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Gonçalves AAS, Lopes CA, Levenhagen MA, Gonzaga HT, Oliveira LCM, Costa-Cruz JM. Multiple Stool Sampling and Specific Parasitological Technique are Crucial to Diagnose Strongyloidiasis in Alcoholic Patients. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:718-722. [PMID: 37531007 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic alcoholism is a well-known risk factor for strongyloidiasis, in these patients the disease is potentially more severe, probably due to the breakdown of local protective barriers and immunosuppression caused by alcohol, which can lead to autoinfection and dissemination. The aim of this study was to evaluate multiple stool sampling and a specific parasitological assay agar plate culture (APC) for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in alcoholics. METHODS APC was compared to sedimentation technique (HPJ; Hoffman, Pons and Janer), as parasitological methods to detect S. stercoralis infection in alcoholic individuals. Three stool samples from 60 alcoholic and 60 non-alcoholic individuals were analyzed. RESULTS S. stercoralis larvae were observed in 11 (18.3%) alcoholic individuals and 1 (1.7%) nonalcoholic individual (P = 0.0042). In view of the combined results, sensitivity for the APC method was 63.6% (CI 31.6-87.6%) with the first sample reaching 100% (CI 67.8-100%) after analyzing three fecal samples. The HPJ sensitivity was 36.4% (CI 12.4-68.4) in the first sample, reaching 72.7% (CI 39.3-92.7) after three samples analyzed. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that in alcoholic patients, it is important to repeat stool sampling with specific techniques, especially using the APC method, to avoid misdiagnosis in cases that could evolve to disseminated strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana A S Gonçalves
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medicine School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila A Lopes
- Laboratory of Parasitosis Diagnosis, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Levenhagen
- Laboratory of Parasitosis Diagnosis, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Gonzaga
- Laboratory of Parasitosis Diagnosis, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Carlos M Oliveira
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medicine School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Laboratory of Parasitosis Diagnosis, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kim HK. Process of Building Resilience in Adult Children of Alcoholics: A Grounded Theory Approach. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2023; 61:31-39. [PMID: 36989481 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20230320-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study used a grounded theory approach to develop a substantive theory of the process of building resilience in adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder (ACOAs). Seventeen ACOAs selected by purposive sampling underwent in-depth interviews. Results demonstrated that ACOAs' resilience developed in four phases: exposure, awareness, action, and adaptation. The core category of the construction process of ACOAs was accepting reality in the collapse of everyday life and becoming myself. The central phenomenon grounded in the process of developing resilience was trying to maintain my daily life. The current study suggests that appropriate intervention strategies are needed at each phase of development to address the particular needs of ACOAs in that phase. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(9), 31-39.].
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Singh N, Rashid S, Rashid S, Sati HC, Gupta S, Vaswani M, Saraya A. Genetic polymorphisms in phase II metabolizing enzymes in alcoholic and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis: Indian scenario. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:199-208. [PMID: 37148525 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferases (GST-T1, GST-M1, GST-P1) and uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGT1A7) genes and the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis (CP) associated with these polymorphisms. METHODS This study included 49 alcoholic and 51 idiopathic chronic pancreatitis patients, 50 alcohol addicts and 50 healthy controls. Polymorphism(s) in GST-T1 and GST-M1 genes were assessed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while PCR-radiofrequency lesioning (RFLP) was employed to assess the same in GST-P1 and UGT1A7 genes. The differences in polymorphism frequency between groups and the risk of developing pancreatitis were assessed by the odds ratio. RESULTS Strong association of the null genotype of GST-T1 with CP susceptibility was observed. Alcoholics with the Val allele of GST-P1 have higher chances of having pancreatitis. Idiopathic pancreatitis patients with higher age at the onset of pain were found to have the null genotype of GST-M1. CONCLUSION Alcoholics with the null genotype of the GST-T1 gene and the Valine allele of the GST-P1 gene are at a higher risk of developing CP. Thus, genotyping of these genes may serve as an important screening tool for the identification of high-risk groups among alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Safoora Rashid
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Sumaira Rashid
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Hem Chandra Sati
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Surabhi Gupta
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Meera Vaswani
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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Halcomb M, Dzemidzic M, Shen YI, Lin Z, Butcher TJ, Yoder KK, Oberlin B. Delay discounting and alcohol consumption correlate with dorsal anterior insula activation during choice in nontreatment-seeking heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1397-1407. [PMID: 35707988 PMCID: PMC9427725 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior insular cortex (AIC), a prominent salience network node, integrates interoceptive information and emotional states into decision making. While AIC activation during delay discounting (DD) in alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been previously reported, the associations between AIC activation, impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and connectivity remain unknown. We therefore tested AIC brain responses during DD in heavy drinkers and their association with DD performance, alcohol drinking, and task-based connectivity. METHODS Twenty-nine heavy drinkers (12 females; mean (SD) age=31.5 ± 6.1 years; mean (SD)=40.8 ± 23.4 drinks/week) completed a DD task during functional MRI. Regions activated during DD decision making were tested for correlation with DD behavior and alcohol drinking. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) models assessed the task-dependent functional connectivity (FC) of activation during choice. RESULTS Delay discounting choice activated bilateral anterior insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and left precentral gyrus. Right dorsal (d) AIC activation during choice negatively correlated withdiscounting of delayed rewards and alcohol consumption. PPI analysis revealed FC of the right dAIC to both the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices-key nodes in the midline default mode network. CONCLUSIONS Greater dAIC involvement in intertemporal choice may confer more adaptive behavior (lower impulsivity and alcohol consumption). Moreover, salience network processes governing discounting may require midline default mode (precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex) recruitment. These findings supporta key adaptive role for right dAIC in decision making involving future rewards and risky drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Halcomb
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Yitong I. Shen
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Zikai Lin
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Tarah J. Butcher
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Karmen K. Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Brandon Oberlin
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fehr
- Vitos Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Hadamar, Mönchberg 8, 65589, Hadamar, Deutschland
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Kalapos MP. [The changes of roles and their effects on the functioning of the family of alcoholics. The history of two families]. Psychiatr Hung 2021; 36:40-52. [PMID: 33686014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The alcohol dependence of a family member redraws familiar relationships and creates a dysfunctional network. Therefore, the relationship between the individual and the family, the interactions and processes that occur must be examined during the therapy in order to understand the behavior of an alcoholic. The observations obtained in stu - dying the role of family members in the development and maintenance of pathological alcohol use disorders provide the scientific basis for this. Living in a family is realized by fulfilling role expectations related to the role based on the family status. In the case of discrepancy between the role expectation associated with the status and the individual's ability to fulfill the role, a dysfunctional situation is seen. In the present work, the relationships in the families of two alcohol de - pendent patients were analyzed. In both families, it was possible to identify the conspirator/looking away family member, who was either the spouse or the mother, sometimes both. The dysfunctional fathers were also recognized and there was a self-sacrificing family member in both families, who was the daughter in both cases. As the relatives themselves con - tribute to the survival of both alcohol dependence and the alcoholic game, efforts should be made to involve the family in therapy. Since the most important relationship of a married man is optimally his wife, the interaction between them is decisive for the survival of addiction. This led to the birth of the "wife of alcoholic" technical term. But this approach probably needs to change, as the male/female ratio for drinking began to decline as early as the 1980s. Thus, presumably the "partner of alcoholic" concept better describes today's reality. The involvement of family members in the therapy is necessary for the recovery of addict patient. However, there is a serious difficulty, the alienation of family members from the addict. In addition, the available services are often insufficient for recovery, as already pointed out by Hungarian authors. And further, statistics indicate a decrease in the patient retention capacity of the care system. Therefore, it would be important to rethink the role and possibilities of the addiction care network, and modify its financing.
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R T. To Study the Electrocardiographic and 2D Echocardiographic Changes in Chronic Asymptomatic Alcoholics. J Assoc Physicians India 2020; 68:56. [PMID: 31979608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Sarode AM, Yeolekar ME, Harel S. Megaloblastic Anemia in Chronic Alcoholics: A case series. J Assoc Physicians India 2020; 68:98. [PMID: 31979918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Sarode
- KJ Somaiya Medical College and Hospital, Ayurvihar, Sion, Mumbai
| | - M E Yeolekar
- KJ Somaiya Medical College and Hospital, Ayurvihar, Sion, Mumbai
| | - S Harel
- KJ Somaiya Medical College and Hospital, Ayurvihar, Sion, Mumbai
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Laukkanen V, Kärkkäinen O, Kautiainen H, Tiihonen J, Storvik M. Increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding density in the dorsal striatum and anterior insula of alcoholics: A post-mortem whole-hemisphere autoradiography study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 287:63-69. [PMID: 30991250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The function of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 and mGluR5 is involved in the hyperglutamatergic state caused by chronic alcohol. Preclinical studies suggest that group I mGluR modulation could serve as a novel treatment of alcoholism. Considering the wide role of glutamatergic neurochemistry in addiction, group I mGluR binding was studied in brain areas involved in decision-making, learning and memory. Post-mortem whole hemisphere autoradiography was used to study the binding density of [³H]quisqualic acid, a potent group I mGluR agonist, in 9 Cloninger type 1 alcoholics, 8 Cloninger type 2 alcoholics and 10 controls. Binding was studied in the dorsal striatum, hippocampus and cortex. Alcoholics displayed a trend towards increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding in all brain areas. The most robust findings were in the putamen (p = 0.006) and anterior insula (p = 0.005), where both alcoholic subtypes displayed increased binding compared to the controls. These findings suggest altered group I mGluR function in alcoholic subjects in the dorsal striatum, which is involved in habitual learning, and in the anterior insula, which has a pivotal role in the perception of bodily sensations. Increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding might suggest a beneficial impact of mGluR1/5 modulators in the treatment of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Laukkanen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Niuvankuja 65, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 705, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Niuvankuja 65, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Storvik
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
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Johnson EC, Tillman R, Aliev F, Meyers JL, Salvatore JE, Anokhin AP, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, McCutcheon VV, Nurnberger JI, Porjesz B, Schuckit MA, Tischfield J, Bucholz KK, Agrawal A. Exploring the relationship between polygenic risk for cannabis use, peer cannabis use and the longitudinal course of cannabis involvement. Addiction 2019; 114:687-697. [PMID: 30474892 PMCID: PMC6411425 DOI: 10.1111/add.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have explored how polygenic propensity to cannabis use unfolds across development, and no studies have yet examined this question in the context of environmental contributions such as peer cannabis use. Outlining the factors that contribute to progression from cannabis initiation to problem use over time may ultimately provide insights into mechanisms for targeted interventions. We sought to examine the relationships between polygenic liability for cannabis use, cannabis use trajectories from ages 12-30 years and perceived peer cannabis use at ages 12-17 years. DESIGN Mixed-effect logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations between polygenic risk scores, cannabis use trajectory membership and perceived peer cannabis use. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS From the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) study, a cohort of 1167 individuals aged 12-26 years at their baseline (i.e. first) interview. MEASUREMENTS Key measurements included life-time cannabis use (yes/no), frequency of past 12-month cannabis use, maximum life-time frequency of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (using DSM-5 criteria) and perceived peer cannabis use. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were created using summary statistics from a large (n = 162 082) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cannabis use. FINDINGS Three trajectories reflecting no/low (n = 844), moderate (n = 137) and high (n = 186) use were identified. PRS were significantly associated with trajectory membership [P = 0.002-0.006, maximum conditional R2 = 1.4%, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.40-1.49]. Individuals who reported that most/all of their best friends used cannabis had significantly higher PRS than those who reported that none of their friends were users [OR = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04, 1.75, P = 0.023]. Perceived peer use itself explained up to 11.3% of the variance in trajectory class membership (OR = 1.50-4.65). When peer cannabis use and the cannabis use PRS were entered into the model simultaneously, both the PRS and peer use continued to be significantly associated with class membership (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Genetic propensity to cannabis use derived from heterogeneous samples appears to correlate with longitudinal increases in cannabis use frequency in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Actuarial and Risk Management, Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Turkey
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Medical School, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Almost 125 years ago Addison (1836) suggested the existence of a causal relationship between alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver and more than 100 years ago Rokitansky noted accumulation of fat as the earliest effect on the liver of over-indulgence in alcohol (cited from Connor, 1938). Though the relative importance of infective hepatitis and alcoholism as aetiological agents in liver cirrhosis may vary a great deal in different countries, “alcohol and infective hepatitis are at present the only two unequivocal aetiological factors” (Annotation,Brit. Med. J., 1957). It is usually accepted that over-indulgence in alcoholic drinks often produces liver dysfunction—maybe in an indirect manner—which though reversible at first, tends to become irreversible as over-indulgence is continued and prolonged (Leevy, Cunniff, Walton and Healey, 1954). The terminal phases are characterized by cirrhosis, hypertrophic at first and then contracted, with ascites and eventual death. When individuals whose drinking habits lead them to this state need hospital treatment, they seem to find their way into general hospitals rather than into mental hospitals. Among them may be alcoholics of the type described by a World Health Organization Expert Committee as “habitual symptomatic excessive drinkers” (W.H.O. Rep., 1952) or “non-addictive alcoholics”, and those excessive drinkers whose alcoholism manifests itself in their “inability to stop” continual daily drinking in the face of dangerous consequences (W.H.O. Rep., 1955).
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Bazov I, Sarkisyan D, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Yakovleva T, Hansson AC, Sommer WH, Spanagel R, Bakalkin G. Dynorphin and κ-Opioid Receptor Dysregulation in the Dopaminergic Reward System of Human Alcoholics. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7049-7061. [PMID: 29383684 PMCID: PMC6061161 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular changes induced by excessive alcohol consumption may underlie formation of dysphoric state during acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal which leads to craving and relapse. A main molecular addiction hypothesis is that the upregulation of the dynorphin (DYN)/κ-opioid receptor (KOR) system in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of alcohol-dependent individuals causes the imbalance in activity of D1- and D2 dopamine receptor (DR) expressing neural circuits that results in dysphoria. We here analyzed post-mortem NAc samples of human alcoholics to assess changes in prodynorphin (PDYN) and KOR (OPRK1) gene expression and co-expression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns. To address alterations in D1- and D2-receptor circuits, we studied the regulatory interactions between these pathways and the DYN/KOR system. No significant differences in PDYN and OPRK1 gene expression levels between alcoholics and controls were evident. However, PDYN and OPRK1 showed transcriptionally coordinated pattern that was significantly different between alcoholics and controls. A downregulation of DRD1 but not DRD2 expression was seen in alcoholics. Expression of DRD1 and DRD2 strongly correlated with that of PDYN and OPRK1 suggesting high levels of transcriptional coordination between these gene clusters. The differences in expression and co-expression patterns were not due to the decline in neuronal proportion in alcoholic brain and thereby represent transcriptional phenomena. Dysregulation of DYN/KOR system and dopamine signaling through both alterations in co-expression patterns of opioid genes and decreased DRD1 gene expression may contribute to imbalance in the activity of D1- and D2-containing pathways which may lead to the negative affective state in human alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita C Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, BMC Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shen Q, Chen Y, Gokavarapu S, Cao W, Ji T. Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible: locoregional control and survival is significantly reduced if the tumour is more than 4cm in size. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 56:48-53. [PMID: 29229291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To establish the prognostic factors for primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma we designed a retrospective study of patients treated in the head and neck department of a tertiary referral centre in China from 2010-2015. We collected clinical, radiological, and histopathological data from 36 patients treated during the given time period, among which 34 were followed up. There were 22 male and 12 female patients, 13 of whom gave a history of smoking tobacco and four who drank alcohol. All 34 patients were treated by segmental mandibulectomy and neck dissection. Nine had cervical lymph node metastases on histopathological examination, and none had invaded surgical margins. Twenty-eight were treated with radiotherapy postoperatively. During follow up nine died of locoregional recurrence or metastases. Specific factors such as cervical lymph node metastases were related to a greater likelihood of locoregional recurrence. Patients who drank alcohol were also more likely to develop metastases postoperatively. Tumours more than 4cm in size were significantly associated with reductions in locoregional control and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shen
- Department of Medical Records and Statistic Service Management, Shanghai Stomatology Key Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology Key Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - S Gokavarapu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Science, Hyderabad, Telangana 500003, India.
| | - W Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology Key Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - T Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology Key Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Cardenas VA, Price M, Fein G. EEG coherence related to fMRI resting state synchrony in long-term abstinent alcoholics. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:481-490. [PMID: 29159061 PMCID: PMC5684581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that faulty co-activation or synchrony of multiple brain regions comprising "networks," or an imbalance between opposing brain networks, is important in alcoholism. Previous studies showed higher fMRI resting state synchrony (RSS) within the executive control (inhibitory control and emotion regulation) networks and lower RSS within the appetitive drive network in long-term (multi-year) abstinent alcoholics (LTAA) vs. non substance abusing controls (NSAC). Our goal was to identify EEG networks that are correlated with the appetitive drive and executive function networks identified with fMRI in our previous alcohol studies. We used parallel ICA for multimodal data fusion for the 20 LTAA and 21 NSAC that had both usable fMRI and 64-channel EEG data. Our major result was that parallel ICA identified a pair of components that significantly separated NSAC from LTAA and were correlated with each other. Examination of the resting-state fMRI seed-correlation map component showed higher bilateral nucleus accumbens seed-correlation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and lower seed-correlation in the thalamus. This single component thus encompassed both the executive control and appetitive drive networks, consistent with our previous work. The correlated EEG coherence component showed mostly higher theta and alpha coherence in LTAA compared to NSAC, and lower gamma coherence in LTAA compared to NSAC. The EEG theta and alpha coherence results suggest enhanced top-down control in LTAA and the gamma coherence results suggest impaired appetitive drive in LTAA. Our results support the notion that fMRI RSS is reflected in spontaneous EEG, even when the EEG and fMRI are not obtained simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Cardenas
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA.
| | - Mathew Price
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA; Cogency, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - George Fein
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA; Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Di Ciaula A, Grattagliano I, Portincasa P. Chronic alcoholics retain dyspeptic symptoms, pan-enteric dysmotility, and autonomic neuropathy before and after abstinence. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:735-746. [PMID: 27684550 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a comprehensive study on gastrointestinal symptoms, motility and autonomic neuropathy in chronic alcoholics before and one year after abstinence. METHODS Dyspeptic symptoms (questionnaires), fasting and postprandial gallbladder and gastric motility (ultrasonography), oro-cecal transit time (lactulose H2 -breath test), stool form score (indirect marker of colonic transit), and autonomic neuropathy (sweat spot test, R-R ratio) were assessed at baseline in 268 subjects (136 chronic alcoholics and 132 healthy controls). A subgroup of 39 patients was re-evaluated after 12 months of abstinence. RESULTS Chronic alcoholics had increased dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying and oro-cecal transit time but faster gallbladder emptying, with slightly accelerated colonic transit. Sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, autonomic dysfunction was found. Dyspeptic symptoms and functional alterations of gastric emptying and oro-cecal transit tests were still present after 12-month abstinence, whereas gallbladder motility, stool form score and sympathetic function improved. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcoholics exhibit combined and interdependent presence of dyspeptic symptoms, impaired motility at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract, with sympathetic dysfunction. Only a few of these abnormalities improve after one year of abstinence from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignazio Grattagliano
- Italian College of General Practitioners, Florence, Italy
- Clinica Medica 'A. Murri', Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, 'Aldo Moro' University Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica 'A. Murri', Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, 'Aldo Moro' University Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Some philosophers and physicians have argued that alcoholic patients, who are responsible for their liver failure by virtue of alcoholism, ought to be given lower priority for a transplant when donated livers are being allocated to patients in need of a liver transplant. The primary argument for this proposal, known as the Responsibility Argument, is based on the more general idea that patients who require scarce medical resources should be given lower priority for those resources when they are responsible for needing them and when they are competing with patients who need the same resources through no fault of their own. Since alcoholic patients are responsible for needing a new liver and are in direct competition with other patients who need a new liver through no fault of their own, it follows that alcoholic patients ought to be given lower priority for a transplant. In this article, I argue against the Responsibility Argument by suggesting that in order for it to avoid the force of plausible counter examples, it must be revised to say that patients who are responsible for needing a scarce medical resource due to engaging in behavior that is not socially valuable ought to be given lower priority. I'll then argue that allocating organs according to social value is inconsistent or in tension with liberal neutrality on the good life. Thus, if one is committed to liberal neutrality, one ought to reject the Responsibility Argument.
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Suzuki H, Tanifuji T, Abe N, Mishima S, Hikiji W, Fukunaga T. Postmortem Computed Tomography Findings Associated with Sudden Death in Alcoholics. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2016; 51:283-292. [PMID: 30462390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forensic pathologists.frequently encounter sudden natural.death of alcoholic in which fatty liver is the only pathological finding detected at autopsy, however, characteristics of postmortem CT (PMCT) of sudden death of alcoholic have not been reported so far. In this study, we investigated radiographic measurements of PMCT of the cases diagnosed as sudden death of alcoholic (ALC), and compared them with those of other causes of death (IHD; ischemic heart disease, SV; starvation), with reference to autopsy findings. The cardio-thoracic ratio, the cross-sectional area of the inferior vena cava and the radio density of the lungs of ALC on PMCT were significantly lower than those of IHD, and tended to be midway between IHD and SV. These findings were in parallel with the total heart blood volume at autopsy and the extent of lung edema on histopathological findings. In addition, the radiodensity of the liver of ALC was significantly lower than the other groups, which was in parallel with the extent of fatty deposit in the hepatocytes on histopathology. More than 60% of ALC cases showed BMI < 18.0, and acetone was detected in blood in 87.5% of ALC cases. The lower radiodensity of the liver, and lack of signs suggestive of significant pulmonary edema and congestion in the great vessels, on PMCT, are considered to mirror terminal pathophysiology of sudden death of alcoholic, such as severe fatty liver- disease and metabolic disturbance (e.g., concomitant volume depletion with alcoholic ketoacidosis). Utilization of these findings on PMCT may serve to discern sudden death of alcoholic from other causes of death, in combination with detailed scene investigation, pathological, toxicological and biochemical analysis.
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Rey GN, Aguilar PSM, Pérez FC, Orford J, Escudero GS, Sainz MT. [Cost-effectiveness of a brief intervention to support indigenous women in Hidalgo (Mexico) who live with alcohol abusers]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2016; 39:69-75. [PMID: 27754523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of a five-step brief intervention aimed at reducing the stress and symptoms of depression caused by living with an alcohol abuser. Methods The cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out with a decision tree, based on symptoms of depression measured on the CES-D scale. The effectiveness of the brief intervention was evaluated by comparing a group of indigenous women who received the intervention (n = 43) with a similar group who did not (n = 30). The groups were evaluated before, immediately after, and 12 months after the intervention, in the state of Hidalgo (Mexico). Pharmacological treatment was selected for comparison, using different estimates. Cost-effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were used to calculate the value of the remission of depressive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results The brief intervention turned out to be more effective than the pharmacological one in terms of the remission of depressive symptoms. Its cost was also lower ($US 31.24 versus $US 107.60). The brief intervention would cease to be cost-effective only if its cost increased by 338% or more, or if its effectiveness were 22.8% or less. Conclusions The five-step brief intervention is a cost-effective option that results in significant reductions in depressive symptoms in indigenous women caused by living with alcohol abusers. It is also an affordable option for primary mental health care.
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Cibickova L, Caran T, Dobias M, Ondra P, Vorisek V, Cibicek N. Multi-drug intoxication fatality involving atorvastatin: A case report. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:e26-e31. [PMID: 26508377 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed antihypertensive drug intoxication poses a significant risk for patient mortality. In tandem to antihypertensives, hypolipidemic medicines (especially statins) are often prescribed. Among their well-known adverse effects belongs rhabdomyolysis. We report a case of fatal multi-drug overdose in a 65-year-old female alcoholic. The patient was unconscious at admission. Empty blister packs indicated the abuse of 250 tablets of urapidil, 42 tablets of verapamil/trandolapril, 50 tablets of moxonidin, 80 tablets of atorvastatin and 80 tablets of diacerein. Standard measures (gastric lavage, activated charcoal, mechanical ventilation, massive doses of vasopressors, volume expansion, diuretics and alkalinization) failed to provide sufficient drug elimination and hemodynamic support and the sufferer deceased on the fourth day. Dramatic elevations of serum myoglobin (34,020 μg/L) and creatine kinase (219 μkat/L) were accompanied by rise in cardiac troponin I and creatinine. Gas chromatography revealed ethanol 1.17 g/kg (blood) and 2.81 g/kg (urine). Thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography of gastric content and urine verified verapamil, moxonidin and urapidil fragment (diacerein method was unavailable). Atorvastatin and trandolapril concentrations (LC-MS(n)) equaled 277.7 μg/L and 57.5 μg/L, resp. (serum) and 8.15 μg/L and 602.3 μg/L, resp. (urine). Histology confirmed precipitates of myoglobin with acute necrosis of proximal renal tubules in association with striated muscle rhabdomyolysis and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiogenic-distributive shock in conjunction with acute renal failure due to the combined self-poisoning with vasoactive agents and atorvastatin were determined to be this decedent's immediate cause of death. The manner of death was assigned to be suicidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Cibickova
- 3(rd) Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Caran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Hospital Hranice, Zborovská 1245, 753 22 Hranice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dobias
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Vorisek
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Cibicek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Grebely J, Haire B, Taylor LE, Macneill P, Litwin AH, Swan T, Byrne J, Levin J, Bruggmann P, Dore GJ. Excluding people who use drugs or alcohol from access to hepatitis C treatments – Is this fair, given the available data? J Hepatol 2015; 63:779-82. [PMID: 26254264 PMCID: PMC6132058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Bridget Haire
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lynn E Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paul Macneill
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alain H Litwin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tracy Swan
- Treatment Action Group, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jude Byrne
- International Network of People Who Use Drugs, Canberra, Australia; Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jules Levin
- National AIDS Treatment Advocacy Project, New York, NY, United States
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Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Matsui T, Mizukami T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K. Alcohol Dehydrogenase-1B (rs1229984) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 (rs671) Genotypes Are Strong Determinants of the Serum Triglyceride and Cholesterol Levels of Japanese Alcoholic Men. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133460. [PMID: 26284938 PMCID: PMC4540432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are common in drinkers. The fast-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenase-1B encoded by the ADH1B*2 allele (vs. ADH1B*1/*1 genotype) and inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 encoded by the ALDH2*2 allele (vs. ALDH2*1/*1 genotype) modify ethanol metabolism and are prevalent (≈90% and ≈40%, respectively) in East Asians. We attempted to evaluate the associations between the ADH1B and ALDH2 genotypes and lipid levels in alcoholics. METHODS The population consisted of 1806 Japanese alcoholic men (≥40 years) who had undergone ADH1B and ALDH2 genotyping and whose serum TG, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels in the fasting state had been measured within 3 days after admission. RESULTS High serum levels of TG (≥150 mg/dl), HDL-C (>80 mg/dl), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C calculated by the Friedewald formula ≥140 mg/dl) were observed in 24.3%, 16.8%, and 15.6%, respectively, of the subjects. Diabetes, cirrhosis, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) affected the serum lipid levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of the ADH1B*2 allele and the active ALDH2*1/*1 genotype increased the odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) for a high TG level (2.22 [1.67-2.94] and 1.39 [0.99-1.96], respectively), and decreased the OR for a high HDL-C level (0.37 [0.28-0.49] and 0.51 [0.37-0.69], respectively). The presence of the ADH1B*2 allele decreased the OR for a high LDL-C level (0.60 [0.45-0.80]). The ADH1B*2 plus ALDH2*1/*1 combination yielded the highest ORs for high TG levels and lowest OR for a high HDL-C level. The genotype effects were more prominent in relation to the higher levels of TG (≥220 mg/dl) and HDL-C (≥100 mg/dl). CONCLUSIONS The fast-metabolizing ADH1B and active ALDH2, and especially a combination of the two were strongly associated with higher serum TG levels and lower serum HDL-C levels of alcoholics. The fast-metabolizing ADH1B was associated with lower serum LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yokoyama
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yokoyama
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, 351–0104, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsui
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, 181–8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizukami
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kimura
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
| | - Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
| | - Katsuya Maruyama
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, 239–0841, Japan
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Vetreno RP, Broadwater M, Liu W, Spear LP, Crews FT. Adolescent, but not adult, binge ethanol exposure leads to persistent global reductions of choline acetyltransferase expressing neurons in brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113421. [PMID: 25405505 PMCID: PMC4236188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the adolescent transition from childhood to adulthood, notable maturational changes occur in brain neurotransmitter systems. The cholinergic system is composed of several distinct nuclei that exert neuromodulatory control over cognition, arousal, and reward. Binge drinking and alcohol abuse are common during this stage, which might alter the developmental trajectory of this system leading to long-term changes in adult neurobiology. In Experiment 1, adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0 g/kg, i.g., 2-day on/2-day off from postnatal day [P] 25 to P55) treatment led to persistent, global reductions of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression. Administration of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide to young adult rats (P70) produced a reduction in ChAT+IR that mimicked AIE. To determine if the binge ethanol-induced ChAT decline was unique to the adolescent, Experiment 2 examined ChAT+IR in the basal forebrain following adolescent (P28-P48) and adult (P70-P90) binge ethanol exposure. Twenty-five days later, ChAT expression was reduced in adolescent, but not adult, binge ethanol-exposed animals. In Experiment 3, expression of ChAT and vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression was found to be significantly reduced in the alcoholic basal forebrain relative to moderate drinking controls. Together, these data suggest that adolescent binge ethanol decreases adult ChAT expression, possibly through neuroimmune mechanisms, which might impact adult cognition, arousal, or reward sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Margaret Broadwater
- Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, United States of America
| | - Wen Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Linda P. Spear
- Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, United States of America
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
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McCormack RP, Hoffman LF, Norman M, Goldfrank LR, Norman EM. Voices of homeless alcoholics who frequent Bellevue Hospital: a qualitative study. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 65:178-86.e6. [PMID: 24976534 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We describe the evolution, environment, and psychosocial context of alcoholism from the perspective of chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent, frequent emergency department (ED) attendees. We use their words to explore how homelessness, health care, and other influences have contributed to the cause, progression, and management of their alcoholism. METHODS We conducted detailed, semistructured, qualitative interviews, using a phenomenological approach with 20 chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent participants who had greater than 4 annual ED visits for 2 consecutive years at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. We used an administrative database and purposive sampling to obtain typical and atypical cases with diverse backgrounds. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. We triangulated interviews, field notes, and medical records. We used ATLAS.ti to code and determine themes, which we reviewed for agreement. We bracketed for researcher bias and maintained an audit trail. RESULTS Interviews lasted an average of 50 minutes and yielded 800 pages of transcript. Fifty codes emerged, which were clustered into 4 broad themes: alcoholism, homelessness, health care, and the future. The participants' perspectives support a multifactorial process for the evolution of their alcoholism and its bidirectional reinforcing relationship with homelessness. Their self-efficacy and motivation for treatment is eroded by their progressive sense of hopelessness, which provides context for behaviors that reinforce stigma. CONCLUSION Our study exposes concepts for further exploration in regard to the difficulty in engaging individuals who are incapable of envisioning a future. We hypothesize that a multidisciplinary harm reduction approach that integrates health and social services is achievable and would address their needs more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McCormack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | - Lily F Hoffman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study, New York, NY
| | - Michael Norman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, New York University College of Arts and Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Lewis R Goldfrank
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth M Norman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Studies, New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York, NY
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González-Reimers E, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, Candelaria Martín-González M, Hernández-Betancor I, Abreu-González P, José de la Vega-Prieto M, Elvira-Cabrera O, Santolaria-Fernández F. Antioxidant vitamins and brain dysfunction in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 49:45-50. [PMID: 24070686 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol induces cytokine secretion by Kupffer cells, which may exert also deleterious effects on distant organs, mediated in part by cytokine-derived increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is therefore important to assess antioxidant levels. The objective of this study is to analyse the relation of antioxidant vitamins with brain atrophy and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS In 77 alcoholic patients admitted for withdrawal syndrome, subjected to brain computed tomography (CT), and 19 controls, we determined antioxidant vitamin levels and analysed their relationships with data of brain atrophy and dysfunction. Searching for causes of altered vitamin levels, we also assessed liver function, nutritional status, eating habits, alcohol intake, proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. RESULTS Both retinol (vitamin A) and tocopherol (vitamin E) levels were decreased in alcoholics, the former in relation with liver failure, and the latter in relation with triglyceride levels and fat mass. Both were related to data of brain atrophy and cerebellar shrinkage (to which also IL-6 was significantly related). CONCLUSION Among alcoholics, liver function impairment leads to altered serum vitamin A levels, which are related to brain alterations. Vitamin E levels are also decreased, but although in relation with liver function impairment, its decrease seems to be more dependent on nutritional status and irregular eating habits. Both vitamins are lower in patients with cerebellar atrophy and other features related to brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio González-Reimers
- Corresponding author: Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Ofra s/n. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Enoch MA, Baghal B, Yuan Q, Goldman D. A factor analysis of global GABAergic gene expression in human brain identifies specificity in response to chronic alcohol and cocaine exposure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64014. [PMID: 23717525 PMCID: PMC3661725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although expression patterns of GABAergic genes in rodent brain have largely been elucidated, no comprehensive studies have been performed in human brain. The purpose of this study was to identify global patterns of GABAergic gene expression in healthy adults, including trans and cis effects in the GABAA gene clusters, before determining the effects of chronic alcohol and cocaine exposure on gene expression in the hippocampus. RNA-Seq data from ‘BrainSpan’ was obtained across 16 brain regions from postmortem samples from nine adults. A factor analysis was performed on global expression of 21 GABAergic pathway genes. Factor specificity for response to chronic alcohol/cocaine exposure was subsequently determined from the analysis of RNA-Seq data from postmortem hippocampus of eight alcoholics, eight cocaine addicts and eight controls. Six gene expression factors were identified. Most genes loaded (≥0.5) onto one factor; six genes loaded onto two. The largest factor (0.30 variance) included the chromosome 5 gene cluster that encodes the most common GABAA receptor, α1β2γ2, and genes encoding the α3β3γ2 receptor. Genes within this factor were largely unresponsive to chronic alcohol/cocaine exposure. In contrast, the chromosome 4 gene cluster factor (0.14 variance) encoding the α2β1γ1 receptor was influenced by chronic alcohol/cocaine exposure. Two other factors (0.17 and 0.06 variance) showed expression changes in alcoholics/cocaine addicts; these factors included genes involved in GABA synthesis and synaptic transport. Finally there were two factors that included genes with exceptionally low (0.10 variance) and high (0.09 variance) expression in the cerebellum; the former factor was unaffected by alcohol/cocaine exposure. This study has shown that there appears to be specificity of GABAergic gene groups, defined by covariation in expression, for response to chronic alcohol/cocaine exposure. These findings might have implications for combating stress-related craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Aida J, Yokoyama A, Shimomura N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Terai M, Poon S, Matsuura M, Fujiwara M, Sawabe M, Arai T, Takubo K. Telomere shortening in the esophagus of Japanese alcoholics: relationships with chromoendoscopic findings, ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes and smoking history. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63860. [PMID: 23667679 PMCID: PMC3646776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoendoscopy with Lugol iodine staining provides important information on the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In particular, distinct iodine-unstained lesions (DIULs) larger than 10 mm show a high prevalence in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. It has also been reported that inactive ALDH2*1/*2 and less-active ADH1B*1/*1, and smoking, are risk factors for esophageal SCC. We previously examined telomere shortening in the esophageal epithelium of alcoholics, and suggested a high prevalence of chromosomal instability in such individuals. In the present study, we attempted to analyze telomere lengths in 52 DIULs with reference to both their size and multiplicity, ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes, and smoking history. Patients with DIULs <10 mm (n = 42) had significantly longer telomeres than those with DIULs ≥10 mm (n = 10, p = 0.008). No significant differences in telomere length were recognized between the ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes (ALDH2 active/inactive = 35/17, ADH1B active/inactive = 32/20; p = 0.563, 0.784, respectively) or among four groups of patients divided according to smoking history (never-, ex-, light, and heavy smokers = 3, 6, 21, and 22 patients, respectively; p = 0.956). Patients without multiple DIULs (n = 17) had significantly longer telomeres than patients with multiple DIULs (n = 35, p = 0.040). It is suggested that alcoholism reduces telomere length in the esophagus, irrespective of genotype or smoking habit. Telomere shortening may not generate cancer directly, but may create conditions under which SCC can develop more easily, depending on subsequent exposure to carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zheng LB, Chen Q. [Primary exploration of acupuncture therapy in prevention and treatment of alcoholist disease]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2013; 33:252. [PMID: 23713314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Kryger R, Fan L, Wilce PA, Jaquet V. MALAT-1, a non protein-coding RNA is upregulated in the cerebellum, hippocampus and brain stem of human alcoholics. Alcohol 2012; 46:629-34. [PMID: 22560368 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intake induces neurochemical adaptative changes in the brain characterised by altered gene expression. A role for non-coding RNAs in alcoholism is beginning to emerge. PCR-differential display using total RNA extracted from brain material of human alcoholics and control cases identified a cDNA fragment corresponding to a section of a known non protein-coding RNA (ncRNA), MALAT-1, (also known as NEAT2). Comparison of mRNA levels of MALAT-1 was performed by northern and dot blot experiments using different regions of brain from human alcoholics and rats chronically treated with ethanol vapours and following withdrawal. A massive increase of MALAT-1 transcripts was detected in cerebellum of human alcoholics and increases were also noted in hippocampus and brain stem, while no significant increase of MALAT-1 expression was noted in frontal or motor cortices. In the rat no significant difference of MALAT-1 ortholog mRNA could be detected in cerebellum. In addition, similarly to humans, no significant increase of MALAT-1 expression was detected in cortex of alcohol-treated rats, however, after 24 h alcohol withdrawal, a significant upregulation of MALAT-1 expression was observed in rat cortex. MALAT-1 is upregulated in specific regions of the human alcoholic brain and following alcohol withdrawal in the rat. As MALAT-1 regulates RNA processing, this suggests that alcohol-induced upregulation of MALAT-1 represents an important novel mechanism for alcohol actions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Kryger
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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Gotoh M. [An investigation into the effectiveness of integrated group therapy and prognosis for dually diagnosed patients an invitation for the dual-diagnosis patients to the 12 step group therapy for alcoholics]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2012; 47:144-154. [PMID: 22894055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past six years, we have provided integrated group therapy for dually diagnosed patients. Eight patients who had stayed at Narimasu-Kousei Hospital were introduced to the group. After completion of the therapy, they were all discharged until 2009. Four of them have successfully maintained abstinence from alcohol. Three patients had recurrent problems but they have stopped drinking again. The last one passed away due to a drinking accident. Another eighteen patients, who had been suffering from dissociative disorder, also attended the integrated group therapy. Fourteen of them have remained sober since the treatment, though only ten people have begun to enjoy AA meetings. Thirty-six psychiatric out-patients including four dually diagnosed were given a lecture on alcohol problems and alcoholics at day hospital. Two of them have decided to stop drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Gotoh
- Narimasu-kousei Hospital, 1-19-1 Misono, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 175-0091, Japan
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Enoch MA, Zhou Z, Kimura M, Mash DC, Yuan Q, Goldman D. GABAergic gene expression in postmortem hippocampus from alcoholics and cocaine addicts; corresponding findings in alcohol-naïve P and NP rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29369. [PMID: 22253714 PMCID: PMC3258238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By performing identical studies in humans and rats, we attempted to distinguish vulnerability factors for addiction from neurobiological effects of chronic drug exposure. We focused on the GABAergic system within the hippocampus, a brain region that is a constituent of the memory/conditioning neuronal circuitry of addiction that is considered to be important in drug reinforcement behaviors in animals and craving and relapse in humans. METHODOLOGY Using RNA-Seq we quantified mRNA transcripts in postmortem total hippocampus from alcoholics, cocaine addicts and controls and also from alcohol-naïve, alcohol preferring (P) and non-preferring (NP) rats selectively bred for extremes of alcohol-seeking behavior that also show a general addictive tendency. A pathway-targeted analysis of 25 GABAergic genes encoding proteins implicated in GABA synthesis, metabolism, synaptic transmission and re-uptake was undertaken. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Directionally consistent and biologically plausible overlapping and specific changes were detected: 14/25 of the human genes and 12/25 of the rat genes showed nominally significant differences in gene expression (global p values: 9×10⁻¹⁴, 7×10⁻¹¹ respectively). Principal FDR-corrected findings were that GABBR1 was down-regulated in alcoholics, cocaine addicts and P rats with congruent findings in NSF, implicated in GABAB signaling efficacy, potentially resulting in increased synaptic GABA. GABRG2, encoding the gamma2 subunit required for postsynaptic clustering of GABAA receptors together with GPHN, encoding the associated scaffolding protein gephryin, were both down-regulated in alcoholics and cocaine addicts but were both up-regulated in P rats. There were also expression changes specific to cocaine addicts (GAD1, GAD2), alcoholics (GABRA2) and P rats (ABAT, GABRG3). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study confirms the involvement of the GABAergic system in alcoholism but also reveals a hippocampal GABA input in cocaine addiction. Congruent findings in human addicts and P rats provide clues to predisposing factors for alcohol and drug addiction. Finally, the results of this study have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Donnelly G, Kent-Wilkinson A, Rush A. The alcohol-dependent patient in hospital: challenges for nursing. Medsurg Nurs 2012; 21:9-15. [PMID: 22479869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who are alcohol dependent pose significant challenges for nurses when they are admitted to hospital for treatment. Clinical problems presented by these individuals are examined and the critical aspects of their care are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Donnelly
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Avhad G, Dandale A, Ghate S, Dhurat R. Unknown: Multiple painful nodules - what is the diagnosis? Chronic tophaceous gout. Dermatol Online J 2011; 17:9. [PMID: 22233745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common rheumatologic condition of recurrent polyarticular involvement. Tophi may be the first sign of the disease. We report a 55-year-old hypertensive, chronic alcoholic and diabetic male with a three-year history of multiple painful skin-colored nodules on the forearms, elbows, feet, posterior thighs, and popliteal fossa associated with discharging sinuses. Serum uric acid was 8.1 mg/dL (normal: 2-7.4 mg/dL). Fine needle aspiration cytology showed monosodium urate crystals, which are pathognomonic for gout, confirmed histopathalogically.
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MacVane CZ, Doty CI. Clinicopathological conference: a deadly cause of seizures in a 67-year-old alcoholic. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18:e77-83. [PMID: 21883639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey Z MacVane
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA.
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Lasek AW, Lim J, Kliethermes CL, Berger KH, Joslyn G, Brush G, Xue L, Robertson M, Moore MS, Vranizan K, Morris SW, Schuckit MA, White RL, Heberlein U. An evolutionary conserved role for anaplastic lymphoma kinase in behavioral responses to ethanol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22636. [PMID: 21799923 PMCID: PMC3142173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is a gene expressed in the nervous system that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase commonly known for its oncogenic function in various human cancers. We have determined that Alk is associated with altered behavioral responses to ethanol in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in mice, and in humans. Mutant flies containing transposon insertions in dAlk demonstrate increased resistance to the sedating effect of ethanol. Database analyses revealed that Alk expression levels in the brains of recombinant inbred mice are negatively correlated with ethanol-induced ataxia and ethanol consumption. We therefore tested Alk gene knockout mice and found that they sedate longer in response to high doses of ethanol and consume more ethanol than wild-type mice. Finally, sequencing of human ALK led to the discovery of four polymorphisms associated with a low level of response to ethanol, an intermediate phenotype that is predictive of future alcohol use disorders (AUDs). These results suggest that Alk plays an evolutionary conserved role in ethanol-related behaviors. Moreover, ALK may be a novel candidate gene conferring risk for AUDs as well as a potential target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W. Lasek
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UH); (AL)
| | - Jana Lim
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Kliethermes
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Karen H. Berger
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Geoff Joslyn
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Gerry Brush
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Liquan Xue
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Margaret Robertson
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Monica S. Moore
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Vranizan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stephan W. Morris
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raymond L. White
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UH); (AL)
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Sreevani R, Jayamani JV, Brinda GR. Stress levels among wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Nurs J India 2011; 102:21-23. [PMID: 22497195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sreevani
- Sri Devaraj Urs College of Nursing, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka
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Kovalev DG. [Effect of new adenine derivative on emotional status of rats under conditions of "voluntary alcoholization" model]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2011; 74:3-5. [PMID: 21598628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In continuation of the study of pharmacological properties of the new drug VMA-99-82 (9-[2-(4-isopropylphenoxy)ethyl]adenine), the influence of this drug on the psycho-emotional status of rats was evaluated using a voluntary alcoholization model. It is established that VMA-99-82 administered at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg produces a positive effect on impaired cognitive functions in alcoholized rats and eliminated the depression caused by the consumption of excess ethanol.
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Kurihara K, Aoki J, Numajiri M, Ikeda K, Kawai A, Waga C, Yoshihara E, Murayama O, Iwahashi K. [Relationship between GSK-3 beta -50T/C and DBI +529A/T polymorphisms in Japanese alcoholics]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2010; 45:430-436. [PMID: 21226341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As a help of the relationship between bipolar disorder and alcoholism, we studied the relationship between GSK-3 beta -50T/C polymorphism, which is reported to the relationship for bipolar disorder, and Japanese alcoholics. And we investigated the relationship between GSK-3 beta -50T/C polymorphism and DBI +529A/T polymorphisms, which is reported to one of the risk factor for alcoholism. We analyzed the GSK-3 beta genotype using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DBI genotype using PCR with confronting two-pair novel primers (PCR-CTPP) in 75 health controls and 64 alcoholics. In this study, there was no significant difference in the frequency of GSK-3 beta -50T/C polymorphism between alcoholics and controls (p = 0.883), and there was no significant difference in the frequency of DBI +529A/T polymorphism (p = 0.131). Also, there was no relationship between GSK-3 beta -50T/C polymorphism and DBI +529A/T allele in alcoholism (p = 0.907). We suggested that bipolar disorder may not be one of the pathogenesis of alcoholism, and that there was no relationship between GSK-3 beta -50T/C polymorphism and DBI +529A/T polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Kurihara
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Tyuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Kelley ML, Braitman A, Henson JM, Schroeder V, Ladage J, Gumienny L. Relationships among depressive mood symptoms and parent and peer relations in collegiate children of alcoholics. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2010; 80:204-12. [PMID: 20553514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Relationships among adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and parent and peer relations and depressive mood were examined among 136 ACOAs and 436 non-ACOAs. As compared to non-ACOAs, ACOAs reported less positive relationships to mothers, fathers, and peers, and more depressive mood; however, more positive relationships to parents and peers significantly reduced the strength of the association between ACOA categorization and depressive mood. Examination of data from ACOAs alone revealed that maternal alcoholism was related to less positive relationships to their mothers and to their peers; however, paternal alcoholism did not predict the quality of the relationship to fathers, mothers, or peers. Attachment to parents and peers and the gender of the alcohol-abusing parent were associated with depressive symptoms among ACOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0267, USA.
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Abstract
Background Alcoholism is associated with susceptibility to infectious disease, particularly bacterial pneumonia. In the present study we described characteristics in alcoholic patients with bacterial meningitis and delineate the differences with findings in non-alcoholic adults with bacterial meningitis. Methods/Principal Findings This was a prospective nationwide observational cohort study including patients aged >16 years who had bacterial meningitis confirmed by culture of cerebrospinal fluid (696 episodes of bacterial meningitis occurring in 671 patients). Alcoholism was present in 27 of 686 recorded episodes of bacterial meningitis (4%) and alcoholics were more often male than non-alcoholics (82% vs 48%, P = 0.001). A higher proportion of alcoholics had underlying pneumonia (41% vs 11% P<0.001). Alcoholics were more likely to have meningitis due to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (70% vs 50%, P = 0.01) and Listeria monocytogenes (19% vs 4%, P = 0.005), whereas Neisseria meningitidis was more common in non-alcoholic patients (39% vs 4%, P = 0.01). A large proportion of alcoholics developed complications during clinical course (82% vs 62%, as compared with non-alcoholics; P = 0.04), often cardiorespiratory failure (52% vs 28%, as compared with non-alcoholics; P = 0.01). Alcoholic patients were at risk for unfavourable outcome (67% vs 33%, as compared with non-alcoholics; P<0.001). Conclusions/Significance Alcoholic patients are at high risk for complications resulting in high morbidity and mortality. They are especially at risk for cardiorespiratory failure due to underlying pneumonia, and therefore, aggressive supportive care may be crucial in the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Weisfelt
- Department of Neurology, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Gans
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Neurology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Amornsawadwatana S, Rerknimitr R. Florid black esophagus in an alcoholic. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2009; 18:391. [PMID: 19795046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Chen X, Niu J, Wang F, Liu W. [Measurement of anti-acetaldehyde protein adduct IgA, IgG, IgM antibody titers in the sera of human alcoholics]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2002; 10:350, 353. [PMID: 12392615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Clinical Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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