1
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Duangkumpha K, Jariyasopit N, Wanichthanarak K, Dhakal E, Wisanpitayakorn P, Thotsiri S, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Kitiyakara C, Sathirapongsasuti N, Khoomrung S. Correction: GC × GC-TOFMS metabolomics analysis identifies elevated levels of plasma sugars and sugar alcohols in diabetic mellitus patients with kidney failure. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105422. [PMID: 37944340 PMCID: PMC10654011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
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2
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Jariyasopit N, Khoomrung S. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of gut microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4777-4789. [PMID: 37841334 PMCID: PMC10570628 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules derived from gut microbiota have been increasingly investigated to better understand the functional roles of the human gut microbiome. Microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids (AAA) have been linked to many diseases, such as metabolic disorders, chronic kidney diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and cancer. Important microbial AAA metabolites are often discovered via global metabolite profiling of biological specimens collected from humans or animal models. Subsequent metabolite identity confirmation and absolute quantification using targeted analysis enable comparisons across different studies, which can lead to the establishment of threshold concentrations of potential metabolite biomarkers. Owing to their excellent selectivity and sensitivity, hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are often employed to identify and quantify AAA metabolites in various biological matrices. Here, we summarize the developments over the past five years in MS-based methodology for analyzing gut microbiota-derived AAA. Sample preparation, method validation, analytical performance, and statistical methods for correlation analysis are discussed, along with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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3
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Jariyasopit N, Limjiasahapong S, Kurilung A, Sartyoungkul S, Wisanpitayakorn P, Nuntasaen N, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Kittakoop P, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Khoomrung S. Traveling Wave Ion Mobility-Derived Collision Cross Section Database for Plant Specialized Metabolites: An Application to Ventilago harmandiana Pierre. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2481-2492. [PMID: 36154058 PMCID: PMC9552781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and chromatography is a valuable tool for identifying compounds in natural products. In this study, using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution quadrupole/traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry/time-of-flight MS (UPLC-TWIMS-QTOF), we have established and validated a comprehensive TWCCSN2 and MS database for 112 plant specialized metabolites. The database included 15 compounds that were isolated and purified in-house and are not commercially available. We obtained accurate m/z, retention times, fragment ions, and TWIMS-derived CCS (TWCCSN2) values for 207 adducts (ESI+ and ESI-). The database included novel 158 TWCCSN2 values from 79 specialized metabolites. In the presence of plant matrix, the CCS measurement was reproducible and robust. Finally, we demonstrated the application of the database to extend the metabolite coverage of Ventilago harmandiana Pierre. In addition to pyranonaphthoquinones, a group of known specialized metabolites in V. harmandiana, we identified flavonoids, xanthone, naphthofuran, and protocatechuic acid for the first time through targeted analysis. Interestingly, further investigation using IM-MS of unknown features suggested the presence of organonitrogen compounds and lipid and lipid-like molecules, which is also reported for the first time. Data are available on the MassIVE (https://massive.ucsd.edu, data set identifier MSV000090213).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj
Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj
Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Kurilung
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sitanan Sartyoungkul
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattipong Wisanpitayakorn
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj
Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Narong Nuntasaen
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn
Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Laksi,
Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn
Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj
Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj
Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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4
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Duangkumpha K, Jariyasopit N, Wanichthanarak K, Dhakal E, Wisanpitayakorn P, Thotsiri S, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Kitiyakara C, Sathirapongsasuti N, Khoomrung S. GC × GC-TOFMS metabolomics analysis identifies elevated levels of plasma sugars and sugar alcohols in diabetic mellitus patients with kidney failure. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102445. [PMID: 36055403 PMCID: PMC9531178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two dimensional GC (GC × GC)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) has been used to improve accurate metabolite identification in the chemical industry, but this method has not been applied as readily in biomedical research. Here, we evaluated and validated the performance of high resolution GC × GC-TOFMS against that of GC-TOFMS for metabolomics analysis of two different plasma matrices, from healthy controls (CON) and diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with kidney failure (DM with KF). We found GC × GC-TOFMS outperformed traditional GC-TOFMS in terms of separation performance and metabolite coverage. Several metabolites from both the CON and DM with KF matrices, such as carbohydrates and carbohydrate-conjugate metabolites, were exclusively detected using GC × GC-TOFMS. Additionally, we applied this method to characterize significant metabolites in the DM with KF group, with focused analysis of four metabolite groups: sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, and free fatty acids. Our plasma metabolomics results revealed 35 significant metabolites (12 unique and 23 concentration-dependent metabolites) in the DM with KF group, as compared with those in the CON and DM groups (N = 20 for each group). Interestingly, we determined 17 of the 35 (14/17 verified with reference standards) significant metabolites identified from both the analyses were metabolites from the sugar and sugar alcohol groups, with significantly higher concentrations in the DM with KF group than in the CON and DM groups. Enrichment analysis of these 14 metabolites also revealed that alterations in galactose metabolism and the polyol pathway are related to DM with KF. Overall, our application of GC × GC-TOFMS identified key metabolites in complex plasma matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassaporn Duangkumpha
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Esha Dhakal
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattipong Wisanpitayakorn
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Thotsiri
- Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chagriya Kitiyakara
- Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuankanya Sathirapongsasuti
- Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Section of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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5
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Mathema VB, Duangkumpha K, Wanichthanarak K, Jariyasopit N, Dhakal E, Sathirapongsasuti N, Kitiyakara C, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Khoomrung S. CRISP: a deep learning architecture for GC × GC-TOFMS contour ROI identification, simulation and analysis in imaging metabolomics. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6503617. [PMID: 35022651 PMCID: PMC8921635 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) provides a large amount of molecular information from biological samples. However, the lack of a comprehensive compound library or customizable bioinformatics tool is currently a challenge in GC × GC–TOFMS data analysis. We present an open-source deep learning (DL) software called contour regions of interest (ROI) identification, simulation and untargeted metabolomics profiler (CRISP). CRISP integrates multiple customizable deep neural network architectures for assisting the semi-automated identification of ROIs, contour synthesis, resolution enhancement and classification of GC × GC–TOFMS-based contour images. The approach includes the novel aggregate feature representative contour (AFRC) construction and stacked ROIs. This generates an unbiased contour image dataset that enhances the contrasting characteristics between different test groups and can be suitable for small sample sizes. The utility of the generative models and the accuracy and efficacy of the platform were demonstrated using a dataset of GC × GC–TOFMS contour images from patients with late-stage diabetic nephropathy and healthy control groups. CRISP successfully constructed AFRC images and identified over five ROIs to create a deepstacked dataset. The high fidelity, 512 × 512-pixels generative model was trained as a generator with a Fréchet inception distance of <47.00. The trained classifier achieved an AUROC of >0.96 and a classification accuracy of >95.00% for datasets with and without column bleed. Overall, CRISP demonstrates good potential as a DL-based approach for the rapid analysis of 4-D GC × GC–TOFMS untargeted metabolite profiles by directly implementing contour images. CRISP is available at https://github.com/vivekmathema/GCxGC-CRISP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bhakta Mathema
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kassaporn Duangkumpha
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Esha Dhakal
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuankanya Sathirapongsasuti
- Section of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chagriya Kitiyakara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Halappanavar S, Wu D, Boyadzhiev A, Solorio-Rodriguez A, Williams A, Jariyasopit N, Saini A, Harner T. Toxicity screening of air extracts representing different source sectors in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton areas: In vitro oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, and toxicogenomic analysis. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2021; 872:503415. [PMID: 34798935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the suitability and sensitivity of different in vitro toxicity endpoints were determined to evaluate and distinguish the specific contributions of polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) mixtures from various sites in Toronto (Canada), to pulmonary toxicity. Air samples were collected for two-month periods from April 2014 to March 2015 from one location, and from August 2016 to August 2017 from multiple locations reflecting different geographical areas in Toronto, and the Greater Toronto Area, with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Relative concentrations of PACs and their derivatives in these air samples were characterised. In vitro cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress assays were employed to assess the acute pulmonary effects of urban-air-derived air pollutants. In addition, global transcriptional profiling was utilized to understand how these chemical mixtures exert their harmful effects. Lastly, the transcriptomic data and the chemical profiles for each site and season were used to relate the biological response back to individual constituents. Site-specific responses could not be derived; however, the Spring season was identified as the most responsive through benchmark concentration analysis. A combination of correlational analysis and principal component analysis revealed that nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) drive the response at lower concentrations while specific PAHs drive the response at the highest concentration tested. Unsubstituted PAHs are the current targets for analysis as priority pollutants. The present study highlights the importance of by-products of PAH degradation in the assessment of risk. The study also demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro toxicity assays to derive meaningful data in support of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada.
| | - D Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Boyadzhiev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Solorio-Rodriguez
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - N Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - A Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - T Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
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7
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Anekthanakul K, Manocheewa S, Chienwichai K, Poungsombat P, Limjiasahapong S, Wanichthanarak K, Jariyasopit N, Mathema VB, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Phetcharaburanin J, Panya A, Phonsatta N, Visessanguan W, Pomyen Y, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Worawichawong S, Sathirapongsasuti N, Kitiyakara C, Khoomrung S. Predicting lupus membranous nephritis using reduced picolinic acid to tryptophan ratio as a urinary biomarker. iScience 2021; 24:103355. [PMID: 34805802 PMCID: PMC8590081 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard for classifying lupus nephritis (LN) progression is a renal biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Undergoing a series of biopsies for monitoring disease progression and treatments is unlikely suitable for patients with LN. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive alternative biomarkers that can facilitate LN class diagnosis. Such biomarkers will be very useful in guiding intervention strategies to mitigate or treat patients with LN. Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney histopathology. Metabolomics was performed to identify potential metabolites, which could be specific for the classification of membranous LN. The ratio of picolinic acid (Pic) to tryptophan (Trp) ([Pic/Trp] ratio) was found to be a promising candidate for LN diagnostic and membranous classification. It has high potential as an alternative biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittima Anekthanakul
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Manocheewa
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittiphan Chienwichai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Hatyai hospital, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Patcha Poungsombat
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Vivek Bhakta Mathema
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Atikorn Panya
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natthaporn Phonsatta
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yotsawat Pomyen
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suchin Worawichawong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nuankanya Sathirapongsasuti
- Section of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chagriya Kitiyakara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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8
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Jariyasopit N, Harner T, Shin C, Park R. Corrigendum to "The effects of plume episodes on PAC profiles in the athabasca oil sands region" [Environ. pollut. 282 (2021) 117,014]. Environ Pollut 2021; 287:117701. [PMID: 34426374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada; Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
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9
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Vasiljevic T, Jariyasopit N, Schuster JK, Harner T. Insights into sources and occurrence of oxy- and nitro-PAHs in the alberta oil sands region using a network of passive air samplers. Environ Pollut 2021; 286:117513. [PMID: 34126512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mining-related activities in the Alberta Oil Sands Region (AOSR) are known to emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds to ambient air. This is a concern due to the toxicity of PAHs, including their transformation products such as nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) PAHs. This is the first study that provided a more extensive outlook into the sources, occurrence in air, and spatial and seasonal patterns of NPAHs and OPAHs in the AOSR by using passive air sampling. A sampling campaign from 2013 to 2016 revealed concentrations of NPAHs that were much lower than those of OPAHs. The highest concentrations of NPAHs were concentrated in the region associated with extensive mining activities, with ∑NPAH concentrations ranging from 20 to 250 pg/m3. Within the oil sands (OS) mineable area, NPAHs associated with primary release appear more commonly, while NPAHs produced via oxidative transformation are predominant outside of this area. The concentrations of ∑OPAH ranged from 400 to 2400 pg/m3, with the highest air concentrations in the region located south of the main OS activity zone, with peak concentrations attributed to a 2016 forest fire event. Uptake of PAHs from ambient air and their subsequent conversion to generate OPAHs is believed to play an important role in wildfire emissions of OPAHs. The seasonal trend investigation was inconclusive, with NPAHs slightly higher during the winter, while OPAHs were slightly elevated during summer. A preliminary comparison of ambient concentrations of OPAHs and NPAHs in the AOSR to measurements in the Greater Toronto Area revealed a similar range of concentrations, but also a unique presence of certain NPAHs such as 4-nitrobiphenyl, 2-nitrodibenzothiophene, 2,8-dinitrodibenzothiophene and 6-nitrobenzo-(a)-pyrene. This indicates that AOSR might have its own NPAH profile - creating the need to better understand associated NPAH toxicity and propensity for long range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vasiljevic
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
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10
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Kaewnarin K, Limjiasahapong S, Jariyasopit N, Anekthanakul K, Kurilung A, Wong SCC, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Visessanguan W, Khoomrung S. High-Resolution QTOF-MRM for Highly Accurate Identification and Quantification of Trace Levels of Triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:2451-2462. [PMID: 34412475 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accurate quantification of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum mushroom in the mycelium stage is challenging due to their low concentrations, interference from other possible isomers, and the complex matrix. Here, a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry "multiple reaction monitoring" with target enhancement (HR-QTOF-MRM) method was developed to quantify seven target triterpenoids in G. lucidum. The performance of this method was compared against an optimized QQQ-MRM method. The HR-QTOF-MRM was shown to be capable of distinguishing target triterpenoids from interferent peaks in the presence of matrices. The HR-QTOF-MRM LOD and LLOQ values were found to be one to two times lower than those derived from the QQQ-MRM method. Intraday and interday variabilities of the HR-QTOF-MRM demonstrated better reproducibility than the QQQ-MRM. In addition, excellent recoveries of the analytes ranging from 80 to 117% were achieved. Spiking experiments were carried out to verify and compare the quantitative accuracy of the two methods. The HR-QTOF-MRM method provided better percent accuracy, ranging from 84% to 99% (<3% RSD), compared with the range of 69 to 114% (<4%RSD) given by the QQQ-MRM method. These results demonstrate that the new HR-QTOF-MRM mode is able to improve sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of trace level analysis of triterpenoids in the complex biological samples. The triterpenoid concentrations were in the range of nondetect to 0.06-6.72 mg/g of dried weight in fruiting body and to 0.0009-0.01 mg/g of dried weight in mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khwanta Kaewnarin
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Krittima Anekthanakul
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Kurilung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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11
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Jariyasopit N, Harner T, Shin C, Park R. The effects of plume episodes on PAC profiles in the athabasca oil sands region. Environ Pollut 2021; 282:117014. [PMID: 33823311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Summer intensive air measurements of alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds (Alk-PACs), nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) was conducted during the summer of 2013 at an air monitoring site near the community of Fort McKay in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR). This study uses the ambient air measurements in conjunction with supplementary meteorological and air quality data from coordinated ground- and aircraft-based sampling over the same period to characterize diurnal variations and changes in the organic air pollutant profiles associated with the plume episodes. Principal component analysis showed a distinct PAC profile during plume episodes, driven mainly by higher fluorenone (FLO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ANQ) concentrations. During the plume episodes (August 23-24), means of NPAHs and OPAHs concentrations were 120 and 2020 pg/m3, respectively, which were 2.7 and 2.5 times higher than those measured on the other days, while Alk-PACs did not reach maxima. The relative constancy of Alk-PACs during the plume episodes and baseline air quality periods likely reflects a continuous and broad emission of Alk-PACs from the oil sands mining activities. Only four OPAHs, including FLO, ANQ, benzo(a)fluorenone, and benzanthrone, exhibited higher average daytime than nighttime concentrations (p-value < 0.05). Categorizing air samples into clean and polluted conditions demonstrated that the polluted condition air samples were characterized by higher percent composition of alkylated fluorenes, FLO, MANQ, and photochemically-derived 1M4NN. A comparison of PAC profiles in air samples and oil sand ore samples suggests that the NPAHs were likely influenced by atmospheric formation while the OPAHs were impacted by a combination of primary sources and atmospheric formation. The strong correlations found between a number of NPAHs and OPAHs, and PM2.5 and NOx in this study could support the modelling of ambient air burdens of these compounds across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada; Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
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Jariyasopit N, Khamsaeng S, Panya A, Vinaisuratern P, Metem P, Asawalertpanich W, Visessanguan W, Sirivatanauksorn V, Khoomrung S. Quantitative analysis of nutrient metabolite compositions of retail cow’s milk and milk alternatives in Thailand using GC-MS. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Limjiasahapong S, Kaewnarin K, Jariyasopit N, Hongthong S, Nuntasaen N, Robinson JL, Nookaew I, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Khoomrung S. UPLC-ESI-MRM/MS for Absolute Quantification and MS/MS Structural Elucidation of Six Specialized Pyranonaphthoquinone Metabolites From Ventilago harmandiana. Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:602993. [PMID: 33505413 PMCID: PMC7830255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyranonaphthoquinones (PNQs) are important structural scaffolds found in numerous natural products. Research interest in these specialized metabolites lies in their natural occurrence and therapeutic activities. Nonetheless, research progress has thus far been hindered by the lack of analytical standards and analytical methods for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We report here that various parts of Ventilago harmandiana are rich sources of PNQs. We developed an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry method to quantitatively determine six PNQs from leaves, root, bark, wood, and heartwood. The addition of standards in combination with a stable isotope of salicylic acid-D6 was used to overcome the matrix effect with average recovery of 82% ± 1% (n = 15). The highest concentration of the total PNQs was found in the root (11,902 μg/g dry weight), whereas the lowest concentration was found in the leaves (28 μg/g dry weight). Except for the root, PNQ-332 was found to be the major compound in all parts of V. harmandiana, accounting for ∼48% of the total PNQs quantified in this study. However, PNQ-318A was the most abundant PNQ in the root sample, accounting for 27% of the total PNQs. Finally, we provide novel MS/MS spectra of the PNQs at different collision induction energies: 10, 20, and 40 eV (POS and NEG). For structural elucidation purposes, we propose complete MS/MS fragmentation pathways of PNQs using MS/MS spectra at collision energies of 20 and 40 eV. The MS/MS spectra along with our discussion on structural elucidation of these PNQs should be very useful to the natural products community to further exploring PNQs in V. harmandiana and various other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khwanta Kaewnarin
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Hongthong
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University, Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Narong Nuntasaen
- The Forest Herbarium National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jonathan L. Robinson
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Saini A, Harner T, Chinnadhurai S, Schuster JK, Yates A, Sweetman A, Aristizabal-Zuluaga BH, Jiménez B, Manzano CA, Gaga EO, Stevenson G, Falandysz J, Ma J, Miglioranza KSB, Kannan K, Tominaga M, Jariyasopit N, Rojas NY, Amador-Muñoz O, Sinha R, Alani R, Suresh R, Nishino T, Shoeib T. GAPS-megacities: A new global platform for investigating persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in urban air. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115416. [PMID: 32854027 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study was initiated in 2018 under the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network named GAPS-Megacities. This study included 20 megacities/major cities across the globe with the goal of better understanding and comparing ambient air levels of persistent organic pollutants and other chemicals of emerging concern, to which humans residing in large cities are exposed. The first results from the initial period of sampling are reported for 19 cities for several classes of flame retardants (FRs) including organophosphate esters (OPEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) including new flame retardants (NFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). The two cities, New York (USA) and London (UK) stood out with ∼3.5 to 30 times higher total FR concentrations as compared to other major cities, with total concentrations of OPEs of 15,100 and 14,100 pg/m3, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations of OPEs significantly dominated the FR profile at all sites, with total concentrations in air that were 2-5 orders of magnitude higher compared to other targeted chemical classes. A moderately strong and significant correlation (r = 0.625, p < 0.001) was observed for Gross Domestic Product index of the cities with total OPEs levels. Although large differences in FR levels were observed between some cities, when averaged across the five United Nations regions, the FR classes were more evenly distributed and varied by less than a factor of five. Results for Toronto, which is a 'reference city' for this study, agreed well with a more in-depth investigation of the level of FRs over different seasons and across eight sites representing different urban source sectors (e.g. traffic, industrial, residential and background). Future sampling periods under this project will investigate trace metals and other contaminant classes, linkages to toxicology, non-targeted analysis, and eventually temporal trends. The study provides a unique urban platform for evaluating global exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada.
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Sita Chinnadhurai
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Alan Yates
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Andrew Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, K LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras, 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | | | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Maria Tominaga
- Sao Paulo State Environmental Company, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ravindra Sinha
- IJRC-PTS, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, 800 005, Bihar, India
| | - Rose Alani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - R Suresh
- Centre for Environmental Studies, The Energy and Resources Institute, Indian Habitat Centre, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Takahiro Nishino
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection 1-7-5, Sinsuna Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
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Jariyasopit N, Tung P, Su K, Halappanavar S, Evans GJ, Su Y, Khoomrung S, Harner T. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban air and associated inhalation cancer risks: A case study targeting distinct source sectors. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:1882-1891. [PMID: 31227350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling was conducted in Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area from 2016 to 2017 for 6 periods, in order to investigate ambient levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) associated with different source types. The selected sampling sites (n = 8) cover geographical areas with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Passive air samples were analyzed for PACs which include PAHs, alkylated PAHs (alk-PAHs), dibenzothiophene and alkylated dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) and results for PAHs were used to calculate inhalation cancer risks using different approaches. The samples were also characterized for PAH derivatives including nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). Concentrations of Σalk-PAHs and DBTs, which are known to be enriched in fossil fuels, as well as ΣNPAHs, were highest at a traffic site (MECP) located adjacent to the 18-lane Highway 401 that runs across Toronto. Except for an industrial site (HH/BU), PAC compositions were similar across the sampling sites with Σalk-PAHs being the most abundant class of PACs suggesting traffic emission was a major contributor to PACs in the atmosphere of Toronto. The industrial site exhibited a distinct chemical composition with ΣPAHs dominating over Σalk-PAHs and with elevated levels of fluoranthene, 9-nitroanthracene, and 9,10-anthraquinone, which likely reflects emissions from nearby industrial sources. MECP and HH/BU exhibited higher lifetime excess inhalation cancer risks indicating an association with traffic and industrial sources. The importance of the traffic sector as a source of PACs to ambient air is further supported by strong correlations of the ΣPAHs, Σalk-PAHs, DBTs, and ΣOPAHs with NOx. This study highlights the importance of traffic as an emission source of PACs to urban air and the relevance of PAC classes other than just unsubstituted PAHs that are important but currently not included in air quality guidelines or for assessing inhalation cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Phoebe Tung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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Saini A, Clarke J, Jariyasopit N, Rauert C, Schuster JK, Halappanavar S, Evans GJ, Su Y, Harner T. Flame retardants in urban air: A case study in Toronto targeting distinct source sectors. Environ Pollut 2019; 247:89-97. [PMID: 30665191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on distinct land-use categories, a sampling campaign was carried out at eight locations across Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area in 2016-2017. Source sectors' dependent patterns of atmospheric concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 9 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 5 novel flame retardants (NFRs) showed dominance of OPEs and PBDEs at highly commercialised urban and traffic sites, while NFRs, were dominant at residential sites. Overall, average concentrations of Σ9OPEs (1790 pg/m3) were two orders of magnitude higher than Σ9PBDEs (9.17 pg/m3) and Σ5NFRs (8.14 pg/m3). The atmospheric concentrations of given chemical classes also showed a general trend of lower levels in winter as compared to summer months. Statistically significant negative correlations between the natural logarithm of concentrations and inverse of temperature for some OPEs and PBDEs highlighted the role of volatilization from local sources at given sites as primarily influencing their atmospheric concentrations. Overall, this study adds to the current knowledge of urban settings as a major emitter of the chemicals of emerging concern and their replacements, as well as the ongoing problem of phased out PBDEs due to their presence in existing inventories of commercial/recycled products. It is recommended that long-term monitoring programs targeting flame retardants (FRs) include urban sites, which provide an early indicator of effectiveness of control measures of targeted FRs, while at the same time providing information on emission sources and trends of replacement FR chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenna Clarke
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Jariyasopit N, Harner T, Wu D, Williams A, Halappanavar S, Su K. Mapping Indicators of Toxicity for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in the Atmosphere of the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:11282-11291. [PMID: 27609612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of passive air samples collected from 15 passive sampling network sites across the Athabasca Oil Sands region were used to explore the application of in vitro assays for mutagenicity (Salmonella mutation assays) and cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase assay) to assess the toxicity of the air mixture. The air monitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and PAC transformation products, including nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) was then linked to the potential toxicity of air. The PACs in air during April to May 2014 were elevated near mining activities and declined with distance from the source region, whereas NPAHs and OPAHs exhibited a more variable spatial distribution with the highest levels in Fort McMurray. Overall, the air samples exhibited a weak mutagenicity. The highest indirect-acting mutagenicity was observed for sites closest to mining activities; however, the indirect-acting mutagenicity did not decline sharply with distance from mining areas. Indirect-acting mutagenicity was strongly correlated with levels of total PACs, benzo(a)pyrene equivalent mass, and OPAHs. Most of the samples exhibited cytotoxic potential, but the magnitude of the response was variable across the sample region and did not correlate with levels of target analytes. This indicates that PACs and PAC derivatives were not a major contributor to the cytotoxicity observed in the air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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Jariyasopit N, Zimmermann K, Schrlau J, Arey J, Atkinson R, Yu TW, Dashwood RH, Tao S, Simonich SLM. Heterogeneous reactions of particulate matter-bound PAHs and NPAHs with NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3 under simulated long-range atmospheric transport conditions: reactivity and mutagenicity. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:10155-64. [PMID: 25119270 PMCID: PMC4152393 DOI: 10.1021/es5015407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reactions of ambient particulate matter (PM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) with NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3 were studied in a laboratory photochemical chamber. Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected from Beijing, China, and Riverside, California, and exposed under simulated atmospheric long-range transport conditions for O3 and OH and NO3 radicals. Changes in the masses of 23 PAHs and 20 NPAHs, as well as the direct and indirect-acting mutagenicity of the PM (determined using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with TA98 strain), were measured prior to and after exposure to NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3. In general, O3 exposure resulted in the highest relative degradation of PM-bound PAHs with more than four rings (benzo[a]pyrene was degraded equally well by O3 and NO3/N2O5). However, NPAHs were most effectively formed during the Beijing PM exposure to NO3/N2O5. In ambient air, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF) is formed from the gas-phase NO3 radical- and OH radical-initiated reactions of fluoranthene, and 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) is formed from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reaction of pyrene. There was no formation of 2-NF or 2-NP in any of the heterogeneous exposures, suggesting that gas-phase formation of NPAHs did not play an important role during chamber exposures. Exposure of Beijing PM to NO3/N2O5 resulted in an increase in direct-acting mutagenic activity which was associated with the formation of mutagenic NPAHs. No NPAH formation was observed in any of the exposures of the Riverside PM. This was likely due to the accumulation of atmospheric degradation products from gas-phase reactions of volatile species onto the surface of PM collected in Riverside prior to exposure in the chamber, thus decreasing the availability of PAHs for reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kathryn Zimmermann
- Air
Pollution Research Center, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jill Schrlau
- Environmental
and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Janet Arey
- Air
Pollution Research Center, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Roger Atkinson
- Air
Pollution Research Center, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tian-Wei Yu
- Environmental
and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Institute
of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking
University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Environmental
and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Jariyasopit N, McIntosh M, Zimmermann K, Arey J, Atkinson R, Cheong PHY, Carter RG, Yu TW, Dashwood RH, Massey Simonich SL. Novel nitro-PAH formation from heterogeneous reactions of PAHs with NO2, NO3/N2O5, and OH radicals: prediction, laboratory studies, and mutagenicity. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 48:412-9. [PMID: 24350894 PMCID: PMC4125200 DOI: 10.1021/es4043808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reactions of benzo[a]pyrene-d12 (BaP-d12), benzo[k]fluoranthene-d12 (BkF-d12), benzo[ghi]perylene-d12 (BghiP-d12), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene-d14 (DaiP-d14), and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DalP) with NO2, NO3/N2O5, and OH radicals were investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in an indoor Teflon chamber and novel mono-NO2-DaiP and mono-NO2-DalP products were identified. Quartz fiber filters (QFF) were used as a reaction surface and the filter extracts were analyzed by GC/MS for nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and tested in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 (with and without metabolic activation). In parallel to the laboratory experiments, a theoretical study was conducted to rationalize the formation of NPAH isomers based on the thermodynamic stability of OH-PAH intermediates, formed from OH-radical-initiated reactions. NO2 and NO3/N2O5 were effective oxidizing agents in transforming PAHs to NPAHs, with BaP-d12 being the most readily nitrated. Reaction of BaP-d12, BkF-d12, and BghiP-d12 with NO2 and NO3/N2O5 resulted in the formation of more than one mononitro isomer product, while the reaction of DaiP-d14 and DalP resulted in the formation of only one mononitro isomer product. The direct-acting mutagenicity increased the most after NO3/N2O5 exposure, particularly for BkF-d12 in which di-NO2-BkF-d10 isomers were measured. The deuterium isotope effect study suggested that substitution of deuterium for hydrogen lowered both the direct and indirect acting mutagenicity of NPAHs and may result in an underestimation of the mutagencity of the novel NPAHs identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Zimmermann K, Jariyasopit N, Massey Simonich SL, Tao S, Atkinson R, Arey J. Formation of nitro-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of ambient particle-bound PAHs with N2O5/NO3/NO2. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:13151-9. [PMID: 23865889 DOI: 10.1021/es402969c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of ambient particles collected from four sites within the Los Angeles, CA air basin and Beijing, China with a mixture of N2O5, NO2, and NO3 radicals were studied in an environmental chamber at ambient pressure and temperature. Exposures in the chamber system resulted in the degradation of particle-bound PAHs and formation of molecular weight (mw) 247 nitropyrenes (NPYs) and nitrofluoranthenes (NFLs), mw 273 nitrotriphenylenes (NTPs), nitrobenz[a]anthracenes (NBaAs), nitrochrysene (NCHR), and mw 297 nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (NBaP). The distinct isomer distributions resulting from exposure of filter-adsorbed deuterated fluoranthene to N2O5/NO3/NO2 and that collected from the chamber gas-phase suggest that formation of NFLs in ambient particles did not occur by NO3 radical-initiated reaction but from reaction of N2O5, presumably subsequent to its surface adsorption. Accordingly, isomers known to result from gas-phase radical-initiated reactions of parent PAHs, such as 2-NFL and 2- and 4-NPY, were not enhanced from the exposure of ambient particulate matter to N2O5/NO3/NO2. The reactivity of ambient particles toward nitration by N2O5/NO3/NO2, defined by relative 1-NPY formation, varied significantly, with the relative amounts of freshly emitted particles versus aged particles (particles that had undergone atmospheric chemical processing) affecting the reactivity of particle-bound PAHs toward heterogeneous nitration. Analyses of unexposed ambient samples suggested that, in nighttime samples where NO3 radical-initiated chemistry had occurred, heterogeneous formation of 1-NPY on ambient particles may have contributed to the ambient 1-NPY concentrations at downwind receptor sites. These results, together with observations that 2-NFL is consistently the dominant particle-bound nitro-PAH measured in ambient atmospheres, suggest that for PAHs that exist in both the gas- and particle-phase, the heterogeneous formation of particle-bound nitro-PAHs is a minor formation route compared to gas-phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Zimmermann
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Zimmermann K, Jariyasopit N, Massey Simonich SL, Tao S, Atkinson R, Arey J. Formation of nitro-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of ambient particle-bound PAHs with N2O5/NO3/NO2. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:8434-42. [PMID: 23865889 PMCID: PMC4167764 DOI: 10.1021/es401789x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of ambient particles collected from four sites within the Los Angeles, CA air basin and Beijing, China with a mixture of N2O5, NO2, and NO3 radicals were studied in an environmental chamber at ambient pressure and temperature. Exposures in the chamber system resulted in the degradation of particle-bound PAHs and formation of molecular weight (mw) 247 nitropyrenes (NPYs) and nitrofluoranthenes (NFLs), mw 273 nitrotriphenylenes (NTPs), nitrobenz[a]anthracenes (NBaAs), nitrochrysene (NCHR), and mw 297 nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (NBaP). The distinct isomer distributions resulting from exposure of filter-adsorbed deuterated fluoranthene to N2O5/NO3/NO2 and that collected from the chamber gas-phase suggest that formation of NFLs in ambient particles did not occur by NO3 radical-initiated reaction but from reaction of N2O5, presumably subsequent to its surface adsorption. Accordingly, isomers known to result from gas-phase radical-initiated reactions of parent PAHs, such as 2-NFL and 2- and 4-NPY, were not enhanced from the exposure of ambient particulate matter to N2O5/NO3/NO2. The reactivity of ambient particles toward nitration by N2O5/NO3/NO2, defined by relative 1-NPY formation, varied significantly, with the relative amounts of freshly emitted particles versus aged particles (particles that had undergone atmospheric chemical processing) affecting the reactivity of particle-bound PAHs toward heterogeneous nitration. Analyses of unexposed ambient samples suggested that, in nighttime samples where NO3 radical-initiated chemistry had occurred, heterogeneous formation of 1-NPY on ambient particles may have contributed to the ambient 1-NPY concentrations at downwind receptor sites. These results, together with observations that 2-NFL is consistently the dominant particle-bound nitro-PAH measured in ambient atmospheres, suggest that for PAHs that exist in both the gas- and particle-phase, the heterogeneous formation of particle-bound nitro-PAHs is a minor formation route compared to gas-phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Zimmermann
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University Beijing, China 100871
| | - Roger Atkinson
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, United States
| | - Janet Arey
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States
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Simonich SLM, Motorykin O, Jariyasopit N. PAH intermediates: Links between the atmosphere and biological systems. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:26-9. [PMID: 20849837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China is now the world's largest emitter of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition, PAHs, and their reactive intermediates, undergo trans-Pacific atmospheric transport to the Western U.S. The objectives of our research are to predict, identify and quantify novel PAH intermediates in the atmosphere and biological systems, using computational methods, as well as laboratory and field experiments. Gaussian is used to predict the thermodynamic properties of parent structure PAHs, as well as the associated nitro-, oxy-, and hydroxy-PAH intermediates. Based on these predictions, state-of-the-art analytical chemistry techniques are used to identify and quantify these potential intermediates on Asian particulate matter before and after reaction in a continuous flow photochemical reactor. These same techniques are used to identify the relative proportion of PAH intermediates in PAH source regions (such as Beijing, China) and during long-range atmospheric transport to the Western U.S. PAH personal exposure studies in China and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon will be used to assess the similarities and differences in the PAH intermediates in biological systems relative to the atmosphere.
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