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Han T, Xu W, Wang X, Gao J, Zhang S, Yang L, Wang M, Li C, Li X. Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-induced hepatotoxicity and gender differences in zebrafish as revealed by integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Phytomedicine 2024; 128:155411. [PMID: 38518638 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Em8G) is an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.. And it caused hepatotoxicity, while the underlying mechanism was not clear yet. PURPOSE We aimed to explore the detrimental effects of Em8G on the zebrafish liver through the metabolome and transcriptome integrated analysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, zebrafish larvae were used in acute toxicity tests to reveal the hepatotoxicity of Em8G. Adult zebrafish were then used to evaluate the gender differences in hepatotoxicity induced by Em8G. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was used further to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gender differences in hepatotoxicity. RESULTS Our results showed that under non-lethal concentration exposure conditions, hepatotoxicity was observed in Em8G-treated zebrafish larvae, including changes in liver transmittance, liver area, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatocyte vacuolation. Male adult zebrafish displayed a higher Em8G-induced hepatotoxicity than female zebrafish, as demonstrated by the higher mortality and histopathological alterations. The results of transcriptomics combined with metabolomics showed that Em8G mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism (such as TCA cycle) in male zebrafish and amino acid metabolism (such as arginine and proline metabolism) in females, suggesting that the difference of energy metabolism disorder may be the potential mechanism of male and female liver toxicity induced by Em8G. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the direct evidence for the hepatotoxicity of Em8G to zebrafish models in vivo, and brought a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of Em8G hepatotoxicity, which can guide the rational application of this phytotoxin. In addition, our findings revealed gender differences in the hepatotoxicity of Em8G to zebrafish, which is related to energy metabolism and provided a methodological reference for evaluating hepatotoxic drugs with gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunshuai Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangri Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research / Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Huang Q, Fan M, Ji F, Wang Y, Ding H, Xu J, Wang X, Liu B, Wang B, Yu X, Qiu Z, Yao F. The safety evaluation of Shenze Shugan capsule and mechanism of apoptosis induced by five potentially nephrotoxic components. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 324:117777. [PMID: 38219879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenze Shugan capsule is a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. It includes Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RR), Cassiae Semen (CS) and Alismatis Rhizoma(AR), which widely contains rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to explore the safety of the medicine, and further elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis induction in HK-2 cells by five components, including rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the nephrotoxicity of Shenze Shugan capsule, including RR, CS, AR and mixed herbs given for two months in rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney tissues, urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in serum were detected, and renal pathology analysis was performed. In cell experiments, the apoptotic rate and cell cycle distribution of HK-2 cells were tested by flow cytometry. The levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and related protein expression in mitochondrial pathway were measured as well. RESULTS We confirmed that two months of administering high doses(60 times the dose for clinical use in adults) of RR, CS or mixed herbs upregulated the levels of CRE and RUN, inhibited SOD activity, and increased the degree of tubular degeneration and glomerular dilatation, but Shenze Shugan capsule has no significant differences in renal structure or renal function. In addition, we found that five components all concentration-dependently inhibited HK-2 cells proliferation and induced apoptosis, especially aurantio-obtusin as the novel nephrotoxic component. Rhein and emodin significantly induced S/M accumulation, but aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate significantly induced G1/M accumulation in HK-2 cells. Similarly, they could induce Caspase3 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax. CONCLUSIONS Through a two-month subchronic toxicity study in rats, our preliminary determination is that this formulation is safe and reliable for long-term use. Interestingly, the potentially toxic herbs such as RR, CS, AR can reduce toxicity by drug compatibility. When further exploring the mechanism of action of toxic herbs, we found that mitochondrial pathway is involved in the apoptosis of HK -2 cells induced by rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. Our findings provide new ideas for safety studies of Shenze Shugan capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of ChangChun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fenglan Ji
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Hongyue Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, 401228, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Fan Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Farias NOD, Albuquerque AFD, Dos Santos A, Almeida GCF, Freeman HS, Räisänen R, Umbuzeiro GDA. Is natural better? An ecotoxicity study of anthraquinone dyes. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140174. [PMID: 37741366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The concept of sustainability has gained prominence in recent years, enhancing the need to develop products that are less harmful to the environment. Dyes are used by various industrial sectors and have a lot of market value; they are used on a large scale mainly by the textile industry that uses large volumes of water and is one of the main contributors to the contamination of water bodies. Some natural compounds, especially anthraquinones are re-emerging as possible alternatives to synthetic dyes, some of which are known for their toxic and/or mutagenic effects. The BioColour project (https://biocolour.fi/) which is interested in promoting the development of new alternative molecules to synthetic dyes, provided us highly purified anthraquinone dyes dermocybin and dermorubin (>98% purity) extracted from a specie of fungus Cortinarius sanguineus. Dyes were tested for their acute and chronic toxicity using different aquatic organisms. Dermorubin was not toxic to any of the organisms tested for the highest test concentration of 1 mg L-1 and it was the most promising dye. Dermocybin was toxic to Daphnia similis (EC50 = 0.51 mg L-1), Ceriodaphnia dubia (IC10 = 0.13 mg L-1) and Danio rerio embryos (extrapolated LC50 = 2.44 mg L-1). A safety limit, i.e, predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.0026 mg L-1 was derived based on the toxicity of dermocybin. The PNEC value can be used to provide hazard information for future application in commercial dyeing processes. Then, we compared the toxicity of dermocybin and dermorubin with ecotoxicity data available in the literature on other anthraquinone dyes of natural and synthetic origin. Some natural dyes can be as toxic as synthetic ones, or more toxic when chronic effects are considered. Despite natural dyes being used since centuries past, there are few ecotoxicological studies available. This study is designed to help develop a more comprehensive understanding of their toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Oliveira de Farias
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Dos Santos
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Riikka Räisänen
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, UH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Qu J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Xie Q, Ou T, Fan B, Song Y. Genetic and prenatal developmental evaluation of anthraquinone. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:40-47. [PMID: 37802232 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone is a recently identified contaminant present in teas globally, and its potential teratogenic and genotoxic impacts have yet to be fully comprehended. Hence, this study's objective was to determine anthraquinone's genotoxicity using various studies such as the Ames test, Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and in-vitro mammalian chromosome aberration study. Additionally, the study assessed its effects on maternal gestational toxicity and the fetus's teratogenicity through prenatal developmental toxicity research in rats. Results indicated that anthraquinone did not manifest mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium histidine-deficient, did not cause chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cell subclone CHO-K1, and did not exhibit a genotoxic effect on mouse bone marrow erythrocytes. However, in the prenatal developmental toxicity study, administering anthraquinone orally to pregnant rats from day 5 to day 19 of gestation resulted in decreased body weight and food consumption of pregnant rats, along with a higher number of visceral malformations in the fetuses in the highest dose group (217.6 mg/kg BW). Additionally, two pregnant rats died in this group. The study has established the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as 21.76 mg/kg BW, while the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 217.6 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yinjing Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 10070, China
| | - Tong Ou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 10070, China
| | - Bolin Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 10070, China.
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St Romain SJ, Basirico LM, Kim YH, Nolan EV, Xu W, Armbrust KL. Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging on the Intermediate Production of Anthracene and Anthraquinone in Fresh versus Saltwater Environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1721-1729. [PMID: 37283213 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While salinity can alter the photodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), the cause of their altered kinetics in seawater is not well understood. Because HOC intermediate photoproducts are often more toxic than their parent compounds, characterizing the generation of intermediates in saline environments is needed to accurately predict their health effects. The present study investigated the influence of salinity on the generation of anthraquinone through the photolysis of anthracene and the generation of anthrone and 1-hydroxyanthraquinone from the photolysis of anthraquinone as well as their reactivities with hydroxyl radicals. This was conducted by measuring the photolysis rates of anthracene and anthraquinone and characterizing their product formation in buffered deionized water, artificial seawater, individual seawater halides (bromide, chloride, and iodide), dimethyl sulfoxide, furfuryl alcohol, and solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Salinity enhanced the persistence of anthraquinone by a factor >10 and altered its product formation, including the generation of the suspected carcinogen 1-hydroxyanthraquinone. In part, this was attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by the seawater constituents chloride and bromide. In addition, anthraquinone and its hydroxylated products were found to be moderately to highly reactive with hydroxyl radicals, further illustrating their tendency to react with ROS in aqueous environments. The present study emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of salinity on organic contaminant degradation; it can significantly enhance the persistence of HOCs and alter their intermediate formation, subsequently impacting chemical exposure times and potential toxic effects on estuarine/marine organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1721-1729. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J St Romain
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Laura M Basirico
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yong-Ha Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily Vebrosky Nolan
- Existing Chemicals Risk Assessment Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Qu J, Pei L, Wang X, Fu S, Yong L, Xiao X, Xie Q, Fan B, Song Y. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Anthraquinone in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191610413. [PMID: 36012048 PMCID: PMC9407953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of anthraquinone. An acute toxicity test was performed in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and the oral median lethal dose (LD50) of anthraquinone was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg body weight (BW). In the subchronic study, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were dosed with anthraquinone by gavage at 0, 1.36, 5.44, 21.76, and 174.08 mg/kg BW, 7 days/week for 90 days followed by a recovery period of 28 days. No appreciable toxic-related changes were observed in the 1.36 mg/kg BW group. When the animals received 5.44 mg/kg BW or more of anthraquinone, hyaline droplet accumulation in the renal tubules was observed in both the male and female rats, and anemia was observed in the females. When the anthraquinone dose reached 174.08 mg/kg BW, mild hepatocellular hypertrophy around the central vein of the hepatic lobule and hypothyroidism were observed in the female rats. During the recovery period, changes in clinical symptoms and parameters were considerably alleviated. Based on the results of this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for anthraquinone in rats was set at 1.36 mg/kg BW, and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 5.44 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lanjie Pei
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiangyan Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shaohua Fu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bolin Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Addessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing 100022, China
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Li GM, Chen JR, Zhang HQ, Sun C, Chen GR, Xiong QY, Cao XY, Yu L, Lin ZW, Qin JY, Wu LJ, Li J, Pu L, Peng F, Xie XF, Peng C. Rhein activated Fas-induced apoptosis pathway causing cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 363:67-76. [PMID: 35589017 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhein, one of the main active components of rhubarb (Dahuang) and Polygonum multiflorum (Heshouwu), has a wide range of effective pharmacological effects. Recently, increasing studies have focused on its potential hepatorenal toxicity, but the cardiotoxicity is unknown. In this study, we found that the IC50 of rhein to H9c2 cells at 24h and 48h were 94.5 and 45.9μmol/L, respectively, with positive correlation of dose-toxicity and time-toxicity. After the treatment of rhein (106, 124 and 132μmol/L), the number of H9c2 cells decreased significantly, and the morphology of H9c2 cells showed atrophy, round shape and wall detachment. Moreover, the proportion of apoptotic cells in H9c2 cells treated with rhein was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. And rhein induced S phase arrest of H9c2 cells and inhibited cell proliferation. Rhein up-regulated ROS, LDH levels and low MMP but down-regulated SOD content in H9c2 cells. Additionally, the results showed that the cardiac function LVEF and LVFS of rhein high-medium-low dose groups (350, 175, 87.5mg/kg) were significantly reduced. And the contents of Ca2+, cTnT, CK and LDH in serum of KM mice were significantly up-regulated by rhein. Furthermore, western blot results suggested that rhein the above effects via promoting Fas-induced apoptosis pathway in vitro and in vivo. In general, rhein may cause cardiotoxicity via Fas-induced apoptosis pathway in vivo and in vitro, which provides reference for the safe use of medicinal plant containing rhein and its preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jun Ren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Safety Evaluation Center, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices), Chengdu 611700, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiu Yun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zi Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liu Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiao Fang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041, China.
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Jurgelėnė Ž, Montvydienė D, Stakėnas S, Poviliūnas J, Račkauskas S, Taraškevičius R, Skrodenytė-Arbačiauskienė V, Kazlauskienė N. Impact evaluation of marking Salmo trutta with Alizarin Red S produced by different manufacturers. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 242:106051. [PMID: 34915354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish otolith marking with the alizarin dye is a commonly used tool in sustainable fishery management. However, the reported effects of this dye on fish health are rather controversial and are possibly linked to differences in the composition of different brands of Alizarin red S (ARS). Laboratory experiments designed to elucidate effects of different concentrations of theoretically the same ARS as indicated by the CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number on fish at different development stages were carried out. The acute toxicity of ARS to Salmo trutta was found to be concentration- and fish developmental stage-dependant. Our study results showed that S. trutta sensitivity to ARS varies depending on its developmental stages as follows: fry (50-days after hatching) > alevins (30-days after hatching) > alevins (1-day after hatching). One of the tested ARS brands (purchased from VWR International LLC (Matsonford Road, USA)) was found to be several times more toxic to fish than another (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA)), although according to the certificates of analysis, the tested substances were identical. Survival and growth of the S. trutta fry, which was marked with different ARS brands and stocked in the same natural stream, was investigated for two consecutive years. The results obtained indicate remarkable differences (p < 0.05) in the effects produced by the tested ARS brands, thus confirming our laboratory findings. The performed elemental analysis of the tested ARS dyes revealed significant differences in chemical impurities that these dyes contain. This study has, for the first time, expressed concern about the probable long-term impact of some ARS brands on the marked fish and their potential to bias the results of the studies dealing with ARS-marked fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živilė Jurgelėnė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Saulius Stakėnas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Ričardas Taraškevičius
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Universiteto ave. 17, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania
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9
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Dilger JM, Martin TM, Wilkins BP, Bohrer BC, Thoreson KM, Fedick PW. Detection and toxicity modeling of anthraquinone dyes and chlorinated side products from a colored smoke pyrotechnic reaction. Chemosphere 2022; 287:131845. [PMID: 34523441 PMCID: PMC10058345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
"Green" pyrotechnics seek to remove known environmental pollutants and health hazards from their formulations. This chemical engineering approach often focuses on maintaining performance effects upon replacement of objectionable ingredients, yet neglects the chemical products formed by the exothermic reaction. In this work, milligram quantities of a lab-scale pyrotechnic red smoke composition were functioned within a thermal probe for product identification by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thermally decomposed ingredients and new side product derivatives were identified at lower relative abundances to the intact organic dye (as the engineered sublimation product). Side products included chlorination of the organic dye donated by the chlorate oxidizer. Machine learning quantitative structure-activity relationship models computed impacts to health and environmental hazards. High to very high toxicities were predicted for inhalation, mutagenicity, developmental, and endocrine disruption for common military pyrotechnic dyes and their analogous chlorinated side products. These results underscore the need to revise objectives of "green" pyrotechnic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Dilger
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, 300 Highway 361, Crane, IN, 47522, USA.
| | - Todd M Martin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Benjamin P Wilkins
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, 300 Highway 361, Crane, IN, 47522, USA
| | - Brian C Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd., Evansville, IN, 47712, USA
| | - Kelly M Thoreson
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, 300 Highway 361, Crane, IN, 47522, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
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10
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Hu YH, Quan ZY, Li DK, Wang CY, Sun ZX. Inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances aloe-emodin induced hepatocyte injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105276. [PMID: 34875353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural hydroxyanthraquinone derivative that was found in many medicinal plants and ethnic medicines. AE showed a wide array of pharmacological activities including anticancer, antifungal, laxative, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. However, increasing number of published studies have shown that AE may have some hepatotoxicity effects but the mechanism is not fully understood. Studies have shown that the liver injury induced by some free hydroxyanthraquinone compounds is associated with the inhibition of some metabolic enzymes. In this study, the CYP3A4 and CYP3A1 were found to be the main metabolic enzymes of AE in human and rat liver microsomes respectively. And AE was metabolized by liver microsomes to produce hydroxyl metabolites and rhein. When CYP3A4 was knocked down in L02 and HepaRG cells, the cytotoxicity of AE was increased significantly. Furthermore, AE increased the rates of apoptosis of L02 and HepaRG cells, accompanied by Ca2+ elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 in L02 and HepaRG cells increased significantly in the high-dose of AE (40 μmol/L) group, and the mRNA expression of quinone oxidoreductase-1 was activated by AE in all concentrations. Taken together, the inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances the hepatocyte injury of AE. AE can induce mitochondrial injury and the imbalance of oxidative stress of hepatocytes, which results in hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Huan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Quan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Deng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Xiao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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11
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Galli CL, Cinelli S, Ciliutti P, Melzi G, Marinovich M. Aloe-emodin, a hydroxyanthracene derivative, is not genotoxic in an in vivo comet test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104967. [PMID: 34062205 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, one of the molecules belonging to the group of hydroxyanthracene derivatives, was recently described as genotoxic in vivo. Indeed, the EFSA judged that aloe-emodin, together with other similar molecules (emodin and danthron) and extracts from the leaf of Aloe species containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives, could represent a risk factor for colorectal cancer mediated by a genotoxic effect. Given the marked uncertainty regarding the conclusions in the opinion of the EFSA ANS Panel and conflicts in the epidemiological data on which the opinion is based, a new in vivo study (in vivo alkaline comet assay in mice - OECD 489) was conducted to test the potential genotoxicity of aloe-emodin at doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day on preparations of single cells from the kidney and colon of treated male mice. Following treatment with the test item, no clinical signs were observed in animals in any treatment group. Slight body-weight loss was randomly observed in all groups treated with the test item and was more evident in the groups dosed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day. Under these experimental conditions, aloe-emodin showed no genotoxic activity. Possible oxidative damage to colon tissues could not be excluded based on the results obtained after repair enzyme treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado L Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Cinelli
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Ciliutti
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Alam R, Ardiati FC, Solihat NN, Alam MB, Lee SH, Yanto DHY, Watanabe T, Kim S. Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of anthraquinone dyes by Trametes hirsuta D7 immobilized in light expanded clay aggregate and cytotoxicity assessment. J Hazard Mater 2021; 405:124176. [PMID: 33131941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation and metabolic pathways of three anthraquinone dyes, Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), Remazol Brilliant Blue - R (RBBR), and Acid Blue 129 (AB129) by Trametes hirsuta D7 fungus immobilized in light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) were investigated. Morphological characteristics observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed successful immobilization of the fungus in LECA. Based on UV absorbance measurement, immobilized T. hirsuta D7 effectively degraded 90%, 95%, and 96% of RB4, RBBR and AB129, respectively. Metabolites were identified with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and degradation pathway of the dyes by T. hirsuta D7 was proposed. Toxicity assay on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) showed that anthraquinone dyes exhibits significant toxicity of 35%, 40%, and 34% reduction of cell viability by RB4, RBBR, and AB129, respectively. Fungal treatment resulted in an abatement of the toxicity and cell viability was increased up to 94%. The data clearly showed the effectiveness of immobilized T. hirsuta D7 in LECA on detoxification of anthraquinone dyes. This study provides potential and fundamental understanding of wastewater treatment using the newly isolated fungus T. hirsuta D7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Fenny Clara Ardiati
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dede Heri Yuli Yanto
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia.
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea; Mass Spectrometry Converging Research Center and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
CONTEXT Acetylshikonin, a naphthoquinone derivative, is mainly extracted from some species of the family Boraginaceae, such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc., Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst., and Arnebia guttata Bunge. As a bioactive compound, acetylshikonin has attracted much attention because of its broad pharmacological properties. OBJECTIVE This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of acetylshikonin focussing on its mechanisms on the basis of currently available literature. METHODS The information of acetylshikonin from 1977 to 2020 was collected using major databases including Elsevier, Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, and CNKI. Acetylshikonin, pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and naphthoquinone derivative were used as key words. RESULTS According to emerging evidence, acetylshikonin exerts a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, lipid-regulatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and antiviral properties. However, only a few studies have reported the adverse effects of acetylshikonin, with respect to reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that acetylshikonin is associated with a wide distribution and poor absorption. CONCLUSIONS Although experimental data supports the beneficial effects of this compound, acetylshikonin cannot be considered as a therapy drug without further investigations, especially, on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengru Cai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Kalivel P, Singh RP, Kavitha S, Padmanabhan D, Krishnan SK, Palanichamy J. Elucidation of electrocoagulation mechanism in the removal of Blue SI dye from aqueous solution using Al-Al, Cu-Cu electrodes - A comparative study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 201:110858. [PMID: 32563161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the research on the treatment of an anthraquinone derivatives of disperse dye Blue SI from aqueous solution using aluminium for the optimization of operational parameters like pH, current density, addition of electrolyte, contact time for the color removal efficiency (CRE) and the results are compared with the performance of copper electrodes in electrocoagulation (EC). The parameters for maximum CRE was found with Al at current density 40 Am-2, time 10 min at pH 7, and for Cu at 60 Am-2 15 min, at pH 6 were optimized. The characterization of the treated water using HPLC, MS studies revealed intermediate compounds. From the XPS analysis of the sludge obtained, the mechanism of EC was deduced. Treated aqueous solution was studied for its phytotoxicity with Vigna radiata and ecotoxicity studies were conducted on Artemia salina to study the toxicity effect of the intermediatory products in the treated dye solution. Blue SI dye aqueous solution treated with aluminium electrodes shows no or lesser toxicity in plants as well as in ecotoxic study compared with copper electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswari Kalivel
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India.
| | - Rajkumar Pluto Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Subbiah Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Padmanabhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
| | - Jegathambal Palanichamy
- Water Institute, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, India
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15
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Dória AR, Pupo M, Santos GDOS, Vilar DDS, Torres NH, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Cavalcanti EB, Eguiluz KIB, Salazar-Banda GR. Electrochemical oxidation of indanthrene blue dye in a filter-press flow reactor and toxicity analyses with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Lactuca sativa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 198:110659. [PMID: 32330790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternative routes to degrade dyes are of crucial importance for the environment. Hence, we report the electrochemical removal of indanthrene blue by using a boron-doped diamond anode, focusing on the toxicity of the treated solutions. Different operational conditions were studied, such as current density (5, 10, and 20 mA cm-2) and electrolyte composition (Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaNO3). Besides, the pH was monitored throughout the experiment to consider its direct influence on the ecotoxicity effects. The highest electrochemical oxidation efficiency, measured as color removal, was seen in the 180 min condition of electrolysis in 0.033 M Na2SO4, applying 20 mA cm-2, resulting in a color removal of nearly 91% and 40.51 kWh m-3 of energy consumption. The toxicity towards Lactuca sativa depends solely on pH variations being indifferent to color removal. While the inhibition concentration (IC50) for Raphidocelis subcapitata increases 20% after treatment (in optimized conditions), suggesting that the byproducts are more toxic for this specific organism. Our data highlight the importance of analyzing the toxicity towards various organisms to understand the toxic effect of the treatment applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Resende Dória
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marilia Pupo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Géssica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Débora da Silva Vilar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Nádia Hortense Torres
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Tratamento de Resíduos e Efluentes - LTRE, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliane Bezerra Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Tratamento de Resíduos e Efluentes - LTRE, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Richard Salazar-Banda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49.032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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16
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Dauda MY, Erkurt EA. Investigation of reactive Blue 19 biodegradation and byproducts toxicity assessment using crude laccase extract from Trametes versicolor. J Hazard Mater 2020; 393:121555. [PMID: 32143156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude laccase potency on biodegradation and detoxification of Reactive blue 19 (RB-19) were demonstrated, along with prediction of degradation mechanisms, pathways and byproducts analysis. Trametes versicolor, cultured on pampas grass inflorescence (Cortaderia selloana), yielded the best crude laccase activity (15.36 U/g). 10 U CLE activities demonstrated a biodegradation yield (85%) in 210 min, at pH 4, 50 °C and 200 mg/L RB-19 concentrations. Evolution of a brown color that absorbed maximally at 478 nm was observed during biodegradation. Two methods were adopted for byproducts extraction, three methods for toxicity analysis and four models for kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) determination. 2-ethylanthracene, 2-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one, 2(4-methylphenyl)-ethan-1-amine, 1-[6-hydroperoxy-4,5-bis(sulfooxy)oxan-3-yl]triaza-1,2-dien-2-ium, naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid and N-[(5-oxooxolan-2-yl)methyl]acetamide were detected as toxic byproducts. Brown color evolution was due to 1,1,1-triethyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2-dioxo-2λ6-diazathian-1-ium (methoxycarbonyl sulfanyl-triethylammonium hydroxide) inner salt. Increase in color density (light to dark brown) was a function of byproduct(s) biodegradation and polymerization. RB-19 and byproduct acute toxicities were decreased significantly (98% - 6.91%). Kinetic parameters Km (18.05 mg/L) and Vmax (0.31 mg/L. min-1) from the four kinetic models demonstrated higher affinity of CLE to RB-19. CLE yielded a catalytic activity (Vmax/Km =0.017 min-1) demonstrating the flexibility of CLE active site to RB-19 binding over commercial laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Yakubu Dauda
- Cyprus International University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey; Cyprus International University, Environmental Research Center, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Emrah Ahmet Erkurt
- Cyprus International University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey; Cyprus International University, Environmental Research Center, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey.
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17
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Bedi O, Krishan P. Investigations on acute oral toxicity studies of purpurin by application of OECD guideline 423 in rodents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:565-571. [PMID: 31713650 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Purpurin were generated from in vitro studies, and no scientific reports were found on its safety and efficacy, related to their in vivo studies; thus, the present study was focused on acute oral toxicity of purpurin in female Wistar rats as per the OECD 423 guidelines. In this study, purpurin was administered at starting dosage of 300 mg/kg followed by 2000 mg/kg, p.o, and animals were observed for toxic signs at 24 h and for the next 14 days to different animal groups. Animals were observed for mortality, behavioral changes, biochemistry, hematological parameters, and histopathological examination after a follow up on the 14th day. The oral lethal dose for mice was greater than 2000 mg/kg, b.wt. in female rats and classified under category 5 as per the acute oral toxicity study. It was found that there were no significant differences in body weight changes, food/water intake, hematology, and clinical biochemistry. The histopathological study directly depicted that there were no pathological changes observed in the vital organs of rats treated with the different dose of Purpurin. The present work advocates that an acute oral administration of Purpurin was found to be a non-toxic and safe drug in the tested experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Bedi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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Gauthier T, Duarte-Hospital C, Vignard J, Boutet-Robinet E, Sulyok M, Snini SP, Alassane-Kpembi I, Lippi Y, Puel S, Oswald IP, Puel O. Versicolorin A, a precursor in aflatoxins biosynthesis, is a food contaminant toxic for human intestinal cells. Environ Int 2020; 137:105568. [PMID: 32106047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent carcinogen among mycotoxins. Its biosynthesis involves the formation of versicolorin A (VerA), whose chemical structure shares many features with AFB1. Our data revealed significant levels of VerA in foodstuff from Central Asia and Africa. Given this emerging food risk, it was of prime interest to compare the toxic effects of the two mycotoxins against cells originating from the intestinal tract. We used human colon cell lines (Caco-2, HCT116) to investigate the cytotoxic process induced by the two mycotoxins. Contrary to AFB1, a low dose of VerA (1 µM) disturbed the expression level of thousands of genes (18 002 genes). We show that the cytotoxic effects of low doses of VerA (1-20 µM) were stronger than the same low doses of AFB1 in both Caco-2 and HCT116 cell lines. In Caco-2 cells, VerA induced DNA strand breaks that led to apoptosis and reduced DNA replication of dividing cells, consequently inhibiting cell proliferation. Although VerA was able to induce the p53 signaling pathway in p53 wild-type HCT116 cells, its toxicity process did not mainly rely on p53 expression since similar cytotoxic effects were also observed in HCT116 cells that do not express p53. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the risk of food contamination by VerA and shed light on its toxicological effect on human colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Carolina Duarte-Hospital
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Selma P Snini
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Kirby AR, Galli G, Crossley J, Sweet LE, Crossley DA, Roberts AP. Gill filament permeabilization: A novel approach to assess mitochondrial function in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) following anthraquinone exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108699. [PMID: 31899309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and its toxicity is increased 8-fold after compounding exposure to UV radiation. Exposure to either the parent or photo-modified compound has been shown to cause increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation. Since the majority of ROS production occurs within mitochondria, we investigated simultaneous mitochondrial respiration and ROS production in the gills of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) acutely (48 h) exposed to anthraquinone (40 μg l-1). Anthraquinone exposure caused a 25% increase in oxidative phosphorylation with electrons donated to Complex I (OXPHOSCI) and a 33% increase in Leak respiration with oligomycin (Leak-OmyCI). ROS production was slightly increased (33.3%) in Leak state with oligomyocin respiring on Complex I substrates (Leak-OmyCI) after anthraquinone exposure, but this value remained unchanged in all other respiratory states. When ROS production was normalized to mitochondrial oxygen consumption, we found that ROS production was decreased in all respiratory states, but most noticeably in the Leak state. We speculate that differences in the antioxidant defense system may have played a role in decreased ROS production. Overall, in this paper we present a novel technique to measure mitochondrial function in the gill filaments of teleost fish exposed to xenobiotic molecules, and we show anthraquinone exposure alters aspects of oxidative phosphorylation and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reynolds Kirby
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Gina Galli
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Janna Crossley
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Lauren E Sweet
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America.
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
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Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T, Szychowski KA, Gmiński J. Biotransformation and toxicity effect of monoanthraquinone dyes during Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930 cultures. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 191:110203. [PMID: 31972453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate of possibility of biotransformation and toxicity effect of monoanthraquinone dyes in cultures of Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930. Phenolic compounds, free radicals, phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum L.), ecotoxicity (Vibrio fischeri) and cytotoxicity effect were evaluated to determine the toxicity of anthraquinone dyes before and after the treatment with B. adusta CCBAS 930. More than 80% of ABBB and AB129 was removed by biodegradation (decolorization) and biosorption, but biodegradation using oxidoreductases was the main dye removing mechanism. Secondary products toxic to plants and bacteria were formed in B. adusta strain CCBAS 930 cultures, despite efficient decolorization. ABBB and AB129 metabolites increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human fibroblasts, but did not increase LDH release, did not affect the resazurine reduction assay and did not change caspase-9 or caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin, 20-069, Poland.
| | - T Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin, 20-069, Poland
| | - K A Szychowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, Opole, 45-052, Poland
| | - J Gmiński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, Opole, 45-052, Poland
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Liu DM, Yang D, Zhou CY, Wu JS, Zhang GL, Wang P, Wang F, Meng XL. Aloe-emodin induces hepatotoxicity by the inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 2. Phytomedicine 2020; 68:153148. [PMID: 32028185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe-emodin (AE) is among the primary bioactive anthraquinones present in traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Rheum palmatum L. Multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2/ MRP2) is an important efflux transporter of substances associated with cellular oxidative stress. However, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on this protein remain unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this research is to study the role of ABCC2 in AE-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS The expression of ABCC2 protein and mRNA levels were analyzed by Western-Blotting and qRT-PCR, respectively. The intracellular oxidative stress caused by AE was evaluated by quantifying the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, glutathione reduced and oxidized glutathione. The levels of adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA were explored to evaluate the effects of AE on mitochondrial function. The effects of AE on cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. To further clarify the key role of ABCC2 in AE induced cytotoxicity, we used pCI-neo-ABCC2 plasmid to over express ABCC2 protein, and small interfering RNA was used to knockdown ABCC2 in HepG2 cells. Additionally, we investigated the impact of AE on ABCC2 degradation pathway and the hepatotoxic effects of AE in mice. RESULTS AE was found to inhibit ABCC2 transport activity, downregulate ABCC2 expression and altered intracellular redox balance. Induction of oxidative stress resulted in depletion of intracellular glutathione reduced, mitochondria dysfunction and activation of apoptosis. ABCC2 overexpression significantly reduced AE-induced intracellular oxidative stress and cell death, which was enhanced by ABCC2 knockdown. Furthermore, AE was observed to promote ABCC2 degradation through induction of autophagy and hepatotoxicity was induced in mice by promoting ABCC2 degradation. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of ABCC2 is a novel effect of AE that triggers oxidative stress and apoptosis. These findings are helpful in understanding the toxicological effects of AE-containing medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ming Liu
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China; Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Jia-Si Wu
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xian-Li Meng
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China.
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Li Y, Shen F, Bao Y, Chen D, Lu H. Apoptotic effects of rhein through the mitochondrial pathways, two death receptor pathways, and reducing autophagy in human liver L02 cells. Environ Toxicol 2019; 34:1292-1302. [PMID: 31436023 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhein (4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid) is a major component of many medicinal herbs such as Rheum palmatum L. and Polygonum multiflorum. Despite being widely used, intoxication cases associated with rhein-containing herbs are often reported. Currently, there are no available reports addressing the effects of rhein on apoptosis in human liver L02 cells. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the cytotoxic effects and the underlying mechanism of rhein on human normal liver L02 cells. In the present study, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay demonstrated that rhein decreased the viability of L02 cells in dose-dependent and time-dependent ways. Rhein was found to trigger apoptosis in L02 cells as shown by Annexin V-fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kit and cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay, with nuclear morphological changes demonstrated by Hoechst 33258 staining. Detection of intracellular superoxide dismutase activity, lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde) content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels showed that apoptosis was associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, it was observed that the mechanism implicated in rhein-induced apoptosis was presumably via the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway, as illustrated by upregulation of TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, and cleaved caspase-3, and downregulation of procaspase-8, and it is suggested that rhein may increase hepatocyte apoptosis by activating the increase of TNF-α level. Meanwhile, rhein upregulates the expression of Bax and downregulates the expression of procaspase-9 and -3, and it is suggested that the mitochondrial pathway is activated and rhein-induced apoptosis may be involved. In addition, we also want to explore whether rhein-induced apoptosis is related to the autophagic changes induced by rhein. The results showed that rhein treatment increased P62 and decreased LC3-II and beclin-1, which means that autophagy was weakened. The results of our studies indicated that rhein induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via both the Fas death pathway and the mitochondrial pathway by generating ROS, and meanwhile the autophagy tended to weaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Yang J, Zhu A, Xiao S, Zhang T, Wang L, Wang Q, Han L. Anthraquinones in the aqueous extract of Cassiae semen cause liver injury in rats through lipid metabolism disorder. Phytomedicine 2019; 64:153059. [PMID: 31401496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassiae semen has been used as the tea or medicine component to treat hyperlipidemia or for hepatoprotection. However, Cassiae semen was reported to be a potentially hepatotoxic herb, and the underlying hepatotoxicity mechanisms or specific hepatotoxic components of Cassiae semen are unknown. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to explore the potential hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the hepatotoxic components of Cassiae semen. METHODS Both young adult male and female SD rats were orally administrated with the aqueous extract of the seeds of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby at doses of 4.73, 15.75, 47.30 g/kg for 28 days, and the body weight, liver coefficient, bile acids, histopathology, serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, HDL, ALP, ALT, AST, and LDH were examined. Lipidomic analysis of rat serum was performed by LC-MS to investigate the specifically changed lipids caused by the aqueous extract treatment. The components absorbed in plasma were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of these components absorbed in plasma. RESULTS The serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT, LDH were increased on day 7 with some of which gradually dropped to normal level on day 28. In high dose of the aqueous extract treated group, the histopathological changes were observed based on the cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver and the increase of bile acids, indicating the hepatotoxicity of the aqueous extract. The changes of TC, TG, LDL, HDL indicated the disorder of lipid metabolism. By comparing the difference in lipids between high dose group and control group, the results showed that the alterations were primarily focused on glycerophospholipid metabolism in both male and female rats. In addition, the glycerolipid metabolism in female rats also changed. Further analyses found that PC (18:2/20:4) and LysoPC 18:0 were significantly increased. Among these phytochemicals detected in plasma, nine components in the aqueous extract were considered to have the highest concentrations, particularly some types of anthraquinones (AQs) existing in Cassiae semen (AQs-in-CS), such as obtusifolin, aurantio-obtusin, and obtusin. The MTT assay showed that emodin, obtusifolin, rhein, aurantio-obtusin, and obtusin inhibited cell viability. Considering plasma concentrations and cytotoxicity of these components, our study indicates that the AQs-in-CS (obtusifolin, aurantio-obtusin and obtusin), emodin and rhein are the potential hepatotoxic phytochemicals in the aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Micheloud JF, Aguirre LS, Marioni J, Mugas ML, Cabrera JL, Martinez OG, Gallardo SC, Gimeno EJ, Núñez-Montoya SC. Experimental poisoning by Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) in goats. Clinical, biochemical and toxicological aspects. Toxicon 2019; 165:56-61. [PMID: 31029636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical and toxicological findings of the experimentally poisoning induced by Heterophyllaea pustulata in goats. Ten healthy adult female Saanen breed goats were used in the experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five individuals: control and experimental group (CG and EG). Both groups were kept in the same enclosure devoid of shade for 8 h daily. The EG received only H. pustulata samples (leaves and thin steam) and water ad libitum. The CG received lucerne hay. Blood samples were taken at different times after oral administration of vegetal samples, and level of hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin, conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin was measured, together with the detection of anthraquinones (AQs) and phylloerythrin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry with Electron Spray Ionization and Quadrupole Time Of Fly analysis. At the same time, skin biopsy samples were collected for AQs determinations. For histopathological examination, hepatic biopsy samples were collected on day 8. Clinically, all goats of the EG revealed photophobia, dermatitis and photosensitization. None of these goats developed jaundice or died during the experiment (15 days). In addition, affected goats exhibited a significant elevation in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin. Microscopic examination of the liver samples revealed slight degenerative lesions. Although phylloerythrin was not detected in sera, a high level of two predominant AQs in H. pustulata (rubiadin/soranjidiol) were noted between 24 and 72 h after plant consumption, which coincided with the period in which the clinical signs were more obvious. Since those AQs were not identified in skin samples, the clinical findings were supported by the presence of AQs in sera. Finally, toxicological studies of the AQs are important, since many current works suggest their potential use in the photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Micheloud
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina; Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Fac. Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Argentina.
| | - Laura S Aguirre
- Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Fac. Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Argentina
| | - Juliana Marioni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Mugas
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Cabrera
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Olga Gladys Martinez
- Herbario MCNS - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, IBIGEO. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, Argentina
| | - Silvina Carola Gallardo
- Herbario MCNS - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, IBIGEO. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Juan Gimeno
- Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Susana Carolina Núñez-Montoya
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Bu T, Wang C, Meng Q, Huo X, Sun H, Sun P, Zheng S, Ma X, Liu Z, Liu K. Hepatoprotective effect of rhein against methotrexate-induced liver toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:266-273. [PMID: 30031796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of rhein, a major metabolite of diacerein, on methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity and clarify the pharmacological mechanism. Rhein significantly reduced the elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) caused by MTX in rat serum and improved liver morphological damage induced by MTX. Moreover, rhein increased the cell survival rate and reduced the number of apoptosis cells in MTX-treated normal human hepatocyte (L02 cells). Rhein treatment in rats up-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and down-regulated Bcl-2 associated x (Bax) in mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, rhein treatment further decreased protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cysteine aspartic acid specific protease 3 (Caspase-3), increased protein expression of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), and reduced mRNA expression of Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) in MTX-treated rat liver in vivo. However, the protein expression changes of Nrf2, HO-1, GCLC, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax could be abrogated by Nrf2 antagonist brusatol. In addition, protective effect of rhein against MTX-mediated liver damage could also be suppressed by Nrf2 siRNA in L02 cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that rhein ameliorated liver damage mediated by MTX through acting on Nrf2-HO-1 pathway. NF-κB, TNF-α, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 family were also participated in the protection. As effectively hepatoprotective ability of rhein, it would raise an important issue for patients orally receiving MTX treatment together with diacerein/rhein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Bu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Artaxo P, de Souza Hacon S, Roubicek DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:960-970. [PMID: 29031407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from burning of biomass in the Amazon region have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from biomass burning in the Amazon region during two different periods, namely intense and moderate, was investigated. This study focused on: i) organic characterization of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); ii) assessment of the excess lifetime cancer risk (LCR); and iii) assessment of the in vitro mutagenic effects of extractable organic matter (EOM). Further, we compared the sensitivity of two mutagenicity tests: Salmonella/microsome test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) with human lung cells. Among the nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 1-nitropyrene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene showed the highest concentrations, while among oxy-PAHs, 2-metylanthraquinone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant. The LCR calculated for nitro-PAH exposure during intense biomass burning period showed a major contribution of 6-nitrochrysene to human carcinogenic risk. The EOM from intense period was more mutagenic than that from moderate period for both TA98 and YG1041 Salmonella strains. The number of revertants for YG1041 was 5-50% higher than that for TA98, and the most intense responses were obtained in the absence of metabolic activation, suggesting that nitroaromatic compounds with direct-acting frameshift mutagenic activity are contributing to the DNA damage. Treatment of cells with non-cytotoxic doses of EOM resulted in an increase in micronuclei frequencies. The minimal effective dose showed that Salmonella/microsome test was considerably more sensitive in comparison with CBMN mainly for the intense burning period samples. This was the first study to assess the mutagenicity of EOM associated with PM collected in the Amazon region using Salmonella/microsome test. The presence of compounds with mutagenic effects, particularly nitro- and oxy-PAHs, and LCR values in the range of 10-5 indicate that the population is potentially exposed to an increased risk of DNA damage, mutation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sofia Caumo
- Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandra de Souza Hacon
- National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kullmann B, Hempel M, Thiel R. Chemical marking of European glass eels Anguilla anguilla with alizarin red S and in combination with strontium: in situ evaluation of short-term salinity effects on survival and efficient mass-marking. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:203-213. [PMID: 29205360 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new chemical double-marking technique for European glass eels Anguilla anguilla by combing alizarin red S (ARS) and strontium chloride hexahydrate (Sr). Marked eels (double marked with ARS and Sr, but also single marked with ARS) were exposed in situ to brackish water (15 g l-1 artificial sea salt) for 14 days and did not exhibit increased mortalities compared with unmarked eels. Indeed, no mortality occurred in a marked group during the experiments. Moreover, an efficient mass-marking approach with low handling effort for both single ARS and double ARS-Sr techniques is described and was proven to be practicable for large-scale stocking programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kullmann
- University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hempel
- Landessportfischerverband Schleswig-Holstein e.V., Papenkamp 52, 24114, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Thiel
- University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Święciło A, Szychowski KA, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T. Comparative study of eco- and cytotoxicity during biotransformation of anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B in optimized cultures of microscopic fungi. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:776-787. [PMID: 28946118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select optimal conditions (C and N sources, initial pH and temperature) for biodecolorization of 0.03% anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B (ABBB) by microscopic fungi: Haematonectria haematococca BwIII43, K37 and Trichoderma harzianum BsIII33. The phenolic compounds, phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum L.), biotoxicity (Microtox), cytotoxicity and yeast viability assay were performed to determine the extent of ABBB detoxification. Biodecolorization and detoxification of 0.03% ABBB in H. haematococca BwIII43 and T. harzianum BsIII33 cultures was correlated with extracellular oxidoreductases activity. In turn, secondary products, toxic to human fibroblasts and respiring sod1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, were formed in H. haematococca K37 strain cultures, despite efficient decolorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland.
| | - Agata Święciło
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
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Abstract
To document the safety of pachybasin, a secondary metabolite of Trichoderma harzianum, for use as a bioagricultural agent, it was subjected to general toxicological testing in mice and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. With either 5 or 20 mg kg-1 pachybasin i.p. injection, mice behavioral responses such as motor coordination, spontaneous locomotor activity, or nociceptive pain were not influenced. In long-term effect (daily injection for 14 days), the physiological, hematological, liver, and kidney functions were not altered either. Evidence for the developmental toxicity of pachybasin (10-100 μM) in 72-h exposure period was shown in zebrafish larvae, based on developmental retardation, impairment of chorion, and increase of mortality. In summary, there are no significant general toxicities presented in the pachybasin-treated adult male mice. However, the embryo-toxicity in aquatic biota should be taken into consideration during bioagricultural agent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ruu Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Cheng Peng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Faculty of Sciences and Humanities, SUNY Korea , Incheon 21985, Korea
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University , Taipei 11605, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Lin Peng
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University , Changhua 51591, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University , Changhua 51591, Taiwan
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Lovato ME, Fiasconaro ML, Martín CA. Degradation and toxicity depletion of RB19 anthraquinone dye in water by ozone-based technologies. Water Sci Technol 2017; 75:813-822. [PMID: 28234282 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the discoloration and mineralization of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) anthraquinone dye by single ozonation, single UV radiation and ozonation jointed with UV radiation (O3/UV). The problem was approached from two points of view: with the objective of color removal or the mineralization of solution. In each case, the optimum operating conditions were different. Ozonation was the most effective treatment for color removal, while the combined O3/UV treatment was for mineralization. Major intermediates of the dye degradation were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and a degradation pathway was proposed. In addition, a clear decrease of the toxicity of the dye was achieved at the end of the experiments. The effect of initial dye concentration, pH, ozone dose, and UV radiation on the degradation of the dye and decrease of total organic carbon was investigated, in order to establish the optimal operating conditions to achieve discoloration, mineralization or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Lovato
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
| | - María L Fiasconaro
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
| | - Carlos A Martín
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (U.N.L. - CONICET), Güemes 3450 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina E-mail:
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Butterworth BE, Mathre OB, Ballinger KE, Adalsteinsson O. Contamination Is a Frequent Confounding Factor in Toxicology Studies with Anthraquinone and Related Compounds. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:335-44. [PMID: 15513832 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490517072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinone (AQ) (9,10-anthracenedione) is an important compound in commerce. Many structurally related AQ derivatives are medicinal natural plant products. Examples include 1-hydroxyanthraquinone (1-OH-AQ) and 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (2-OH-AQ), which are also metabolites of AQ. Some commercial AQ is produced by the oxidation of anthracene (AQ-OX). In the recent past, the anthracene used was distilled from coal tar and different lots of derived AQ often contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants, particularly 9-nitroanthracene (9-NA). Many toxicology studies on AQ used contaminated anthracene-derived AQ-OX, including a National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year cancer bioassay that reported a weak to modest increase in tumors in the kidney and bladder of male and female F344/N rats and in the livers of male and female B6C3F1 mice. The AQ-OX used in that bioassay was mutagenic and contained 9-NA and other contaminants. In contrast, purified AQ is not genotoxic. The purpose of this paper is to provide additional information to help iterpret the NTP cancer bioassay. This paper describes a quantitative analytical study of the NTP anthracene-derived AQ-OX test material, and presents the results of mutagenicity studies with the 1-OH-AQ and 2-OH-AQ metabolites and the primary contaminant 9-NA. Purified 1-OH-AQ and 2-OH-AQ exhibited only weak mutagenic activity in selected strains of tester bacteria and required S9. Literature reports of potent mutagenic activity for 1-OH-AQ and 2-OH-AQ in bacteria minus S9 are, once again, very likely the result of the presence of contaminants in the test samples. Weak activity and limited production of the 1-OH-AQ and 2-OH-AQ metabolites are possible reasons that AQ fails to exhibit activity in numerous genotoxicity assays. 9-NA was mutagenic in tester strains TA98 and TA100 minus S9. This pattern of activity is consistent with that seen with the contaminated AQ-OX used in the NTP bioassay. Analysis of all the mutagenicity and analytical data, however, indicates that the mutagenic contamination in the NTP bioassay probably resides with compounds in addition to 9-NA. 9-NA exhibited potent mutagenic activity in the L5178Y mammalian cell mutagenicity assay in the presence of S9. The positive response was primarily associated with an increase in small colony mutants suggesting a predominance of a clastogenic mechanism. Quantitative mutagenicity and carcinogenicity potency estimates indicate that it is plausible that the contaminants alone in the NTP AQ-OX bioassay could have been responsible for all of the observed carcinogenic activity. Although AQ-OX is no longer commercially used in the United States, many of the reported genotoxicity and carcinogenicity results in the literature for AQ and AQ derivative compounds must be viewed with caution.
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Marrs TC, Colgrave HF, Gazzard M, Brown RF. Inhalation Toxicity of a Smoke Containing Solvent Yellow 33, Disperse Red 9 and Solvent Green 3 in Laboratory Animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:289-308. [PMID: 6541191 DOI: 10.1177/096032718400300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The repeated-dose inhalation toxicity of a smoke containing a mixture of three dyes was tested in female mice, rats and guinea pigs. The green component dye (Solvent Green 3) was retained in the lungs. Particularly in the rats marked collections of alveolar macrophages were found. In the same species several other adverse findings were noted: these included adenocarcinomas of the breast in the high-dose group and a dose-related incidence of biliary hyperplasia. Fatty change was noted in the livers of the test-group mice. A large proportion of the high-dose guinea pigs died during the exposure period, for which reason exposure was stopped early in that group, otherwise the guinea pigs were little affected. However, all test groups of all species showed reductions in growth during the exposure period.
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Yuan Y, Zheng J, Wang M, Li Y, Ruan J, Zhang H. Metabolic Activation of Rhein: Insights into the Potential Toxicity Induced by Rhein-Containing Herbs. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5742-5750. [PMID: 27362917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhein is a major component of the many medicinal herbs such as rhubarb. Despite wide use, intoxication cases associated with rhein-containing herbs are often reported. The present work aimed to investigate if rhein was subject to metabolic activation leading to toxicity. Upon incubations with different species of liver microsomes, three monoglucuronides were identified, corresponding to two hydroxyl glucuronides and one acyl glucuronide via the carboxyl group, respectively. Further study revealed that rhein acyl glucuronide was chemically reactive, and showed cytotoxicity toward hepatocarcinoma cells. In addition, significant species differences in glucuronidation of rhein were observed between laboratory animals and humans. Reaction phenotyping experiments demonstrated that rhein acyl glucuronide was catalyzed predominantly by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, 1A9, and 2B7. Taken together, the present study confirmed that rhein could be metabolically activated via the formation of acyl glucuronide, especially in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
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Zengin G, Degirmenci NS, Alpsoy L, Aktumsek A. Evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activity of three anthraquinones (alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin). Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:544-53. [PMID: 26178874 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115595687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidative, and enzyme inhibition effects of alizarin, quinizarin, and purpurin, which are anthraquinones (AQ). METHODS Cytotoxic effects were evaluated with cell inhibition rate by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Different chemical assays, including free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid)), phosphomolybdenum and reducing power (ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion reducing activity), were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Moreover, enzyme inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase, butrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. RESULTS These components have antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity. Especially, purpurin showed the strongest antioxidant and good enzyme inhibitory effects. According to our cytotoxicity results, alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin induced dose- and time-dependent cell proliferation. Furthermore, when we applied AQs with mitomycin C (MC) on L929 cell line, we demonstrated that cell proliferation in MC-AQ groups compared with MC group was increased. The most effective component was alizarin at 100 µM concentration. These AQs showed positive effects on L929 cell lines with high half-maximal inhibitory concentration values. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that AQs may be used as antioxidative compounds in food and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - N S Degirmenci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Alpsoy
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Aktumsek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Abstract
The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Nan Mei
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Parrott JL, Bartlett AJ, Balakrishnan VK. Chronic toxicity of azo and anthracenedione dyes to embryo-larval fathead minnow. Environ Pollut 2016; 210:40-47. [PMID: 26704269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of selected azo and anthracenedione dyes was studied using chronic exposures of embryo-larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Newly fertilized fathead minnow embryos were exposed through the egg stage, past hatching, through the larval stage (until 14 days post-hatch), with dye solutions renewed daily. The anthracenedione dyes Acid Blue 80 (AB80) and Acid Blue 129 (AB129) caused no effects in larval fish at the highest measured concentrations tested of 7700 and 6700 μg/L, respectively. Both azo dyes Disperse Yellow 7 (DY7) and Sudan Red G (SRG) decreased survival of larval fish, with LC50s (based on measured concentrations of dyes in fish exposure water) of 25.4 μg/L for DY7 and 16.7 μg/L for SRG. Exposure to both azo dyes caused a delayed response, with larval fish succumbing 4-10 days after hatch. If the exposures were ended at the embryo stage or just after hatch, the potency of these two dyes would be greatly underestimated. Concentrations of dyes that we measured entering the Canadian environment were much lower than those that affected larval fish survival in the current tests. In a total of 162 samples of different municipal wastewater effluents from across Canada assessed for these dyes, all were below detection limits. The similarities of the structures and larval fish responses for the two azo and two anthracenedione dyes in this study support the use of read-across data for risk assessment of these classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
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Wilson MJ, Sabbioni G, Rando R, Miller CA. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling by extracts of teak and other wood dusts. Environ Toxicol 2015; 30:1375-1384. [PMID: 24898320 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wood dusts, as a group, are categorized as known human carcinogens, but the risks of exposure to specific types of wood dusts and the carcinogenic chemicals they contain are not well studied. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is linked to the carcinogenic action of specific classes of chemicals. Here we examined whether chemicals in various wood dusts had the potential to activate AhR signaling as a potential toxic mechanism of action. We found that methanol extracts of teak, walnut, mahogany, and poplar dusts contained a wide range of AhR ligand activity, whereas extracts of oak, pine, and other softwoods did not contain appreciable activity. Teak dust extract, being particularly potent, was subjected to chemical analysis. The 2-methylanthraquinone (2-MAQ) accounted for the AhR ligand activity and was present at an average concentration of 0.27 parts per hundred in teak dust. Pure 2-MAQ potently induced AhR signaling (EC50 115 nM), confirming that this was the active ligand. Aqueous extracts of teak dust made using yeast or mammalian cell culture medium also contained robust AhR activity, suggesting the 2-MAQ ligand is soluble at bioactive concentrations in physiologically relevant fluids. The high concentration and potency of 2-MAQ in teak wood suggest it may mediate toxic effects through activation of AhR signaling in exposed wood workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wilson
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Gabriele Sabbioni
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Roy Rando
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Charles A Miller
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
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Cañeque T, Gomes F, Mai TT, Maestri G, Malacria M, Rodriguez R. Synthesis of marmycin A and investigation into its cellular activity. Nat Chem 2015; 7:744-51. [PMID: 26291947 PMCID: PMC5892709 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin are used extensively in the treatment of cancers. Anthraquinone-related angucyclines also exhibit antiproliferative properties and have been proposed to operate via similar mechanisms, including direct genome targeting. Here, we report the chemical synthesis of marmycin A and the study of its cellular activity. The aromatic core was constructed by means of a one-pot multistep reaction comprising a regioselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and the complex sugar backbone was introduced through a copper-catalysed Ullmann cross-coupling, followed by a challenging Friedel-Crafts cyclization. Remarkably, fluorescence microscopy revealed that marmycin A does not target the nucleus but instead accumulates in lysosomes, thereby promoting cell death independently of genome targeting. Furthermore, a synthetic dimer of marmycin A and the lysosome-targeting agent artesunate exhibited a synergistic activity against the invasive MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. These findings shed light on the elusive pathways through which anthraquinone derivatives act in cells, pointing towards unanticipated biological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Cañeque
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Filipe Gomes
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Trang Thi Mai
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232, Paris CEDEX 05 75252, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Institut Curie Research Center, Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group, 26 rue d’Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
- CNRS UMR 3666, Paris 75005, France
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Wu C, Yang X, Wang W, Wang S, Cao D, Ma F, Wang J, Lu H, Zhao B. [Effects of madder on bone biomechanical property in rats]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2015; 32:110-5. [PMID: 25997276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bones are stained into red color with feeding madder, but we do not know whether the fed madder can change the bone biomechanical properties and bone mineral contents in animals. In this research, we established a rat model with feeding madder. The bone biomechanical properties were detected by universal material mechanics, bone mineral contents were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and spectrometer, and red color material in bone was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that bone biomechanical parameters in femur diaphysis in the 10% and 15% group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group after feeding madder for 6 months. The level of calcium, magnesium and zinc in femur diaphysis in 10% and 15% group rats were higher than those in the control group after feeding madder for 6 months. However, it was shown that the kidney congestion and hyperemia and the level of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in the 15% group rats were significantly different compared to those in the control group rats after feeding madder for 6 months. The red colored material in bone is related to alizarin analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The conclusion could be drawn that feeding 10% madder in diet was not toxic to the rats fed for 6 months, and it could improve bone biomechanical properties and increase bone mineral elements.
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Mirković B, Tanović B, Hrustić J, Mihajlović M, Stević M, Delibašić G, Vukša P. Toxicity of copper hydroxide, dithianon, fluazinam, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin to Didymella applanata isolates from Serbia. J Environ Sci Health B 2015; 50:175-183. [PMID: 25602150 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.982414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A study of the in vitro sensitivity of 10 isolates of Didymella applanata to copper hydroxide, dithianon, fluazinam, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin, was conducted. The isolates were derived from diseased raspberry canes sampled during 2013 at five localities in western part of Serbia, known as the main raspberry growing region of the country. Prior to sensitivity testing experimental conditions for radial growth assay were optimized. The results showed that the temperature of 22 °C, oatmeal agar medium and 12/12 hrs light/ darkness light regimen provided the best conditions for sensitivity tests. Most of D. applanata isolates were sensitive to the tested fungicides. The narrowest range of EC50 values was recorded for tebuconazole (1.42-2.66 mg L(-1)). The widest range of EC50 values was obtained for pyraclostrobin, ranging from 0.17 mg L(-1) to 55.33 mg L(-1). The EC50 values for the studied isolates were 39.48-51.19 mg L(-1) for copper hydroxide, 12.12-18.73 mg L(-1) for dithianon and 5.72-42.56 mg L(-1) for fluazinam. According to resistance factor values, all D. applanata isolates were sensitive to copper hydroxide, dithianon and tebuconazole. Among tested isolates, six were highly resistant to pyraclostrobin (RFs in the range of 207.1-325.5) and two moderately resistant to fluazinam (RFs were 3 and 7.4), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Mirković
- a Grant-holder of Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
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Alvarez LH, Valdez-Espinoza R, García-Reyes RB, Olivo-Alanis D, Garza-González MT, Meza-Escalante ER, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P. Decolorization and biogas production by an anaerobic consortium: effect of different azo dyes and quinoid redox mediators. Water Sci Technol 2015; 72:794-801. [PMID: 26287839 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of azo dyes and quinoid compounds on an anaerobic consortium was evaluated during a decolorization process and biogas production. In addition, the impact of quinoid compounds such as lawsone (LAW) and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on the rate of decolorization of Direct Blue 71 (DB71) was assessed. The anaerobic consortium was not completely inhibited under all tested dye concentrations (0.1-2 mmol l(-1)), evidenced by an active decolorization process and biogas production. The presence of quinoid compounds at different concentrations (4, 8, and 12 mmol l(-1)) also inhibited biogas production compared to the control incubated without the quinoid compounds. In summary, the anaerobic consortium was affected to a greater extent by increasing the quantity of azo dyes or quinoid compounds. Nevertheless, at a lower concentration (1 mmol l(-1)) of quinoid compounds, the anaerobic consortium effectively decolorized 2 mmol l(-1) of DB71, increasing up to 5.2- and 20.4-fold the rate of decolorization with AQDS and LAW, respectively, compared to the control lacking quinoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66451 Nuevo León, México E-mail:
| | - R Valdez-Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - R B García-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66451 Nuevo León, México E-mail:
| | - D Olivo-Alanis
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66451 Nuevo León, México E-mail:
| | - M T Garza-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66451 Nuevo León, México E-mail:
| | - E R Meza-Escalante
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - P Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
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Leme DM, Oliveira GARD, Meireles G, Brito LB, Rodrigues LDB, Palma de Oliveira D. Eco- and genotoxicological assessments of two reactive textile dyes. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2015; 78:287-300. [PMID: 25734625 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.971208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of natural waters has been one of the major problems of modern society and the textile industry is rated as an important polluting source, due to the generation of large amounts of wastewaters. The aim of this study was to assess textile dyes Reactive Blue 19 (RB19, anthraquinone dye) and Reactive Red 120 (RR120, azo dye) in terms of the potential to induce adverse effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Thus, these dyes were tested using the following assays: Microtox assay (Vibrio fischeri); brine shrimp (Artemia salina); Daphnia similis; and Comet with normal human dermal fibroblasts as well as Ames test (TA98, TA100, YG1041, YG1042--with and without S9). RB19 was relatively nontoxic to all aquatic bioindicators analyzed with an EC50 of more than 100 mg/L, whereas RR120 was only moderately toxic to A. salina with a EC50-48h of 81.89 mg/L. Mutagenicity through base pair substitution was observed with RB19 in the presence of S9 (Ames-positive). The comet assay did not demonstrate any apparent genotoxic effects for any tested dye. Although mutagenicity was detected with RB19, the mutagenic effect observed may be considered weak compared to the ability to induce DNA damage by other classes of dyes such as disperse dyes. Therefore, these dyes may be classified as nonmutagens (RR120) or weak mutagens (RB19) and relatively nontoxic for aquatic organisms. However, it is noteworthy that the weak acute toxicity to A. salina induced by RR120 is sufficient to suggest potential damage to the aquatic ecosystem and emphasizes the need for biomonitoring dye levels in wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morais Leme
- a Department of Cell Biology - Federal University of Paranã (UFPR) , Curitiba - PR , Brazil
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Krishna LS, Reddy AS, Zuhairi WYW, Taha MR, Reddy AV. Indian jujuba seed powder as an eco-friendly and a low-cost biosorbent for removal of acid blue 25 from aqueous solution. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:184058. [PMID: 25383360 PMCID: PMC4213431 DOI: 10.1155/2014/184058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian jujuba seed powder (IJSP) has been investigated as a low-cost and an eco-friendly biosorbent, prepared for the removal of Acid Blue 25 (AB25) from aqueous solution. The prepared biomaterial was characterized by using FTIR and scanning electron microscopic studies. The effect of operation variables, such as IJSP dosage, contact time, concentration, pH, and temperature on the removal of AB25 was investigated, using batch biosorption technique. Removal efficiency increased with increase of IJSP dosage but decreased with increase of temperature. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models. The data fitted well with the Langmuir model with a maximum biosorption capacity of 54.95 mg g(-1). The pseudo-second-order kinetics was the best for the biosorption of AB25 by IJSP, with good correlation. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy change (ΔG(0)), standard enthalpy changes (ΔH(0)), and standard entropy changes (ΔS(0)) were analyzed. The removal of AB25 from aqueous solution by IJSP was a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process. The results suggest that IJSP is a potential low-cost and an eco-friendly biosorbent for the AB25 removal from synthetic AB25 wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sivarama Krishna
- Geology Programme, School for Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Analytical Division, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517 502, India
| | - A. Sreenath Reddy
- Analytical Division, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517 502, India
| | - W. Y. Wan Zuhairi
- Geology Programme, School for Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Taha
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Varada Reddy
- Analytical Division, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517 502, India
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Hou H, Li D, Jiang W, Liang Y, Chen D, Mo Y. 1,8-dihydroxy-3-acetyl-6-methyl-9,10 anthraquinone exhibits a potent radiosensitizing effect with induced oncosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:965-70. [PMID: 24912934 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
1,8‑dihydroxy‑3‑acetyl‑6‑methyl‑9,10 anthraquinone (DAMA) was synthesized from emodin. In the present study, the activity and the oncosis‑like mechanism of DAMA‑enhanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation was examined. The results demonstrated that DAMA has a 1.46‑fold radiosensitisation activity for nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE 1 cells with a non‑cytotoxic concentration of 10 µg/ml DAMA combined with 2 Gy. Following treatment of DAMA combined with radiation, CNE‑1 cells revealed severe cytoplasmic swelling and vacuolization, swollen mitochondria and dilation of the nuclei without chromatin condensation, yielding a typical morphology of oncosis. Oncosis‑related gene expression of ATP synthase F0 subunit 6, chromatin modifying protein 6 and cyclophilin D mRNA increased significantly in the 8 Gy radiation group and the 2 Gy radiation combined with DAMA group. A significant decrease of ATP synthase protein 8 mRNA was observed and the levels of intracellular ATP were also reduced. In addition, the levels of intracellular Ca2+ were increased. In conclusion, DAMA is a potent radiation sensitizer in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and mediates its radiosensitisation via oncosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Danrong Li
- Department of Cellular Biology, The Medical Scientific Research Centre of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Donglian Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Mo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Abdessamad N, Akrout H, Hamdaoui G, Elghniji K, Ksibi M, Bousselmi L. Evaluation of the efficiency of monopolar and bipolar BDD electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of anthraquinone textile synthetic effluent for reuse. Chemosphere 2013; 93:1309-1316. [PMID: 23916748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the electrochemical degradation of synthetic wastewater containing an anthraquinone dye has been comparatively studied in two electrolytic cells with a synthetic boron-doped diamond (Si/BDD) as an anode. The first is an individual cell (Cell 1) with monopolar electrode BDD and the second (Cell 2) has two bipolar electrodes BDD self-polarized. The bulk electrolysis was performed at the same initial operating conditions in order to quantify the influence of the initial pH and current density on dye discoloration and global mineralization removal. The current efficiency and the consumption energy were also evaluated. When the same solutions have been comparatively treated with the two cells, a quite good mineralization is found in Cell 2. This result supposed more fraction of the applied current is used for the electrocombustion reaction on Cell 2 if compared to Cell 1 and small amount rest for the side reaction of oxygen evolution. The HPLC analyses confirmed this hypothesis and showed that the concentration trend of intermediates (sulfanilic acid, phthalate acid and salicylic acid) with electrolysis time was different on two cells. Phototoxicity tests show that the electrochemical oxidation with BDD electrodes could be useful as a pretreatment technique for reducing hazardous wastewater toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- NourElHouda Abdessamad
- Laboratory of Wastewater Treatment, Centre of Water Research and Technologies (CERTE), Echopark Borj Cedria, B.P. 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia
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Andolfi A, Cimmino A, Villegas-Fernández AM, Tuzi A, Santini A, Melck D, Rubiales D, Evidente A. Lentisone, a new phytotoxic anthraquinone produced by Ascochyta lentis, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight in Lens culinaris. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:7301-8. [PMID: 23837870 DOI: 10.1021/jf4026663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An aggressive isolate of Ascochyta lentis obtained from lentil (Lens culinaris L.) produced various metabolites in vitro. The metabolites were isolated from the culture filtrates and characterized by spectroscopic, chemical, and optical methods. A new phytotoxic anthraquinone, named lentisone, was isolated and characterized as (1S*,2S*,3S*)-1,2,3,8-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylanthraquinone together with the well-known pachybasin (1-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), tyrosol, and pseurotin A. Lentisone, tyrosol, and pseurotin A were phytotoxic to lentil, with lentisone the most toxic of all. The toxicity of these compounds is light-dependent. Finally, lentisone was also found to be phytotoxic to chickpea, pea, and faba bean, with toxicity in the latter higher than in any other tested legume, including lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
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Zeng LN, Ma ZJ, Zhao YL, Zhang LD, Li RS, Wang JB, Zhang P, Yan D, Li Q, Jiang BQ, Pu SB, Lü Y, Xiao XH. The protective and toxic effects of rhubarb tannins and anthraquinones in treating hexavalent chromium-injured rats: the Yin/Yang actions of rhubarb. J Hazard Mater 2013; 246-247:1-9. [PMID: 23276788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromium nephrotoxicity (CrNT) is thought to occur through the oxidant lesion mechanism. There is still a lack of specific remedies against CrNT. We primarily screened Chinese herbal medicines with a potential protective effect against CrNT, e.g., rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.). However, the active constituents in rhubarb and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the total rhubarb extract (TR) was successively separated into three parts: total anthraquinone extract (TA), total tannin extract (TT) and remaining component extract (RC). The effects of each extract on the potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7))-induced nephrotoxicity in rats were comparatively assessed. The results showed that only the administration of TT protected the kidney function in K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-injured rats. Besides, TT showed significant activity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, which is considered to be the dominant lesion product generated by hexavalent chromium. TT also showed a reduced ability to transform toxic high valence chromium ions into non-toxic low valence ions. And TT was able to further precipitate chromium ions. These results suggested that rhubarb tannins treat CrNT as a free radical scavenger, reductant, and metal precipitant. The multiple protective routes of the plant tannins reveal a superior option for development into a promising natural remedy against CrNT. In addition, the opposite effects of rhubarb anthraquinones in treating CrNT were observed compared to rhubarb tannins, which suggested the duo-directional effects (Yin and Yang) of herbal medicines should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-na Zeng
- .; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Abstract
A striking and clinically relevant virulence trait of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to grow and switch reversibly among different morphological forms. Inhibition of yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans represents a new paradigm for antifungal intervention. We have previously demonstrated the novel antifungal activity of purpurin against Candida fungi. In this study, we extended our investigation by examining the in vitro effect of purpurin on C. albicans morphogenesis and biofilms. The susceptibility of C. albicans biofilms to purpurin was examined quantitatively by 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide reduction assay. Hyphal formation and biofilm ultrastructure were examined qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of hypha-specific genes and hyphal regulator in purpurin-treated fungal cells. The results showed that, at sub-lethal concentration (3 µg/ml), purpurin blocked the yeast-to-hypha transition under hypha-inducing conditions. Purpurin also inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation and reduced the metabolic activity of mature biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. SEM images showed that purpurin-treated C. albicans biofilms were scanty and exclusively consisted of aggregates of blastospores. qRT-PCR analyses indicated that purpurin downregulated the expression of hypha-specific genes (ALS3, ECE1, HWP1, HYR1) and the hyphal regulator RAS1. The data strongly suggested that purpurin suppressed C. albicans morphogenesis and caused distorted biofilm formation. By virtue of the ability to block these two virulence traits in C. albicans, purpurin may represent a potential candidate that deserves further investigations in the development of antifungal strategies against this notorious human fungal pathogen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wai-Kei Tsang
- Oral BioSciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Andleeb S, Atiq N, Robson GD, Ahmed S. An investigation of anthraquinone dye biodegradation by immobilized Aspergillus flavus in fluidized bed bioreactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2012; 19:1728-1737. [PMID: 22161118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biodegradation and biodecolorization of Drimarene blue K(2)RL (anthraquinone) dye by a fungal isolate Aspergillus flavus SA2 was studied in lab-scale immobilized fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR) system. METHOD Fungus was immobilized on 0.2-mm sand particles. The reactor operation was carried out at room temperature and pH 5.0 in continuous flow mode with increasing concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500 mg l(-1)) of dye in simulated textile effluent on the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th, and 14th days. The reactors were run on fill, react, settle, and draw mode, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24-72 h. Total run time for reactor operation was 17 days. RESULTS The average overall biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color removal in the FBR system were up to 85.57%, 84.70%, and 71.3%, respectively, with 50-mg l(-1) initial dye concentration and HRT of 24 h. Reductions in BOD and COD levels along with color removal proved that the mechanism of biodecolorization and biodegradation occurred simultaneously. HPLC and LC-MS analysis identified phthalic acid, benzoic acid, 1, 4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2,3-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1,4-anthracenedione, and catechol as degradation products of Drimarene blue K(2)RL dye. Phytotoxicity analysis of bioreactor treatments provided evidence for the production of less toxic metabolites in comparison to the parent dye. CONCLUSION The present fluidized bed bioreactor setup with indigenously isolated fungal strain in its immobilized form is efficiently able to convert the parent toxic dye into less toxic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Andleeb
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Ni CH, Chen PY, Lu HF, Yang JS, Huang HY, Wu SH, Ip SW, Wu CT, Chiang SY, Lin JG, Wood WG, Chung JG. Chrysophanol-induced necrotic-like cell death through an impaired mitochondrial ATP synthesis in Hep3B human liver cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:887-95. [PMID: 22644856 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the most common form of cancer in Taiwan and it usually responds to chemotherapy. However, patients often have side effects to the chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus new agents are urgently required to treat liver cancer. Chrysophanol, one of the anthraquinone derivatives, was reported to inhibit some human cancer cell growth which may be due to the induction of apoptosis similar to other anthraquinone derivatives though such actions have not been reported. In the present study, we reported that chrysophanol inhibits cell growth in Hep3B liver cancer cells based on the following observations: 1) induc cell morphological changes; 2) decreased percentage of viable cells; 3) induced S phase arrest of cell cycle progression; 4) induced DNA damage as measured by comet assay and DAPI staining. Chrysophanol-induced cell death however, seems to be related to necrotic processes rather than typical apoptosis. Chrysophanol induced reactive oxygen species and Ca(2+) production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP levels in Hep3B cells. No effects were observed on known protein regulators of apoptosis such as Bax and Bcl-2. Chrysophanol-induced cell death took place independently of caspase-8 and -9. Based on our findings, we propose that chrysophanol reduces cellular ATP levels causing a drop in energy resulting in necrotic-like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hang Ni
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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