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Sun J, Zhong L, Dong L, Chen J. Mid-infrared spectroscopic identification of the right-baked rhubarb for ulcerative colitis therapy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 314:124244. [PMID: 38579425 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidences have confirmed the significant therapeutic effects of rhubarb on ulcerative colitis (UC), but the strong purgative function of rhubarb also aggravates UC symptoms such as bloody diarrhea. Stir-baking to scorch is a traditional Chinese medicinal processing method that can eliminate the adverse purgative function while keep or even enhance the UC therapeutic function of rhubarb. However, the under-baked rhubarb still have the undesirable purgative function, but the over-baked rhubarb may lose the required medicinal functions. Therefore, the determination of the right endpoint is the primary quality concern about the baking process of rhubarb. In this research, typical anthraquinone compounds and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra were recruited to determine the best baking degree of rhubarb for UC therapy. Raw rhubarb slices were baked at 180 °C with rotation to prepare the rhubarbs with different baking degrees. The right-baked rhubarb was defined according to the UC therapeutic responses as well as the traditional color criterion. Referring to the typical anthraquinone compounds in rhubarb slices and extracts, the baking degree of rhubarb may be assessed by the conversion ratio of anthraquinone glycosides to anthraquinone aglycones. MIR spectra showed the gradual decompositions of organic compounds including anthraquinone glycosides and tannins during the baking process. Rhubarbs with different baking degrees can be distinguished clearly by MIR-based principal component analysis. In conclusion, the ratio of anthraquinone glycosides to anthraquinone aglycones may be a reasonable chemical indicator of the right-baked rhubarb. Meanwhile, MIR spectroscopy can identify the right-baked rhubarb simply and rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Linying Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jianbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Zhang H, He Q, Xing L, Wang R, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Li X, Jia Z, Liu Z, Miao Y, Lin T, Li W, Du H. The haplotype-resolved genome assembly of autotetraploid rhubarb Rheum officinale provides insights into its genome evolution and massive accumulation of anthraquinones. Plant Commun 2024; 5:100677. [PMID: 37634079 PMCID: PMC10811376 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheum officinale, a member of the Polygonaceae family, is an important medicinal plant that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we report a 7.68-Gb chromosome-scale assembly of R. officinale with a contig N50 of 3.47 Mb, which was clustered into 44 chromosomes across four homologous groups. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that transposable elements have made a significant contribution to its genome evolution, gene copy number variation, and gene regulation and expression, particularly of genes involved in metabolite biosynthesis, stress resistance, and root development. We placed the recent autotetraploidization of R. officinale at ∼0.58 mya and analyzed the genomic features of its homologous chromosomes. Although no dominant monoploid genomes were observed at the overall expression level, numerous allele-differentially-expressed genes were identified, mainly with different transposable element insertions in their regulatory regions, suggesting that they functionally diverged after polyploidization. Combining genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, we explored the contributions of gene family amplification and tetraploidization to the abundant anthraquinone production of R. officinale, as well as gene expression patterns and differences in anthraquinone content among tissues. Our report offers unprecedented genomic resources for fundamental research on the autopolyploid herb R. officinale and guidance for polyploid breeding of herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Longsheng Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ruyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qinghong Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xuanzhao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zheng Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ze Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huilong Du
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction in Hebei, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Wu Y, Leng F, Liao M, Yu Y, Chen Z, Wei S, Yang Z, Wu Q. Characterization of the physiological parameters, effective components, and transcriptional profiles of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Under pH stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 206:108279. [PMID: 38128226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a traditional Chinese medicine with extensive distribution and robust adaptability, but comprehensive research on its acid and alkali resistance is presently lacking. This study aimed to analyze the effects of 5 months of continuous pH stress on the physiological and photosynthetic parameters of P. multiflorum, and the content of effective components. Results revealed that pH stress significantly influenced the normal growth, physiological functions, and photosynthetic indicators of P. multiflorum. At soil pH 4.5, the tubers of P. multiflorum exhibited the highest levels of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) and total anthraquinones at 5.41% and 0.38%, respectively. However, increased soil pH significantly reduced the content of THSG and total anthraquinones. Reference-free transcriptome analysis was further conducted on P. multiflorum treated at pH 4.5 and 9.5, generating a total of 47,305 unigenes with an N50 of 2118 bp, of which 31,058 (65.65%) were annotated. Additionally, 2472 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among them, 17 DEGs associated with the biosynthesis of THSG and anthraquinones were screened. A comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression and effective component content demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the content of effective components and the 14 DEGs' expression but a negative correlation with soil pH. This study highlighted the influence of varying soil pH values on the effective component content of P. multiflorum. Specific acidic conditions proved beneficial for the synthesis and accumulation of THSG and total anthraquinones in P. multiflorum, thereby enhancing the quality of the medicinal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Fen Leng
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Mingli Liao
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Zhenyong Chen
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Shuhong Wei
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Zaijun Yang
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China.
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Li CWY, Walters S, Müller JF, Orlando J, Brasseur GP. Contamination of tea leaves by anthraquinone: The atmosphere as a possible source. Ambio 2023; 52:1373-1388. [PMID: 37115429 PMCID: PMC10272057 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anthraquinone in tea leaves has raised concerns due to a potential health risk associated with this species. This led the European Union to impose a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.02 mg/kg for anthraquinone in dried tea leaves. As atmospheric contamination has been identified as one of the possible sources of anthraquinone residue, this study investigates the contamination resulting from the deposition of atmospheric anthraquinone using a global chemical transport model that accounts for the emission, atmospheric transport, chemical transformation, and deposition of anthraquinone on the surface. The largest contribution to the global atmospheric budget of anthraquinone is from residential combustion followed by the secondary formation from oxidation of anthracene. Simulations suggest that atmospheric anthraquinone deposition could be a substantial source of the anthraquinone found on tea leaves in several tea-producing regions, especially near highly industrialized and populated areas of southern and eastern Asia. The high level of anthraquinone deposition in these areas may result in residues in tea products exceeding the EU MRL. Additional contamination could also result from local tea production operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy W. Y. Li
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stacy Walters
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Jean-François Müller
- Department “Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Constituents”, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Ringlaan 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Guy P. Brasseur
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
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Lin XY, Tian XH, Huang XM, Lei HM, Wang PL. [Material basis of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma-Coptidis Rhizoma combination in alleviating "bitter-cold" properties based on supramolecular chemistry of Chinese medicine]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:6066-6075. [PMID: 36471931 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210401.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the material basis of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma-Coptidis Rhizoma combination in alleviating "bitter-cold" properties based on the supramolecular chemistry of Chinese medicine.Dynamic light scattering and scanning/transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphological characteristics of supramolecules in the decoction of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma.The chemical composition of supramolecules, as well as the dissolution and release processes of supramolecules and the medicinal components of Coptidis Rhizoma decoction, was determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.The differences in "bitter-cold" medicinal properties between Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction, Coptidis Rhizoma decoction, and co-decoction were analyzed by sensory evaluation, electronic tongue, mouse diarrhea model, and pathological indicators.The anthraquinones/tannins and alkaloids interacted to form supramolecules with a scale of about 400 nm when Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma were decocted together, which delayed the dissolution and release of the active components represented by berberine. Compared with the consequence of single drug administration at 4 g·kg~(-1), the combination of the two drugs at 8 g·kg~(-1) significantly alleviated the "bitter-cold" properties.The effective components interacted to form supramolecules in the co-decoction of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma, which affected the dissolution and release of the effective components of Chinese medicinal decoction, thereby alleviating the "bitter-cold" properties.The findings of this study provide a new idea for revealing the scientific compatibility of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xue-Hao Tian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xue-Mei Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Peng-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
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Çiçek SS, Moreno Cardenas C, Girreser U. Determination of Total Sennosides and Sennosides A, B, and A 1 in Senna Leaflets, Pods, and Tablets by Two-Dimensional qNMR. Molecules 2022; 27:7349. [PMID: 36364175 PMCID: PMC9656819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a two-dimensional qNMR method for the determination of sennosides was established. Using band-selective HSQC and the cross correlations of the characteristic 10-10' bonds, we quantified the total amount of the value-determining dianthranoids in five minutes, thus, rendering the method not only fast, but also specific and stability indicating. The validation of the method revealed excellent accuracy (recovery rates of 98.5 to 103%), precision (RSD values of 3.1%), and repeatability (2.2%) and demonstrated the potential of 2D qNMR in the quality control of medicinal plants. In a second method, the use of 2D qNMR for the single analysis of sennosides A, B, and A1 was evaluated with acceptable measurement times (31 min), accuracy (93.8%), and repeatability (5.4% and 5.6%) for the two major purgatives sennoside A and B. However, the precision for sennoside B and A1 was not satisfactory, mainly due to the low resolution of the HSQC signals of the two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Calisto Moreno Cardenas
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Thotathil V, Rizk HH, Fakrooh A, Sreerama L. Phytochemical Analysis of Acaciaehrenbergiana (Hayne) Grown in Qatar: Identification of Active Ingredients and Their Biological Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196400. [PMID: 36234937 PMCID: PMC9571875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia ehrenbergiana (Hayne), also known as Salam, is a highly drought resistant shrub distributed in North and East Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The plant is gathered for its gum and fiber, and is an important legume species for indigenous populations. In this study, the phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of various alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Acacia ehrenbergiana grown in Qatar were investigated. The qualitative phytochemical screening of this species exhibited the presence of glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenol, and anthraquinones in various extracts. The agar diffusion method was performed to check the antibacterial activity. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed 85% antibacterial activity of the control against Gram-negative E. coli, while the acetone extract had 65% activity against the Bacillus Gram-positive species. The highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus was 65% for the butanol extract. The antioxidant capacities were evaluated by the DPPH method. Various extracts exhibited antioxidant activities similar to or higher than standard antioxidants, with the highest percent inhibition of 95% for the acetone and ethanol extracts. The acetone extracts were further purified by reverse phase combiflash chromatography followed by HPLC. Three of the pure compounds isolated were subjected to MS, FTIR, and NMR spectral analysis and were found to be stigmasterol, spinasterol, and theogallin. In conclusion, the observed antibacterial and antioxidant activities as well as the presence of secondary metabolites with potential medicinal activities makes Acacia ehrenbergiana a potent valuable endemic medicinal plant.
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Abdelsalam SA, M Abdelhafez A, H Abu-Hussien S, A Abou-Taleb K. Factors Influencing Decolourization and Detoxification of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye by Aspergillus flavus. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:1183-1194. [PMID: 34842391 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.1183.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objectives:</b> Anthraquinone synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, dyeing and paper painting. The discharge of these dyes into the environment causes detriment. The removal of physiochemical dyes is sometimes unsuccessful and expensive. Biological removal is inexpensive, eco-friendly and may break down organic contaminants. In the current work, a fungal technique was applied to decolorize and detoxify dye. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Dye decolorizing fungi isolation, selection and identification of the most effective isolate and dye decolorization optimization based on carbon and nitrogen sources. In addition, the product's cytotoxicity and metabolites were tested. The enzyme activities were measured to determine dye decolorization. <b>Results:</b> Decolorization of reactive blue 19 dye by the most effective fungal strain isolate (5BF) isolated from industrial effluents were studied. This isolate was identified as <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> based on phenotypic characteristics and confirmed using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that this strain is aflatoxins free. Furthermore, metabolites produced from dye treatment with <i>A. flavus</i> were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicity data revealed that <i>A. flavus</i> metabolites were not toxic to plants. Using a one-factor-at-a-time optimization technique, a maximum decolorization percentage (99%) was obtained after 72 hrs in the presence of mannitol and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> or NH<sub>4</sub>Cl as carbon and nitrogen sources. Two enzymes (laccase and manganese peroxidase) were shown to be active during dye decolorization by <i>A. flavus</i>. <b>Conclusion:</b> The <i>A. flavus</i> strain was shown to be safe when it came to removing dye from a synthetic medium with high efficiency and their metabolites had no negative influence on the environment. As a result, this strain will be used in the future for dye wastewater bioremediation.
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Li J, Shi L, Xu S, Gu S, Wen X, Xu D, Luo J, Huang Y, Wang M. Optimal fermentation time for Nigrospora-fermented tea rich in bostrycin. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:2483-2490. [PMID: 33058154 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bostrycin has many biological functions, such as anticancer activity, and is becoming increasingly popular. Nigrospora sphaerica HCH285, which has the ability to produce high levels of bostrycin, can be used to ferment sun-dried green tea of Camellia sinensis through acclimation, resulting in the development of a Nigrospora-fermented tea. The effects of fermentation time on the production of bostrycin by the HCH285 strain were investigated. RESULTS After 45 days of fermentation, the bostrycin content reached 3.18 g kg-1 , which is the highest level during the whole fermentation. At 50 days, the tea liquor was red, had a strong mushroom odour and a sweet taste, and presented optimal quality. The contents of free amino acids, tea polyphenols and soluble sugars in the fermented tea decreased generally during the fermentation, although the content of water-soluble substances increased. Additionally, the results of a 14-day acute oral toxicity test showed that Nigrospora-fermented tea was nontoxic. CONCLUSION The optimum fermentation time of Nigrospora-fermented tea was concluded to be 45-50 days. These results provide insights with respect to the development of tea biotechnology and new tea products with active ingredients. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhan Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyao Xu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyi Gu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and Tea Science Department of Horticulture and Forestry Science College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Luo
- College of Humanity & Law, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youyi Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and Tea Science Department of Horticulture and Forestry Science College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Kučera L, Kurka O, Golec M, Bednář P. Study of Tetrahydroxylated Anthraquinones-Potential Tool to Assess Degradation of Anthocyanins Rich Food. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010002. [PMID: 33374941 PMCID: PMC7792584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of anthocyanins involves scission of the flavonoid skeleton yielding 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (phloroglucinaldehyde, PGA) and a phenolic acid. However, the process is not finished with the formation of PGA, as the consequent condensation of two PGA molecules providing colored hydroxylated anthraquinones was observed for the first time. This process was studied using a combination of preparative column chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS2), and quantum calculations using density functional theory. 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (anthrachrysone) and its isomers were found to rise during heating (95 °C) in a buffered PGA model solution (phosphate buffer, pH 7). These compounds were detected in heated red wine after an increase of its pH value. The concentration of the identified anthrachrysone in the red wine reached 0.01 mg·L-1. Presence of those compounds could therefore indicate involvement of certain steps in the processing of plant materials rich in anthocyanins (e.g., utilization of a higher temperature and/or reduction of acidity) or long-term transformation of anthocyanins (potentially, for instance, in archaeological findings such as wine or fruit residues). Additionally, measurement of wine-soil suspensions proved an increase of their pH to the values suitable for anthocyanin cleavage (neutral to slightly alkaline; reached using soil from archaeologically well-known Bull Rock Cave). Although not found in artificially prepared samples (imitations) or authentic materials so far, according to our results the above mentioned conditions are suitable for the formation of tetrahydroxylated anthraquinone derivatives and their monitoring would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kučera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Ondřej Kurka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Martin Golec
- Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University, Křížkovského 10, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Bednář
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585634403
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Kalivel P, Singh RP, Kavitha S, Padmanabhan D, Krishnan SK, Palanichamy J. Elucidation of electrocoagulation mechanism in the removal of Blue SI dye from aqueous solution using Al-Al, Cu-Cu electrodes - A comparative study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 201:110858. [PMID: 32563161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the research on the treatment of an anthraquinone derivatives of disperse dye Blue SI from aqueous solution using aluminium for the optimization of operational parameters like pH, current density, addition of electrolyte, contact time for the color removal efficiency (CRE) and the results are compared with the performance of copper electrodes in electrocoagulation (EC). The parameters for maximum CRE was found with Al at current density 40 Am-2, time 10 min at pH 7, and for Cu at 60 Am-2 15 min, at pH 6 were optimized. The characterization of the treated water using HPLC, MS studies revealed intermediate compounds. From the XPS analysis of the sludge obtained, the mechanism of EC was deduced. Treated aqueous solution was studied for its phytotoxicity with Vigna radiata and ecotoxicity studies were conducted on Artemia salina to study the toxicity effect of the intermediatory products in the treated dye solution. Blue SI dye aqueous solution treated with aluminium electrodes shows no or lesser toxicity in plants as well as in ecotoxic study compared with copper electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswari Kalivel
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India.
| | - Rajkumar Pluto Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Subbiah Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Padmanabhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Jegathambal Palanichamy
- Water Institute, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
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Dória AR, Pupo M, Santos GDOS, Vilar DDS, Torres NH, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Cavalcanti EB, Eguiluz KIB, Salazar-Banda GR. Electrochemical oxidation of indanthrene blue dye in a filter-press flow reactor and toxicity analyses with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Lactuca sativa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 198:110659. [PMID: 32330790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternative routes to degrade dyes are of crucial importance for the environment. Hence, we report the electrochemical removal of indanthrene blue by using a boron-doped diamond anode, focusing on the toxicity of the treated solutions. Different operational conditions were studied, such as current density (5, 10, and 20 mA cm-2) and electrolyte composition (Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaNO3). Besides, the pH was monitored throughout the experiment to consider its direct influence on the ecotoxicity effects. The highest electrochemical oxidation efficiency, measured as color removal, was seen in the 180 min condition of electrolysis in 0.033 M Na2SO4, applying 20 mA cm-2, resulting in a color removal of nearly 91% and 40.51 kWh m-3 of energy consumption. The toxicity towards Lactuca sativa depends solely on pH variations being indifferent to color removal. While the inhibition concentration (IC50) for Raphidocelis subcapitata increases 20% after treatment (in optimized conditions), suggesting that the byproducts are more toxic for this specific organism. Our data highlight the importance of analyzing the toxicity towards various organisms to understand the toxic effect of the treatment applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Resende Dória
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marilia Pupo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Géssica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Débora da Silva Vilar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Nádia Hortense Torres
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Tratamento de Resíduos e Efluentes - LTRE, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliane Bezerra Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Tratamento de Resíduos e Efluentes - LTRE, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Richard Salazar-Banda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Li D, Lv B, Wang D, Xu D, Qin S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Xu F. Network Pharmacology and Bioactive Equivalence Assessment Integrated Strategy Driven Q-markers Discovery for Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction to Attenuate Intestinal Obstruction. Phytomedicine 2020; 72:153236. [PMID: 32464544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal obstruction (IO) is a kind of acute abdomen with high morbidity and mortality. Patients suffer from poor quality of life and tremendous financial pressure. Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD), a classical purgation prescription, has clinically been proven to be an effective treatment for IO. PURPOSE Network pharmacology integrated with bioactive equivalence assessment was used to discover the quality marker (Q-marker) of DCQD against IO. METHODS As there is hardly any targets recorded in database, thus the collection of IO targets was conducted by searching those of alternative diseases which have similar pathological symptoms with IO. In order to improve the reliability of the obtained targets, IO metabolomics data was introduced. Active compounds combination (ACC) was focused as potential Q-markers via component-target network analysis and function query from the identified components corresponding to the common targets. Bioequivalence between ACC and DCQD was assessed from the aspects of intestine motility (somatostatin secretion), inflammation (IL-6 secretion) and injury (wound healing assay) in vitro and was further validated in ileus rat model. PPI network analysis of core targets followed by gene pedigree classification and experimental validation confirmed the potential intervention pathway. RESULTS A combination of 11 ingredients, including emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, gallic acid, magnolol, honokiol, naringenin, tangeretin, and nobiletin was finally confirmed bioequivalence with DQCD to some extent and could serve as Q-markers for DCQD to attenuate IO. PI3K/AKT was verified as a possible affected pathway that DCQD exerted the effectiveness against IO. CONCLUSION For the disease with few recorded targets, searching those of alternative diseases which have similar pathological symptoms could be a feasible and effective approach. The proposed network pharmacology integrated bioactive equivalence evaluation paradigm is efficient to discover Q-marker of herbal formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Doudou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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14
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Zhang B, Li MY, Luo XM, Wang XB, Wu T. Analysis of the chemical components of Qixianqingming granules and their metabolites in rats by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4484. [PMID: 31786817 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Qixianqingming granules (QXQM) comprise a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that was developed based on the combination of TCM theory and clinical practice. This formula has been proven to effectively treat asthma. In this study, an analytical procedure using ultraperformance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was established for the rapid separation and sensitive identification of the chemical components in QXQM and its metabolites in serum of rats. Seventy-two compounds were systematically identified in QXQM, including flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenylethanoid glycosides, stilbenes, alkaloids, and organic acids. Thirteen prototype compounds and 29 metabolites were detected in the serum of rats. The results provided fundamental information for further studying the mechanisms and clinical application of QXQM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Ming Luo
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Biao Wang
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
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15
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Bae JY, Avula B, Wang YH, Wang M, Ali Z, Viljeon AM, Khan IA. Development and Validation of a UHPLC-PDA-MS Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Anthraquinones in Bulbine natalensis Extracts and Dietary Supplements. Planta Med 2020; 86:144-150. [PMID: 31766069 DOI: 10.1055/a-1037-4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A UHPLC-photodiode array-MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of one chromone and six anthraquinone type of compounds from Bulbine natalensis plant samples and dietary supplements. Metabolites 1: - 7: were identified based on their retention times and electrospray ionization-MS spectra compared with a mix of previously isolated compounds. The quantification of 1: - 7: was based on photodiode array detection. The optimized separation was achieved using a CORTECS C18 column with a gradient of water/acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Seven compounds were separated within 15 minutes with detection limits of 50 pg on the column. The analytical method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, limits of detection, and limits of quantification. The relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day experiments were less than 5% and the recovery efficiency was 98 - 101%. Nine dietary supplements labeled as containing B. natalensis were examined. Anthraquinone-type compounds were detected in only five out of nine dietary supplements, with the total amount ranging from 11.3 to 90.4 mg per daily dose. The analytical method is simple, economic, rapid, and can be applied for quality assessment of B. natalensis and dietary supplements. Electrospray ionization-MS was used for the identification of these compounds in plant samples and dietary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong Bae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Alvaro M Viljeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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16
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El-Bagary RI, Mahrouse MA, El-Hakeem MM, Megally AB, Mohamed AA. Novel spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Leflunomide and Diacerein in binary mixtures. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 220:117121. [PMID: 31195241 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two novel spectrophotometric methods were presented in this work using ethanol as a solvent. The first method was the ratio difference spectrophotometric method [RDSM], in which the amplitude difference between two selected wavelengths on the ratio spectra were recorded and used for estimation of each of Leflunomide LEF in mixture with its alkaline induced degradate DEG and also for Diacerein DIA determination in mixture with Aceclofenac ACEC without interference from the other component in the mixture. The second method is the ratio subtraction coupled with constant multiplication [RS-CM], where LEF was determined in its mixture with its alkaline degradate DEG at 261 nm which is considered as a stability indicating assay. In addition to simultaneous determination of Diacerein DIA and Aceclofenac ACEC in their mixtures at 257 and 277 nm, respectively, by the second method without previous separation. Linearity was shown over the concentration range of [1.5-15 μg/ml] for LEF, [1-11 μg/ml] for DIA and [2.5-25 μg/ml] for ACEC, by both proposed methods. Leflunomide was found to be completely degraded when subjected to alkaline degradation producing one alkaline product. Validation of the suggested methods was conducted according to ICH guidelines, concerning precision, accuracy, repeatability. The suggested spectrophotometric methods were statistically compared to reference methods showing no significant difference. The suggested spectrophotometric methods are considered to be simple, sensitive and could be easily applied in quality control laboratories instead of LC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzia I El-Bagary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Maha M El-Hakeem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Amal B Megally
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira A Mohamed
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
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Li M, Wang D, Liu X, Sun J. Evaluation and correction on quinones' quantification errors: Derived from the coexistence of different quinone species and pH-sensitive feature. Chemosphere 2019; 230:67-75. [PMID: 31102873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are becoming an essential tool for refractory organics treatment, while their quantification may be not well-considered. In this paper, two kinds of potential errors in quantification were evaluated in multiple pH conditions. They were derived from the coexistence of oxidized/reduced quinone species (Type I) and pH-sensitive feature (Type II), respectively. These errors would remarkably influence the accuracy of quantification while they haven't been emphasized. Thus, to elaborate the relationship between the two types of errors and the absorbance or pH conditions, three typical quinones [Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (α-AQS), anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and lawsone] were selected and their acid dissociation coefficients (pKa) as well as UV-Vis spectra were determined. Results revealed that, for Type I, the relative error (RE) of α-AQS concentration would exceed the limit (5%) when reduced α-AQS was below 48% of total α-AQS. Similar results were found for lawsone. However, the RE can be eliminated by the equation established in this paper. For Type II, the pH-sensitive feature was related to the pKa values of quinones. Absorbances of α-AQS and lawsone would change remarkably with pH variation. Therefore, a model for correction was established. Analog data showed high consistency with experimental data [r = 0.995 (n = 25, p < 0.01) and r = 0.997 (n = 36, p < 0.01), for lawsone and α-AQS respectively]. Especially, the determination of AQDS concentrations was noticed to be pH-independent at 437 nm under pH 4.00 to 9.18 conditions. Based on these features, a comprehensive data solution was proposed for handling these errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Xiaoduo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Jingmei Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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18
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Jariyasopit N, Tung P, Su K, Halappanavar S, Evans GJ, Su Y, Khoomrung S, Harner T. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban air and associated inhalation cancer risks: A case study targeting distinct source sectors. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:1882-1891. [PMID: 31227350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling was conducted in Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area from 2016 to 2017 for 6 periods, in order to investigate ambient levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) associated with different source types. The selected sampling sites (n = 8) cover geographical areas with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Passive air samples were analyzed for PACs which include PAHs, alkylated PAHs (alk-PAHs), dibenzothiophene and alkylated dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) and results for PAHs were used to calculate inhalation cancer risks using different approaches. The samples were also characterized for PAH derivatives including nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). Concentrations of Σalk-PAHs and DBTs, which are known to be enriched in fossil fuels, as well as ΣNPAHs, were highest at a traffic site (MECP) located adjacent to the 18-lane Highway 401 that runs across Toronto. Except for an industrial site (HH/BU), PAC compositions were similar across the sampling sites with Σalk-PAHs being the most abundant class of PACs suggesting traffic emission was a major contributor to PACs in the atmosphere of Toronto. The industrial site exhibited a distinct chemical composition with ΣPAHs dominating over Σalk-PAHs and with elevated levels of fluoranthene, 9-nitroanthracene, and 9,10-anthraquinone, which likely reflects emissions from nearby industrial sources. MECP and HH/BU exhibited higher lifetime excess inhalation cancer risks indicating an association with traffic and industrial sources. The importance of the traffic sector as a source of PACs to ambient air is further supported by strong correlations of the ΣPAHs, Σalk-PAHs, DBTs, and ΣOPAHs with NOx. This study highlights the importance of traffic as an emission source of PACs to urban air and the relevance of PAC classes other than just unsubstituted PAHs that are important but currently not included in air quality guidelines or for assessing inhalation cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Phoebe Tung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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Li X, Tang S, Yuan D, Tang J, Zhang C, Li N, Rao Y. Improved degradation of anthraquinone dye by electrochemical activation of PDS. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 177:77-85. [PMID: 30974246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) coupled with peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation as a synergistic wastewater treatment process (PDS/EO) was performed to degrade anthraquinone dye-Reactive Brilliant Blue (RBB) in aqueous solution. Introducing PDS into the EO improved the RBB removal than the sole PDS and conventional EO systems. The RBB could activate PDS to a certain degree by itself. By the comparison of various inorganic ions addition, it showed that adding NO3- as the background electrolyte was more effective than the systems using the Cl- and SO42-, respectively. In this PDS/EO-NO3- system, increasing PDS concentration (1-5 mmol L-1) and current density (5-10 mA cm-2) considerably promoted the degradation of RBB. The adjustment of the solution pH displayed that the acidic and neutral condition was beneficial to the RBB removal, and the synergistic effect was inverse ratio to the RBB initial concentration. Furthermore, the scavenger experiments verified that both SO4·- and HO· were the major active substances in the RBB decomposition, and other reactive oxygen species also had considerable contributions. Thereinto NO3- only act a catalytic agent to improve the generation of active matters in the PDS/EO-NO3-. Overall, the proposed synergistic process could serve as an efficient method for the degradation of anthraquinone dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Shoufeng Tang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Deling Yuan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China.
| | - Jiachen Tang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Yandi Rao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
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Palmieri V, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Conti C, De Spirito M, Lattanzi W, Papi M. Graphene Oxide Induced Osteogenesis Quantification by In-Situ 2D-Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3336. [PMID: 30373116 PMCID: PMC6274764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide can promote the adhesion, growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Further, graphene surface coatings accelerate the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells acting as osteogenic inducers. Quantification of the osteogenic induction is conventionally performed with Alizarin Red S (ARS), an anthraquinone derivative used to identify calcium deposits in tissue sections and cell cultures. The ARS staining is quite versatile because the dye forms an Alizarin Red S⁻calcium complex that can be extracted from the stained monolayer of cells and readily assayed by absorbance measurements. Direct visualization of stained deposits is also feasible; however, an in-situ visualization and quantification of deposits is possible only on transparent supports and not on thick opaque materials like ceramics and graphene composites that are well-known inducers of osteogenesis. In this manuscript, the shape of the 2D-fluorescence spectra of the ARS-calcium complex is used to develop a method to detect and monitor the in-situ differentiation process occurring during the osteogenic induction mediated by opaque graphene oxide surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Palmieri
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Conti
- Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Bibi N, Hamayun M, Khan SA, Iqbal A, Islam B, Shah F, Khan MA, Lee IJ. Anthracene biodegradation capacity of newly isolated rhizospheric bacteria Bacillus cereus S13. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201620. [PMID: 30071070 PMCID: PMC6072074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation of hazardous pollutants is of immense importance for maintaining a clean environment. However, the concentration of such contaminants/pollutants can be minimized with the help of microorganisms that has the ability to degrade the toxic pollutants into non-toxic metabolites. In the current study, 23 bacterial isolates were purified from the rhizospheric soil of Sysimbrium irio, growing as a wild plant in the vicinity of gas filling stations in Peshawar city. The isolated strains were initially screened on solid nutrient agar and further purified by culturing it on anthracene amended mineral media (PNR). The bacterial growth and anthracene disappearance were observed by calculating optical density (OD). The isolates showed a concentration-dependent growth on anthracene amended PNR media at 30°C and pH7. Also, an increase in bacterial OD from 0.351 to 1.80 with increased shaking speed was noticed. On the contrary, alternate carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose) or nitrogen sources (KNO3, NaNO3, NH4NO3 and CaNO3) posed inhibitory effect on bacterial growth during anthracene degradation. The recorded efficiency of anthracene degradation by the selected bacterial isolate (1.4×1023 CFUmL-1 and 1.80 OD) was 82.29%, after 120 h of incubation. The anthracene was degraded to 9, 10, dihydroxy-anthracene and anthraquinone, detected through GC-MS. The efficient bacterial isolate was identified as S13, a new strain of Bacillus cereus, using 16S rRNA analysis, showing 98% homology. The isolated bacterial strain S13 may be used as a potential tool for bioremediation of toxic hydrocarbons and to keep the environment free from PAH pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bibi
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Afzal Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (IJL); (SAK)
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Badshah Islam
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aaqil Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IJL); (SAK)
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Sonal S, Singh A, Mishra BK. Decolorization of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by zirconium oxychloride as a novel coagulant: optimization through response surface methodology. Water Sci Technol 2018; 78:379-389. [PMID: 30101773 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the performance of a novel coagulant, i.e. ZrOCl2, for the removal of anthraquinone-based reactive dye from aqueous solution. An ideal experimental setup was designed based on central composite design using response surface methodology to determine the individual and interactive effects of different operational variables (i.e. pH, coagulant dose and dye concentration) on treatment performance in terms of dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. Total 92.58% dye and 85.33% COD removal were experimentally attained at optimized conditions at low coagulant dose, i.e. 156.67 mg/L for the dye concentration of 105.67 mg/L at pH 2. To validate the working pH of the metal coagulant, the static charge of ZrOCl2 was measured using Eh value. The performance of the coagulant was validated with experimental and predicted values in the selected data set, and R2 values for both responses were found to be 0.99 and 0.95 respectively, which shows the reliability of the experimental design. Further, the toxicity of the coagulant was assessed and no such toxicity was found even up to the concentration of 500 mg/L, proclaiming the disposal of sludge may not exhibit any threat to humans. Experimental results suggested that the ZrOCl2 could be used as an eco-friendly coagulant for dye wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalika Sonal
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India E-mail:
| | - Astha Singh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India E-mail:
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India E-mail:
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Sun J, Wu Y, Dong S, Li X, Gao W. Influence of the drying method on the bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities of rhubarb. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:3551-3562. [PMID: 29315599 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raw rhubarb samples that have been subjected to different drying procedures will have different therapeutic effects, possibly due to processing-induced variations in the chemical composition. In the present work, the fresh materials were processed by smoking, sun-drying, shade-drying and oven-drying at low, moderate and high temperatures. To facilitate the selection of a suitable drying method for rhubarb, the quality of rhubarb processed under various drying conditions was evaluated based on the simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents in combination with bioactivity assays. RESULTS The total concentrations of 12 compounds in smoked rhubarb were higher than the concentrations of the same components in raw rhubarb and rhubarb products processed using other drying techniques. Smoked rhubarb was found to substantially inhibit Na+ /K+ -ATPase and thrombin. In addition, higher content of anthraquinones led to higher Na+ /K+ -ATPase inhibitory activities, and higher gallic acid content increased the antithrombin capacity. CONCLUSION The results confirmed that post-harvest fresh plant materials, especially roots, were still physiologically active organs that could undergo series of anti-dehydration mechanisms, including the production of related secondary metabolites during the early stages of dehydration. Therefore, the proper design of drying processes could enhance the quality of rhubarb as well as other similar medicinal plants. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, PR China
| | - Yueting Wu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, PR China
| | - Shengjie Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, PR China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
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Wang Y, Wang C, Lin H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Li P, Liu J. Discovery of the Potential Biomarkers for Discrimination between Hedyotis diffusa and Hedyotis corymbosa by UPLC-QTOF/MS Metabolome Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:E1525. [PMID: 29941819 PMCID: PMC6100407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedyotis diffuse Willd. (HD) and Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. (HC), two closely related species of the same genus, are both used for health benefits and disease prevention in China. HC is also indiscriminately sold as HD in the wholesale chain and food markets. This confusion has led to a growing concern about their identification and quality evaluation. In order to further understand the molecular diversification between them, we focus on the screening of chemical components and the analysis of non-targeted metabolites. In this study, UPLC-QTOF-MSE, UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analyses were used to profile them. Firstly, a total of 113 compounds, including 80 shared chemical constituents of the two plants, were identified from HC and HD by using the UNIFI platform. Secondly, the differences between two herbs were highlighted with the comparative analysis. As a result, a total of 33 robust biomarkers enabling the differentiation were discovered by using multivariate statistical analyses. For HC, there were 18 potential biomarkers (either the contents were much greater than in HD or being detected only in HC) including three iridoids, eight flavonoids, two tannins, two ketones, one alcohol and two monoterpenes. For HD, there were15 potential biomarkers (either the contents were much greater than in HC or being detected only in HD) including two iridoids, eight flavonoids, one tannin, one ketone, and three anthraquinones. With a comprehensive consideration of the contents or the MS responses of the chemical composition, Hedycoryside A and B, detected only in HC, could be used for rapid identification of HC. The compounds 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone and 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone, detected only in HD, could be used for rapid identification of that plant. The systematic comparison of similarities and differences between two confusing Chinese herbs will provide reliable characterization profiles to clarify the pharmacological fundamental substances. HC should not be used as the substitute of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yameng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
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Nie C, Zhang F, Ma X, Guo R, Zhou S, Zhao L, Xu H, Xiao X, Wang Z. Determination of quality markers of Xuezhiling tablet for hyperlipidemia treatment. Phytomedicine 2018; 44:231-238. [PMID: 29631806 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The massive number of ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) makes quality control very difficult. The concept of quality markers (Q-marker) was recently proposed to evaluate the quality of TCMs. Xuezhiling tablets (XZL) are widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in China owing to its noticeable effectiveness and mild adverse effects, but there are no proper Q-markers for this Chinese patent medicine. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to determine the Q-markers of XZL against hyperlipidemia through an integration of investigations on its lipid-lowering effect, metabolomics, content determination and pharmacokinetics. METHODS XZL was prepared in accordance with the method described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia (Ch.P.). Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats through the administration of a high-fat diet (HFD). The hypolipidemic effect of XZL was investigated through the detection of the blood levels of total glyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). A metabolomics study was conducted to analyze the overall effects of XZL on the regulation of lipid metabolism. The main bioactive compounds of XZL were identified and determined in the XZL preparation and the medicated plasma of hyperlipidemic rats. RESULTS XZL lowered the levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C through alterations of metabolic patterns. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (THSG), chrysophanol-1-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosy1-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (SHJ), cassiaside, rubrofusarin gentiobioside, aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin, and obtusinfolin were identified and determined both in the preparation and the blood of hyperlipidemic rats. CONCLUSION SHJ, obtusinfolin, THSG, rubrofusarin gentiobioside, and aurantio-obtusin, which are more abundant in the preparation, leading to greater exposure in vivo, were suitable Q-markers to guarantee the medicinal quality of XZL and ensure the clinical effectiveness on hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohong Nie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Beijing Sihuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 100025, PR China
| | - Fugeng Zhang
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, PR China
| | - Libin Zhao
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, PR China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Xiao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
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Zhao X, Wei J, Yang M. Simultaneous Analysis of Iridoid Glycosides and Anthraquinones in Morinda officinalis Using UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS E. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051070. [PMID: 29751518 PMCID: PMC6100404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Morinda officinalis is an important herbal medicine and functional food, and its main constituents include anthraquinone and iridoid glycosides. Quantification of the main compounds is a necessary step to understand the quality and therapeutic properties of M. officinalis, but this has not yet been performed based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytes were extracted from M. officinalis by reflux method. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied for quantification. Fragmentation pathways of deacetyl asperulosidic acid and rubiadin were investigated based on UPLC with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q/TOF-MS) in the MSE centroid mode. The method showed a good linearity over a wide concentration range (R2 ≥ 0.9930). The limits of quantification of six compounds ranged from 2.6 to 27.57 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions of the investigated components exhibited an RSD within 4.5% with mean recovery rates of 95.32–99.86%. Contents of selected compounds in M. officinalis varied significantly depending on region. The fragmentation pathway of deacetyl asperulosidic and rubiadin was proposed. A selective and sensitive method was developed for determining six target compounds in M. officinalis by UPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the proposed method will be helpful for quality control and identification main compounds of M. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zhao
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 571100, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 571100, China.
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meihua Yang
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 571100, China.
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kalikeri S, Shetty Kodialbail V. Solar light-driven photocatalysis using mixed-phase bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3/Bi 25FeO 40) nanoparticles for remediation of dye-contaminated water: kinetics and comparison with artificial UV and visible light-mediated photocatalysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:13881-13893. [PMID: 29512012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-phase bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method using potassium hydroxide as the precipitant. X-ray diffractogram (XRD) of the particles showed the formation of mixed-phase BFO nanoparticles containing BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 phases with the crystallite size of 70 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of quasi-spherical particles. The BFO nanoparticles were uniform sized with narrow size range and with the average hydrodynamic diameter of 76 nm. The band gap energy of 2.2 eV showed its ability to absorb light even in the visible range. Water contaminated with Acid Yellow (AY-17) and Reactive Blue (RB-19) dye was treated by photocatalysis under UV, visible, and solar light irradiation using the BFO nanoparticles. The BFO nanoparticles showed maximum photocatalytical activity under solar light as compared to UV and visible irradiations, and photocatalysis was favored under acidic pH. Complete degradation of AY-17 dyes and around 95% degradation of RB-19 could be achieved under solar light at pH 5. The kinetics of degradation followed the Langmuir-Hinshelhood kinetic model showing that the heterogeneous photocatalysis is adsorption controlled. The findings of this work prove the synthesized BFO nanoparticles as promising photocatalysts for the treatment of dye-contaminated industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankramma Kalikeri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar Post, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575025, India
| | - Vidya Shetty Kodialbail
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar Post, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575025, India.
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Pagano M, Ciannarella R, Locaputo V, Mascolo G, Volpe A. Oxidation of azo and anthraquinonic dyes by peroxymonosulphate activated by UV light. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2018; 53:393-404. [PMID: 29281500 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1404331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical degradation of two azo and two anthraquinonic dyes was performed using potassium peroxymonosulphate (Oxone®) activated by UV radiation. The fast decolourization of all dyes was observed within 6 min of UV irradiation, with corresponding dye decays higher than 80%. The kinetic rate constants of the dyes' decay were determined, along with the energetic efficiency of the photochemical treatment, taking into account the influence of a few anions commonly present in real wastewaters (i.e., chloride, nitrate, carbonate/bicarbonate and phosphate ions). Chloride and carbonate/bicarbonate ions enhanced dye degradation, whereas phosphate ions exerted an inhibitory effect, and nitrates did not have a predictable influence. The dye decolourization was not associated with efficient mineralization, as suggested by the lack of a significant total organic carbon (TOC) decrease, as well as by the low concentrations of a few detected low molecular weight by-products, including nitrate ions, formaldehyde and organic acids. High molecular weight by-products were also detected by mass spectrometry analysis. The investigated process may be proposed as a convenient pre-treatment to help dye degradation in wastewater during combined treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pagano
- a Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) , Via Francesco De Blasio, Bari , Italy
| | - Ruggiero Ciannarella
- a Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) , Via Francesco De Blasio, Bari , Italy
| | - Vito Locaputo
- a Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) , Via Francesco De Blasio, Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mascolo
- a Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) , Via Francesco De Blasio, Bari , Italy
| | - Angela Volpe
- a Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) , Via Francesco De Blasio, Bari , Italy
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Mishra S, Maiti A. The efficacy of bacterial species to decolourise reactive azo, anthroquinone and triphenylmethane dyes from wastewater: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8286-8314. [PMID: 29383646 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The industrial dye-contaminated wastewater has been considered as the most complex and hazardous in terms of nature and composition of toxicants that can cause severe biotic risk. Reactive azo, anthroquinone and triphenylmethane dyes are mostly used in dyeing industries; thus, the unfixed hydrolysed molecules of these dyes are commonly found in wastewater. In this regard, bacterial species have been proved to be highly effective to treat wastewater containing reactive dyes and heavy metals. The bio-decolourisation of dye occurs either by adsorption or through degradation in bacterial metabolic pathways under optimised environmental conditions. The bacterial dye decolourisation rates vary with the type of bacteria, reactivity of dye and operational parameters such as temperature, pH, co-substrate, electron donor and dissolved oxygen concentration. The present paper reviews the efficiency of bacterial species (individual and consortia) to decolourise wastewater containing reactive azo, anthroquinone and triphenylmethane dyes either individually or mixed or with metal ions. It has been observed that bacteria Pseudomonas spp. are comparatively more effective to treat reactive dyes and metal-contaminated wastewater. In recent studies, either immobilised cell or isolated enzymes are being used to decolourise dye at a large scale of operations. However, it is required to investigate more potent bacterial species or consortia that could be used to treat wastewater containing mixed reactive dyes and heavy metals like chromium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247001, India
| | - Abhijit Maiti
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247001, India.
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Artaxo P, de Souza Hacon S, Roubicek DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:960-970. [PMID: 29031407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from burning of biomass in the Amazon region have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from biomass burning in the Amazon region during two different periods, namely intense and moderate, was investigated. This study focused on: i) organic characterization of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); ii) assessment of the excess lifetime cancer risk (LCR); and iii) assessment of the in vitro mutagenic effects of extractable organic matter (EOM). Further, we compared the sensitivity of two mutagenicity tests: Salmonella/microsome test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) with human lung cells. Among the nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 1-nitropyrene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene showed the highest concentrations, while among oxy-PAHs, 2-metylanthraquinone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant. The LCR calculated for nitro-PAH exposure during intense biomass burning period showed a major contribution of 6-nitrochrysene to human carcinogenic risk. The EOM from intense period was more mutagenic than that from moderate period for both TA98 and YG1041 Salmonella strains. The number of revertants for YG1041 was 5-50% higher than that for TA98, and the most intense responses were obtained in the absence of metabolic activation, suggesting that nitroaromatic compounds with direct-acting frameshift mutagenic activity are contributing to the DNA damage. Treatment of cells with non-cytotoxic doses of EOM resulted in an increase in micronuclei frequencies. The minimal effective dose showed that Salmonella/microsome test was considerably more sensitive in comparison with CBMN mainly for the intense burning period samples. This was the first study to assess the mutagenicity of EOM associated with PM collected in the Amazon region using Salmonella/microsome test. The presence of compounds with mutagenic effects, particularly nitro- and oxy-PAHs, and LCR values in the range of 10-5 indicate that the population is potentially exposed to an increased risk of DNA damage, mutation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sofia Caumo
- Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandra de Souza Hacon
- National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Święciło A, Szychowski KA, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T. Comparative study of eco- and cytotoxicity during biotransformation of anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B in optimized cultures of microscopic fungi. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:776-787. [PMID: 28946118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select optimal conditions (C and N sources, initial pH and temperature) for biodecolorization of 0.03% anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B (ABBB) by microscopic fungi: Haematonectria haematococca BwIII43, K37 and Trichoderma harzianum BsIII33. The phenolic compounds, phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum L.), biotoxicity (Microtox), cytotoxicity and yeast viability assay were performed to determine the extent of ABBB detoxification. Biodecolorization and detoxification of 0.03% ABBB in H. haematococca BwIII43 and T. harzianum BsIII33 cultures was correlated with extracellular oxidoreductases activity. In turn, secondary products, toxic to human fibroblasts and respiring sod1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, were formed in H. haematococca K37 strain cultures, despite efficient decolorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland.
| | - Agata Święciło
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
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Liu YH, Huang ZH, Dong L, Pei WX, Sun Y, Gao XY. [Simultaneous content determination of 14 components in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma by high performance liquid chromatography method]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:4514-4519. [PMID: 29376246 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20171113.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To establish an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method for the simultaneous content determination of gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, isolindleyin, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, lindleyin, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone-4'-O-β-D-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-cinnamoyl)-glucopyranoside, sennoside A and sennoside B in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. The analysis was performed on Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) with 0.05% phosphoric acid solution (A) - acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1 mL•min⁻¹, with column temperature of 40 ℃ and the wavelength was set at 268 nm. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.999 9) within the concentration range. Both the intra- and inter-day precision for 14 analytes was less than 3.1%, with the mean recovery at the range of 91.80%-104.1%. Meanwhile, quantitative determination was carried out for 10 qualified samples from Rheum palmatum and 10 qualified samples from R. tanguticum, respectively. It was found that the content of 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone and aloe-emodin were higher in the R. tanguticum and R. palmatum, respectively, and the content of all the compounds was different in each sample. The established HPLC method for simultaneous content determination of 14 compounds from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma could be used for quantitative assessment and quality control of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Liu
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Huang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Pei
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Lanzhou Foci Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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Zeng D, Zhang X, Wang X, Cao L, Zheng A, Du J, Li Y, Huang Q, Jiang X. Fabrication of large-pore mesoporous Ca-Si-based bioceramics for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8277-8287. [PMID: 29180865 PMCID: PMC5695511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that mesoporous Ca-Si-based materials exhibited excellent osteoconduction because dissolved ions could form a layer of hydroxycarbonate apatite on the surface of the materials. However, the biological mechanisms underlying bone regeneration were largely unknown. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic ability of large-pore mesoporous Ca-Si-based bioceramics (LPMSCs) by alkaline phosphatase assay, real-time PCR analysis, von Kossa, and alizarin red assay. Compared with large-pore mesoporous silica (LPMS), LPMSCs had a better effect on the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells. LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 with higher calcium possessed better osteogenic abilities than LPMSC-1, which may be related to the calcium-sensing receptor pathway. Furthermore, the loading capacity for recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB was satisfactory in LPMSCs. In vivo, the areas of new bone formation in the calvarial defect repair were increased in the LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 groups compared with the LPMSC-1 and LPMS groups. We concluded that LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 possessed both excellent osteogenic abilities and satisfactory loading capacities, which may be attributed to their moderate Ca/Si molar ratio. Therefore, LPMSCs with moderate Ca/Si molar ratio might be potential alterative grafts for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingdi Zhang
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ao Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Du
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Guo R, Wu H, Yu X, Xu M, Zhang X, Tang L, Wang Z. Simultaneous Determination of Seven Anthraquinone Aglycones of Crude and Processed Semen Cassiae Extracts in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111803. [PMID: 29143757 PMCID: PMC6150312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen cassiae is the ripe seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. of the family Leguminosae. In traditional Chinese medicine, the two forms of Semen cassiae are raw Semen cassiae (R-SC) and parched Semen cassiae (P-SC). To clarify the processing mechanism of Semen cassiae, the pharmacokinetics of R-SC and P-SC extracts were examined. A simple, rapid, sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven anthraquinone aglycones of Semen cassiae (aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, questin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether, rhein, emodin, 1,2,7-trimethoxyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone) to compare the pharmacokinetics of raw and parched Semen cassiae in rat plasma. Compared with the R-SC group, Cmax and AUC0-12 tended to be higher in the P-SC group. In particular, Cmax values for aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, questin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether and rhein were significantly higher in the P-SC group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Tmax and MRT0-12 tended to be lower in the P-SC group. Specifically, Tmax for aurantio-obtusin and 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether and MRT0-12 for obtusifolin and rhein were significantly higher in the P-SC group (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xiankuo Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Mengying Xu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
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Bouzayani B, Meijide J, Pazos M, Elaoud SC, Sanroman MA. Removal of polyvinylamine sulfonate anthrapyridone dye by application of heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017. [PMID: 28639017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diversity and rapidly multiplication of the pollutants incite as to improve the conventional treatments wastewater methods. One of the bottlenecks often faced is the presence into wastewater of organic pollutants with complex structures that requests the design of efficient processes. Thus, this work investigates the removal of polyvinylamine sulfonate anthrapyridone (PSA) dye which complex structure makes difficult its degradation by conventional technologies. For that, a heterogeneous oxidative process using pyrite as sustainable catalyst was designed. Initially, the performance of the system BBD-carbon felt as anode and cathode, respectively for the production of H2O2 was determined in comparison with system boron-doped diamond nickel foam. The carbon felt electrode provided the highest oxidant production, and it was selected for the treatment of the polymeric dye. Several oxidative processes were evaluated, and the best degradation levels were obtained by application of electro-Fenton-pyrite process. In addition, it was determined that dye removal followed a kinetic model of pseudo-first-order achieving the highest efficiency by operation at optimum dosage of pyrite 2 g/L and 200 mA of current intensity. Depending on the optimal experimental conditions, these values lead to a nearly complete mineralization (total organic carbon removal of 95%) after 6 h. Furthermore, the reusability of pyrite was evaluated, by removal of PSA in four cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhta Bouzayani
- BIOSUV Group, University of Vigo, MTI Building, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of the Physico-Chemistry of Solid States, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jessica Meijide
- BIOSUV Group, University of Vigo, MTI Building, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Pazos
- BIOSUV Group, University of Vigo, MTI Building, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sourour Chaâbane Elaoud
- Laboratory of the Physico-Chemistry of Solid States, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Maria Angeles Sanroman
- BIOSUV Group, University of Vigo, MTI Building, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
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Kumar S, Yadav M, Yadav A, Rohilla P, Yadav JP. Antiplasmodial potential and quantification of aloin and aloe-emodin in Aloe vera collected from different climatic regions of India. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:369. [PMID: 28716028 PMCID: PMC5514507 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, Aloe vera samples were collected from different climatic regions of India. Quantitative HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography) analysis of important anthraquinones aloin and aloe-emodin and antiplasmodial activity of crude aqueous extracts was done to estimate the effects of these constituents on antiplasmodial potential of the plant. METHODS HPTLC system equipped with a sample applicator Linomat V with CAMAG sample syringe, twin rough plate development chamber (20 x 10 cm), TLC Scanner 3 and integration software WINCATS 1.4.8 was used for analysis of aloin and aloe-emodin amount. The antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts was assessed against a chloroquine (CQ) sensitive strain of P. falciparum (MRC-2). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of aqueous extracts of selected samples was determined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended method that was based on assessing the inhibition of schizont maturation in a 96-well microtitre plate. EC (effective concentration) values of different samples were observed to predict antiplasmodial potential of the plant in terms of their climatic zones. RESULTS A maximum quantity of aloin and aloe-emodin i.e. 0.45 and 0.27 mg/g respectively was observed from the 12 samples of Aloe vera. The inhibited parasite growth with EC50 values ranging from 0.289 to 1056 μg/ml. The antiplasmodial EC50 value of positive control Chloroquine was observed 0.034 μg/ml and EC50 values showed by aloin and aloe-emodin was 67 μg/ml and 22 μg/ml respectively. A positive correlation was reported between aloin and aloe-emodin. Antiplasmodial activity was increased with increase in the concentration of aloin and aloe-emodin. The quantity of aloin and aloe-emodin was decreased with rise in temperature hence it was negatively correlated with temperature. CONCLUSIONS The extracts of Aloe vera collected from colder climatic regions showed good antiplasmodial activity and also showed the presence of higher amount of aloin and aloe-emodin in comparison to collected from warmer climatic sites. Study showed significant correlation between quantities of both the anthraquinones used as marker compounds and EC50 values of the different Aloe vera extracts. Although, both the anthraquinones showed less antiplasmodial potential in comparison to crude extracts of different Aloe vera samples. Diverse climatic factors affect the quantity of tested compounds and antiplasmodial potential of the plant in different Aloe vera samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana -124001 India
| | - Manila Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana -124001 India
| | - Amita Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana -124001 India
| | - Pooja Rohilla
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana -124001 India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana -124001 India
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Brooks WC, Paguigan ND, Raja HA, Moy FJ, Cech NB, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. qNMR for profiling the production of fungal secondary metabolites. Magn Reson Chem 2017; 55:670-676. [PMID: 28024162 PMCID: PMC5459663 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of complex mixtures is a common challenge in natural products research. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers analysis of complex mixtures at early stages and with benefits that are orthogonal to more common methods of quantitation, including ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Several experiments were conducted to construct a methodology for use in analysis of extracts of fungal cultures. A broadly applicable method was sought for analysis of both pure and complex samples through use of an externally calibrated method. This method has the benefit of not contaminating valuable samples with the calibrant, and it passed scrutiny for line fitting and reproducibility. The method was implemented to measure the yield of griseofulvin and dechlorogriseofulvin from three fungal isolates. An isolate of Xylaria cubensis (coded MSX48662) was found to biosynthesize griseofulvin in the greatest yield, 149 ± 8 mg per fermentation, and was selected for further supply experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Noemi D. Paguigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Franklin J. Moy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowland Drive, Suite 103, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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Lovato ME, Fiasconaro ML, Martín CA. Degradation and toxicity depletion of RB19 anthraquinone dye in water by ozone-based technologies. Water Sci Technol 2017; 75:813-822. [PMID: 28234282 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the discoloration and mineralization of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) anthraquinone dye by single ozonation, single UV radiation and ozonation jointed with UV radiation (O3/UV). The problem was approached from two points of view: with the objective of color removal or the mineralization of solution. In each case, the optimum operating conditions were different. Ozonation was the most effective treatment for color removal, while the combined O3/UV treatment was for mineralization. Major intermediates of the dye degradation were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and a degradation pathway was proposed. In addition, a clear decrease of the toxicity of the dye was achieved at the end of the experiments. The effect of initial dye concentration, pH, ozone dose, and UV radiation on the degradation of the dye and decrease of total organic carbon was investigated, in order to establish the optimal operating conditions to achieve discoloration, mineralization or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Lovato
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
| | - María L Fiasconaro
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
| | - Carlos A Martín
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
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Liu N, Xie X, Yang B, Zhang Q, Yu C, Zheng X, Xu L, Li R, Liu J. Performance and microbial community structures of hydrolysis acidification process treating azo and anthraquinone dyes in different stages. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:252-263. [PMID: 27714655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, performance of hydrolysis acidification process treating simulated dyeing wastewater containing azo and anthraquinone dyes in different stages was investigated. The decolorization ratio, CODCr removal ratio, BOD5/CODCr value, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production were almost better in stage 1 than that in stage 2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) in hydrolysis acidification process. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses revealed that significant difference of microbial community structures existed in stage 1 and 2. The dominant species in stage 1 was related to Bacteroidetes group, while the dominant species in stage 2 was related to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes groups. From the results, it could be speculated that different dyes' structures might have significant influence on the existence and function of different bacterial species, which might supply information for bacteria screening and acclimation in the treatment of actual dyeing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui, 234000, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xuehui Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chengzhi Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiulin Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Leyi Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianshe Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999# North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Yang HHW. Determination of Organic Impurities in Anthraquinone Color Additives D&C Violet No. 2 and D&C Green No. 6 by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2017; 100:230-235. [PMID: 28825549 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.16-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new practical and time-saving ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method has been developed for determining the organic impurities in the anthraquinone color additives D&C Violet No. 2 and D&C Green No. 6. The impurities determined are p-toluidine, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and two subsidiary colors. The newly developed UHPLC method uses a 1.7-μ particle size C-18 column, 0.1 M ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as eluents, and photodiode array detection. For the quantification of the impurities, six-point calibration curves were used with correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.9974 to 0.9998. Recoveries of impurities ranged from 99 to 104%. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.81 to 4.29%. The limits of detection for the impurities ranged from 0.0067% to 0.216%. Samples from sixteen batches of each color additive were analyzed, and the results favorably compared with the results obtained by gravity-elution column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and isooctane extraction. Unlike with those other methods, use of the UHPLC method permits all of the impurities to be determined in a single analysis, while also reducing the amount of organic waste and saving time and labor. The method is expected to be implemented by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for analysis of color additive samples submitted for batch certification.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Wendy Yang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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41
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Glavnik V, Vovk I, Albreht A. High performance thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry of Japanese knotweed flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins on silica gel plates. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1482:97-108. [PMID: 28034505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On-line elution based TLC-MS is now a well-established technique, but the quality of the data obtained can sometimes be hampered by a severe spectral background or by strong ion suppression, especially when silica gel plates are used in combination with an acidic modifier in the developing solvent. We solved this issue simply and efficiently using two pre-developments of the plates, firstly with methanol-formic acid (10:1, v/v) and secondly with acetonitrile-methanol (2:1, v/v). This solution resulted in significant improvement in the sensitivity of HPTLC-MS methods. The applicability of this approach was proven on analysis of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in crude extracts of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.) rhizomes. Separations on HPTLC silica gel and HPTLC silica gel MS grade plates using developing solvents toluene-acetone-formic acid (3:3:1, 6:6:1, 3:6:1, v/v) and dichloromethane-acetone-formic acid (1:1:0.1, v/v) were followed by post-chromatographic derivatization with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) detection reagent. Examination of the stability of the analytes on the start confirmed that the plates should be developed immediately after the application of standards and sample test solutions. In a five hours stability testing after development we discovered an unexpected phenomenon of enhanced absorption at 280nm. However, based on an experiment with post-chromatographic derivatization with DMACA detection reagent, the analytes were proven to be sufficiently stable in the time frame of an HPTLC-MS analysis. This was important for development of the first HPTLC-MS and HPTLC-MSn methods for identification of flavan-3-ols and B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers up to decamers. For the first time, based on this research methodology, trimers, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamers, pentamer gallates, hexamers, hexamer gallates, heptamers, octamers, nonamers and decamers were tentatively identified in Japanese knotweed rhizomes. Additionally, all developed HPTLC-MS methods have enabled simultaneous identification of stilbenes (resveratrol, piceatannol hexoside, piceid) and anthraquinones (emodin, emodin-O-hexoside, emodin-O-(acetyl)-hexoside and emodin-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-hexoside).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Glavnik
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Vovk
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alen Albreht
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Thiruvengadam M, Rekha K, Rajakumar G, Lee TJ, Kim SH, Chung IM. Enhanced Production of Anthraquinones and Phenolic Compounds and Biological Activities in the Cell Suspension Cultures of Polygonum multiflorum. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111912. [PMID: 27854330 PMCID: PMC5133909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQs) and phenolic compounds are important phytochemicals that are biosynthesized in cell suspension cultures of Polygonum multiflorum. We wanted to optimize the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs), media, sucrose, l-glutamine, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) for the production of phytochemicals and biomass accumulation in a cell suspension culture of P. multiflorum. The medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and 4% sucrose supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron, and 100 µM l-glutamine at 28 days of cell suspension culture was suitable for biomass accumulation and AQ production. Maximum biomass accumulation (12.5 and 12.35 g fresh mass (FM); 3 and 2.93 g dry mass (DM)) and AQ production (emodin 295.20 and 282 mg/g DM; physcion 421.55 and 410.25 mg/g DM) were observed using 100 µM JA and SA, respectively. JA- and SA-elicited cell cultures showed several-fold higher biomass accumulation and AQ production than the control cell cultures. Furthermore, the cell suspension cultures effectively produced 23 phenolic compounds, such as flavonols and hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. PGR-, JA-, and SA-elicited cell cultures produced a higher amount of AQs and phenolic compounds. Because of these metabolic changes, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities were high in the PGR-, JA-, and SA-elicited cell cultures. The results showed that the elicitors (JA and SA) induced the enhancement of biomass accumulation and phytochemical (AQs and phenolic compounds) production as well as biological activities in the cell suspension cultures of P. multiflorum. This optimized protocol can be developed for large-scale biomass accumulation and production of phytochemicals (AQs and phenolic compounds) from cell suspension cultures, and the phytochemicals can be used for various biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
| | - Kaliyaperumal Rekha
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
| | - Taek-Jun Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Korea.
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S. Bioaccessibility of nitro- and oxy-PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model with absorptive sink. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:901-908. [PMID: 27531622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soot present in soil or other environmental particles is expected to be an important route of exposure to nitro and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We measured the apparent bioaccessibility (Bapp) of native concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), 9-fluorenone (9FLO), anthracene-9,10-dione (ATQ), benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ), and benzanthrone (BZO) in a composite fuel soot sample using a previously-developed in vitro human gastrointestinal model that includes silicone sheet as a third-phase absorptive sink. Along with Bapp, we determined the 24-h sheet-digestive fluid partition coefficient (Ks,24h), the soot residue-fluid distribution ratio of the labile sorbed fraction after digestion (Kr,lab), and the maximum possible (limiting) bioaccessibility, Blim. The Bapp of PAH derivatives was positively affected by the presence of the sheet due to mass-action removal of the sorbed compounds. In all cases Bapp increased with imposition of fed conditions. The enhancement of Bapp under fed conditions is due to increasingly favorable mass transfer of target compounds from soot to fluid (increasing bile acid concentration, or adding food lipids) or transfer from fluid to sheet (by raising small intestinal pH). Food lipids may also enhance Bapp by mobilizing contaminants from nonlabile to labile states of the soot. Compared to the parent PAH, the derivatives had larger Kr,lab, despite having lower partition coefficients to various hydrophobic reference phases including silicone sheet. The Blim of the derivatives under the default conditions of the model ranged from 65.5% to 34.4%, in the order, 1N-PYR > ATQ > 9FLO > BZO > BaAQ, with no significant correlation with hydrophobic parameters, nor consistent relationship with Blim of the parent PAH. Consistent with earlier experiments on a wider range of PAHs, the results suggest that a major determinant of bioaccessibility is the distribution of chemical between nonlabile and labile states in the original solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06504-1106, United States.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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Cui D, Zhang H, He R, Zhao M. The Comparative Study on the Rapid Decolorization of Azo, Anthraquinone and Triphenylmethane Dyes by Anaerobic Sludge. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13111053. [PMID: 27801853 PMCID: PMC5129263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An anaerobic sludge (AS), capable of decolorizing a variety of synthetic dyes, was acclimated and is reported here. The sludge presented a much better dye decolorizing ability than that of different individual strains. A broad spectrum of dyes could be decolorized by the sludge. Continuous decolorization tests showed that the sludge exhibited the ability to decolorize repeated additions of dye. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of the dye wastewater reached 52% after 12 h of incubation. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiles revealed that the microbial community changed as a result of varying initial concentrations of dyes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the sludge belonged to the phyla Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria. The degradation products of the three types of dye were identified. For azo dyes, the anaerobic sludge converted Methyl Orange to N,N-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diamine and 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid; for triphenylmethane dyes, after Malachite Green was decolorized, the analyzed products were found to be a mixture of N,N-dimethylbenzenamine, 3-dimethyl-aminophenol and 4-dimethylaminobenzophenone; for anthraquinone dyes, two products (acetophenone and 2-methylbenzoic acid) were observed after Reactive Blue 19 decolorization. Together, these results suggest that the anaerobic sludge has promising potential for use in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing various types of dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Cui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Rubao He
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Li R, Xue G, Ognier S. Degradation of reactive blue 19 by needle-plate non-thermal plasma in different gas atmospheres: Kinetics and responsible active species study assisted by CFD calculations. Chemosphere 2016; 155:243-249. [PMID: 27124311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of a model organic compound, reactive blue (RB-19), in aqueous solution using a needle-plate non-thermal plasma (NTP) reactor, which was operated using three gas atmospheres (Ar, air, O2) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The relative discharge and degradation parameters, including the peak to peak applied voltage, power, ozone generation, pH, decolorization rates, energy density and the total organic carbon (TOC) reduction were analyzed to determine the various dye removal efficiencies. The decolorization rate for Ar, air and O2 were 59.9%, 49.6% and 89.8% respectively at the energy density of 100 kJ/L. The best TOC reduction was displayed by Ar with about 8.8% decrease, and 0% with O2 and air atmospheres. This phenomenon could be explained by the formation of OH• and O3 in the Ar and O2 atmospheres, which are responsible for increased mineralization and efficient decolorization. A one-dimension model was developed using software COMSOL to simulate the RB-19-ozone reaction and verify the experiments by comparing the simulated and experimental results. It was determined that ozone plays the most important role in the dye removal process, and the ozone contribution rate ranged from 0.67 to 0.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Rui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Stéphanie Ognier
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, EA 3492, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Traitements de Surface, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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46
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Yang DL, Tong L, Li XW, Li DX, Liu WY. [Identification of chemical constituents in Yangxue Qingnao granule by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS~E]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2016; 51:797-805. [PMID: 29878728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the chemical constituents in Yangxue Qingnao granule, we established a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS(E)) method. According to the high resolution MS spectra data, fragmentation ion information and retention time,142 peaks were identified or tentatively presumed by comparison with reference standards data and literature reports. The herbal sources of these peaks were assigned. The results implied that phenolic acids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phthalides, monoterpene glycosides were included in the main components of Yangxue Qingnao granule. The method is rapid for systematically elucidation of the constituents of Yangxue Qingnao granule and the results would facilitate the quality control of Yangxue Qingnao granule for safe and efficacious use.
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Passoni A, Vighi M, Davoli E, Fanelli R, Bagnati R. Automated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of dithianon in water. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2016; 22:261-267. [PMID: 27882892 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An automated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (SPE-LC/MS) method was developed for the quantification of dithianon in surface water samples, using warfarin as internal standard. The method was developed on a liquid chromatography (LC) system with Flexible Cube interfaced to a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. A small volume of acidified water (1 mL) was spiked with internal standard, pre-concentrated online on polymeric cartridges and analyzed by full-scan MS in high-resolution conditions. The quantitative data were obtained by [M]-• of dithianon and [M - H]- of warfarin, used as internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.05% acetic acid. The method was validated to measure concentrations of dithianon in the range of 0.010-4 µg L-1 in surface water samples. Twenty real water samples, collected from Torrente Novella, Val di Non (TN, Northern Italy), during fungicide treatments of large apple orchards, were analyzed. All samples were kept in glass bottles and stored in the lab at -20°C until analysis. It was found that in all samples dithianon was undetectable: if it is present, its concentration was lower than the limit of detection (LOD) (0.008 µg L-1.To investigate the stability of dithianon, a series of water samples were spiked at different concentrations and analyzed after different storage conditions. Results suggested that dithianon is not stable in water stored at -20°C at neutral or basic pH, but the addition of acetic acid to pH = 3.5 increases its stability to at least two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Cibickova L, Caran T, Dobias M, Ondra P, Vorisek V, Cibicek N. Multi-drug intoxication fatality involving atorvastatin: A case report. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:e26-e31. [PMID: 26508377 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed antihypertensive drug intoxication poses a significant risk for patient mortality. In tandem to antihypertensives, hypolipidemic medicines (especially statins) are often prescribed. Among their well-known adverse effects belongs rhabdomyolysis. We report a case of fatal multi-drug overdose in a 65-year-old female alcoholic. The patient was unconscious at admission. Empty blister packs indicated the abuse of 250 tablets of urapidil, 42 tablets of verapamil/trandolapril, 50 tablets of moxonidin, 80 tablets of atorvastatin and 80 tablets of diacerein. Standard measures (gastric lavage, activated charcoal, mechanical ventilation, massive doses of vasopressors, volume expansion, diuretics and alkalinization) failed to provide sufficient drug elimination and hemodynamic support and the sufferer deceased on the fourth day. Dramatic elevations of serum myoglobin (34,020 μg/L) and creatine kinase (219 μkat/L) were accompanied by rise in cardiac troponin I and creatinine. Gas chromatography revealed ethanol 1.17 g/kg (blood) and 2.81 g/kg (urine). Thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography of gastric content and urine verified verapamil, moxonidin and urapidil fragment (diacerein method was unavailable). Atorvastatin and trandolapril concentrations (LC-MS(n)) equaled 277.7 μg/L and 57.5 μg/L, resp. (serum) and 8.15 μg/L and 602.3 μg/L, resp. (urine). Histology confirmed precipitates of myoglobin with acute necrosis of proximal renal tubules in association with striated muscle rhabdomyolysis and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiogenic-distributive shock in conjunction with acute renal failure due to the combined self-poisoning with vasoactive agents and atorvastatin were determined to be this decedent's immediate cause of death. The manner of death was assigned to be suicidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Cibickova
- 3(rd) Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Caran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Hospital Hranice, Zborovská 1245, 753 22 Hranice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dobias
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Vorisek
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Cibicek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Yuan K, Yang L, Lin L, Tam NFY, Chen B, Luan T. Characterizing the parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 98:335-40. [PMID: 26111652 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in mangrove sediments of Hong Kong. Most of the analytes were detected, and the dominant carbonylic and hydroxylated PAHs in mangrove sediments were 9-fluorenone and 2-hydroxy fluorene, respectively. The concentration of 9-fluorenone and 9,10-anthraquinone was higher than their parent PAHs. Moreover, the concentration of total organic matter (TOM) related with those of the parent PAHs and carbonylic PAHs, except for hydroxylated PAHs, which indicated that TOM was not the only factor regulating the distribution of oxygenated PAHs. Nevertheless, the parent PAHs in mangrove sediments was correlated positively with carbonylic PAHs which demostrated not only the similar source but also the fate of these two compound class. However, hydroxylated PAHs had different source by comparing with parent PAHs and carbonylic PAHs, they were probably originated from biodegradation and accumulated in mangrove sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Baowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Cao LJ, Miao J, Liu JX, Gao WY, Li X. Research on contents of anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen by principal component analysis. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:2589-2593. [PMID: 26697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cassiae Semen is a common traditional Chinese medicine, and contents of anthraquinones of Cassiae Semen different significantly from area to area. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition), only contents of aurantio obtusin and chrysophanol were used to evaluate the quality of Cassiae Semen, another data could be added later. Ten batches of Cassiae Semen from different areas were determined, and total anthraquinones, total free anthraquinones and total combined anthraquinones contents were assessed by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer, contents of aurantio obtusin, rhein, aloe emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were determined by HPLC. After that, principal components analysis was used to evaluate these data determined previous by dimension reduction analysis. At last, the result suggests that three main components were found out, it shows that content of aloe emodin could be used to evaluate the quality of Cassiae Semen as well as contents of aurantio obtusin and chrysophanol. And Cassiae Semen from Hebei province posseses higher quality than Cassiae Semen from other different areas. All these results can provide a good reference for quality evaluating of Cassiae Semen medicinal materials at a certain extent.
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