Anti-Ki antibodies recognize an epitope homologous with SV40 nuclear localization signal: clinical significance and reactivities in various immunoassays

Abstract We studied the characteristics of anti-Ki antibodies that react with a synthetic peptide (KILT) which has homology with SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal (SV40 T NLS). Immunoreactivity of antibodies to KILT was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and this reactivity was compared with results obtained by immunoblotting using purified Ki and ELISA using purified or recombinant Ki antigen. The clinical significance of anti-KILT antibodies in lupus patients was also studied. Twenty percent of anti-Ki sera reacted with KILT, and all sera that reacted with KILT recognized both purified and recombinant Ki antigen in all our assay systems. A significant correlation was observed between reactivities in ELISA using KILT and with these using purified and recombinant Ki. Some sera with low titers by double immunodiffusion (DID) reacted with KILT, whereas high-titer anti-Ki sera showed a tendency to react with Ki antigen in different assays. The prevalence of discoid rash and sicca complex was higher in the anti-KILT-positive group. The amino acid sequence homologous to SV40 T NLS is an immunologically active epitope on the Ki antigen; reactivity to this epitope is associated with characteristic clinical features allied with anti-Ki antibodies in lupus patients.

Vein of galen aneurysms. Experience with eleven cases

SUMMARY

Eleven patients with so-called "vein of Galen aneurysms" are reported, six of whom presented with vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (four with choroidal type and two with mural type malformations). The remaining five patients presented with vein of Galen aneurysmal dilatations secondarily due to an arteriovenous malformation in one patient, an arteriovenous fistula in another, dural arteriovenous fistulas in two patients, and a varix in another. Treatments for these patients were individualised with consideration given to the clinical manifestations and the angioarchitecture of their lesions. Endovascular intervention played a critical role in the treatment of these vein of Galen aneurysms.

[Cross-task analysis of age differences in constructive activity]

The present study investigated age differences in constructive activity, using three different tasks: the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, Block Design, and Benton's 3D Construction tests. Participants were 116 healthy adults, ages ranging from 25 to 74 years. Results of the ROCF test failed to show any age difference in test scores among the participants up to early 60's, task completion time among those up to early 50's, and strategy among all participants. However, results of the Block Design test showed age differences in test score, task completion time, and strategy among all participants. Results of the 3D Construction test failed to show any age difference in test score among the participants up to early 60's, task completion time among those up to early 50's, but showed age differences in strategy among all participants. These findings suggest that it is necessary to take into account task-specific age differences in constructive skills, when evaluating constructive disabilities.

Flow fractionation of microparticles under a dielectrophoretic field in a quadrupole electrode capillary

A technique of fractionation for microparticles was proposed that utilized a unique combination of a dielectrophoretic (DEP) field generated by a quadrupole electrode and a laminar flow in a capillary of 82.5 microm in radius. The fabricated capillary possessed four platinum wires in its inside wall as a quadrupole electrode. In a nonuniform electric field generated by the quadrupole electrode, microparticles, such as polystyrene and carbon, in water experienced DEP forces in the radial direction. When a sample solution was pumped in, an ideal laminar flow perpendicular to the DEP force was formed inside the capillary. The microparticles dynamically migrated by the DEP force across the laminar flow while they were carried by the flow. A theoretical model taking the DEP force and the laminar flow pattern into account predicted the elution profiles of the single microparticles quantitatively. The elution times of the microparticles depended on the dielectric properties and the sizes of the microparticles, as well as the voltage and frequency of the applied alternating current.

Two-staged gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of large petroclival and cavernous sinus meningiomas

BACKGROUND

In this study, we report on the effectiveness and usefulness of two-staged gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for large petroclival and cavernous sinus meningiomas that have a high rate of surgical morbidity.

METHODS

We have treated 7 patients suffering from large petroclival and cavernous sinus meningiomas using two-staged radiosurgery since March 1995. The tumors were located in the petroclival region in 4 patients, the cavernous sinus region in 2 patients, and in the petrocavernous region in the remaining patient. Three of the patients had been surgically treated and 4 patients (57%) were only followed with MR imaging. The volume of the tumors ranged between 34.5 to 101 cm(3) (mean 53.5 cm(3)). The treatment volume was between 6.8 to 29.6 cm(3) (mean 18.6 cm(3)). The treatment interval between the first GKS and second GKS was 6 months. The marginal doses for the tumors were 8 to 12 Gy (mean, 9 Gy).

RESULTS

Six patients demonstrated tumor growth control during the follow-up period after the first radiosurgery (mean 39 months). Tumor regression was observed in 3 patients (43%). Three patients (43%) had improved clinically by the time of the follow-up examinations. No patient suffered from symptomatic radiation injury.

CONCLUSION

Although we have treated only 7 patients using two-staged GKS, we believe this treatment may be a very useful option for large petroclival and cavernous sinus meningiomas in selected patients.

The treatment of skull base meningiomas--combining surgery and radiosurgery

While the operative results for treating skull base meningiomas have improved due to modern microsurgical techniques, surgery is still accompanied by a high morbidity rate. Over the last 6 years, we operated on 50 patients with intracranial meningiomas, 23 of which were skull-based lesions. Among these patients with skull base meningiomas, seven (30%) were treated with both surgery and radiosurgery. All patients received standard operative procedures. Five patients received subtotal resections and two patients received partial resections. No mortalities occurred in our series. Following the operations, the clinical status improved in six patients, while only one patient (with a tuberculum sellae meningioma) experienced deterioration of a preexisting visual disturbance. Radiosurgery was performed at a mean of 4.3 months after the operations. One patient was treated by a two-staged radiosurgery regimen in light of the patient's large tumour volume (57.5 cm(3)). The treatment volume of the series ranged from 0.3 to 29.6 cm(3)(mean 11.6 cm(3)), and the minimum dose for the tumours was from 8 Gy to 12 Gy (mean, 11.6 Gy). Tumour regression was observed in three patients (43%) during the follow up period for radiosurgery (mean: 28 months). No patients revealed tumour growth in the follow up period or suffered symptomatic radiation injury. The clinical status remained unchanged in each of the seven patients after radiosurgery. Although we treated only seven patients with skull base meningiomas using surgery combined with radiosurgery, and the follow up period has been short, we believe that such combination treatment may be a very useful option in selected patients.

Evolution of incidentally-discovered fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar arterial system: neuroimaging features suggesting progressive aneurysm growth

This study investigated the natural history and biological behavior of incidental fusiform aneurysms in four patients with incidental fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar arterial system who had been followed up for more than 3 years (mean 3.5 years). Two lesions remained the same size, and two lesions gradually grew. Angiography showed the non-growing fusiform aneurysms as a circumferentially or unilaterally fusiform dilatation of a short segment of the vertebral artery with smooth walls and a steep slope of the dilatation, and the growing fusiform aneurysms as unilaterally fusiform involving a long segment of the vertebral artery or basilar artery with irregular walls and a gentle slope of dilatation. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated the non-growing fusiform aneurysms as a signal-void area, and the growing fusiform aneurysms as high and intermediate signals in addition to the normal flow void. The heterogeneous MR intensities probably correspond to turbulent flow, laminar flow, thrombosis, or intramural hematoma. Differentiation of growing and non-growing fusiform aneurysms is very difficult at the initial diagnosis. However, enlargement of the fusiform aneurysms is consistent with hemorrhage into the aneurysmal wall, which is confirmed by MR imaging. Fusiform aneurysms with the characteristics of the growing aneurysms cannot be overlooked because of the potential to develop into giant fusiform aneurysms which are very difficult to manage therapeutically.

Theoretical studies of the ATP hydrolysis mechanism of myosin

The ATP hydrolysis mechanism of myosin was studied using quantum chemical (QM) and molecular dynamics calculations. The initial model compound for QM calculations was constructed on the basis of the energy-minimized structure of the myosin(S1dc)-ATP complex, which was determined by molecular mechanics calculations. The result of QM calculations suggested that the ATP hydrolysis mechanism of myosin consists of a single elementary reaction in which a water molecule nucleophilically attacked gamma-phosphorus of ATP. In addition, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the initial and final states of the ATP hydrolysis reaction, that is, the myosin-ATP and myosin-ADP.Pi complexes. These calculations revealed roles of several amino acid residues (Lys185, Thr186, Ser237, Arg238, and Glu459) in the ATPase pocket. Lys185 maintains the conformation of beta- and gamma-phosphate groups of ATP by forming the hydrogen bonds. Thr186 and Ser237 are coordinated to a Mg(2+) ion, which interacts with the phosphates of ATP and therefore contributes to the stabilization of the ATP structure. Arg238 and Glu459, which consisted of the gate of the ATPase pocket, retain the water molecule acting on the hydrolysis at the appropriate position for initiating the hydrolysis.

An anatomic study of the extensor tendons of the human hand

A total of 548 upper limbs (276 right and 272 left hands) from Japanese cadavers were dissected. The arrangements of extensor indicis proprius, extensor digitorum communis (EDC), and extensor digiti minimi tendons and the intertendinous connections were studied. The most common pattern of extensor tendons was as follows: the index finger had a single EDC tendon, the middle finger had a single EDC tendon, the ring finger had a single EDC tendon, and the small finger had a single EDC tendon or a single common EDC tendon distributed to the ring and small finger. A single extensor indicis proprius tendon ran along the ulnar side of the EDC, and the extensor digiti minimi tendon consisted of 2 slips. Intertendinous connections were classified into 3 types: type 1 with a filamentous band, type 2 with a fibrous band, and type 3 with a tendinous band subdivided to r-shaped and y-shaped. The most common patterns were type 1 in the second intermetacarpal space (IMCS), type 3r in the third IMCS, and type 3y in the fourth IMCS.

Lower excitability of the corticospinal tract to transcranial magnetic stimulation during lengthening contractions in human elbow flexors

The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuromuscular control during shortening (SHO) and lengthening (LEN) contractions by investigating the input-output (I/O) property in the corticospinal tract. To this end, the relation between various stimulus intensities applied via transcranial magnetic stimulation and the size of motor evoked potentials was investigated in six healthy subjects during elbow flexion and extension. The measured I/O property demonstrates a sigmoidal shape, and is characterized by a plateau value, maximum slope and threshold. The results demonstrated that both the plateau value and maximum slope were significantly lower during LEN contraction than during SHO contraction (P<0.05), whereas the threshold was found not to be significantly different. These results suggest that both the maximum excitation level and the gain of the corticospinal tract are reduced during LEN contractions.

Single oral dose of geranylgeranylacetone induces heat-shock protein 72 and renders protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat heart

BACKGROUND

Induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) results in cardioprotection against ischemic insult. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), known as an antiulcer agent, reportedly induces HSP72 in the gastric mucosa and small intestine of rats. The present study tested the hypothesis that oral GGA would induce HSP72 in the heart and thus render cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Cardiac expression of HSPs was quantitatively evaluated in rats by Western blot analysis. Ten minutes of whole-body hyperthermia induced HSP72 expression in the rat hearts. A single oral dose of GGA (200 mg/kg) also induced expression of HSP72, which peaked at 24 hours after administration. Therefore, isolated perfused heart experiments using a Langendorff apparatus were performed 24 hours after administration of 200 mg/kg GGA (GGA group) or vehicle (control group). After a 5-minute stabilization period, no-flow global ischemia was given for 20, 40, or 60 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. During reperfusion, the functional recovery was greater and the released creatine kinase was less in the GGA group than in the control group. Electron microscopy findings revealed that the ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage of myocardial cells was prevented in GGA-treated myocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that oral GGA is cardioprotective against ischemic insult through its induction of HSP72.

Purification and characterization of an acid amidase selective for N-palmitoylethanolamine, a putative endogenous anti-inflammatory substance

N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) is cannabimimetic, and N-palmitoylethanolamine is anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. We found an amidase that is more active with the latter than the former in contrast to the previously known anandamide amidohydrolase for which N-palmitoylethanolamine is a poor substrate. Proteins solubilized by freezing and thawing from the 12,000 x g pellet of various rat organs hydrolyzed [(14)C]N-palmitoylethanolamine to palmitic acid and ethanolamine. The specific enzyme activity was higher in the order of lung > spleen > small intestine > thymus > cecum, and high activity was found in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages. The enzyme with a molecular mass of 31 kDa was purified from rat lung to a specific activity of 1.8 micromol/min/mg protein. Relative reactivities of the enzyme with various N-acylethanolamines (100 microm) were as follows: N-palmitoylethanolamine, 100%; N-myristoylethanolamine, 48%; N-stearoylethanolamine, 21%; N-oleoylethanolamine, 20%; N-linoleoylethanolamine, 13%; anandamide, 8%. The enzyme was the most active at pH 5 and was activated 7-fold by Triton X-100. The enzyme was almost insensitive to methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, which inhibited anandamide amidohydrolase potently. Thus, the new enzyme referred to as N-palmitoylethanolamine hydrolase was clearly distinguishable from anandamide amidohydrolase.

Oral exposure of dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, in mice leads to an increase in 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine level, specifically in the target organs for arsenic carcinogenesis

We have proposed that oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), a metabolite of inorganic arsenics in mammals, rather than inorganic arsenics themselves, promotes lung and skin tumors by way of the metabolic production of free radicals such as dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH(3))(2)AsOO*]. The purpose of the present study was to examine if dimethylarsenic has the ability to induce oxidative damage. 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was used as a biomarker of DNA oxidation. The oral administration of DMA enhanced significantly the amounts of 8-oxodG specifically in the target organs (skin, lung, liver, and urinary bladder) of arsenic carcinogenesis and also in urine, whereas arsenite did not. The dimethylarsenics thus may play an important role in arsenic carcinogenesis through the induction of oxidative damage, particularly of base oxidation.

A 3.2-French cerebral diagnostic catheter for all ages: technical note

We report our experience with a 3.2F cerebral diagnostic catheter system. Thirty patients (aged 6 months to 76 years) had undergone cerebral angiography. All targeted brachiocephalic vessels were catheterized except for one artery (98.9% success rate). The image quality obtained with the 3.2F catheter was judged to be comparable with that using the 4F catheter in all cases. This catheter system could be used for cerebral angiography as the standard for patients of all ages.

Psychrophilic valine dehydrogenase of the antarctic psychrophile, Cytophaga sp. KUC-1: purification, molecular characterization and expression

We found the occurrence of valine dehydrogenase in the cell extract of a psychrophilic bacterium, Cytophaga sp. KUC-1, isolated from Antarctic seawater and purified the enzyme to homogeneity. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be approximately 154 kDa by gel filtration and that of the subunit was 43 kDa by SDS/PAGE: the enzyme was a homotetramer. The enzyme required NAD+ as a coenzyme, and catalyzed the oxidative deamination of L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine and the reductive amination of alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-ketovalerate, alpha-ketoisocaproate, and alpha-ketocaproate. The reaction proceeds through an iso-ordered bi-bi mechanism. The enzyme was highly susceptible to heat treatment and the half-life at 45 degrees C was estimated to be 2.4 min. The kcat/Km (micro(-1).s(-1)) values for L-valine and NAD+ at 20 degrees C were 27.48 and 421.6, respectively. The enzyme showed pro-S stereospecificity for hydrogen transfer at the C4 position of the nicotinamide moiety of coenzyme. The gene encoding valine dehydrogenase was cloned into Escherichia coli (Novablue), and the primary structure of the enzyme was deduced on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the enzyme. The enzyme contains 370 amino-acid residues, and is highly homologous with S. coelicolor ValDH (identity, 46.7%) and S. fradiae ValDH (43.1%). Cytophaga sp. KUC-1 ValDH contains much lower numbers of proline and arginine residues than those of other ValDHs. The changes probably lead to an increase in conformational flexibility of the Cytophaga enzyme molecule to enhance the catalytic activity at low temperatures.

Tracer accumulation in radiation necrosis of the brain after thallium-201 SPECT and [11C]methionine PET--case report

A 69-year-old woman was treated by local irradiation for a malignant lymphoma of the left parotid gland. Three years after the radiation therapy, magnetic resonance imaging revealed heterogeneously enhanced masses in the left temporal lobe and left cerebellum. Thallium-201 chloride single photon emission computed tomography (Tl-SPECT) revealed high uptake and [11C]methionine positron emission tomography (Met-PET) revealed moderate uptake in both masses. Stereotactic biopsy was performed. The histological diagnosis was radiation necrosis. She was treated with steroids. Neurosurgeons should be aware of the difficulty in differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis even with Tl-SPECT and Met-PET, and the importance of obtaining a histological diagnosis for radiation necrosis.

[Nationwide sensitivity surveillance of various antibiotic activities against bacteria isolated from patients with severe infections]

The susceptibility of 3,058 bacterial strains isolated between January and March, 1997 from patients with severe infections in Japan to ciprofloxacin and other injectable antimicrobial agents was measured using broth microdilution method. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were generally sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and arbekacin, and resistant to CPFX and other antibacterial agents. MIC90 of CPFX against Streptococcus pneumoniae, to which MIC of ampicillin was more than 4 micrograms/mL, was below 2 micrograms/mL. PRSP (Penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae), which was also resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems, showed no cross-resistance to CPFX. The susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to CPFX was as high as that to carbapenems. Especially, MIC90 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 2 micrograms/mL. 3 strains of isolated 446 P. aeruginosa strains had blaIMP gene. CPFX and pazufloxacin demonstrated good susceptibility with 0.25 microgram/mL of MIC to 2 strains of these 3 strains. The susceptibility rate of the most common isolates from patients suffering from lower respiratory tract infections excluding MRSA to CPFX was more than 80% (indication: % strains < pneumonia break point).

Effect of long-term bedrest on lower leg muscle activation patterns during quiet standing

It has been well known that balance instabilities after long-term exposure to microgravity (e.g., Anderson et al. 1986) or bedrest (BR) can be related to alterations and/or adaptations to postural control strategies. Little is known, however, how the reduced muscular activity affects the activation pattern of the lower limb muscles during quiet standing (QS). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not any changes in the lower limb muscle activation patterns during QS would occur after BR.

[Assessment of left internal thoracic artery graft by exercise Doppler echocardiography]

Doppler echocardiography has several advantages such as frequent use, noninvasive approach, and physiological evaluation. Supine bicycle exercise testing was conducted for 30 patients undergoing CABG with LITA to LAD. Doppler echocardiography studies were performed before and after exercise to observe the change. On the basis of the angiographic data, patients were divided into two groups: 27 patients with a patent LITA graft, 3 patients with mildly stenosed LITA graft. In the patients who had patent grafts, diastolic flow velocity were increased higher than systolic after exercise. In the stenotic group, the flow pattern was changed to further systolic one. Doppler echocardiography during exercise is thought to be a reliable method to assess the LITA flow.

Multiple thymoma with myotonic dystrophy

A case of multiple thymoma associated with myotonic dystrophy is reported. The patient was a 42-year-old man who had two separate encapsulated thymoma in the anterior mediastinum, at 3 cm in diameter on the right side, and at 4 cm in diameter on the left. Extended thymo-thymomectomy was performed. Microscopically, the tumor in the right thymic lobe was predominantly mixed type, and that in the left predominantly epithelial type. Neuromuscular disease appeared to develop, with severe sputum retention in the larynx and he was referred to neurology at 6 months after surgery. On examination, he presented a characteristic hatchet face, muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, percussion myotonia and grip myotonia, and diagnosis was revised to be multiple thymoma associated with myotonic dystrophy. This association is extremely rare. It is difficult to clarify whether this association was a syndrome or coincidence.

Antibacterial activity of 4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopentan-1-one (DHCP) and cloning of a gene conferring DHCP resistance in Escherichia coli

In the present study we report that 4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopentan-1-one (DHCP), which is derived from heat-treatment of uronic acid or its derivatives, has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The compound causes complete growth inhibition at 350 microM concentration. We have cloned a gene from E. coli, which confers DHCP resistance when present in multicopy. The putative protein encoded by this gene (dep- DHCP efflux protein) is a transmembrane efflux protein with a high homology to other antibiotic-efflux proteins including those for chloramphenicol, bicyclomycin and tetracycline. However, the Dep protein does not confer cross-resistance to any of the antibiotics tested.

[Treatment for brain metastasis from lung cancer in the era of radiosurgery]

OBJECTIVE

The treatment for brain metastasis has undergone remarkable changes since the development of radiosurgery. We investigated the results of treatment for brain metastasis from lung cancer since the initiation of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and we discuss the usefulness of GKRS combined with other treatments in cases with recurrence.

METHODS

We treated 142 patients with brain metastasis from lung cancer. Sixteen patients were treated surgically, 11 patients were treated with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and 115 patients were treated with GKRS. Our treatment plan is to use GKRS in cases with less than 5 lesions and lesions less than 3 cm in mean diameter. We use WBRT in cases with 5 or more lesions, and surgery in cases with lesions 3 cm or larger. If new lesions or tumor regrowth appeared after the initial treatment, we retreated them with one of the methods mentioned above.

RESULTS

Twice or three-time treatments were performed in 30 patients. Median survival including all cases was 10 months and the number of deaths due to local treatment failure was only 5 (6.5%) out of the total 77 deaths which occurred.

CONCLUSION

We were able to carry out less invasive treatment for brain metastasis from lung cancer by utilizing GKRS. Though we have to consider the indications for other treatments, we can say that radiosurgery is usually the treatment of first choice for brain metastasis from lung cancer. When new lesions appear in cases where a particular initial treatment was used, it is possible to maintain or improve the quality of life by retreatment, using a combination of GKRS, surgery or WBRT, to prolong the patient's life.

SECRETED TYPE OF MODIFIED INTERLEUKIN-18 GENE TRANSDUCED INTO MOUSE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA CELLS INDUCES SYSTEMIC TUMOR IMMUNITY

PURPOSE

Interleukin (IL)-18 is a novel cytokine that has been identified as a strong interferon-gamma inducer. IL-18 has bioactivity similar to that of IL-12 and demonstrates antitumor effects. Since IL-18 does not have a signal sequence, we constructed the gene, consisting of the signal sequences of interferon-beta and mature IL-18 complementary (c) DNA. The modified gene was subsequently transduced into a mouse renal cell carcinoma cell line to induce IL-18 secretion from tumor cells to establish whether this IL-18 secreting tumor cell line may induce systemic tumor immunity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Modified IL-18 cDNA consisting of the signal sequences of interferon-beta and mature type of IL-18 cDNA was constructed by the overlap extension method. The modified and original IL-18 cDNA was transduced into the RenCa mouse renal cell carcinoma cell line. Expression of IL-18 messenger RNA and concentration of IL-18 in the culture supernatant were determined. Direct antitumor and tumor vaccine effects were investigated in syngeneic Balb/c mice. To determine the mechanism of the antitumor effect immunodeficient mice were challenged with IL-18 secreting RenCa cells.

RESULTS

Although the modified and original IL-18 genes transduced RenCa showed almost the same level of IL-18 messenger RNA expression, only RenCa cells transduced with modified IL-18 gene secreted IL-18 into the culture supernatant and were completely rejected when transplanted into syngeneic mice. T lymphocytes were involved in this antitumor effect. Moreover, the modified IL-18 transduced RenCa induced tumor vaccine effect against parental RenCa cells injected at a distant site.

CONCLUSIONS

Immune gene therapy using modified IL-18 cDNA appears to be effective and IL-18 secreting cancer cells may be a candidate for tumor vaccine therapy.

Production of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor by human amniotic membranes and regulation of its concentration in amniotic fluid

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a potent inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase. SLPI is a protein found in various human fluids, including parotid secretions, cervical mucus, seminal plasma and ascites. Western blot analysis revealed that SLPI protein is detected as a 12 kDa band in both the amniotic fluid and the amniotic membrane. The amniotic fluid concentrations of SLPI were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SLPI concentrations in the amniotic fluid of women in the third trimester were higher than those in the second trimester. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-SLPI polyclonal antibody revealed positive staining in epithelial cells in amniotic membranes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that SLPI transcripts could be detected in the amniotic membranes. To determine the mechanism of SLPI production by amniotic cells, purified amniotic cells were stimulated with various cytokines. Amniotic cells produced SLPI in a dose-dependent manner when stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. The present findings show that SLPI is produced by the amniotic membranes in response to cytokine concentrations. The SLPI in the amniotic fluid may contribute to immunodefence mechanisms during pregnancy.

Marked activation of the N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase by divalent cations

N-Acylethanolamines including anandamide (an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors) are released from N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-acyl-PE) by the catalysis of a phosphodiesterase of the phospholipase D type. The enzyme was solubilized from the particulate fractions of rat heart with the aid of octyl glucoside, and partially purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme hydrolyzed N-palmitoyl-PE with a specific activity of 17 nmol/min/mg protein at 37 degrees C. The enzyme activity increased dramatically up to 30-fold by millimolar order of Ca(2+). Ca(2+) could be replaced with other divalent cations such as Co(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ba(2+), Sr(2+) and Ni(2+). The hydrolysis of N-arachidonoyl-PE (a precursor of anandamide) was also markedly stimulated by Ca(2+).

Selective mRNA degradation by polynucleotide phosphorylase in cold shock adaptation in Escherichia coli

Upon cold shock, Escherichia coli cell growth transiently stops. During this acclimation phase, specific cold shock proteins (CSPs) are highly induced. At the end of the acclimation phase, their synthesis is reduced to new basal levels, while the non-cold shock protein synthesis is resumed, resulting in cell growth reinitiation. Here, we report that polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is required to repress CSP production at the end of the acclimation phase. A pnp mutant, upon cold shock, maintained a high level of CSPs even after 24 h. PNPase was found to be essential for selective degradation of CSP mRNAs at 15 degrees C. In a poly(A) polymerase mutant and a CsdA RNA helicase mutant, CSP expression upon cold shock was significantly prolonged, indicating that PNPase in concert with poly(A) polymerase and CsdA RNA helicase plays a critical role in cold shock adaptation.

Oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenic, in mice promotes skin tumorigenesis initiated by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene with or without ultraviolet B as a promoter

Concerning arsenic-induced tumorigenesis, an animal model must be developed for understanding the mechanism of human carcinogenesis by arsenics. To determine whether orally administered dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) promotes and causes the progression of skin tumorigenesis, an animal protocol by topical application of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) with or without UVB, a tumor promoter, in hairless mice was used. The administration of DMA by the oral route promoted not only the formation of papillomas induced by DMBA alone but also the formation of malignant tumors induced by way of the formation of atypical keratoses by treatment with DMBA and UVB. A phenomenon, the progression of keratoses-->atypical keratoses-->squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), observed in the present study may resemble the development of tumors in arsenic-exposed humans. We also discussed the involvement of a reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., the dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH3)2AsOO.], produced during the metabolic processing of DMA, in skin and in multi-organ tumorigenesis.

Induction of apoptosis and necrosis by zinc in human thyroid cancer cell lines

Zinc at concentrations of 150, microM or higher induced necrosis as well as apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines. Necrosis was induced by zinc in a dose-dependent manner, whereas apoptosis did not increase at higher concentrations of zinc. The expression of the antiapoptotic protein phosphorylated Bad was markedly increased, whereas the expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bad decreased following Zn(2+) exposure. Zn(2+) induced rapid degradation of IkappaB, and an increase in the binding of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). These observations indicate that antiapoptotic pathways were activated in thyroid cancer cells following exposure to Zn(2+). This may be a self-defence mechanism against apoptosis and may underlie the general resistance of thyroid cancer cells to apoptotic stimuli. Zinc may be a potential cytotoxic agent for the treatment of thyroid cancer.

[A nutritional investigation of homeless patients with tuberculosis]

A retrospective case-control study was performed with TB patients who were admitted to our hospital over the two years from Jan. 1997 to Dec. 1998 and healthy men who underwent a health screening in April 2000 in the same hospital. Thirty-two non-homeless TB patients (the first control group) and 32 healthy men (the second control group) were matched with 32 homeless TB patients according to age. All 3 groups were male. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level and lymphocyte count on admission were significantly lower in the homeless patients than in the non-homeless patients and healthy men. Albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level, white blood cell count and lymphocyte count on admission were significantly lower in non-homeless patients than healthy men. Height, weight and body mass index were significantly lower in the homeless patients than in the healthy men. However, there were no significant differences in these body characteristics between the homeless and non-homeless patients. Twenty-five percent of homeless patients died during hospitalization, compared with 6.3 percent of non-homeless patients. Lymphocyte counts among homeless patients who died during hospitalization were significantly lower than among those who survived during hospitalization. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level and weight were lower in patients who died than in those who survived, although the differences were statistically not significant.

Induction of CspA, an E. coli major cold-shock protein, upon nutritional upshift at 37 degrees C

BACKGROUND

The synthesis of CspA, the major cold-shock protein of Escherichia coli, is dramatically induced upon cold shock. It was recently reported that there is massive presence of CspA under nonstress conditions, and it is thus claimed that CspA as the cold-shock protein is a misnomer.

RESULTS

Here, we re-examined and confirmed that CspA is induced upon culture dilution at 37 degrees C. However, its induction level is one-sixth of the cold-shock-induced level, clearly indicating that the major stress that induces CspA is cold shock. It was further found that CspA induction can be achieved not only by culture dilution but also by the simple addition of nutrients, and that it was almost completely abolished in the presence of rifampicin or nalidixic acid. Nutritional upshift causes the induction of only CspA but not other cold-shock-inducible CspA homologues. The amount of cspA mRNA rapidly and transiently increased by culture dilution, but its stability was not significantly changed.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that CspA is a nutritional-upshift stress protein as well as a cold-shock stress protein, and that CspA induction following nutritional upshift may be due to transcriptional activation.

Induction of autoimmune hypothyroidism and subsequent hyperthyroidism by TSH receptor antibodies following subacute thyroiditis: a case report

A 45 year-old man had a typical episode of subacute thyroiditis with tender goiter, depressed radioiodine uptake (RAIU) and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The titer of TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII), which had been 8.6% at initial presentation, rose to 14.9% in 2 weeks. TBII consisted of high titers (94%) of TSH stimulation-blocking antibodies (TBAb) and negative thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb). About 2 months after the first visit, TBII titers had risen to 48.9% and were persistently elevated for 5 months with high TBAb activity. The patient developed hypothyroidism with a maximum serum TSH level of 54.5 microU/ml. TBII and TBAb titers then gradually decreased, and the patient spontaneously recovered from hypothyroidism. Eighteen months after the episode of subacute thyroiditis, he became hyperthyroid with elevated TSAb and negative TBAb values. Doppler ultrasonography showed increased blood flow in the thyroid, and RAIU at 24 h was 53%. He was treated with antithyroid drugs, and soon became euthyroid. This case indicates that subacute thyroiditis can induce thyroid autoimmunity, and that the character of TSH receptor antibodies (TSHRAb) in these patients can change thereby modifying their thyroid function.

Left ventricular aneurysm repair in rats: structural, functional, and molecular consequences

OBJECTIVES

This study examined the effects of aneurysm repair in a rat model of myocardial infarction on functional indices and on the spatiotemporal distribution of cardiac contractile protein and natriuretic peptide messenger RNA.

METHODS

In a rat infarct model, expanded left ventricular aneurysms were plicated 4 weeks after infarction. At 30 weeks, transverse heart sections were taken at 4 levels (apex [level 1] through base [level 4]) and assessed by in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine regional messenger RNA levels of pre-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, cardiac alpha-actin, skeletal alpha-actin, myosin light chain-2v, and beta-myosin heavy chain.

RESULTS

Rats with plicated left ventricular aneurysms had reduced left ventricular endocardial circumference (19%, P <.005), lower heart weight ratio (31%, P <.05), left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (51%, P <.05), and increased +/-dP/dt (34%-38%, P <.05). Cardiac messenger RNA levels of pre-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide were reduced in the septum (levels 2 and 3), and skeletal alpha-actin levels were reduced in the septum and left ventricular free wall of plicated rats (level 3). beta-Myosin heavy chain levels were markedly reduced in peri-infarct regions of the left ventricular free wall, septum, and right ventricle in plicated rats at level 4, whereas myosin light chain-2v levels were reduced at levels 2 and 4 in the left ventricular free wall and at level 4 in the right ventricle.

CONCLUSIONS

Plication of left ventricular aneurysm after infarction in the rat significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy, improved cardiac function, and reduced the upregulation of pre-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and both fetal and adult contractile protein isoforms associated with cardiac hypertrophy.

Does craniopharyngioma metastasize? Case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE

A rare case of recurrent craniopharyngioma at an ectopic location is described. This recurrence suggested cerebrospinal fluid seeding.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 65-year-old man presented for follow-up of persisting visual field defect. He had undergone total resection of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma via a subfrontal approach 3 years before presentation. Recent magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed a contrast-enhancing tumor with cystic and solid components at the right temporal lobe. The primary tumor bed was intact.

INTERVENTION

A temporal craniotomy was performed for total resection of the tumor. Intraoperative findings revealed that the recurrent tumor was anatomically unrelated to the previous surgical track. Histological studies of the tumor specimen demonstrated a benign craniopharyngioma. Cerebrospinal fluid spreading was suspected to be the sole route for the recurrence.

CONCLUSION

The case presented here and a review of reports on remote recurrence of craniopharyngioma suggest that care is required during intraoperative handling of the tumor and that long-term follow-up should be performed even in patients whose primary tumor was resected completely.

CspD, a novel DNA replication inhibitor induced during the stationary phase in Escherichia coli

CspD is a stationary phase-induced, stress response protein in the CspA family of Escherichia coli. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of CspD is lethal, with the cells displaying a morphology typical of cells with impaired DNA replication. CspD consists mainly of beta-strands, and the purified protein exists exclusively as a dimer and binds to single-stranded (ss)DNA and RNA in a dose-dependent manner without apparent sequence specificity. CsdD effectively inhibits both the initiation and the elongation steps of minichromosome replication in vitro. Electron microscopic studies revealed that CspD tightly packs ssDNA, resulting in structures distinctly different from those of SSB-coated DNA. We propose that CspD dimers, with two independent beta-sheets interacting with ssDNA, function as a novel inhibitor of DNA replication and play a regulatory role in chromosomal replication in nutrient-depleted cells.

Centrifuge polarizing microscope. I. Rationale, design and instrument performance

We first describe early uses of the centrifuge for deciphering physical properties and molecular organization within living cells, as well as the development and use of centrifuge microscopes for such studies. The rationale for developing a centrifuge microscope that allows high-extinction polarized light microscopy to observe dynamic fine structures in living cells is next discussed. We then describe a centrifuge polarizing microscope (CPM) that we developed for observing fine structural changes in living cells which are being exposed to up to approximately 11 500 times earth's gravitational field (g). With the specimen housed in a rotor supported on an air spindle motor, and imaged through an external microscope illuminated by a precisely synchronized flash of less than 10 ns duration from a Nd:YAG laser, the image of the spinning object remains steady up to the maximum speed of 11 700 rev min-1, or up to approximately 11 500 x g. The image is captured, at up to 25 frames s-1, by an interference-fringe-free CCD camera that is synchronized to the centrifuge rotor. At all speeds (in 100 rev min-1 increments), the image is resolved to better than 1 microm, while birefringence of the specimen, housed in a specially designed specimen chamber that suffers low-stress birefringence and prevents leakage of the physiological solutions, is detected with a retardance sensitivity of better than 1 nm. Differential interference contrast and fluorescence images (532 nm excitation) of the spinning specimen can also be generated with the CPM. The second part of this study (Inoué et al., J. Microsc. 201 (2001) 357-367, describes several biological applications of the CPM that we have explored. Individual live cells, such as oocytes and blood cells, are supported on a sucrose or Percoll density gradient while other cells, such as cultured fibroblasts and Dictyostelium amoebae, are observed crawling on glass surfaces. Observations of these cells exposed to the high G fields (centripetal acceleration/g) in the CPM are yielding many new results that lead to intriguing questions regarding the organization and function of fine structures in living cells and related quasi-fluid systems.

Biomechanical evaluation of foot pressure and loading force during gait in rheumatoid arthritic patients with and without foot orthosis

Foot orthoses are commonly used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to support the foot and relieve pain, however little is known about the biomechanical effects of in-shoe foot orthoses in reducing or redistributing high pressures and loading forces. The purpose of this study was to compare the foot pressures and loading forces during gait in rheumatoid arthritic patients and healthy subjects, and evaluate the biomechanical effects of the foot orthoses in the RA patients. Twelve female RA patients with foot pain in walking, all Steinbrocker class II, and 8 healthy women without foot pain were matched for age. Foot pressures and loading forces with and without orthoses were measured using the F-Scan program. The pressure distributions and loading forces were standardized by the body weight and compared, and the effects of the foot orthoses were evaluated. The foot orthoses of RA patients provided higher pressure reduction than those of the control group (3.00 +/- 0.38 g/cm2/BW and 3.29 +/- 0.29 g/cm2/BW respectively, p < 0.001). Similar redistribution of plantar pressures and loading forces were found between two groups but the RA patients had a greater change at the stance phase of gait (p < 0.0001). The foot orthosis produces greater pressure and loading force relief and redistribution in RA patients than in normal subjects.

Hemifacial spasm due to cerebellopontine angle meningiomas--two case reports

A 54-year-old female and a 49-year-old female presented with complaints of hemifacial spasm. Both patients underwent surgery to remove cerebellopontine angle meningiomas. In one case, no vascular compression was observed at the root exit zone. The tumor was removed subtotally leaving residual tumor adhered to the lower cranial nerves. The hemifacial spasm disappeared immediately after the operation. The residual tumor was treated using gamma knife radiosurgery. In the other case, the root exit zone of the facial nerve was compressed by both the tumor and anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the tumor was removed totally. Postoperatively, the hemifacial spasm disappeared, but the patient suffered facial nerve paresis and deafness that was probably due to intraoperative manipulation. However, the facial nerve paresis gradually improved. Cerebellopontine angle meningioma with hemifacial spasm must be treated by surgical resection limited to preserve cranial nerve function. Subtotal removal with subsequent radiosurgery to treat the remaining tumor tissue is one option for the treatment of cerebellopontine angle meningioma.

Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the Sertoli cells of men with infertility of various causes

OBJECTIVE

To investigate how endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) expression in the seminiferous tubules might be related to spermatogenesis, by examining eNOS expression in testicular tissue of patients infertile from various causes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included five fertile men with a normal sperm concentration, nine patients with obstructive azoospermia, 20 with varicocele testes and eight with idiopathic azoospermia (Sertoli cell-only syndrome). Testicular biopsy specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry for eNOS protein expression, in addition to a routine pathological assessment. eNOS protein was detected using an eNOS monoclonal antibody. A Sertoli cell staining index (SSI) was defined as the ratio of stained Sertoli cells per total number of Sertoli cells, and was compared among the groups.

RESULTS

eNOS was localized to Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells in the interstium; although some degenerating germ cells stained, normal germ cells did not. The SSI was significantly lower in patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome than in either fertile men or patients with obstructive azoospermia or varicocele. However, the SSI did not correlate significantly with the Johnsen score.

CONCLUSION

The expression of eNOS in Sertoli cells may depend on the existence of germ cells and be associated with germ cell development.

[A case of bilateral coronal craniosynostosis with the P250R mutation in FGFR3 gene]

Recently, the substitution of proline 250 by arginine in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, has been identified in patients with craniosynostosis and defines a new syndrome on a molecular basis. We report a 1-year-1-month-old female with bilateral coronal craniosynostosis who had the P250R mutation in FGFR3 gene detected by DNA sequencing. She had brachycephaly, temporal bossing, high and flat forehead, hypertelorism, mild proptosis, low set ears and no digital abnormalities. She underwent surgical repair at 7 months and her cosmetic problems were improved. Her development was normal up to 13 months of age. DNA analysis from her parents showed that her father had the same mutation. The phenotypes of the P250R mutation in the FGFR3 syndrome are variable even within the same family, but main characteristic clinical features are follows, 1) lateral or bilateral coronal craniosynostosis, 2) mild hand and foot anomalies, and 3) sensory deafness. In FGFR3 syndrome the diagnosis of P250R mutation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is very easy and important for early diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Multicenter cooperative study of HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract The relation between HLA class II alleles and clinical findings were examined in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In 284 patients with multicenter SLE, HLA class II alleles were examined using the DNA typing method, and the results were compared with the clinical findings. The frequency of DRB1*0101 and DQB1*0501 significantly increased in male patients, and that of DRB1*0803 significantly increased in patients over 50 years of age. In relation to cutaneous manifestations, there were positive photosensitivity associations with DQA1*0101 and/or DQA1*0301, malar rash with DQA1*0101 and/or DRB1*0901, alopecia with DQA1*0101, skin ulcers with DRB1*0401, and oral ulcers with DQA1*0301. In addition, there were also positive associations of myalgia with DRB1*1406 and negative associations of aseptic bone necrosis with DQA1*0601, and hepatomegaly with DRB1*0405 and/or DQA1*0401. In relation to laboratory findings, there were positive associations of hemolytic anemia with DRB1*1402 and negative associations of leukopenia with DQA1*0601, lymphopenia with DQA1*0301, and proteinuria with DRB1*0901. Interestingly, DQA1*0101 and/or DQB1*0501 were significantly associated with WHO classification type II rather than type IV. In patients with SLE, some HLA types related to clinical or laboratory findings.

Characterization of GTPase activity of TrmE, a member of a novel GTPase superfamily, from Thermotoga maritima

A gene encoding a putative GTP-binding protein, a TrmE homologue that is highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, was cloned from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium. T. maritima TrmE was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. TrmE has a GTPase activity but no ATPase activity. The GTPase activity can be competed with GTP, GDP, and dGTP but not with GMP, ATP, CTP, or UTP. K(m) and k(cat) at 70 degrees C were 833 microM and 9.3 min(-1), respectively. Our results indicate that TrmE is a GTP-binding protein with a very high intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate. We also propose that TrmE homologues constitute a novel subfamily of the GTPase superfamily.

A novel antireflux uretero-ileal anastomosis for urinary diversion: an experimental study

OBJECTIVES

To assess a new antireflux valve technique in a dog model of urinary diversion, and thus provide a reliable and easily constructed antireflux system for an ileal reservoir.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In five female beagle dogs, 3 cm of ileum were intussuscepted into the reservoir formed using the adjacent 10 cm of ileum. The intussuscepted ileum was sutured to the reservoir wall after stripping the mucosa of the reservoir in a trapezoidal zone opposite the similarly stripped mucosa of the intussuscepted ileum, to avoid dessusception. After the distal 4 cm of the ureters was united and pulled through the intussuscepted segment of ileum, the combined distal ureter was sutured to the labial edge of the intussuscepted segment. Finally, the reservoir was anastomosed to the bladder as an enterocystoplasty. Dogs were evaluated by ascending cystography and intravenous pyelography at 1 and 6 months. The valve and upper urinary tract were evaluated histopathologically at 6 months.

RESULTS

In all dogs the antireflux system remained intact and prevented reflux. The intussuscepted ileum was firmly attached to the reservoir wall and the submucosa of each segment was united. The upper urinary tract was normal with no ureteric stenosis. Histopathologically, the ureter was surrounded by intact ileal serosa and showed no inflammation or scarring.

CONCLUSIONS

The very short ileal segment required and the firm attachment of the constructed valve to the reservoir were the advantages of this practical and reliable new antireflux system.

Severe disseminated BCG infection in an 8-year-old girl

An 8-year-old girl died of sepsis due to staphylococcal infection one year and 8 months after Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) revaccination. Two months after the vaccination in accordance with the school health program, she was hospitalized with a high fever, skin rash over the face and lower limbs, and leukopenia. Her clinical and laboratory pictures were not compatible with those of any established type of immunodeficiency. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for M. tuberculosis complex was positive for bone marrow, pleural fluid, and peripheral blood. The strain recovered from a mycobacterial culture of the blood was identical to the BCG strains with which the patient was vaccinated, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and a pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses of DNA. She developed finally a lung abscess due to staphylococcal septicemia, which was the direct cause of her death.

Clinical significance of major and minor bcr/abl chimeric transcripts in essential thrombocythemia

BACKGROUND

Contradictory results have been reported in terms of detecting bcr/abl transcripts in patients with essential thrombocythemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the bcr/abl transcript could be found in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET).

METHODS

The bcr/abl transcript was amplified by the RT-nested PCR method using RNA extract from leukocytes taken from 14 essential thrombocythemia patients. The amplified DNAs were electrophoresed in 1% agarose and visualized with ethidium bromide. The DNA bands associated with the bcr/abl transcript were then extracted and followed by DNA sequence analysis.

RESULTS

Major bcr/abl transcripts of the b3a2 type and minor ones of the e1a2 type were found in one and two ET patients, respectively. The incidence of bcr/abl transcripts was 21.4% (three of 14 patients).

CONCLUSION

Our experiments confirmed that bcr/abl transcripts are present in some patients with essential thrombocythemia.

Acquisition of double-stranded DNA-binding ability in a hybrid protein between Escherichia coli CspA and the cold shock domain of human YB-1

Escherichia coli CspA, a major cold shock protein, is dramatically induced upon temperature downshift. As it binds co-operatively to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA without apparent sequence specificity, it has been proposed that CspA acts as an RNA chaperone to facilitate transcription and translation at low temperature. CspA consists of a five-stranded beta-barrel structure containing two RNA-binding motifs, RNP1 and RNP2. Eukaryotic Y-box proteins, such as human YB-1, are a family of nucleic acid-binding proteins that share a region of high homology with CspA (43% identity), termed the cold shock domain (CSD). Their cellular functions are very diverse and are associated with growth-related processes. Here, we replaced the six-residue loop region of CspA between the beta3 and beta4 strands with the corresponding region of the CSD of human YB-1 protein. The resulting hybrid protein became capable of binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in addition to ssDNA and RNA. The dsDNA-binding ability of an RNP1 point mutant (F20L) of the hybrid was almost unchanged. On the other hand, the dsDNA-binding ability of the hybrid protein was abolished in high salt concentrations in contrast to its ssDNA-binding ability. These results indicate that the loop region between the beta3 and beta4 strands of Y-box proteins, which is a little longer and more basic than that of CspA, plays an important role in their binding to dsDNA.

[The limitations of three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA) in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms]

OBJECT

The purpose of this study is to show some limitations of 3D-CTA to diagnose cerebral aneurysms.

METHODS

Sixteen saccular aneurysms less than 10 mm in diameter were included. Large and complicated aneurysms were excluded.

RESULTS

Although information about perforating arteries from the posterior cerebral artery is very important for surgery of basilar bifurcation aneurysms, 3D-CTA could not delineate the perforating arteries. A small posterior communicating artery (Pcom.A.) was not detected, and it was very difficult to differentiate infundibular dilatation of the Pcom. A. from an aneurysm. A small aneurysm of the distal middle cerebral artery could not be detected. Flow direction can not be determined by 3D-CTA, and nor could the side of the neck of the anterior communicating artery aneurysm be determined. Fenestration of the anterior communicating artery and the origin of the triple anterior cerebral artery were both misdiagnosed as anterior communicating artery aneurysms.

CONCLUSION

It is premature to consider 3D-CTA as a replacement for conventional angiography.

[Dural arteriovenous fistulae in the anterior cranial fossa--report of three cases]

Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF's) in the anterior cranial fossa are uncommon. We encountered three patients with DAVF's in the anterior cranial fossa and reviewed the pertinent literature with regard to the etiology. All patients are middle-aged males. Two of three patients had massive intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoidal hemorrhage in one and subdural hemorrhage in the other. One patient had a ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm and DAVF at the anterior cranial fossa was detected only incidentally. Angiographically, blood supplies were from the bilateral enlarged anterior ethmoidal arteries. These drained into the superior sagittal sinus via dilated frontal cortical veins. In all the patients, coagulation of the fistulous connections was carried out and the postoperative courses were uneventful. Angiographies revealed complete disappearance of the DAVF's. In conclusion, compared to cases of DAVF's in the other locations, DAVF's of the anterior cranial fossa are more likely to be brought on by sudden massive intracranial hemorrhage, and should be treated, even if asymptomatic, at the time of diagnosis. Surgical obliteration of the fistulous connection is sufficient treatment for DAVF in the anterior cranial fossa. Literature review strongly suggests that DAVF's involving the anterior cranial fossa are acquired lesions.

Radiographic studies of the wrist and elbow in cerebral palsy

We retrospectively studied and evaluated radiographs of the bilateral wrists and elbows in 96 patients with cerebral palsy. There were 55 patients (57.3%) with athetospastic quadriplegia, 30 (31.3%) with spastic diplegia, and 11 (11.4%) with spastic hemiplegia. Plain antero-posterior and lateral roentgenograms were taken of both wrists and both elbows. Overall negative ulnar variance was seen in 18.2% of wrists, and, the variance was highest in athetospastic quadriplegia. We could not find any case of Kienböck's disease. The radiolunate angle was negative in the wrists of those with athetospastic quadriplegia. Scapholunate dissociation was found in 2 wrists (1%). Four dislocations of the radial head were found in 2 patients (2%). The humero-radial distance and humero-ulnar distance were both narrowed. The formation of osteophytes was mainly found in the humero-ulnar joint, especially in those with athetospastic quadriplegia.