gave the corresponding anti-DNA together with the sense RNA cleavage products. These oligonucleotides were more resistant to exonuclease attack. We also describe the anti-Fluv activities of circular dumbbell DNA/RNA chimeric oligonucleotides.

Codon recognition by artificial tRNA molecules with modified nucleosides in the anticodon

Proteins with unnatural amino acids at specific positions can be produced through cell-free protein synthesis. The synthesis of such molecules can, in principle, be facilitated by improving the codon reading efficiency of the tRNA that inserts the unnatural amino acid. In the present study, we prepared tRNA molecules with 2'-O-methyl nucleosides at the second and third positions of the anticodon and measured their codon-reading efficiencies. The results indicated, contrary to our expectation, that the modification damaged the decoding function completely.

Study on site specific cleavage of RNA

The precursor of an RNA molecule from bacteriophage T4 infected Escherichia coli cell (p2Sp1 RNA) has the ability to cleave itself. It has been found that the site specific RNA cleavage reaction occurred at the pyridine-adenosine sequence in the presence of a monovalent cation and a non-ionic detergent. In order to investigate the mechanism of this cleavage reaction, we designed a RNA oligonucleotide (UUUAUU) and this RNA was cleavage activity at the U-A sequence.

Codon reading properties of tRNA variants substituted within the anticodon loop

Effects of base substitution within tRNA anticodon loop on the codon reading activities were quantitatively analyzed with the use of a set of unmodified tRNA molecules with GGA anticodon. The first (position 32) and the last (position 38) nucleotides of the anticodon loop of the wild-type molecule was changed from C32A38 to U32A38, U32G38, and C32G38. The codon reading activities of these variants relative to that of the wild type molecule were measured in a cell-free translation system. The reading of both the UCU and UCC codons were lower in all the three variants than in the wild-type molecule.

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by foldback triple-helix forming oligonucleotides

Replication of retroviral RNA into double-stranded DNA is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT). The polypurine tract (PPT) serves as a primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis and is highly conserved among HIV-1. The PPT region is a possible target for triple-helix formation. Here, we show the effects of triple-helix formation by analyses of melting temperature and gel shift using a foldback triplex-forming-oligonucleotides (FTFOs). We found that the FTFOs containing phosphorothioate groups at the 3'- and 5'-ends, or inside the hairpin loop, exhibited greater exonuclease resistance than the unmodified FTFOs. Several triplex oligonucleotides have thermal stability. The abilities of the FTFOs (DsDG-37) containing the guanosine in place of the cytidine in the third Hoogsteen base-pairing strand to inhibit HIV-1 replications were examined. The FTFOs (DsDG-37) inhibit the replication of HIV-1 more efficiently than the FTFOs (DsD-37) indicating sequence-specific inhibition of HIV-1 replication.

Removing tRNA from a cell-free protein synthesis system for use in protein production

The cell-free system for biosynthesis of proteins is becoming an important tool for protein engineering. In particular, introduction of the unnatural amino acids is achieved though cell-free protein synthesis with the use of chemically acylated tRNA that recognizes a specific codon. In the original method, however, it was difficult to control the system through changing tRNA composition, as the endogenous tRNAs are involved in the reaction. Thus, in the present study, we digested the tRNA within Escherichia coli S30 extract with resin-bound RNase A, and estimated the protein synthesis activity. It was revealed that this digestion process does not damage the activity, if a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), is present in the digestion reaction.

Acquired thermotolerance and temperature-induced protein accumulation in the extremely thermophilic bacterium Rhodothermus obamensis

Temperature-induced changes in thermotolerance and protein composition were examined in heat-shocked cells and high-temperature-grown cells of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Rhodothermus obamensis. The survival at temperatures superoptimal for growth (90 and 95 degrees C) was enhanced in both heat-shocked cells and high-temperature-grown cells relative to that of cells grown at optimal temperatures. In a comparison of protein composition using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, putative heat shock proteins (HSPs) and high-temperature growth-specific proteins (HGPs) were detected. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the putative HSPs were quite similar to the ATP-binding subunits of ABC transporters and the HGPs were proteins corresponding to domains II and III of elongation factor Tu. These results suggested that this extreme thermophile has developed temperature-induced responses that include increased survival under hyperthermal conditions, changes in protein composition, and also the production of novel HSPs.

Specific inhibition of influenza virus RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein gene expression by liposomally encapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in MDCK cells

We have demonstrated that antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) inhibit influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells. Liposomally encapsulated and free antisense S-ODNs with four target sites (PB1, PB2, PA and NP genes) were tested for their abilities to inhibit virus-induced cytopathogenic effects in a MTT assay using MDCK cells. The liposomally encapsulated S-ODN complementary to the site around the PB2 AUG initiation codon showed highly inhibitory effects. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of the liposomally encapsulated S-ODN targeted to PB1 was considerably decreased in comparison with that directed to the PB2 target site. The liposomally encapsulated antisense S-ODNs exhibited higher inhibitory activities than the free oligonucleotides, and showed sequence-specific inhibition, whereas free antisense S-ODNs were observed to inhibit viral adsorption to MDCK cells. Liposomal preparations of oligonucleotides facilitated their release from endocytic vesicles, and thus cytoplasmic and nuclear localization was observed. The activities of the antisense S-ODNs were effectively enhanced by using the liposomal carrier. Interestingly, the liposomally encapsulated FITC-S-ODN-PB2-as accumulated in the nuclear region of MDCK cells. However, weak fluorescence was observed within the endosomes and the cytoplasm of MDCK cells treated with the free antisense S-ODNs. The cationic lipid particles may thus be a potentially useful delivery vehicle for oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and transgenes, appropriate for use in vitro or in vivo.

Specific inhibition of influenza virus RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein gene expression by circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides containing antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotides

We have designed a new class of oligonucleotides, 'dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides', consisting of a sense RNA sequence and its complementary antisense DNA sequence, with two hairpin loop structures. The reaction of the nicked (NDRDON) and circular (CDRDON) dumbbell RNA/ DNA chimeric oligonucleotides with RNase H gave the corresponding antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide together with the sense RNA cleavage products. The liberated antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide was bound to the target RNA, which gave RNA cleavage products by treatment with RNase H. The circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide showed more nuclease resistance than the linear antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotide (anti-ODN) and the nicked dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide. The CDRDON with four target sites (influenza virus A RNA polymerases (PB1, PB2, PA) and nucleoprotein (NP)) was synthesized and tested for inhibitory effects by a CAT-ELISA assay using the clone 76 cell line. The circular dumbbell DNA/ RNA chimeric oligonucleotide (CDRDON-PB2-as) containing an AUG initiation codon sequence as the target of PB2 showed highly inhibitory effects.

Site-specific cleavage of tRNA by imidazole and/or primary amine groups bound at the 5'-end of oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Sequence specific RNA cleaving molecules were synthesized by attaching novel polyamine derivatives bearing imidazole and/or primary amine groups to the 5'-end of DNA oligonucleotides as the sequence-recognizing moieties. The actions of the molecules on a half-tRNA(Asp) were investigated. The oligonucleotides directed the nuclease activity (the imidazole and the primary amine are the catalytic groups) of the enzyme to the nucleotides directly adjacent to the complementary target sequence on the substrate RNA. The cleavage reaction shows a bell-shaped pH dependence with a maximum at pH 7.0, indicating the participation of protonated and non-protonated imidazoles residues in the process. The specificity of these hybrid enzymes can be easily altered, and they should prove to be useful tools for probing RNA structures in solution and as potential reactive groups in antisense oligonucleotide derivatives. We also describe the site-specific cleavage of tRNA(Asp) by the cleaving reagents bearing imidazole and/or primary amine groups at the 5'-end of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

Allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation using positively selected CD34+ cells from HLA-mismatched donors

We examined five children who underwent allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT) using positively selected CD34+ cells from three or two loci-mismatched donors. CD34+ cells mobilized from peripheral blood were separated by immunomagnetic beads. CD34+ cells at 2.2-6.2 x 10(6)/kg were transplanted into three patients with refractory leukemia, a patient with relapsed medulloblastoma and a patient with Fanconi's anemia following a conditioning regimen which included irradiation, alkylating agents and antithymocyte globulin treatment. The number of infused CD3+ cells included in grafts was 2.3-22.7 x 10(4)/kg. Four patients achieved engraftment and hematopoietic reconstitution (> 5 x 10(8)/l of neutrophils on day 10 or 11). Graft rejection was observed in the patient with Fanconi's anemia, but a rapid engraftment was obtained after second PSCT. Although no prophylactic agents other than ATG (included in the conditioning regimen) were used, greater than grade I acute GVHD was not observed, but limited chronic GVHD was observed in two patients. The two patients with leukemia relapsed on days 103 and 210, respectively, and the patient with medulloblastoma died of disease on day 159. The patient with Fanconi's anemia died of fungal infection. CMV and HHV-6 diseases developed in four and two patients, respectively. Thus, although SCT using positively selected peripheral CD34+ cells may be an alternative approach for overcoming graft rejection and GVHD from HLA- mismatched donors, persistent immune deficiency attributing to extremely low numbers of T cells in grafts can potentially lead to reactivation of herpes viruses.

Urinary tract infections following renal transplantation

The incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 363 adult renal transplant recipients transplanted during the period 1990-96 has been analysed. UTI occurred in 96 patients (26%), most frequently during the first year after transplantation. Female recipients had significantly more UTI than male recipients (49% vs. 14%, p < 0.0001). There was no difference in the incidence of UTI between recipients receiving pig-tail catheters as ureteral stents or not, the figures being 21% vs. 28%, respectively. Age had no influence on the incidence of UTI. In 341 patients treated with cyclosporine the incidence of UTI was 28%, while in 15 patients treated with FK-506 only 1 patient (7%) had a UTI (ns). The majority of organisms cultured were gram-negative (76%), with approximately 1/3 being Escherichia coli and 1/5 being Enterococcus and Klebsiella/Enterobacter. The bacterial spectrum was not influenced by the recipient's age. UTI had no effect on the number of rejections, or on graft and patient survival in living donor transplant recipients. No significant difference was found in graft and patient survival rates at 3 yr between patients who had UTI or no UTI.

Inhibition of influenza virus replication by phosphorothioate and liposomally endocapsulated oligonucleotides

We have demonstrated that antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) inhibit influenza virus A replication in MDCK cells. Phosphorothioate and liposomally encapsulated oligonucleotides with two target sites (PB1 and PB2) were synthesized and tested for virus-induced cytopathogenicity effects by a MTT assay using MDCK cells. The liposomally encapsulated S-ODNs complementary to the sites of the PB2-AUG initiation codon showed highly inhibitory effects. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the liposomally encapsulated S-ODNs targeted to PB1 was considerably decreased in comparison with the PB2 target sites. The liposomally encapsulated oligonucleotides exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the free oligonucleotides. The activities of the modified oligonucleotides are effectively enhanced by using the liposomal carrier.

Cleavage effect of oligoribonucleotides substituted at the cleavage sites with modified pyrimidine- and purine-nucleosides

The precursor of an RNA molecule from T4-infected E. coli cells (p2Spl RNA) has the capacity to cleave itself at specific positions [UpA (139-140) and CpA (170-171)], within a putative loop and stem structure. This sequence-specific cleavage requires at least a monovalent cation and non-ionic detergents. In order to determine the influence of the pyrimidine and purine bases on these sequence-specific cleavage reactions, we studied the cleavage reactions of hairpin loop RNAs substituted at the cleavage sites with modified pyrimidine- and purine-nucleosides. The cleavage was affected by the 2'-hydroxyl groups and the bases of the pyrimidines, and the 6-amino group of the purine.

Restricted use of T-cell receptor V beta genes in posttransfusion graft-versus-host disease

BACKGROUND

Posttransfusion graft-versus-host disease (PT-GVHD) is a pathophysiological process of the immune system. Mature donor T cells that have survived the host defense mechanisms recognize recipient allo-antigens through antigen-specific T-cell receptors and mount an immune attack against certain host antigens.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To characterize the T cells involved in PT-GVHD, expression of the T-cell receptor V beta genes in peripheral blood T cells isolated from four PT-GVHD patients was analyzed. T-cell receptor beta chain cDNA derived from mRNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes was amplified by an inverse polymerase chain reaction method, and the cDNA was subsequently cloned and sequenced.

RESULTS

The cDNA clones derived from patients with PT-GVHD showed remarkable differences in the distribution of T-cell receptor V beta gene use from that in normal controls. Very restricted T-cell receptor V beta gene repertoires and preferential expression of certain V beta gene segments were revealed in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of each patients. Shared V beta gene use among the patients was not observed, probably because of HLA differences among the patient-donor combinations.

CONCLUSION

This restricted use reflected in vivo expansion of a limited number of engrafted T-cell clones at the onset of PT-GVHD and suggested that those oligoclonal donor T cells may be involved in the induction of PT-GVHD.

[Antisense nucleic acid therapy of influenza virus]

We have demonstrated that Antisense phosphodiester (ODNs) and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) inhibit CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) protein expression in the clone 76 cell line, which is a derivative of the murine C127 cell line. This cell line expresses the influenza virus RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein (NP) genes in response to treatment with dexamethasone. Phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and liposomally encapsulated oligonucleotides with four target sites (PB1, PB2, PA, and NP) were synthesized and tested for inhibitory effects by a CAT-ELISA assay using the clone 76 cell line. The liposomally encapsulated ODNs and S-ODNs complementary to the sites of the PB2-AUG and PA-AUG initiation codons showed highly inhibitory effects. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the S-ODNs targeted to PB1 was considerably decreased in comparison with the other three target sites. Liposome encapsulation afforded oligomer protection in serum-containing medium and substantially improved cellular accumulation. The liposomally encapsulated oligonucleotides exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the free oligonucleotides. Liposomal preparations of oligonucleotides facilitate release from endocytic vesicles, and thus, cytoplasmic and nuclear localization are observed following cell treatment. The activities of the unmodified oligonucleotides are effectively enhanced by using the liposomal carrier. In the observation of the endocapsulated antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotide, FITC-ODN-PB2-as treated clone 76 cells by a confocal laser scanning microscope, diffuse fluorescence was apparently observed in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the endocapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, FITC-S-ODN-PB2-as accumulated in the nuclear region of clone 76 cells. However, weak fluorescence was observed on the endosomes and in the cytoplasmes of the free antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides treated clone 76 cells.

[Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma mainly involving the heart and showing t(8;14) (q24;q32) with c-myc rearrangement]

A 77-year-old man was admitted because of massive pericardial effusion and cardiac tumor. Cytological examination of the effusion and histological examination of a subcutaneous tumor in the chest wall revealed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The immunophenotype of tumor cells was CD5+ CD20+ CD22+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ CD19-. Chromosome analysis revealed complex abnormal karyotypes containing t(8;14) (q24;q32). C-myc gene rearrangement was shown by Southern blotting. Chemotherapy with pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristin, and prednisolone (THP-COP) was not effective for his lymphoma. He suffered from cardiac tamponade and died at 5 months after diagnosis. Autopsy revealed a large cardiac tumor, extensive epicardial infiltration, tiny tumors in the lung and pancreas, but no lymphadenopathy, the combination of which suggested a primary cardiac lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry for p53 protein showed nuclear staining of more than 50% of the lymphoma cells. In situ hybridization for EBER-1 was negative. Rearrangement of c-myc gene and overexpression of p53 protein are usually observed in Burkitt's lymphoma and some cases of high grade lymphomas including AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In this case the association of these molecular findings and resistance to chemotherapy is suggested.

[Retrograde radical cystectomy. Advantages of our "vesico-rectal tunnel" method]

BACKGROUND

The facilitation of dissecting the vesical pedicles and undisturbed preservation of the membranous urethra were investigated during radical cystectomy using the retrograde technique.

METHODS

First, just as with radical prostatectomy, the prostate and the rectum were separated by blunt digital dissection. After the deep dorsal vein complex and the urethra were cut, the bladder and the rectum were also separated in a retrograde manner towards the Denonvillier's fascia. Then the peritoneum was opened and its lowest part was incised above the cul-de-sac. A tunnel was made beginning at the cut-end of the urethra to the cul-de-sac. Consequently, the bladder was lifted up by hand inserted this "vesico-rectal tunnel" and the bilateral remaining lateral pedicles were ligated and transsected without difficulty.

RESULTS

Fourteen patients underwent radical cystectomy using this technique. Among them, the average operating time and blood loss in 4 patients received retrograde radical cystectomy accompanied with ileal conduit were 5 hours 15 minutes and 1606 ml, respectively. These in 9 patients received retrograde radical cystectomy followed by bowel orthotopic urinary reservoir were 7 hours and 6 minutes and 1086 ml, respectively. Another patient received ureterocutaneoustomy.

CONCLUSION

Creating a "vesico-rectal tunnel" during radical cystectomy primarily by the retrograde extraperitoneal technique can afford to preserve the urethral sphincter and to ligate the pedicles easily. This method is fundamentally familiar to us because retrograde radical prostatectomy is now widely adopted and it may help to reduce the operating time even when there is a shortage of manpower.

Extremely thermostable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from an extreme thermophile, Rhodothermus obamensis

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was purified from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Rhodothermus obamensis, growing optimally at 80 degrees C, which had recently been isolated from a shallow marine hydrothermal vent in Japan. The native enzyme was a homotetramer of 400 kDa in molecular mass, as estimated by gel filtration chromatography, and the subunit exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 75 degrees C. The enzyme exhibited an absolute requirement for divalent cations and a pH optimum of 8.0. The enzyme was extremely thermostable and there was no loss of enzyme activity on incubation for 2 h at 85 degrees C. The enzyme exhibited a positive allosteric property with acetyl-CoA and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and a negative one with L-aspartate and L-malate. These effectors affected not only the thermophilicity but also the thermostability of the enzyme, and the substrate, co-factors, and salts increased the thermostability as well. The extrinsic thermostabilization might be a possible mechanism for adaptation of the enzyme to high temperature.

[Study of disposition of adriamycin and mitomycin C in liver by determination of plasma concentrations in hepatic vein and artery during intravenous constant infusion in rats]

The hepatic extraction ratios (EH) of adriamycin (ADR) and mitomycin C (MMC), which were administered clinically by an intra-hepatic arterial route, were measured in rats to clarify the disposition of ADR and MMC in liver. EH values of ADR and MMC were determined by comparing the femoral arterial and hepatic venous plasma concentrations at steady state during continuous intravenous administration. The EH value of ADR in rats at each infusion rate of 2, 10 and 50 micrograms/kg/min, was 0.290, 0.286 and 0.251, respectively. There was no significant difference between the EH values (p > 0.05). The systemic clearance (CLtot) at each infusion rate was 108, 77.6 and 72.9 ml/min/kg, respectively. The EH value of MMC in rats at each infusion rate of 2.5, 7.5 and 25 micrograms/kg/min, was 0.332, 0.358 and 0.360, respectively. There was no significant difference between the EH values, the same as for ADR. The systemic clearance (CLtot) at each infusion rate was 38.3, 36.1 and 35.3 ml/min/kg.

Cytokine production regulating Th1 and Th2 cytokines in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is caused by the hyperactivation of T cells and macrophages. The clinical characteristics associated with this disease result from overproduction of Th1 cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In this study, we analyzed the production of IL-12 and IL-4, which determine Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, and IL-10, which antagonizes Th1 cytokines, in 11 patients with HLH. IL-12 was detected in plasma in all patients (mean peak value, 30.0 +/- 5.0 pg/mL), while IFN-gamma was massively produced in nine patients (mean peak value, 79.2 +/- 112.0 U/mL). IL-4 was not detected in any of the patients. Plasma IL-10 levels were elevated in all patients (mean peak value, 2,698.0 +/- 3,535.0 pg/mL). There was a positive correlation between the levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 (P < .01). The plasma concentrations of these cytokines were initially high, before decreasing after the acute phase. However, the decrease in IL-10 levels was slower than that of IFN-gamma. Although the concentration of IL-12 was high at the acute phase, in some patients, a peak in the level was delayed until the chronic phase. Thus, in HLH, production of cytokines that promote development of Th1 cells appears to be predominant over that for Th2 cell development. Overproduction of IL-10 was also observed indicating that a mechanism suppressing hyperactivation of Th1 cells and monocytes/macrophages functions in patients with this disease.

Effects on archery performance of manipulating metamotivational state and felt arousal

This study investigated the effect of the four different combinations of metamotivational state and felt arousal level (telic-low, paratelic-low, telic-high, paratelic-high) on archery performance. Skilled, average, and novice archers (n = 28) were voluntary subjects, randomly divided into 2 groups, balanced for ability. Each group performed 2 out of the 4 experimental conditions. In this reversal theory-based field experiment, telic and paratelic metamotivational states and arousal level were manipulated prior to archery performance. The hypothesis that archery performance would be superior under telic-low arousal conditions was rejected, but evidence pointed to the possible importance of hedonic tone in performance. Post boc analysis showed differences between combined high (telic-low, paratelic-high) and combined low (telic-low, paratelic-high) hedonic-tone groups which fell short of significance. This observation is taken as justification for further exploration of the relationship between hedonic tone and sports performance.