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Klamor S, Schröder M, Brunklaus G, Niehoff P, Berkemeier F, Schappacher FM, Winter M. On the interaction of water-soluble binders and nano silicon particles: alternative binder towards increased cycling stability at elevated temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5632-41. [PMID: 25623421 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon based composites are among the most promising negative electrodes for lithium ion battery applications due to their high theoretical capacities. One major drawback of silicon based anodes are their large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation. Although many efforts have been made in view of new binder materials and improved electrolytes, the resulting battery cell suffers from severe capacity fading at ambient or elevated temperatures, respectively. The strong reactivity with the electrolyte is considered to be responsible for the reduced cycle life at elevated temperatures. In this work we introduce silicon composite anodes with a novel composition based on a gellan gum binder material that show an improved cycling performance at ambient temperature and at 60 °C. To elucidate the influence of the binder material, we investigated the structure of the silicon based composite anodes in order to understand the nature of the interaction of the gellan gum based binder polymers with the silicon particles in comparison with a common CMC binder. Also the influence of the choice of binder on the interactions at the interface between electrode surface and electrolyte were studied. A combination of powerful techniques including solid state NMR, TEM and EELS, XPS as well as FTIR were applied.
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Klamor S, Zick K, Oerther T, Schappacher FM, Winter M, Brunklaus G. 7Li in situ 1D NMR imaging of a lithium ion battery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4458-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of charge carriers in lithium ion batteries during current flow is of fundamental interest for a detailed understanding of transport properties and the development of strategies for future improvements of the electrolyte–electrode interface behaviour.
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Böttcher T, Duda B, Kalinovich N, Kazakova O, Ponomarenko M, Vlasov K, Winter M, Röschenthaler GV. Syntheses of novel delocalized cations and fluorinated anions, new fluorinated solvents and additives for lithium ion batteries. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vogl US, Das PK, Weber AZ, Winter M, Kostecki R, Lux SF. Mechanism of interactions between CMC binder and Si single crystal facets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10299-10307. [PMID: 25109709 DOI: 10.1021/la501791q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the active material particles with the binder are crucial in tailoring the properties of composite electrodes used in lithium-ion batteries. The dependency of the protonation degree of the carboxyl group in the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) structure on the pH value of the preparation solution was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Three different distinctive chemical states of CMC binder were chosen (protonated, deprotonated, and half-half), and their interactions with different silicon single crystal facets were investigated. The different Si surface orientations display distinct differences of strength of interactions with the CMC binder. The CMC/Si adhesion forces in solution and Si wettability of the silicon are also strongly dependent on the protonation degree of the CMC. This work provides an insight into the nature of these interactions, which determine the electrochemical performance of silicon composite electrodes.
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Gooday RD, Anthony SG, Chadwick DR, Newell-Price P, Harris D, Duethmann D, Fish R, Collins AL, Winter M. Modelling the cost-effectiveness of mitigation methods for multiple pollutants at farm scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1198-1209. [PMID: 23706481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in agricultural pollution are essential for meeting nationally and internationally agreed policy targets for losses to both air and water. Numerous studies quantify the impact of relevant mitigation methods by field experimentation or computer modelling. The majority of these studies have addressed individual methods and frequently also individual pollutants. This paper presents a conceptual model for the synthesis of the evidence base to calculate the impact of multiple methods addressing multiple pollutants in order to identify least cost solutions for multiple policy objectives. The model is implemented as a farm scale decision support tool that quantifies baseline pollutant losses for identifiable sources, areas and pathways and incorporates a genetic algorithm based multi-objective procedure for determining optimal suites of mitigation methods. The tool is generic as baseline losses can be replaced with measured data and the default library of mitigation methods can be edited and expanded. The tool is demonstrated through application to two contrasting farm systems, using survey data on agricultural practices typical of England and Wales. These examples show how the tool could be used to help target the adoption of mitigation options for the control of diffuse pollution from agriculture. The feedback from workshops where Farmscoper was demonstrated is included to highlight the potential role of Farmscoper as part of the farm advisory process.
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Gebhard M, Hellwig M, Parala H, Xu K, Winter M, Devi A. Indium-tris-guanidinates: a promising class of precursors for water assisted atomic layer deposition of In2O3thin films. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:937-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rescigno R, Finck C, Juliani D, Baudot J, Dauvergne D, Dedes G, Krimmer J, Ray C, Reithinger V, Rousseau M, Testa E, Winter M. Simulation toolkit with CMOS detector in the framework of hadrontherapy. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20146610013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haist T, Lingel C, Osten W, Winter M, Giesen M, Ritter F, Sandfort K, Rembe C, Bendel K. Multipoint vibrometry with dynamic and static holograms. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:121701. [PMID: 24387406 DOI: 10.1063/1.4845596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on two multipoint vibrometers with user-adjustable position of the measurement spots. Both systems are using holograms for beam deflection. The measurement is based on heterodyne interferometry with a frequency difference of 5 MHz between reference and object beam. One of the systems uses programmable positioning of the spots in the object volume but is limited concerning the light efficiency. The other system is based on static holograms in combination with mechanical adjustment of the measurement spots and does not have such a general efficiency restriction. Design considerations are given and we show measurement results for both systems. In addition, we analyze the sensitivity of the systems which is a major limitation compared to single point scanning systems.
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Bill E, Krebs C, Winter M, Gerdan M, Trautwein AX, Flörke U, Haupt HJ, Chaudhuri P. A Triangular Iron(III) Complex Potentially Relevant to Iron(III)-Binding Sites in Ferreascidin. Chemistry 2013; 3:193-201. [PMID: 24022947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/1996] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric triangular Fe(III) complex has been synthesized by an unusual Fe(II) -promoted activation of salicylaldoxime. Formation of the ligand 2-(bis(salicylideneamino)methyl)phenol in situ is believed to occur through the reductive deoximation of salicylaldoxime by ferrous ions. The trinuclear ferric complex has been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The molecular structure established by X-ray diffraction consists of a trinuclear structure with a [Fe3 (μ3 -O)(μ2 -OPh)](6+) core. Two iron ions are in a distorted octahedral environment having FeN2 O4 coordination spheres, and the five-coordinated third iron ion, with an FeNO4 coordination sphere, is in a trigonal bipyramidal environment. The magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed an St = 5/2 ground state with the antiparallel exchange interactions J = - 34.3 cm(-1) , J' = - 4.7 cm(-1) , and D = - 0.90 cm(-1) . The EPR results are consistent with a ground state of S = 5/2 together with a negative D5/2 value. The Mössbauer isomer shifts together with the quadrupole splitting also provide evidence for the high-spin state of the three ferric sites. Magnetic Mössbauer spectra lead to the conclusion that the internal magnetic fields possibly lie in the plane of the three ferric ions.
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Schedlbauer T, Rodehorst U, Schreiner C, Gores H, Winter M. Blends of lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium tetrafluoroborate: Useful substitutes for lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate in electrolytes for lithium metal based secondary batteries? Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Distelmaier K, Dragschitz F, Winter M, Redwan B, Mangold A, Gleiss A, Wagner O, Maurer G, Adlbrecht C, Lang I. Prognostic value of neutrophils in acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht309.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Warren M, Lobley M, Winter M. Farmer attitudes to vaccination and culling of badgers in controlling bovine tuberculosis. Vet Rec 2013; 173:40. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Winter M, Ackermann B, Brons S, Chaudhri N, Ecker S, Ellerbrock M, Heeg P, Henkner K, Naumann J, Jäkel O. PO-0888: Patient positioning in a heavy ion gantry. Radiother Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)33194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boehmer U, Glickman M, Winter M, Clark MA. Breast cancer survivors of different sexual orientations: which factors explain survivors' quality of life and adjustment? Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1622-30. [PMID: 23448806 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about differences by sexual orientation in explanatory factors of breast cancer survivors' quality of life, anxiety, and depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Survivors were recruited from a cancer registry and additional survivors recruited through convenience methods. Data were collected via telephone survey from all 438 survivors, who were disease free and diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer an average of 5 years earlier. To explain quality of life, anxiety, and depression, we focused on sexual orientation as the primary independent factors, in addition, considering demographic, psychosocial, clinical, and functional factors as correlates. RESULTS Sexual orientation had indirect associations with each of the outcomes, through disease-related and demographic factors as well as psychosocial and coping resources. The various explanatory models explain between 36% and 50% of the variance in outcomes and identified areas of strengths and vulnerabilities in sexual minority compared with heterosexual survivors. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings of strengths among specific subgroups of sexual minority compared with heterosexual survivors require further explorations to identify the reasons for this finding. Most of the identified vulnerabilities among sexual minority compared with heterosexual survivors of breast cancer are amenable to change by interventions.
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Bénardeau A, Verry P, Atzpodien EA, Funk JM, Meyer M, Mizrahi J, Winter M, Wright MB, Uhles S, Sebokova E. Effects of the dual PPAR-α/γ agonist aleglitazar on glycaemic control and organ protection in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:164-74. [PMID: 22958363 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of aleglitazar, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ agonist, on the development of diabetes-related organ dysfunction, in relation to glycaemic and lipid changes, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS Six-week-old, male ZDF rats received aleglitazar 0.3 mg/kg/day or vehicle as food admix for 13 weeks (n = 10 per group). Age-matched male Zucker lean rats served as non-diabetic controls. Plasma and renal markers were measured at several time points. Histopathology and quantitative immunohistochemistry were performed at 13 weeks. RESULTS Glycated haemoglobin (5.4 vs. 9.2%) and blood glucose (8.3 ± 0.3 vs. 26.1 ± 1.0 mmol/l) were significantly reduced at 12 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated ZDF rats (both p < 0.01), while aleglitazar preserved near-normal plasma insulin levels. Aleglitazar prevented the development of hypertriglyceridaemia (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.9 mmol/l) and reduced plasma non-esterified fatty acids (0.09 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol/l) relative to vehicle-treated animals (both p < 0.01). Urinary glucose and protein concentrations were significantly reduced at 13 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated rats (both p < 0.01). Consistent with its effect on glycaemic control, aleglitazar protected β-cell morphology, as evidenced by preservation of islet integrity, and reduction of β-cell apoptosis and islet fibrosis. Aleglitazar prevented renal glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte degeneration, glomerulosclerosis, tubulo-interstitial lesions and development of cataracts. CONCLUSIONS Aleglitazar strongly improved glycaemic and lipid parameters while protecting key tissues, including the pancreas, kidneys and eyes, against diabetes-associated structural and functional changes in the ZDF rat.
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Miltenburg NC, Opdam M, Winter M, van Geer M, Oosterkamp HM, Boogerd W, Linn SC. Abstract P1-15-05: GSTP1 polymorphism is associated with chemotherapy induced neuropathy. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-15-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common and potentially debilitating side-effect of microtubule-stabilizing agents like docetaxel and is characterized by sensory symptoms like numbness, tingling and burning pain. Docetaxel induced neuropathy may occur in up to 37% of patients and can be dose limiting, thus potentially reducing its chemotherapeutic efficacy. Doxorubicine has occasionally been described to be associated with neuropathy.
With this background we investigated the role of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to predict chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. The exploration of SNPs and an association with incidence or severity of neuropathy is important, because it can result in identifying individuals being at higher risk of neurotoxicity.
Methods: The MATADOR study is a prospective, non-blinded randomized phase II/III trial for patients with invasive breast cancer, comparing TAC (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 as 1 hour i.v. infusion q 3 weeks, in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for 6 cycles) with AC dose dense (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide q 2 weeks)(ISRCTN61893718).
In total 180 interesting SNPs were selected that are involved in metabolism, distribution and excretion of drugs and tested on DNA that was isolated from tumor or from tumor surrounding tissue. We selected 20 SNPs for further analyses because of reported associations with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (see table).
In the first analysis DNA of 45 patients was analyzed as a pilot, comparing DNA of 23 neuropathy patients with that of 22 controls. The primary hypothesis was to identify SNPs associated with NCI-CTC grade ≥2 neuropathy.
Results: Interim toxicity data from the MATADOR study demonstrated that 30 of 580 patients had grade ≥2 neuropathy. GSTP1 114Ala/114Val genotype was associated with grade ≥2 neuropathy. Twelve out of 14 (86%) patients with this genotype had chemotherapy-induced neuropathy compared to 11 out of 31 (35%) without this genotype (chi-square test p = 0.002).
Conclusion: We found a correlation between GSTP1 114Ala/114Val genotype, involved in detoxification, and development of grade ≥2 neuropathy during treatment with chemotherapy. Updated results will be presented at the meeting.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-15-05.
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Böckenfeld N, Placke T, Winter M, Passerini S, Balducci A. The influence of activated carbon on the performance of lithium iron phosphate based electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ellerbrock M, Ackermann B, Chaudhri N, Ecker S, Henkner K, Prokesch H, Winter M, Jaekel O. PD-0348 PROTON AND CARBON ION IMPT TREATMENT PLANS IN RASTER SCANNING ION BEAM THERAPY. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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69
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Schmogrow R, Hillerkuss D, Wolf S, Bäuerle B, Winter M, Kleinow P, Nebendahl B, Dippon T, Schindler PC, Koos C, Freude W, Leuthold J. 512QAM Nyquist sinc-pulse transmission at 54 Gbit/s in an optical bandwidth of 3 GHz. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:6439-6447. [PMID: 22418526 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.006439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time transmission of 54 Gbit/s and 48 Gbit/s over 44 km and 150 km, respectively, utilizing an optical bandwidth of only 3 GHz. We used polarization division multiplexed 512QAM and 256QAM modulation formats in combination with Nyquist pulse shaping having virtually zero roll-off. The resulting spectral efficiencies range up to 18 bit/s/Hz and 16 bit/s/Hz, respectively. Taking into account the overhead required for forward error correction, the occupied signal bandwidth corresponds to net spectral efficiencies of 14.4 bit/s/Hz and 15 bit/s/Hz, which could be achieved in a wavelength division multiplexed network without spectral guard bands.
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Tavakoli K, Kaltenbacher D, Winter M, Zenner HP, Burkhardt C. Connecting and Encapsulation Technology for Active Middle Ear Implants. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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71
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Schmogrow R, Winter M, Meyer M, Hillerkuss D, Wolf S, Baeuerle B, Ludwig A, Nebendahl B, Ben-Ezra S, Meyer J, Dreschmann M, Huebner M, Becker J, Koos C, Freude W, Leuthold J. Real-time Nyquist pulse generation beyond 100 Gbit/s and its relation to OFDM. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:317-337. [PMID: 22274355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nyquist sinc-pulse shaping provides spectral efficiencies close to the theoretical limit. In this paper we discuss the analogy to optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and compare both techniques with respect to spectral efficiency and peak to average power ratio. We then show that using appropriate algorithms, Nyquist pulse shaped modulation formats can be encoded on a single wavelength at speeds beyond 100 Gbit/s in real-time. Finally we discuss the proper reception of Nyquist pulses.
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Lux S, Lucas I, Pollak E, Passerini S, Winter M, Kostecki R. The mechanism of HF formation in LiPF6 based organic carbonate electrolytes. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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73
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Winter M, Chulkov EV, Höfer U. Trapping of image-potential resonances on a free-electron-like surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:236801. [PMID: 22182113 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.236801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Image-potential states have been studied by two-photon photoemission for the surface of Al(100) where the whole series is energetically degenerate with free-electron-like bulk states. In contrast with expectations, the series of resonances is not smeared out to one broad structure as a result of a strong coupling to the bulk continuum. Instead, the first resonance (n=1) is found to be suppressed, and the resonances with quantum numbers n=2,3,4,5 are resolved as individual peaks in the time-resolved spectra. Both effects are suggested to be a consequence of resonance trapping.
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Isken P, Dippel C, Schmitz R, Schmitz R, Kunze M, Passerini S, Winter M, Lex-Balducci A. High flash point electrolyte for use in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Schmogrow R, Winter M, Hillerkuss D, Nebendahl B, Ben-Ezra S, Meyer J, Dreschmann M, Huebner M, Becker J, Koos C, Freude W, Leuthold J. Real-time OFDM transmitter beyond 100 Gbit/s. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12740-12749. [PMID: 21716516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Real-time OFDM transmitters breaking the 100 Gbit/s barrier require high-performance, usually FPGA-based digital signal processing. Especially the Fourier transform as a key operation of any OFDM system must be optimized with respect to performance and chip area utilization. Here, we demonstrate an alternative to the widely adopted fast Fourier transform algorithm. Based on an extensive yet optimized use of pre-set look-up tables, our FPGA implementation supports fast reconfigurable channel equalization and switching times in the nanosecond range without re-loading any code. We demonstrate the potential of the concept by realizing the first real-time single polarization OFDM transmitter generating a 101.5 Gbit/s data stream by modulating 58 subcarriers with 16QAM.
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