ShearWave™ Elastography BE1 multinational breast study: additional SWE™ features support potential to downgrade BI-RADS®-3 lesions

PURPOSE

To determine the benefit of ShearWave™ Elastography (SWE™) in the ultrasound characterization of BI-RADS® 3 breast lesions in a diagnostic population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

303 BI-RADS® 3 lesions (mean size: 13.2 mm, SD: 7.5 mm) from the multicenter BE1 prospective study population were analyzed: 201 (66%) had cytology or core biopsy, and the remaining 102 had a minimum follow-up of one year; 8 (2.6%) were malignant. 7 SWE features were evaluated with regard to their ability to downgrade benign BI-RADS® 3 masses. The performance of each SWE feature was assessed by evaluating the number of lesions correctly reclassified and the impact on cancer rates within the new BI-RADS® 3' lesion group.

RESULTS

No malignancies were found with an E-color "black to dark blue", which allowed the downgrading of 110/303 benign masses (p < 0.0001), with a non-significant increase in BI-RADS® 3' malignancy rate from 2.6% to 4.1%. E-max ≤ 20 kPa (2.6 m/s) was able to downgrade 48/303 (p < 0.0001) lesions with a lower increase in BI-RADS® 3' malignancy rate (3.1%). No other SWE features were useful for reclassifying benign BI-RADS® 3 lesions.

CONCLUSION

Applying simple reclassification rules, SWE assessment of the maximum stiffness of lesions allowed the downgrading of a sub-group of benign BI-RADS® 3 lesions. This was accompanied by a non-significant increase in the malignancy rate in the new BI-RADS® 3 class.

Tumour dormancy and clinical implications in breast cancer

The aim of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer is to reduce the risk of recurrence. Some patients develop metastases many years after apparently successful treatment of their primary cancer. Tumour dormancy may explain the long time between initial diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and occurrence of relapse. The regulation of the switch from clinical dormancy to cancer regrowth in locoregional and distant sites is poorly understood. In this review, we report some data supporting the existence of various factors that may explain cancer dormancy including genetic and epigenetic changes, angiogenic switch, microenvironment, and immunosurveillance. A better definition and understanding of these factors should allow the identification of patients at high risk of relapse and to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to improve prognosis.

Imaging live humans through smoke and flames using far-infrared digital holography

The ability to see behind flames is a key challenge for the industrial field and particularly for the safety field. Development of new technologies to detect live people through smoke and flames in fire scenes is an extremely desirable goal since it can save human lives. The latest technologies, including equipment adopted by fire departments, use infrared bolometers for infrared digital cameras that allow users to see through smoke. However, such detectors are blinded by flame-emitted radiation. Here we show a completely different approach that makes use of lensless digital holography technology in the infrared range for successful imaging through smoke and flames. Notably, we demonstrate that digital holography with a cw laser allows the recording of dynamic human-size targets. In this work, easy detection of live, moving people is achieved through both smoke and flames, thus demonstrating the capability of digital holography at 10.6 μm.

Anthraquinone profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Rhamnus alaternus, R. fallax, R. intermedia and R. pumila

The quantity of phenols, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, were investigated in bark of Rhamnus alaternus L., R. fallax Boiss., R. intermedia Steud. et Hochst., and R. pumila Turra from natural stands in Croatia. The most abundant anthraquinones in the investigated extracts were chrysophanol in R. alaternus (3.14 mg/g), emodin in R. pumila (0.339 mg/g), and physcion in R. fallax (2.70 mg/g) and R. intermedia (0.285 mg/g). The species exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity were R. fallax and R. pumila. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts and antioxidant activity in some of the assays. All species showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum gypseum with minimal inhibitory concentrations equal to or below 2.500 mg/mL. The results indicate that the investigated Rhamnus species are a source of anthraquinones and other phenols, which act as multifunctional antioxidants with antimicrobial activity.

Visible reconstruction by a circular holographic display from digital holograms recorded under infrared illumination

A circular holographic display that consists of phase-only spatial light modulators is used to reconstruct images in visible light from digital holograms recorded under infrared (10.6 μm) illumination. The reconstruction yields a holographic digital video display of a three-dimensional ghostlike image of an object floating in space where observers can move and rotate around it.

Cytotoxic drugs for patients with breast cancer in the era of targeted treatment: back to the future?

BACKGROUND

Despite current trend of targeted therapy development, cytotoxic agents are a mainstay of treatment of patients with breast cancer. We reviewed recent advances in cytotoxic therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Medline searches were conducted for English language studies using the term 'MBC' and 'cytotoxic drugs'. The data search was restricted to the period 2000-2011.

RESULTS

Several novel cytotoxic compounds, all microtubule inhibitors, have been approved for clinical use in MBC: (i) nab-paclitaxel, reported to improve tumour response and decrease hypersensitivity reactions in comparison with other taxanes; (ii) ixabepilone, shown to have clinical benefit in taxane- and anthracycline-resistant disease and (iii) eribulin, shown to improve overall survival in heavily pre-treated patients, when compared with best available standard treatment. Agents, such as larotaxel, vinflunine, trabectidin and formulations, including cationic liposomal paclitaxel or paclitaxel poliglumex, are currently under evaluation in phase II/III trials.

CONCLUSION

Toxicity and chemotherapy resistance are still major limitations in the treatment of patients with MBC. Further research into new cytotoxic compounds is needed in order to maximise benefit, whilst minimising toxicity.

An automatic method for assembling a large synthetic aperture digital hologram

A major issue so far for digital holography is the low spatial resolution generally achieved. The numerical aperture is limited by the area of currently available detectors, such as CCD sensors, which is significantly lower than that of a holographic plate. This is an even more severe constraint when IR sensors such as microbolometers are taken into account. In order to increase the numerical aperture of such systems, we developed an automatic technique which is capable of recording several holograms and of stitching them together, obtaining a digital hologram with a synthetic but larger numerical aperture. In this way we show that more detail can be resolved and a wider parallax angle can be achieved. The method is demonstrated for visible as well IR digital holography, recording and displaying large size objects.

Inhibition of Notch3 signalling induces rhabdomyosarcoma cell differentiation promoting p38 phosphorylation and p21(Cip1) expression and hampers tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a paediatric soft-tissue sarcoma arising from skeletal muscle precursors coexpressing markers of proliferation and differentiation. Inducers of myogenic differentiation suppress RMS tumourigenic phenotype. The Notch target gene HES1 is upregulated in RMS and prevents tumour cell differentiation in a Notch-dependent manner. However, Notch receptors regulating this phenomenon are unknown. In agreement with data in RMS primary tumours, we show here that the Notch3 receptor is overexpressed in RMS cell lines versus normal myoblasts. Notch3-targeted downregulation in RMS cells induces hyper-phosphorylation of p38 and Akt essential for myogenesis, resulting in the differentiation of tumour cells into multinucleated myotubes expressing Myosin Heavy Chain. These phenomena are associated to a marked decrease in HES1 expression, an increase in p21^Cip1 level and the accumulation of RMS cells in the G1 phase. HES1-forced overexpression in RMS cells reverses, at least in part, the pro-differentiative effects of Notch3 downregulation. Notch3 depletion also reduces the tumourigenic potential of RMS cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that downregulation of Notch3 is sufficient to force RMS cells into completing a correct full myogenic program providing evidence that it contributes, partially through HES1 sustained expression, to their malignant phenotype. Moreover, they suggest Notch3 as a novel potential target in human RMS.

Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of patients with small cell bladder carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCUB) is considered to be a tumor with a neuroendocrine phenotype characterised by aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder comprises 0.35 to 1% of all bladder cancers and is frequently observed in combination with other histological subtypes of carcinoma. Clinical presentation is characterized by advanced stage at diagnosis and rapidly progressive disease. In daily clinical practice there is no gold standard for the management of patients affected by this disease. Treatment of patients with limited disease combines neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy followed by specific local treatment of the primary tumour. Cystectomy or radiotherapy should be proposed on an individual basis. In the metastatic setting, prognosis remains poor with a potential benefit from chemotherapy containing platinum compounds. Treatment of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is based on evidence obtained from case reports and retrospective analyses. Due to low disease frequency there is a lack of randomized trials to provide guidance as to optimal therapy. Thus, systemic and local approaches are extrapolated from the literature available for the treatment of small cell carcinomas at other (non-urological) sites. We provide an overview of the currently available literature with it's main focus on the treatment of either locally advanced or metastatic small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Abstract 5347: Inhibition of Notch3 signaling reduces tumorigenic properties of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a soft tissue sarcoma of childhood arising from impaired developmental processes involving skeletal muscle progenitors. Notch signaling is strictly implicated in muscle tissue determination and has been reported to be abnormally activated in rhabdomyosarcoma. The expression of a dominant negative form of the Notch target gene HES1 or the inhibition of the γ-secretase has been shown to arrest rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth and trigger differentiation in vitro. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the deregulation of Notch signaling in rhabdomyosarcoma remains unclear. Here, we show that Notch3 and Notch1 are aberrantly activated in primary rhabdomyosarcomas and cell lines compared to skeletal muscle tissues or cultured myoblasts. In the present study we provide evidence that Notch3 targeted down-regulation restrains cell proliferation in both alveolar and embryonal subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. This phenomenon is paralleled by a transcriptional down-regulation of HES1 and an increase in both the cell cycle inhibitor p21cip1 and the under-phosphorylated pRb. Further, cells in which Notch3 has been silenced are capable to form differentiated multinucleated fibers showing de novo expression of late markers of myogenesis. In addition, down-regulation of Notch3 results in p38 and Akt hyper-phosphorylation and over-expression of PTEN. Finally, sustained silencing of Notch3 in rhabdomyosarcoma cells hampers their tumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo. These results support a pathogenetic role for Notch3 in rhabdomyosarcoma.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5347. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5347

Managing pregnant women with cancer: personal considerations and a review of the literature

Managing cancer during pregnancy is a very critical clinical situation. It is relatively rare but once encountered, it poses several clinical and sometimes social and ethical conflicts as well. Generalizing treatment decisions is very hard and in our opinion, each case should be discussed in a multidisciplinary manner acknowledging patients’ opinion as well to reach a proper decision. In this review we touch on the available evidence on managing cancer patients diagnosed during the course of pregnancy in an attempt to provide some guidance for clinicians dealing with such cases.

Intraobserver and interobserver variability in the calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) of breast tumours

PURPOSE

This study evaluated intraobserver and interobserver variability in the measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in breast carcinomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight patients with solid breast lesions >10 mm underwent conventional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI). Two observers (expert and trainee) segmented the lesion from the surrounding breast tissue on DW images with high b-value (1,000 s/mm(2)). This analysis was repeated by the expert reader after 6 months. Volumes were analysed to obtain mean, median and standard deviation (SD) of the ADC values. Interobserver and intraobserver variation was analysed using the Bland-Altman graph.

RESULTS

All lesions were breast carcinomas, with a mean ADC value of 1.07 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s. The mean of the differences was 0.012 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, corresponding to an intraobserver variability of 1.1% (limits of agreement: -5%/+8%). The mean interobserver difference was 0.022 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, corresponding to an interobserver variability of 2% (limits of agreement: -9%/+14%).

CONCLUSIONS

We found a low intraobserver and interobserver variability in calculating ADC in breast carcinomas, which supports its potential use in routine clinical practice.

Abstract P6-11-14: Long-Term Disease Control with Vinorelbine, Cisplatin and Continuous Infusion of 5-Fluorouracil -ViFuP Regimen-in Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are characterized by lack of estrogen, progesterone, HER-2-neu receptors expression and comprise 15% to 20% of all breast cancers. Studies have suggested that

TNBCs may be more sensitive to DNA damaging agents like cisplatin. Our previous experience had identified a combination chemotherapy -the ViFuP regimen-with noteworthy efficacy and safety as a first or subsequent line treatment for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts). In this view we retrospectively examined the activity of ViFuP regimen in 2 cohorts (A and B) of metastatic TNBC pts.

Material and Methods: From January 2000 to December 2008, 115 pts with MBC were treated with ViFuP regimen, at the European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Among these, 35 pts (30%) had TNBC. Pts received continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m2/day, vinorelbine 20 mg iv on days 1 and 3 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2on day 1. Therapy was given every three weeks. In A 22 pts (63%) were triple negative on primary tumor and in B 13 pts (37%) were triple negative in metastatic site. Median age was 54 years (range 35-73), 11 pts (31%) were pre-treated for MBC and 21 pts (60%) had ≥3 metastatic sites.

Results: Thirty three pts were evaluable for response and 34 pts were assessable for toxicity. Median duration of treatment was 3.57 months (range 1-5.7). Four pts (12%) had complete responses, 14 pts (42%) had partial responses and 11 pts (33%) had stable disease with a clinical benefit (CB) of 73% (95% CI, 55%-87%). Four pts (12%) had progressive disease. Median time to progression was 6 months (95% CI, 5-8 months). Main toxicity was haematological with 62% of the pts showing grade 3/4 leuco-neutropenia. Alopecia was almost absent.

Discussion: Treatment with ViFuP regimen was effective and safe in metastatic TNBC providing long-term disease control in a high proportion of pts. The prolonged CB supports this regimen as an additional therapeutic opportunity in this category of pts.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-11-14.

Abstract P6-12-06: Oral Vinorelbine and Capecitabine Plus Bevacizumab in Recurrent Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Gene Profiling and Response to Treatment

Background: Therapies that target vasculolymphatic processes - angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and vasculogenesis — have shown potential in the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer.

Methods: We randomly assigned 46 patients to receive oral vinorelbine 55 mg per square meter of body surface on days 1 and 3 and capecitabine 2000 mg per square meter on days 1 to 14 every 3 weeks either concurrent or sequential to bevacizumab 15 mg per kilogram of body weight on days 1 and 21 (BEVIX). The primary end point was progression-free survival;

the response rate and overall survival were a secondary end point. For correlative studies we collected baseline tissue and blood samples of all patients. Gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Data were analyzed using Partek Genomic Suite 6.4 and GeneSpring 7.0. Tissue from normal breast was used as control.

Results: From July 2007 through January 2010, a total of 46 patients were enrolled. Concurrent oral vinorelbine and capecitabine plus bevacizumab significantly increased the objective response rate as compared to the sequential treatment (11.1% vs. 46.4%, p=0.025). No difference in progression-free survival was observed between the two arms (median time to progression 4.3 vs. 4.7 months, p=0.69; Hazard Ratio: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.41-1.80). The median overall survival was 9.1 months in concurrent arm and 15.8 months in sequential arm, (p=0.43). Global gene expression was analyzed in tumor samples from 18 pts bearing a triple negative phenotype. This cohort displayed a specific gene expression profile, including high expression levels of several cytokeratins, Aurora kinase A, Cyclin E and others, similar to the basal-like subtype. This profile did not include genes previously reported as differentially expressed in inflammatory breast cancers. We identified a set of 75 genes whose expression correlates with response to bevacizumab base therapy.

Conclusions: BEVIX is an active treatment for patients with recurrent inflammatory breast cancer. These tumors showed a gene expression pattern similar to that of basal-like type. We identified a set of 75 genes whose expression levels predict the response to BEVIX. The validity of this expression signature is currently being assessed. Supported by Roche and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) grants. Data partially submitted to 2010 ASCO Meeting

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-12-06.

Serum transforming growth factor β1 during diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice and humans

Recent data show that regulatory cells with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-dependent activity are able to restore self-tolerance in overtly diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Thus, TGF-β1 seems to have a relevant role in protection from autoimmune diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the possible significance of serum TGF-β1 measurement in the natural history of diabetes in NOD mice, as well as in children positive for at least one islet-related antibody. Serum TGF-β1 (both total and active) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at monthly intervals in 26 NOD mice during the spontaneous development of diabetes and, on a yearly basis, in nine siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with a follow-up of 4 years. Diabetes appeared between the 12th week of age and the end of the study period (36 weeks) in 17 mice. TGF-β1 serum level variations occurred in the prediabetic period in both NOD mice and humans and diabetes diagnosis followed a continuing reduction of active TGF-β1 (aTGF-β1) serum levels. In mice, aTGF-β1 serum levels measured at 4 weeks of age correlated positively with severity of insulitis, and negatively with percentage of insulin-positive cells. Our findings suggest that in NOD mice serum TGF-β1 levels during the natural history of the diabetes reflect the course of islet inflammation. The measurement of aTGF-β1 in islet-related antibody-positive subjects may provide insights into the natural history of prediabetic phase of T1D.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The intent of this review is to provide a concise overview of all recent acquisitions in terms of therapies and early noninvasive diagnostic approaches for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children.

RECENT FINDINGS

NAFLD is increasingly being diagnosed in children. If undiscovered and if certain risks are present (i.e. obesity), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the most severe form of NAFLD, may silently progress to cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma and liver-related death in adulthood. Current therapies include approaches for reducing the incidence of risk factors (i.e. weight reduction), drugs targeting the major molecular mechanisms thought essential in the pathogenesis of the disease (insulin resistance and oxidative stress) or both, but other novel treatments are under investigation.

SUMMARY

Although weight reduction, achieved through a combination of diet and exercise, makes it possible to modify the natural course of simple steatosis, the addition of adequate drugs might also provide a therapeutic action on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, preventive strategies and the design and translation into clinical practice of indices that integrate noninvasive diagnostic tools and serum biomarkers might be a winning approach for improving management of paediatric NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the coming years.

Comparison of three different extraction methods and HPLC determination of the anthraquinones aloe-emodine, emodine, rheine, chrysophanol and physcione in the bark of Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae)

INTRODUCTION

Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae), a traditional plants in the flora of the Abruzzo region, is known to contain active anthraquinone secondary metabolites. However, the content of anthraquinones varies among R. alpinus samples depending on collection season and site. Thus, using simple, reliable and accurate analytical methods for the determination of anthraquinones in R. alpinus extracts allows comparative study of different methods of extraction.

OBJECTIVE

After a partial validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of five anthraquinones, aloe-emodine, rheine, emodine, chrysophanol and physcione, in the bark of R. alpinus, we compared three different methods of extraction.

METHODOLOGY

Anthraquinones were extracted from the bark of R. alpinus using different techniques (methanol maceration, ultrasonic and supercritical CO(2) extraction). Separation and quantification of anthraquinones were accomplished using a reversed-phase C(18) column with the mobile phase of H(2)O-methanol (40 : 60, v/v, 1% formic acid) at a wavelength of 254 nm. The qualitative analyses were also achieved at wavelength of 435 nm.

RESULTS

All calibration curves were linear over the concentration range tested (10-200 mM) with the determination coefficients >or=0.991. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5 mM for each analytes. All five anthraquinones were found in the samples tested at concentrations reported in experimental data.

CONCLUSION

The described HPLC method and optimised extraction procedure are simple, accurate and selective for separation and quantification of anthraquinones in the bark of R. alpinus and allow evaluation of the best extraction procedure between the tested assays.

Cisplatin, etoposide and continuous infusion bleomycin in patients with testicular germ cell tumors: efficacy and toxicity data from a retrospective study

We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of 54 patients who underwent orchidectomy for germ cell tumors (GCT) and received a regimen, given every 3 weeks, consisting of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 day 4 intravenous (i.v.), bleomycin 15 Units (U) day 1 i.v. push; bleomycin 10 U days 1-3 24 h i.v. continuous infusion (c.i.) and etoposide 100 mg/m2 days 1-5/i.v. (PEB). 53 of 54 patients achieved a complete remission without adjunctive surgery. At a median follow-up of 48.2 months (95%CI 41.7 - 54.8 months) all patients but one are alive with no evidence of disease recurrence. Patients receiving PEB experienced no pulmonary toxicity, nephrotoxicity nor neurological adverse events. PEB with c.i.bleomycin is an active regimen with a low rate of acute and late toxicity. The main limitations of our study are related to the retrospective analysis, the limited number of patients and the restricted follow-up time. A prolonged follow-up is necessary to evaluate long term toxicity and outcome.

Should Liver Metastases of Breast Cancer Be Biopsied To Improve Treatment Choice?

Background: Decision making on systemic treatment of women with metastatic breast cancer is based on features like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 status assessed on the primary tumor. We evaluated the concordance of receptor status between primary tumor and liver metastases and estimated the potential change of these pathological features and its impact on treatment choice.Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed a database including ultrasound guided liver biopsies performed from 1995 to 2008. All tissue samples, both from primary tumor and liver metastases, were analyzed for ER, PgR and HER2 status. Clinical and biological data were obtained from medical charts (including treatments before and after liver biopsy). Differences between proportions were evaluated using the Pearson chi-square test.Results: We identified 215 consecutive patients with matched primary and liver tissue samples. Median time from primary diagnosis to liver biopsy was 4.1 years (range 0-18.3 years). Changes in ER status were observed in 38/215 patients (17.7%). 15/47 patients (31.9%) changed from ER negative to positive and 23/168 patients (13.7%) changed from ER positive to negative [p= 0.0038]. Changes in PgR status were observed in 111/215 patients (51.6%). 16/74 patients (21.6%) changed from PgR negative to positive and 95/141 patients (67.4%) from PgR positive to negative [p &lt;0.0001]. 11/41 patients (26.8%) changed from ER and PgR negative to ER or PgR positive [Group A] and 25/174 patients (14.4%) changed from ER or PgR positive to ER and PgR negative [Group B] [p=0.054]. In the Group A the treatment of 4/11 patients (36.4%) was changed after biopsy: 2/4 started endocrine treatment (HT) and 2/4 stopped it. In Group B the treatment of 16/25 patients (64%) was changed after biopsy: 15/16 stopped HT. Changes in HER2 status were observed in 19/131 patients (14.5%): 5/93 patients (5.4%) changed from HER2 negative to positive and 14/38 patients (36.8%) changed from HER2 positive to negative [p= &lt;0.0001]. In this group 5/5 patients started a trastuzumab containing treatment after biopsy.Conclusions: There was a substantial discordance in receptor status between primary tumor and liver metastases, which led to change in therapy for 21.8 % of patients. Biopsy of metastases for reassessment of biological features should be considered in all patients when safe and easy to perform, since it might impact treatment choice for many.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6003.

Type 1 diabetes risk and autoantibody positivity in Sardinian migrants in the province of Pavia

BACKGROUND

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Genetics as well as environmental factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

AIMS

We sought to investigate the possible relationship between migration from Sardinia to a low incidence area of type 1 diabetes (Lombardy) and the prevalence of autoantibody positivity.

METHODS

We enrolled 554 Sardinian immigrants and 226 of their offspring. All subjects underwent a complete anamnestic evaluation. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, GADA and IA-2 were measured in all study participants. Additionally, the presence of risk haplotypes (HLA-DR3 -DR4 and DQB1/0302) was determined. After a seven-year follow-up, high genetic risk and/or autoantibody positivity subjects were re-evaluated.

RESULTS

Among Sardinian immigrants, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 0.9%, while in the offspring group, the prevalence was 0.4%. After removing type 1 diabetic patients, the GADA prevalence was 2.4% in the immigrant group and 3.8% among their offspring. Among Sardinian immigrants, the IA-2 prevalence was 0.7%, while all offspring were IA-2 negative. After a seven-year follow-up, 85.7% of GADA-positive migrants had persistent GADA positivity. Two GADA-negative offspring subjects turned positive. None of the study participants developed diabetes during the follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed a higher prevalence of GADA positivity within Sardinian immigrants at high genetic risk; GADA positivity may represent the first detectable phase of type 1 diabetes. After a seven-year follow-up, none of the high genetic/antibody risk group subjects developed type 1 diabetes. However, it seems reasonable to strictly control high-risk individuals in order to diagnose subclinical diabetes.