51
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Li A, Wang B, Ilie A, Dubey KD, Bange G, Korendovych IV, Shaik S, Reetz MT. A redox-mediated Kemp eliminase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14876. [PMID: 28348375 PMCID: PMC5379065 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The acid/base-catalysed Kemp elimination of 5-nitro-benzisoxazole forming 2-cyano-4-nitrophenol has long served as a design platform of enzymes with non-natural reactions, providing new mechanistic insights in protein science. Here we describe an alternative concept based on redox catalysis by P450-BM3, leading to the same Kemp product via a fundamentally different mechanism. QM/MM computations show that it involves coordination of the substrate's N-atom to haem-Fe(II) with electron transfer and concomitant N-O heterolysis liberating an intermediate having a nitrogen radical moiety Fe(III)-N· and a phenoxyl anion. Product formation occurs by bond rotation and H-transfer. Two rationally chosen point mutations cause a notable increase in activity. The results shed light on the prevailing mechanistic uncertainties in human P450-catalysed metabolism of the immunomodulatory drug leflunomide, which likewise undergoes redox-mediated Kemp elimination by P450-BM3. Other isoxazole-based pharmaceuticals are probably also metabolized by a redox mechanism. Our work provides a basis for designing future artificial enzymes.
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52
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Qiao YX, Theyssen N, Eifert T, Liauw MA, Franciò G, Schenk K, Leitner W, Reetz MT. Concerning the Role of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in S N 1 Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:3898-3902. [PMID: 28217900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of SN 1-type reactions has been studied under various conditions to clarify the role of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2 ) as reaction medium for this kind of transformations. The application of scCO2 did not result in higher yields in any of the experiments in comparison to those under neat conditions or in the presence of other inert compressed gases. High-pressure UV/Vis spectroscopic measurements were carried out to quantify the degree of carbocation formation of a highly SN 1-active alkyl halide as a function of the applied solvent. No measureable concentration of carbocations could be detected in scCO2 , just like in other low polarity solvents. Taken together, these results do not support the previously claimed activating effect via enhanced SN 1 ionization due to the quadrupolar moment of the supercritical fluid.
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53
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Acevedo JP, Reetz MT, Asenjo JA, Parra LP. One-step combined focused epPCR and saturation mutagenesis for thermostability evolution of a new cold-active xylanase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 100:60-70. [PMID: 28284313 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes active at low temperature are of great interest for industrial bioprocesses due to their high efficiency at a low energy cost. One of the particularities of naturally evolved cold-active enzymes is their increased enzymatic activity at low temperature, however the low thermostability presented in this type of enzymes is still a major drawback for their application in biocatalysis. Directed evolution of cold-adapted enzymes to a more thermostable version, appears as an attractive strategy to fulfill the stability and activity requirements for the industry. This paper describes the recombinant expression and characterization of a new and highly active cold-adapted xylanase from the GH-family 10 (Xyl-L), and the use of a novel one step combined directed evolution technique that comprises saturation mutagenesis and focused epPCR as a feasible semi-rational strategy to improve the thermostability. The Xyl-L enzyme was cloned from a marine-Antarctic bacterium, Psychrobacter sp. strain 2-17, recombinantly expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) and characterized enzymatically. Molecular dynamic simulations using a homology model of the catalytic domain of Xyl-L were performed to detect flexible regions and residues, which are considered to be the possible structural elements that define the thermolability of this enzyme. Mutagenic libraries were designed in order to stabilize the protein introducing mutations in some of the flexible regions and residues identified. Twelve positive mutant clones were found to improve the T5015 value of the enzyme, in some cases without affecting the activity at 25°C. The best mutant showed a 4.3°C increase in its T5015. The efficiency of the directed evolution approach can also be expected to work in the protein engineering of stereoselectivity.
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54
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Ilie A, Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Di-tert-
butyl N,N
-diethylphosphoramidite as an Air Stable Ligand for Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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55
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Li G, Fürst MJLJ, Mansouri HR, Ressmann AK, Ilie A, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW, Reetz MT. Manipulating the stereoselectivity of the thermostable Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase TmCHMO by directed evolution. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9824-9829. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The thermostable Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase TmCHMO and evolved mutants are viable catalysts in stereoselective reactions of structurally different ketones.
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56
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Wang JB, Li G, Reetz MT. Enzymatic site-selectivity enabled by structure-guided directed evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3916-3928. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in the directed evolution of enzymes for controlling site-selectivity of hydroxylation, amination and chlorination.
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57
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Sun Z, Salas PT, Siirola E, Lonsdale R, Reetz MT. Exploring productive sequence space in directed evolution using binary patterning versus conventional mutagenesis strategies. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-016-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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58
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Li A, Ilie A, Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Xu JH, Reetz MT. Whole-Cell-Catalyzed Multiple Regio- and Stereoselective Functionalizations in Cascade Reactions Enabled by Directed Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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59
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Li A, Ilie A, Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Xu JH, Reetz MT. Whole-Cell-Catalyzed Multiple Regio- and Stereoselective Functionalizations in Cascade Reactions Enabled by Directed Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12026-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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60
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Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Li G, Reetz MT. Comparing Different Strategies in Directed Evolution of Enzyme Stereoselectivity: Single- versus Double-Code Saturation Mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1865-1872. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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61
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Sun Z, Li G, Ilie A, Reetz MT. Exploring the substrate scope of mutants derived from the robust alcohol dehydrogenase TbSADH. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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62
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Luo XJ, Zhao J, Li CX, Bai YP, Reetz MT, Yu HL, Xu JH. Combinatorial evolution of phosphotriesterase toward a robust malathion degrader by hierarchical iteration mutagenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2350-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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63
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Reetz MT. What are the Limitations of Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry? CHEM REC 2016; 16:2449-2459. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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64
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Li G, Zhang H, Sun Z, Liu X, Reetz MT. Multiparameter Optimization in Directed Evolution: Engineering Thermostability, Enantioselectivity, and Activity of an Epoxide Hydrolase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Sun Z, Wikmark Y, Bäckvall JE, Reetz MT. New Concepts for Increasing the Efficiency in Directed Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes. Chemistry 2016; 22:5046-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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66
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Krone KM, Warias R, Ritter C, Li A, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Reetz MT, Belder D. Analysis of Enantioselective Biotransformations Using a Few Hundred Cells on an Integrated Microfluidic Chip. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2102-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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67
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Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Ilie A, Li G, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Catalytic Asymmetric Reduction of Difficult-to-Reduce Ketones: Triple-Code Saturation Mutagenesis of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Wu L, Li G, Li A, Wang J, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Structure-Guided Triple-Code Saturation Mutagenesis: Efficient Tuning of the Stereoselectivity of an Epoxide Hydrolase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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69
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Wu Z, Reetz MT, Harms K. Crystal structure of 7,8,9,10-tetra-hydro-benzo[b]naphtho-[2,1-d]furan. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2016; 72:106-8. [PMID: 26870597 PMCID: PMC4704761 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015024512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H14O, the cyclo-hexene ring has a half-chair conformation. The mean plane, calculated through all non-H atoms of the mol-ecule, except for the central CH2 atoms of the cyclo-hexene ring, which deviate by 0.340 (3) and -0.369 (3) Å from this mean plane, has an r.m.s. deviation of 0.012 Å. In the crystal, there are C-H⋯π contacts present, resulting in the formation of zigzag chains propagating along the [010] direction.
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70
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Wang JB, Lonsdale R, Reetz MT. Exploring substrate scope and stereoselectivity of P450 peroxygenase OleTJEin olefin-forming oxidative decarboxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8131-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The substrate scope of the mild olefin-forming oxidative decarboxylation of straight-chain C4–C22carboxylic acids catalyzed by P450 peroxygenase OleTJEhas been extended to include structurally diverse carboxylic acids.
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71
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Abstract
With the advent of directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes almost 20 years ago and the rapid development of this exciting area of research, the traditional limitations of biocatalysts in organic chemistry have been eliminated.
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72
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Lonsdale R, Reetz MT. Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones by Old Yellow Enzymes: Mechanistic Insights from Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14733-42. [PMID: 26521678 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enoate reductases catalyze the reduction of activated C═C bonds with high enantioselectivity. The oxidative half-reaction, which involves the addition of a hydride and a proton to opposite faces of the C═C bond, has been studied for the first time by hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM). The reduction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one by YqjM from Bacillus subtilis was selected as the model system. Two-dimensional QM/MM (B3LYP-D/OPLS2005) reaction pathways suggest that the hydride and proton are added as distinct steps, with the former step preceding the latter. Furthermore, we present interesting insights into the reactivity of this enzyme, including the weak binding of the substrate in the active site, the role of the two active site histidine residues for polarization of the substrate C═O bond, structural details of the transition states to hydride and proton transfer, and the role of Tyr196 as proton donor. The information presented here will be useful for the future design of enantioselective YqjM mutants for other substrates.
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73
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Ritter C, Nett N, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, Lonsdale R, Kräling K, Dempwolff F, Hoebenreich S, Graumann PL, Reetz MT, Meggers E. Bioorthogonale enzymatische Aktivierung maskierter Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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74
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Ritter C, Nett N, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Lonsdale R, Kräling K, Dempwolff F, Hoebenreich S, Graumann PL, Reetz MT, Meggers E. Bioorthogonal Enzymatic Activation of Caged Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13440-3. [PMID: 26356324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cytochrome P450 monooxygenase variants are reported as highly active and selective catalysts for the bioorthogonal uncaging of propargylic and benzylic ether protected substrates, including uncaging in living E. coli. observed selectivity is supported by induced-fit docking and molecular dynamics simulations. This proof-of-principle study points towards the utility of bioorthogonal enzyme/protecting group pairs for applications in the life sciences.
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75
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Acevedo-Rocha CG, Reetz MT, Nov Y. Economical analysis of saturation mutagenesis experiments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10654. [PMID: 26190439 PMCID: PMC4507136 DOI: 10.1038/srep10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturation mutagenesis is a powerful technique for engineering proteins, metabolic pathways and genomes. In spite of its numerous applications, creating high-quality saturation mutagenesis libraries remains a challenge, as various experimental parameters influence in a complex manner the resulting diversity. We explore from the economical perspective various aspects of saturation mutagenesis library preparation: We introduce a cheaper and faster control for assessing library quality based on liquid media; analyze the role of primer purity and supplier in libraries with and without redundancy; compare library quality, yield, randomization efficiency, and annealing bias using traditional and emergent randomization schemes based on mixtures of mutagenic primers; and establish a methodology for choosing the most cost-effective randomization scheme given the screening costs and other experimental parameters. We show that by carefully considering these parameters, laboratory expenses can be significantly reduced.
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