1
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Barnett AM, Mullaney JA, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Culture media and format alter cellular composition and barrier integrity of porcine colonoid-derived monolayers. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2222632. [PMID: 37340938 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2222632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoid technology has revolutionized our approach to in vitro cell culture due in part to their three-dimensional structures being more like the native tissue from which they were derived with respect to cellular composition and architecture. For this reason, organoids are becoming the new gold standard for undertaking intestinal epithelial cell research. Unfortunately, their otherwise advantageous three-dimensional geometry prevents easy access to the apical epithelium, which is a major limitation when studying interactions between dietary or microbial components and host tissues. To overcome this problem, we developed porcine colonoid-derived monolayers cultured on both permeable Transwell inserts and tissue culture treated polystyrene plates. We found that seeding density and culture format altered the expression of genes encoding markers of specific cell types (stem cells, colonocytes, goblets, and enteroendocrine cells), and barrier maturation (tight junctions). Additionally, we found that changes to the formulation of the culture medium altered the cellular composition of colonoids and of monolayers derived from them, resulting in cultures with an increasingly differentiated phenotype that was similar to that of their tissue of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Barnett
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Malik A, Sharma D, Aguirre-Gamboa R, McGrath S, Zabala S, Weber C, Jabri B. Epithelial IFNγ signalling and compartmentalized antigen presentation orchestrate gut immunity. Nature 2023; 623:1044-1052. [PMID: 37993709 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
All nucleated cells express major histocompatibility complex I and interferon-γ (IFNγ) receptor1, but an epithelial cell-specific function of IFNγ signalling or antigen presentation by means of major histocompatibility complex I has not been explored. We show here that on sensing IFNγ, colonic epithelial cells productively present pathogen and self-derived antigens to cognate intra-epithelial T cells, which are critically located at the epithelial barrier. Antigen presentation by the epithelial cells confers extracellular ATPase expression in cognate intra-epithelial T cells, which limits the accumulation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate and consequent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in tissue macrophages. By contrast, antigen presentation by the tissue macrophages alongside inflammasome-associated interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β production promotes a pathogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells into granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF)-producing T cells in vivo, which promotes colitis and colorectal cancer. Taken together, our study unravels critical checkpoints requiring IFNγ sensing and antigen presentation by epithelial cells that control the development of pathogenic CD4+ T cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Malik
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raúl Aguirre-Gamboa
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shaina McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Zabala
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Weber
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Wan H, Li J, Chen X, Sellers ZM, Dong H. Divergent roles of estrogen receptor subtypes in regulating estrogen-modulated colonic ion transports and epithelial repair. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105068. [PMID: 37468102 PMCID: PMC10448179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it was described previously for estrogen (E2) regulation of intestinal epithelial Cl- and HCO3- secretion in sex difference, almost nothing is known about the roles of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in regulating E2-modulated epithelial ion transports and epithelial restitution. Here, we aimed to investigate ERα and ERβ subtypes in the regulation of E2-modulated colonic epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion and epithelial restitution. Through physiological and biochemical studies, in combination of genetic knockdown, we showed that ERα attenuated female colonic Cl- secretion but promoted Ca2+-dependent HCO3- secretion via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mechanism in mice. However, ERβ attenuated HCO3- secretion by inhibiting Ca2+via the SOCE and inhibiting cAMP via protein kinases. Moreover, ERα but not ERβ promoted epithelial cell restitution via SOCE/Ca2+ signaling. ERα also enhanced cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and β-catenin expression in normal human colonic epithelial cells. All ERα-mediated biological effects could be attenuated by its selective antagonist and genetic knockdown. Finally, both ERα and ERβ were expressed in human colonic epithelial cells and mouse colonic tissues. We therefore conclude that E2 modulates complex colonic epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion via ER subtype-dependent mechanisms and that ERα is specifically responsible for colonic epithelial regeneration. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of how ERα and ERβ subtypes orchestrate functional homeostasis of normal colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxing Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zachary M Sellers
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
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4
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Bollen Y, Hageman JH, van Leenen P, Derks LLM, Ponsioen B, Buissant des Amorie JR, Verlaan-Klink I, van den Bos M, Terstappen LWMM, van Boxtel R, Snippert HJG. Efficient and error-free fluorescent gene tagging in human organoids without double-strand DNA cleavage. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001527. [PMID: 35089911 PMCID: PMC8827455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-associated nucleases are powerful tools for precise genome editing of model systems, including human organoids. Current methods describing fluorescent gene tagging in organoids rely on the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to stimulate homology-directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated integration of the desired knock-in. A major downside associated with DSB-mediated genome editing is the required clonal selection and expansion of candidate organoids to verify the genomic integrity of the targeted locus and to confirm the absence of off-target indels. By contrast, concurrent nicking of the genomic locus and targeting vector, known as in-trans paired nicking (ITPN), stimulates efficient HDR-mediated genome editing to generate large knock-ins without introducing DSBs. Here, we show that ITPN allows for fast, highly efficient, and indel-free fluorescent gene tagging in human normal and cancer organoids. Highlighting the ease and efficiency of ITPN, we generate triple fluorescent knock-in organoids where 3 genomic loci were simultaneously modified in a single round of targeting. In addition, we generated model systems with allele-specific readouts by differentially modifying maternal and paternal alleles in one step. ITPN using our palette of targeting vectors, publicly available from Addgene, is ideally suited for generating error-free heterozygous knock-ins in human organoids. A major downside of double-strand break-mediated genome editing is the need to verify the genomic integrity of the targeted locus and confirm the absence of off-target indels. This study shows that in-trans paired nicking is a mutation-free CRISPR strategy to introduce precise knock-ins into human organoids; its genomic fidelity allows all knock-in cells to be pooled, accelerating the establishment of new organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Bollen
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Medical Cell Biophysics, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Joris H. Hageman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra van Leenen
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucca L. M. Derks
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian R. Buissant des Amorie
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verlaan-Klink
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Myrna van den Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J. G. Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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5
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Boutet-Robinet E, Haykal MM, Hashim S, Frisan T, Martin OC. Detection of DNA damage by alkaline comet assay in mouse colonic mucosa. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100872. [PMID: 34746855 PMCID: PMC8554630 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized the association between DNA damage and immunoresponse in vivo in colonic mucosa of mice infected with a Salmonella Typhimurium strain expressing a genotoxin, known as typhoid toxin. In this protocol, we describe the specific steps for assessing DNA damage by the alkaline comet assay of colonic mucosal samples. The description of the comet assay protocol follows the international guidelines (Minimum Information for Reporting on the Comet Assay [Moller et al., 2020]). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Martin et al. (2021). Collection of mice colon mucosa for comet assay Detailed description and optimization of alkaline comet assay Detection of single and double DNA strand breaks Assessment of DNA damage extent using the percentage of DNA in the comet tail
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria M. Haykal
- INSERM U981, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris 12 Sud, Gustave Roussy Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France
| | - Saleha Hashim
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Océane C.B. Martin
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Corresponding author
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6
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Li Y, Ao J, Huang X, Lu H, Fu H, Song N, Xu W, Chen J. Involvement of PAR2 in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cell proliferation in the colon of diabetic mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15099. [PMID: 34755491 PMCID: PMC8578889 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes leads to colonic platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive (PDGFRα+ ) cell proliferation accompanied by slow colonic transit in mice; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. The present study used western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR to investigate whether proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) mediates PDGFRα+ cell proliferation. Our results showed that PDGFRα, PAR2, and Ki-67 coexpression was increased in the diabetic colonic muscle layer. PDGFRα and PAR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were also markedly enhanced in the diabetic colonic muscle layer. Mice treated with 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2-F-L-a), a PAR2 agonist, exhibited significant colon elongation and increased smooth muscle weight. In the 2-F-L-a-treated mice, PDGFRα, PAR2, and Ki-67 coexpression was increased and PDGFRα and PAR2 mRNA and protein expression was significantly enhanced in the colonic smooth muscle layer. 2-F-L-a also increased proliferation and PDGFRα expression in NIH/3T3 cells cultured in high glucose, while LY294002, a PI3K antagonist, decreased cell proliferation and PDGFRα expression. PI3K and Akt protein and mRNA expression and p-Akt protein expression in diabetic and 2-F-L-a-treated mice were markedly reduced in colonic smooth muscle. 2-F-L-a also reduced PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt protein expression in NIH/3T3 cells, while the PI3K antagonist LY294002 increased this expression. The results indicate that PAR2 is involved in the proliferation of PDGFRα+ cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the colon of STZ-induced diabetic mice, which may contribute to the slow transit and constipation that are associated with diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Jia Li
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jun‐Ping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesSchool of MedicineShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Hong‐Li Lu
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Han‐Yue Fu
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Ni‐Na Song
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Wen‐Xie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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7
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Abstract
Human intestinal enteroids derived from adult stem cells offer a relevant ex vivo system to study biological processes of the human gut. They recreate cellular and functional features of the intestinal epithelium of the small intestine (enteroids) or colon (colonoids) albeit limited by the lack of associated cell types that help maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to external challenges. In the gut, innate immune cells interact with the epithelium, support barrier function, and deploy effector functions. We have established a co-culture system of enteroid/colonoid monolayers and underlying macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils to recapitulate the cellular framework of the human intestinal epithelial niche. Enteroids are generated from biopsies or resected tissue from any segment of the human gut and maintained in long-term cultures as three-dimensional structures through supplementation of stem cell growth factors. Immune cells are isolated from fresh human whole blood or frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Monocytes from PBMC are differentiated into macrophages by cytokine stimulation prior to co-culture. The methods are divided into the two main components of the model: (1) generating enteroid/colonoid monolayers and isolating immune cells and (2) assembly of enteroid/colonoid-immune cell co-cultures with separate apical and basolateral compartments. Co-cultures containing macrophages can be maintained for 48 hr while those involving neutrophils, due to their shorter life span, remain viable for 4 hr. Enteroid-immune co-cultures enable multiple outcome measures, including transepithelial resistance, production of cytokines/chemokines, phenotypic analysis of immune cells, tissue immunofluorescence imaging, protein or mRNA expression, antigen or microbe uptake, and other cellular functions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Seeding enteroid fragments onto Transwells for monolayer formation Alternate Protocol: Seeding enteroid fragments for monolayer formation using trituration Basic Protocol 2: Isolation of monocytes and derivation of immune cells from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of neutrophils from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 4: Assembly of enteroid/macrophage or enteroid/neutrophil co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F Staab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose M Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Latanich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcella F Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Hickey JW, Tan Y, Nolan GP, Goltsev Y. Strategies for Accurate Cell Type Identification in CODEX Multiplexed Imaging Data. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727626. [PMID: 34484237 PMCID: PMC8415085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed imaging is a recently developed and powerful single-cell biology research tool. However, it presents new sources of technical noise that are distinct from other types of single-cell data, necessitating new practices for single-cell multiplexed imaging processing and analysis, particularly regarding cell-type identification. Here we created single-cell multiplexed imaging datasets by performing CODEX on four sections of the human colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid) using a panel of 47 oligonucleotide-barcoded antibodies. After cell segmentation, we implemented five different normalization techniques crossed with four unsupervised clustering algorithms, resulting in 20 unique cell-type annotations for the same dataset. We generated two standard annotations: hand-gated cell types and cell types produced by over-clustering with spatial verification. We then compared these annotations at four levels of cell-type granularity. First, increasing cell-type granularity led to decreased labeling accuracy; therefore, subtle phenotype annotations should be avoided at the clustering step. Second, accuracy in cell-type identification varied more with normalization choice than with clustering algorithm. Third, unsupervised clustering better accounted for segmentation noise during cell-type annotation than hand-gating. Fourth, Z-score normalization was generally effective in mitigating the effects of noise from single-cell multiplexed imaging. Variation in cell-type identification will lead to significant differential spatial results such as cellular neighborhood analysis; consequently, we also make recommendations for accurately assigning cell-type labels to CODEX multiplexed imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Hickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yuqi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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9
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Zhang J, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Trapecar M, Wright C, Taketani M, Schneider K, Chen WLK, Stas E, Breault DT, Carrier RL, Voigt CA, Griffith LG. Coculture of primary human colon monolayer with human gut bacteria. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3874-3900. [PMID: 34183870 PMCID: PMC9109719 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microbes in the colon impacts host physiology. Therefore, microbes are being evaluated as potential treatments for colorectal diseases. Humanized model systems that enable robust culture of primary human intestinal cells with bacteria facilitate evaluation of potential treatments. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to coculture a primary human colon monolayer with aerotolerant bacteria. Primary human colon cells maintained as organoids are dispersed into single-cell suspensions and then seeded on collagen-coated Transwell inserts, where they attach and proliferate to form confluent monolayers within days of seeding. The confluent monolayers are differentiated for an additional 4 d and then cocultured with bacteria. As an example application, we describe how to coculture differentiated colon cells for 8 h with four strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, each engineered to detect different colonic microenvironments via genetically embedded logic circuits incorporating deoxycholic acid and anhydrotetracycline sensors. Characterization of this coculture system reveals that barrier function remains intact in the presence of engineered B. thetaiotaomicron. The bacteria stay close to the mucus layer and respond in a microenvironment-specific manner to the inducers (deoxycholic acid and anhydrotetracycline) of the genetic circuits. This protocol thus provides a useful mucosal barrier system to assess the effects of bacterial cells that respond to the colonic microenvironment, and may also be useful in other contexts to model human intestinal barrier properties and microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Trapecar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles Wright
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mao Taketani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li Kelly Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Stas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Chang BJ, Manton JD, Sapoznik E, Pohlkamp T, Terrones TS, Welf ES, Murali VS, Roudot P, Hake K, Whitehead L, York AG, Dean KM, Fiolka R. Real-time multi-angle projection imaging of biological dynamics. Nat Methods 2021; 18:829-834. [PMID: 34183831 PMCID: PMC9206531 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a cost-effective and easily implementable scan unit that converts any camera-based microscope with optical sectioning capability into a multi-angle projection imaging system. Projection imaging reduces data overhead and accelerates imaging by a factor of >100, while also allowing users to readily view biological phenomena of interest from multiple perspectives on the fly. By rapidly interrogating the sample from just two perspectives, our method also enables real-time stereoscopic imaging and three-dimensional particle localization. We demonstrate projection imaging with spinning disk confocal, lattice light-sheet, multidirectional illumination light-sheet and oblique plane microscopes on specimens that range from organelles in single cells to the vasculature of a zebrafish embryo. Furthermore, we leverage our projection method to rapidly image cancer cell morphodynamics and calcium signaling in cultured neurons at rates up to 119 Hz as well as to simultaneously image orthogonal views of a beating embryonic zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jui Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Etai Sapoznik
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tamara S Terrones
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Erik S Welf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vasanth S Murali
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philippe Roudot
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kayley Hake
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G York
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Galli CL, Cinelli S, Ciliutti P, Melzi G, Marinovich M. Aloe-emodin, a hydroxyanthracene derivative, is not genotoxic in an in vivo comet test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104967. [PMID: 34062205 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, one of the molecules belonging to the group of hydroxyanthracene derivatives, was recently described as genotoxic in vivo. Indeed, the EFSA judged that aloe-emodin, together with other similar molecules (emodin and danthron) and extracts from the leaf of Aloe species containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives, could represent a risk factor for colorectal cancer mediated by a genotoxic effect. Given the marked uncertainty regarding the conclusions in the opinion of the EFSA ANS Panel and conflicts in the epidemiological data on which the opinion is based, a new in vivo study (in vivo alkaline comet assay in mice - OECD 489) was conducted to test the potential genotoxicity of aloe-emodin at doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day on preparations of single cells from the kidney and colon of treated male mice. Following treatment with the test item, no clinical signs were observed in animals in any treatment group. Slight body-weight loss was randomly observed in all groups treated with the test item and was more evident in the groups dosed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day. Under these experimental conditions, aloe-emodin showed no genotoxic activity. Possible oxidative damage to colon tissues could not be excluded based on the results obtained after repair enzyme treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado L Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Cinelli
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Ciliutti
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Abascal F, Harvey LMR, Mitchell E, Lawson ARJ, Lensing SV, Ellis P, Russell AJC, Alcantara RE, Baez-Ortega A, Wang Y, Kwa EJ, Lee-Six H, Cagan A, Coorens THH, Chapman MS, Olafsson S, Leonard S, Jones D, Machado HE, Davies M, Øbro NF, Mahubani KT, Allinson K, Gerstung M, Saeb-Parsy K, Kent DG, Laurenti E, Stratton MR, Rahbari R, Campbell PJ, Osborne RJ, Martincorena I. Somatic mutation landscapes at single-molecule resolution. Nature 2021; 593:405-410. [PMID: 33911282 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations drive the development of cancer and may contribute to ageing and other diseases1,2. Despite their importance, the difficulty of detecting mutations that are only present in single cells or small clones has limited our knowledge of somatic mutagenesis to a minority of tissues. Here, to overcome these limitations, we developed nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing protocol with error rates of less than five errors per billion base pairs in single DNA molecules from cell populations. This rate is two orders of magnitude lower than typical somatic mutation loads, enabling the study of somatic mutations in any tissue independently of clonality. We used this single-molecule sensitivity to study somatic mutations in non-dividing cells across several tissues, comparing stem cells to differentiated cells and studying mutagenesis in the absence of cell division. Differentiated cells in blood and colon displayed remarkably similar mutation loads and signatures to their corresponding stem cells, despite mature blood cells having undergone considerably more divisions. We then characterized the mutational landscape of post-mitotic neurons and polyclonal smooth muscle, confirming that neurons accumulate somatic mutations at a constant rate throughout life without cell division, with similar rates to mitotically active tissues. Together, our results suggest that mutational processes that are independent of cell division are important contributors to somatic mutagenesis. We anticipate that the ability to reliably detect mutations in single DNA molecules could transform our understanding of somatic mutagenesis and enable non-invasive studies on large-scale cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Ellis
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Inivata, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Davies
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nina F Øbro
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krishnaa T Mahubani
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Cambridge Brain Bank, Division of the Human Research Tissue Bank, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David G Kent
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Elisa Laurenti
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert J Osborne
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Biofidelity, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Dhaneshwar A, Hardej D. Disruption of mitochondrial complexes, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis results from Mancozeb exposure in transformed human colon cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 84:103614. [PMID: 33592315 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene bisdithiocarbamate pesticides, including Mancozeb (MZ), are used as fungicides. Effects of MZ on apoptosis induction and mitochondrial activity of HT-29 colon cells were investigated. MZ exposed cells exhibited blebbing and cellular membrane disruption in scanning electron micrographs. Positive fluorescent staining with Annexin V at doses of 60-140 μM supports apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death. Activity of all electron transport chain complexes were evaluated. Mitochondrial Complex I activity was decreased in 100 μM treated cells. Mitochondrial Complex III activity was decreased in 60 and 100 μM MZ treated cells. Mitochondrial Complex II and Complex IV activities were decreased in cells treated with 60, 100, and 140 μM. Cells treated with 60 μM exhibited a decrease in Complex V enzyme activity. It is concluded that MZ exposure inhibits all mitochondrial complexes of HT-29 cells and that positive fluorescent microscopy and blebbing support previous studies of cell death via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dhaneshwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Healthy Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Diane Hardej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Healthy Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.
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14
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Huang HI, Jewell ML, Youssef N, Huang MN, Hauser ER, Fee BE, Rudemiller NP, Privratsky JR, Zhang JJ, Reyes EY, Wang D, Taylor GA, Gunn MD, Ko DC, Cook DN, Chandramohan V, Crowley SD, Hammer GE. Th17 Immunity in the Colon Is Controlled by Two Novel Subsets of Colon-Specific Mononuclear Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661290. [PMID: 33995384 PMCID: PMC8113646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is coordinated by specialized mononuclear phagocyte populations, constituted by a diversity of cell subsets. Although the cell subsets constituting the mononuclear phagocyte network are thought to be similar in both small and large intestine, these organs have distinct anatomy, microbial composition, and immunological demands. Whether these distinctions demand organ-specific mononuclear phagocyte populations with dedicated organ-specific roles in immunity are unknown. Here we implement a new strategy to subset murine intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and identify two novel subsets which are colon-specific: a macrophage subset and a Th17-inducing dendritic cell (DC) subset. Colon-specific DCs and macrophages co-expressed CD24 and CD14, and surprisingly, both were dependent on the transcription factor IRF4. Novel IRF4-dependent CD14+CD24+ macrophages were markedly distinct from conventional macrophages and failed to express classical markers including CX3CR1, CD64 and CD88, and surprisingly expressed little IL-10, which was otherwise robustly expressed by all other intestinal macrophages. We further found that colon-specific CD14+CD24+ mononuclear phagocytes were essential for Th17 immunity in the colon, and provide definitive evidence that colon and small intestine have distinct antigen presenting cell requirements for Th17 immunity. Our findings reveal unappreciated organ-specific diversity of intestine-resident mononuclear phagocytes and organ-specific requirements for Th17 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I. Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mark L. Jewell
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nourhan Youssef
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Min-Nung Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Hauser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nathan P. Rudemiller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamie R. Privratsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junyi J. Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael D. Gunn
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Donald N. Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Vidyalakshmi Chandramohan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gianna Elena Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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van der Post S, Birchenough GMH, Held JM. NOX1-dependent redox signaling potentiates colonic stem cell proliferation to adapt to the intestinal microbiota by linking EGFR and TLR activation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108949. [PMID: 33826887 PMCID: PMC10327654 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The colon epithelium is a primary point of interaction with the microbiome and is regenerated by a few rapidly cycling colonic stem cells (CSCs). CSC self-renewal and proliferation are regulated by growth factors and the presence of bacteria. However, the molecular link connecting the diverse inputs that maintain CSC homeostasis remains largely unknown. We report that CSC proliferation is mediated by redox-dependent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling via NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1). NOX1 expression is CSC specific and is restricted to proliferative CSCs. In the absence of NOX1, CSCs fail to generate ROS and have a reduced proliferation rate. NOX1 expression is regulated by Toll-like receptor activation in response to the microbiota and serves to link CSC proliferation with the presence of bacterial components in the crypt. The TLR-NOX1-EGFR axis is therefore a critical redox signaling node in CSCs facilitating the quiescent-proliferation transition and responds to the microbiome to maintain colon homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd van der Post
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George M H Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jason M Held
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Cancer is a clonal disorder derived from a single ancestor cell and its progenies that are positively selected by acquisition of 'driver mutations'. However, the evolution of positively selected clones does not necessarily imply the presence of cancer. On the contrary, it has become clear that expansion of these clones in phenotypically normal or non-cancer tissues is commonly seen in association with ageing and/or in response to environmental insults and chronic inflammation. Recent studies have reported expansion of clones harbouring mutations in cancer driver genes in the blood, skin, oesophagus, bronchus, liver, endometrium and bladder, where the expansion could be so extensive that tissues undergo remodelling of an almost entire tissue. The presence of common cancer driver mutations in normal tissues suggests a strong link to cancer development, providing an opportunity to understand early carcinogenic processes. Nevertheless, some driver mutations are unique to normal tissues or have a mutation frequency that is much higher in normal tissue than in cancer, indicating that the respective clones may not necessarily be destined for evolution to cancer but even negatively selected for carcinogenesis depending on the mutated gene. Moreover, tissues that are remodelled by genetically altered clones might define functionalities of aged tissues or modified inflammatory processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of major findings on clonal expansion in phenotypically normal or non-cancer tissues and discuss their biological significance not only in cancer development but also in ageing and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Rana T, Korolkova OY, Rachakonda G, Williams AD, Hawkins AT, James SD, Sakwe AM, Hui N, Wang L, Yu C, Goodwin JS, Izban MG, Offodile RS, Washington MK, Ballard BR, Smoot DT, Shi XZ, Forbes DS, Shanker A, M’Koma AE. Linking bacterial enterotoxins and alpha defensin 5 expansion in the Crohn's colitis: A new insight into the etiopathogenetic and differentiation triggers driving colonic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246393. [PMID: 33690604 PMCID: PMC7942995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence link bacterial enterotoxins to apparent crypt-cell like cells (CCLCs), and Alpha Defensin 5 (DEFA5) expansion in the colonic mucosa of Crohn's colitis disease (CC) patients. These areas of ectopic ileal metaplasia, positive for Paneth cell (PC) markers are consistent with diagnosis of CC. Retrospectively, we: 1. Identified 21 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) between 2000-2007 and were reevaluation their final clinical diagnosis in 2014 after a followed-up for mean 8.7±3.7 (range, 4-14) years. Their initial biopsies were analyzed by DEFA5 bioassay. 2. Differentiated ulcer-associated cell lineage (UACL) analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the CC patients, stained for Mucin 6 (MUC6) and DEFA5. 3. Treated human immortalized colonic epithelial cells (NCM460) and colonoids with pure DEFA5 on the secretion of signatures after 24hr. The control colonoids were not treated. 4. Treated colonoids with/without enterotoxins for 14 days and the spent medium were collected and determined by quantitative expression of DEFA5, CCLCs and other biologic signatures. The experiments were repeated twice. Three statistical methods were used: (i) Univariate analysis; (ii) LASSO; and (iii) Elastic net. DEFA5 bioassay discriminated CC and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a cohort of IC patients with accuracy. A fit logistic model with group CC and UC as the outcome and the DEFA5 as independent variable differentiator with a positive predictive value of 96 percent. IHC staining of CC for MUC6 and DEFA5 stained in different locations indicating that DEFA5 is not co-expressed in UACL and is therefore NOT the genesis of CC, rather a secretagogue for specific signature(s) that underlie the distinct crypt pathobiology of CC. Notably, we observed expansion of signatures after DEFA5 treatment on NCM460 and colonoids cells expressed at different times, intervals, and intensity. These factors are key stem cell niche regulators leading to DEFA5 secreting CCLCs differentiation 'the colonic ectopy ileal metaplasia formation' conspicuously of pathogenic importance in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Williams
- Department of Biology, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alexander T. Hawkins
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Samuel D. James
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Health Systems VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nian Hui
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Izban
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Regina S. Offodile
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Billy R. Ballard
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Duane T. Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xuan-Zheng Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Digna S. Forbes
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amosy E. M’Koma
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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18
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García-Galindo G, Castro J, Matés J, Bravo M, Ribó M, Vilanova M, Benito A. The Selectivity for Tumor Cells of Nuclear-Directed Cytotoxic RNases Is Mediated by the Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Distribution of p27 KIP1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051319. [PMID: 33801209 PMCID: PMC7957890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although single targeted anti-cancer drugs are envisaged as safer treatments because they do not affect normal cells, cancer is a very complex disease to be eradicated with a single targeted drug. Alternatively, multi-targeted drugs may be more effective and the tumor cells may be less prone to develop drug resistance although these drugs may be less specific for cancer cells. We have previously developed a new strategy to endow human pancreatic ribonuclease with antitumor action by introducing in its sequence a non-classical nuclear localization signal. These engineered proteins cleave multiple species of nuclear RNA promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. Interestingly, these enzymes, on ovarian cancer cells, affect the expression of multiple genes implicated in metabolic and signaling pathways that are critic for the development of cancer. Since most of these targeted pathways are not highly relevant for non-proliferating cells, we envisioned the possibility that nuclear directed-ribonucleases were specific for tumor cells. Here, we show that these enzymes are much more cytotoxic for tumor cells in vitro. Although the mechanism of selectivity of NLSPE5 is not fully understood, herein we show that p27KIP1 displays an important role on the higher resistance of non-tumor cells to these ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria García-Galindo
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Jessica Castro
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Matés
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marlon Bravo
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Ribó
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Vilanova
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (A.B.); Tel.: +34-972418173 (M.V.); +34-630415072 (A.B.)
| | - Antoni Benito
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (A.B.); Tel.: +34-972418173 (M.V.); +34-630415072 (A.B.)
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19
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Engevik MA, Danhof HA, Ruan W, Engevik AC, Chang-Graham AL, Engevik KA, Shi Z, Zhao Y, Brand CK, Krystofiak ES, Venable S, Liu X, Hirschi KD, Hyser JM, Spinler JK, Britton RA, Versalovic J. Fusobacterium nucleatum Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation. mBio 2021; 12:e02706-20. [PMID: 33653893 PMCID: PMC8092269 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02706-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have implicated microbes in the development of inflammation, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Bacteria in the genus Fusobacterium have been identified in the intestinal mucosa of patients with digestive diseases; thus, we hypothesized that Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes intestinal inflammation. The addition of >50 kDa F. nucleatum conditioned media, which contain outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), to colonic epithelial cells stimulated secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition, purified F. nucleatum OMVs, but not compounds <50 kDa, stimulated IL-8 and TNF production; which was decreased by pharmacological inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These effects were linked to downstream effectors p-ERK, p-CREB, and NF-κB. F. nucleatum >50-kDa compounds also stimulated TNF secretion, p-ERK, p-CREB, and NF-κB activation in human colonoid monolayers. In mice harboring a human microbiota, pretreatment with antibiotics and a single oral gavage of F. nucleatum resulted in inflammation. Compared to mice receiving vehicle control, mice treated with F. nucleatum showed disruption of the colonic architecture, with increased immune cell infiltration and depleted mucus layers. Analysis of mucosal gene expression revealed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (KC, TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ, and MCP-1) at day 3 and day 5 in F. nucleatum-treated mice compared to controls. These proinflammatory effects were absent in mice who received F. nucleatum without pretreatment with antibiotics, suggesting that an intact microbiome is protective against F. nucleatum-mediated immune responses. These data provide evidence that F. nucleatum promotes proinflammatory signaling cascades in the context of a depleted intestinal microbiome.IMPORTANCE Several studies have identified an increased abundance of Fusobacterium in the intestinal tracts of patients with colon cancer, liver cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, HIV infection, and alcoholism. However, the direct mechanism(s) of action of Fusobacterium on pathophysiological within the gastrointestinal tract is unclear. These studies have identified that F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum releases outer membrane vesicles which activate TLR4 and NF-κB to stimulate proinflammatory signals in vitro Using mice harboring a human microbiome, we demonstrate that F. nucleatum can promote inflammation, an effect which required antibiotic-mediated alterations in the gut microbiome. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanism by which F. nucleatum may contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather A Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexandra L Chang-Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Colleen K Brand
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kendal D Hirschi
- Department of Pediatrics and Human and Molecular Genetics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer K Spinler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Muraleedharan CK, Mierzwiak J, Feier D, Nusrat A, Quiros M. Generation of Murine Primary Colon Epithelial Monolayers from Intestinal Crypts. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62156. [PMID: 33616118 PMCID: PMC11005906 DOI: 10.3791/62156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is comprised of a single layer of cells that act as a barrier between the gut lumen and the interior of the body. Disruption in the continuity of this barrier can result in inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. One of the limitations in the study of intestinal epithelial biology has been the lack of primary cell culture models, which has obliged researchers to use model cell lines derived from carcinomas. The advent of three dimensional (3D) enteroids has given epithelial biologists a powerful tool to generate primary cell cultures, nevertheless, these structures are embedded in extracellular matrix and lack the maturity characteristic of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. Several techniques to generate intestinal epithelial monolayers have been published, but most are derived from established 3D enteroids making the process laborious and expensive. Here we describe a protocol to generate primary epithelial colon monolayers directly from murine intestinal crypts. We also detail experimental approaches that can be used with this model such as the generation of confluent cultures on permeable filters, confluent monolayer for scratch wound healing studies and sparse and confluent monolayers for immunofluorescence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Mierzwiak
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan
| | - Darius Feier
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan;
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21
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Türlü C, Willumsen N, Marando D, Schjerling P, Biskup E, Hannibal J, Jorgensen LN, Ågren MS. A Human Cellular Model for Colorectal Anastomotic Repair: The Effect of Localization and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Treatment on Collagen Deposition and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041616. [PMID: 33562728 PMCID: PMC7914853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a devastating complication after colorectal surgery, possibly due to the loss of stabilizing collagen fibers in the submucosa. Our aim was to assess the formation of collagen in the colon versus the rectum with or without transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 exposure in a human cellular model of colorectal repair. Primary fibroblasts were isolated by an explant procedure from clinically resected tissue rings during anastomosis construction in 19 consecutive colorectal patients who underwent laparoscopy. The cells, identified as fibroblasts by morphologic characteristics and flow cytometry analysis (CD90+), were cultured for 8 days and in 12 patients in the presence of 1 ng/mL TGF-β1. Total collagen deposition was measured colorimetrically after Sirius red staining of fixed cell layers, and type I, III, and VI collagen biosynthesis and degradation were specifically determined by the biomarkers PINP, PRO-C3, PRO-C6, and C3M in conditioned media by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Total collagen deposition by fibroblasts from the colon and rectum did not significantly differ. TGF-β1 treatment increased PINP, PRO-C6, and total collagen deposition. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 treatment increased COL1A1 and ACTA2 (encoding α-smooth muscle actin), and decreased COL6A1 and MMP2 mRNA levels in colorectal fibroblasts. In conclusion, we found no effect of anatomic localization on collagen production by fibroblasts derived from the large intestine. TGF-β1 represents a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of AL by increasing type I collagen synthesis and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Türlü
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
| | | | - Debora Marando
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edyta Biskup
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars N. Jorgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus S. Ågren
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3863-5954
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22
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May-Zhang AA, Tycksen E, Southard-Smith AN, Deal KK, Benthal JT, Buehler DP, Adam M, Simmons AJ, Monaghan JR, Matlock BK, Flaherty DK, Potter SS, Lau KS, Southard-Smith EM. Combinatorial Transcriptional Profiling of Mouse and Human Enteric Neurons Identifies Shared and Disparate Subtypes In Situ. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:755-770.e26. [PMID: 33010250 PMCID: PMC7878294 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates essential intestinal functions through the concerted action of diverse enteric neurons (ENs). However, integrated molecular knowledge of EN subtypes is lacking. To compare human and mouse ENs, we transcriptionally profiled healthy ENS from adult humans and mice. We aimed to identify transcripts marking discrete neuron subtypes and visualize conserved EN subtypes for humans and mice in multiple bowel regions. METHODS Human myenteric ganglia and adjacent smooth muscle were isolated by laser-capture microdissection for RNA sequencing. Ganglia-specific transcriptional profiles were identified by computationally subtracting muscle gene signatures. Nuclei from mouse myenteric neurons were isolated and subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing, totaling more than 4 billion reads and 25,208 neurons. Neuronal subtypes were defined using mouse single-nucleus RNA sequencing data. Comparative informatics between human and mouse data sets identified shared EN subtype markers, which were visualized in situ using hybridization chain reaction. RESULTS Several EN subtypes in the duodenum, ileum, and colon are conserved between humans and mice based on orthologous gene expression. However, some EN subtype-specific genes from mice are expressed in completely distinct morphologically defined subtypes in humans. In mice, we identified several neuronal subtypes that stably express gene modules across all intestinal segments, with graded, regional expression of 1 or more marker genes. CONCLUSIONS Our combined transcriptional profiling of human myenteric ganglia and mouse EN provides a rich foundation for developing novel intestinal therapeutics. There is congruency among some EN subtypes, but we note multiple species differences that should be carefully considered when relating findings from mouse ENS research to human gastrointestinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A May-Zhang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Austin N Southard-Smith
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Karen K Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph T Benthal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mike Adam
- University of Cincinnati Children's Medical Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R Monaghan
- Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brittany K Matlock
- Office of Shared Resources, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David K Flaherty
- Office of Shared Resources, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S Steven Potter
- University of Cincinnati Children's Medical Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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23
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Jiang P, Zheng W, Sun X, Jiang G, Wu S, Xu Y, Song S, Ai C. Sulfated polysaccharides from Undaria pinnatifida improved high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in BALB/c mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 167:1587-1597. [PMID: 33217459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Undaria pinnatifida was shown to reduce serum lipids and fat accumulation and produce beneficial effect on type 2 diabetes, but its effect on intestinal micro-ecology remains unclear. This study showed that sulfated polysaccharides from U. pinnatifida (UPSP) reduced weight gain, fat accumulation and metabolic disorders in mice fed with high fat diet (HFD). UPSP not only alleviated HFD-induced microbiota dysbiosis indicated as increased abundances of some Bacteroidales members that had positive correlations with the improvement of physiological indexes, but also maintained gut barrier integrity and reduced metabolic endotoxemia. A dose-effect relationship was observed between the dose of UPSP and its effect on some physiological indexes, gut microbiota community and nutrient utilization. The in vitro result showed that the use of Bacteroides species within Bacteroidales on UPSP was species-dependent, and the dose of UPSP affected the growth properties of some Bacteroides species. It implied that UPSP can be considered as prebiotic agent to prevent gut dysbiosis and obesity-related diseases in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingrui Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Weiyun Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Xiaona Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Guoping Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Chunqing Ai
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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24
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Han Y, Duan X, Yang L, Nilsson-Payant BE, Wang P, Duan F, Tang X, Yaron TM, Zhang T, Uhl S, Bram Y, Richardson C, Zhu J, Zhao Z, Redmond D, Houghton S, Nguyen DHT, Xu D, Wang X, Jessurun J, Borczuk A, Huang Y, Johnson JL, Liu Y, Xiang J, Wang H, Cantley LC, tenOever BR, Ho DD, Pan FC, Evans T, Chen HJ, Schwartz RE, Chen S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids. Nature 2021; 589:270-275. [PMID: 33116299 PMCID: PMC8034380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to create novel models using human disease-relevant cells to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) biology and to facilitate drug screening. Here, as SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, we developed a lung organoid model using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-LOs). The hPSC-LOs (particularly alveolar type-II-like cells) are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and showed robust induction of chemokines following SARS-CoV-2 infection, similar to what is seen in patients with COVID-19. Nearly 25% of these patients also have gastrointestinal manifestations, which are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes1. We therefore also generated complementary hPSC-derived colonic organoids (hPSC-COs) to explore the response of colonic cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that multiple colonic cell types, especially enterocytes, express ACE2 and are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using hPSC-LOs, we performed a high-throughput screen of drugs approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) and identified entry inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, including imatinib, mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride. Treatment at physiologically relevant levels of these drugs significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of both hPSC-LOs and hPSC-COs. Together, these data demonstrate that hPSC-LOs and hPSC-COs infected by SARS-CoV-2 can serve as disease models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide a valuable resource for drug screening to identify candidate COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Han
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuliu Yang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fuyu Duan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xuming Tang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomer M Yaron
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Skyler Uhl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chanel Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Duc-Huy T Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Jessurun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Wells N, Quigley J, Pascua J, Pinkowski N, Almaiman L, Brasser SM, Hong MY. Effects of low-to-moderate ethanol consumption on colonic growth and gene expression in young adult and middle-aged male rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243499. [PMID: 33326448 PMCID: PMC7743962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor associated with colorectal cancer; however, some epidemiological studies have reported that moderate alcohol consumption may not contribute additional risk or may provide a protective effect reducing colorectal cancer risk. Prior research highlights the importance of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis as parameters to consider when evaluating colonic cell growth and tumorigenesis. The present study investigated whether chronic low-to-moderate ethanol consumption altered these parameters of colonic cell growth and expression of related genes. Twenty-four nondeprived young adult (109 days old) and 24 nondeprived middle-aged (420 days old) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to an ethanol-exposed or a water control group (n = 12/group). The ethanol group was provided voluntary access to a 20% v/v ethanol solution on alternate days for 13 weeks. Colon tissues were collected for quantitative immunohistochemical analyses of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis using Ki-67, goblet cell and TUNEL, respectively. Gene expression of cyclin D1 (Ccnd1), Cdk2, Cdk4, p21waf1/cip1 (Cdkn1a), E-cadherin (Cdh1) and p53 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in colonic scraped mucosa. Ethanol treatment resulted in a lower cell proliferation index and proliferative zone, and lower Cdk2 expression in both age groups, as well as trends toward lower Ccnd1 and higher Cdkn1a expression. Cell differentiation was modestly but significantly reduced by ethanol treatment only in older animals. Overall, older rats showed decreases in apoptosis and gene expression of Cdk4, Cdh1, and p53 compared to younger rats, but there was no observed effect of ethanol exposure on these measures. These findings suggest that low-to-moderate ethanol consumption improves at least one notable parameter in colonic tumorigenesis (cell proliferation) and associated gene expression regardless of age, however, selectively decreased cell differentiation among older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wells
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Quigley
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Pascua
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pinkowski
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lama Almaiman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Brasser
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Rajasekar S, Lin DSY, Abdul L, Liu A, Sotra A, Zhang F, Zhang B. IFlowPlate-A Customized 384-Well Plate for the Culture of Perfusable Vascularized Colon Organoids. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002974. [PMID: 33000879 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the complexity and structural sophistication that 3D organoid models provide, their lack of vascularization and perfusion limit the capability of these models to recapitulate organ physiology effectively. A microfluidic platform named IFlowPlate is engineered, which can be used to culture up to 128 independently perfused and vascularized colon organoids in vitro. Unlike traditional microfluidic devices, the vascularized organoid-on-chip device with an "open-well" design does not require any external pumping systems and allows tissue extraction for downstream analyses, such as histochemistry or even in vivo transplantation. By optimizing both the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the culture media formulation, patient-derived colon organoids are co-cultured successfully within a self-assembled vascular network, and it is found that the colon organoids grow significantly better in the platform under constant perfusion versus conventional static condition. Furthermore, a colon inflammation model with an innate immune function where circulating monocytes can be recruited from the vasculature, differentiate into macrophage, and infiltrate the colon organoids in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- inflammatory cytokine stimulation is developed using the platform. With the ability to grow vascularized colon organoids under intravascular perfusion, the IFlowPlate platform could unlock new possibilities for screening potential therapeutic targets or modeling relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravanthi Rajasekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Dawn S Y Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Lyan Abdul
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Amy Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Alexander Sotra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
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Zhang T, Ahn K, Emerick B, Modarai SR, Opdenaker LM, Palazzo J, Schleiniger G, Fields JZ, Boman BM. APC mutations in human colon lead to decreased neuroendocrine maturation of ALDH+ stem cells that alters GLP-2 and SST feedback signaling: Clue to a link between WNT and retinoic acid signalling in colon cancer development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239601. [PMID: 33112876 PMCID: PMC7592776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APC mutations drive human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. A major contributing factor is colonic stem cell (SC) overpopulation. But, the mechanism has not been fully identified. A possible mechanism is the dysregulation of neuroendocrine cell (NEC) maturation by APC mutations because SCs and NECs both reside together in the colonic crypt SC niche where SCs mature into NECs. So, we hypothesized that sequential inactivation of APC alleles in human colonic crypts leads to progressively delayed maturation of SCs into NECs and overpopulation of SCs. Accordingly, we used quantitative immunohistochemical mapping to measure indices and proportions of SCs and NECs in human colon tissues (normal, adenomatous, malignant), which have different APC-zygosity states. In normal crypts, many cells staining for the colonic SC marker ALDH1 co-stained for chromogranin-A (CGA) and other NEC markers. In contrast, in APC-mutant tissues from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, the proportion of ALDH+ SCs progressively increased while NECs markedly decreased. To explain how these cell populations change in FAP tissues, we used mathematical modelling to identify kinetic mechanisms. Computational analyses indicated that APC mutations lead to: 1) decreased maturation of ALDH+ SCs into progenitor NECs (not progenitor NECs into mature NECs); 2) diminished feedback signaling by mature NECs. Biological experiments using human CRC cell lines to test model predictions showed that mature GLP-2R+ and SSTR1+ NECs produce, via their signaling peptides, opposing effects on rates of NEC maturation via feedback regulation of progenitor NECs. However, decrease in this feedback signaling wouldn't explain the delayed maturation because both progenitor and mature NECs are depleted in CRCs. So the mechanism for delayed maturation must explain how APC mutation causes the ALDH+ SCs to remain immature. Given that ALDH is a key component of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, that other components of the RA pathway are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, and that exogenous RA ligands can induce ALDH+ cancer SCs to mature into NECs, RA signaling must be attenuated in ALDH+ SCs in CRC. Thus, attenuation of RA signaling explains why ALDH+ SCs remain immature in APC mutant tissues. Since APC mutation causes increased WNT signaling in FAP and we found that sequential inactivation of APC in FAP patient tissues leads to progressively delayed maturation of colonic ALDH+ SCs, the hypothesis is developed that human CRC evolves due to an imbalance between WNT and RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Koree Ahn
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Brooks Emerick
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Shirin R. Modarai
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Opdenaker
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Juan Palazzo
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Schleiniger
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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Ščupáková K, Dewez F, Walch AK, Heeren RMA, Balluff B. Morphometric Cell Classification for Single-Cell MALDI-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17447-17450. [PMID: 32668069 PMCID: PMC7540554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale and label-free molecular characterization of single cells in their natural tissue habitat remains a major challenge in molecular biology. We present a method that integrates morphometric image analysis to delineate and classify individual cells with their single-cell-specific molecular profiles. This approach provides a new means to study spatial biological processes such as cancer field effects and the relationship between morphometric and molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Ščupáková
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I)University of MaastrichtUniversiteitssingel 506200 MDMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Dewez
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I)University of MaastrichtUniversiteitssingel 506200 MDMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (MSLab)University of LiègeBelgium
| | - Axel K. Walch
- Research Unit Analytical PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenOberschleißheimGermany
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I)University of MaastrichtUniversiteitssingel 506200 MDMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I)University of MaastrichtUniversiteitssingel 506200 MDMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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29
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Mancini NL, Rajeev S, Jayme TS, Wang A, Keita ÅV, Workentine ML, Hamed S, Söderholm JD, Lopes F, Shutt TE, Shearer J, McKay DM. Crohn's Disease Pathobiont Adherent-Invasive E coli Disrupts Epithelial Mitochondrial Networks With Implications for Gut Permeability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:551-571. [PMID: 32992049 PMCID: PMC7797367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. As a novel aspect of adherent-invasive E coli-epithelial interaction, we hypothesized that E coli (strain LF82) would elicit substantial disruption of epithelial mitochondrial form and function. METHODS Monolayers of human colon-derived epithelial cell lines were exposed to E coli-LF82 or commensal E coli and RNA sequence analysis, mitochondrial function (adenosine triphosphate synthesis) and dynamics (mitochondrial network imaging, immunoblotting for fission and fusion proteins), and epithelial permeability (transepithelial resistance, flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and bacteria) were assessed. RESULTS E coli-LF82 significantly affected epithelial expression of ∼8600 genes, many relating to mitochondrial function. E coli-LF82-infected epithelia showed swollen mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial network: events not observed with dead E coli-LF82, medium from bacterial cultures, or control E coli. Treatment with Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1, inhibits dynamin-related peptide 1, guanosine triphosphatase principally responsible for mitochondrial fission) or P110 (prevents dynamin-related peptide 1 binding to mitochondrial fission 1 protein) partially reduced E coli-LF82-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in the short term. E coli-LF82-infected epithelia showed loss of the long isoform of optic atrophy factor 1, which mediates mitochondrial fusion. Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 reduced the magnitude of E coli-LF82-induced increased transepithelial flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran. By 8 hours after infection, increased cytosolic cytochrome C and DNA fragmentation were apparent without evidence of caspase-3 or apoptosis inducing factor activation. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial mitochondrial fragmentation caused by E coli-LF82 could be targeted to maintain cellular homeostasis and mitigate infection-induced loss of epithelial barrier function. Data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO series accession numbers GSE154121 and GSE154122 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE154121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sruthi Rajeev
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy S Jayme
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Samira Hamed
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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30
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Drokhlyansky E, Smillie CS, Van Wittenberghe N, Ericsson M, Griffin GK, Eraslan G, Dionne D, Cuoco MS, Goder-Reiser MN, Sharova T, Kuksenko O, Aguirre AJ, Boland GM, Graham D, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Xavier RJ, Regev A. The Human and Mouse Enteric Nervous System at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell 2020; 182:1606-1622.e23. [PMID: 32888429 PMCID: PMC8358727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates diverse functions in the intestine but has eluded comprehensive molecular characterization because of the rarity and diversity of cells. Here we develop two methods to profile the ENS of adult mice and humans at single-cell resolution: RAISIN RNA-seq for profiling intact nuclei with ribosome-bound mRNA and MIRACL-seq for label-free enrichment of rare cell types by droplet-based profiling. The 1,187,535 nuclei in our mouse atlas include 5,068 neurons from the ileum and colon, revealing extraordinary neuron diversity. We highlight circadian expression changes in enteric neurons, show that disease-related genes are dysregulated with aging, and identify differences between the ileum and proximal/distal colon. In humans, we profile 436,202 nuclei, recovering 1,445 neurons, and identify conserved and species-specific transcriptional programs and putative neuro-epithelial, neuro-stromal, and neuro-immune interactions. The human ENS expresses risk genes for neuropathic, inflammatory, and extra-intestinal diseases, suggesting neuronal contributions to disease.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Circadian Clocks/genetics
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/ultrastructure
- Enteric Nervous System/cytology
- Enteric Nervous System/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Ileum/cytology
- Ileum/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nervous System Diseases/genetics
- Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nissl Bodies/genetics
- Nissl Bodies/metabolism
- Nissl Bodies/ultrastructure
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Seq
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Ribosomes/ultrastructure
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel K Griffin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gokcen Eraslan
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Cuoco
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Olena Kuksenko
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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31
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Tekes G, Ehmann R, Boulant S, Stanifer ML. Development of Feline Ileum- and Colon-Derived Organoids and Their Potential Use to Support Feline Coronavirus Infection. Cells 2020; 9:E2085. [PMID: 32932592 PMCID: PMC7563363 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect both wild and domestic cat populations world-wide. FCoVs present as two main biotypes: the mild feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and the fatal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). FIPV develops through mutations from FECV during a persistence infection. So far, the molecular mechanism of FECV-persistence and contributing factors for FIPV development may not be studied, since field FECV isolates do not grow in available cell culture models. In this work, we aimed at establishing feline ileum and colon organoids that allow the propagation of field FECVs. We have determined the best methods to isolate, culture and passage feline ileum and colon organoids. Importantly, we have demonstrated using GFP-expressing recombinant field FECV that colon organoids are able to support infection of FECV, which were unable to infect traditional feline cell culture models. These organoids in combination with recombinant FECVs can now open the door to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which FECV can persist in the gut for a longer period of time and how transition to FIPV is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany;
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Research Group “Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection”, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Zorraquín-Peña I, González de Llano D, Tamargo A, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Moderate Wine Consumption Reduces Faecal Water Cytotoxicity in Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092716. [PMID: 32899492 PMCID: PMC7551400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are some studies that suggest that moderate consumption of wine, as part of a healthy and balanced diet, has a favourable effect on intestinal health. This study evaluates the effect of moderate wine consumption on faecal water (FW) cytotoxicity as a parameter of gut health. To that end, faecal samples before and after a red wine intervention study (250 mL of wine/day, 4 weeks) in healthy volunteers (n = 8) and in a parallel control group (n = 3) were collected and assayed for in vitro FW cytotoxicity. Two reference compounds, phenol and p-cresol, were used for assessing the cytotoxicity assays using two colon epithelial cell lines (HT-29 and HCT 116) and different assay conditions (FW dilution and incubation time). For the two cell lines and all assay conditions, the means of percentage cell viability were higher (lower cytotoxicity) for samples collected after the red wine intervention than for those collected before, although significant (p < 0.05) differences were only found in certain assay conditions for both cell lines. Significant positive correlations between the percentage cell viability and the contents of some faecal metabolites (short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and phenolic acids (PA)) were found for the more resistant cell line (HCT 116), suggesting that the reduction in FW cytotoxicity observed after moderate red wine consumption was related to the production of microbial-derived metabolites such as SCFA and PA, whose faecal contents have been shown to increase after wine consumption. FW cytotoxicity can be deemed as a holistic biomarker that involves diet, gut microbiota and host.
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Pleguezuelos‐Manzano C, Puschhof J, van den Brink S, Geurts V, Beumer J, Clevers H. Establishment and Culture of Human Intestinal Organoids Derived from Adult Stem Cells. Curr Protoc Immunol 2020; 130:e106. [PMID: 32940424 PMCID: PMC9285512 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids derived from adult stem cells are miniature ex vivo versions of the human intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids are useful tools for the study of intestinal physiology as well as many disease conditions. These organoids present numerous advantages compared to immortalized cell lines, but working with them requires dedicated techniques. The protocols described in this article provide a basic guide to establishment and maintenance of human intestinal organoids derived from small intestine and colon biopsies. Additionally, this article provides an overview of several downstream applications of human intestinal organoids. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Establishment of human small intestine and colon organoid cultures from fresh biopsies Basic Protocol 2: Mechanical splitting, passage, and expansion of human intestinal organoids Alternate Protocol: Differentiation of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation and thawing of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 4: Immunofluorescence staining of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 5: Generation of single-cell clonal intestinal organoid cultures Support Protocol 1: Production of Wnt3A conditioned medium Support Protocol 2: Production of Rspo1 conditioned medium Support Protocol 3: Extraction of RNA from intestinal organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Pleguezuelos‐Manzano
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stieneke van den Brink
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Veerle Geurts
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Callahan S, Doster RS, Jackson JW, Kelley BR, Gaddy JA, Johnson JG. Induction of neutrophil extracellular traps by Campylobacter jejuni. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13210. [PMID: 32329205 PMCID: PMC7354212 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial-derived gastroenteritis worldwide and can lead to several post-infectious inflammatory disorders. Despite the prevalence and health impacts of the bacterium, interactions between the host innate immune system and C. jejuni remain poorly understood. To expand on earlier work demonstrating that neutrophils traffic to the site of infection in an animal model of campylobacteriosis, we identified significant increases in several predominantly neutrophil-derived proteins in the faeces of C. jejuni-infected patients, including lipocalin-2, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase. In addition to demonstrating that these proteins significantly inhibited C. jejuni growth, we determined they are released during formation of C. jejuni-induced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we found that purified human neutrophils are activated by C. jejuni and exhibit signatures of NET generation, including presence of protein arginine deiminase-4, histone citrullination, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase release and DNA extrusion. Production of NETs correlated with C. jejuni phagocytosis/endocytosis and invasion of neutrophils suggesting that host- and bacterial-mediated activities are responsible for NET induction. Further, NET-like structures were observed within intestinal tissue of C. jejuni-infected ferrets. Finally, induction of NETs significantly increased human colonocyte cytotoxicity, indicating that NET formation during C. jejuni infection may contribute to observed tissue pathology. These findings provide further understanding of C. jejuni-neutrophil interactions and inflammatory responses during campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Callahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Brittni R Kelley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremiah G Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Stanifer ML, Kee C, Cortese M, Zumaran CM, Triana S, Mukenhirn M, Kraeusslich HG, Alexandrov T, Bartenschlager R, Boulant S. Critical Role of Type III Interferon in Controlling SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107863. [PMID: 32610043 PMCID: PMC7303637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an unprecedented worldwide health problem that requires concerted and global approaches to stop the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets lung epithelium cells, there is growing evidence that the intestinal epithelium is also infected. Here, using both colon-derived cell lines and primary non-transformed colon organoids, we engage in the first comprehensive analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle in human intestinal epithelial cells (hIECs). Our results demonstrate that hIECs fully support SARS-CoV-2 infection, replication, and production of infectious de novo virus particles. We found that viral infection elicits an extremely robust intrinsic immune response where interferon-mediated responses are efficient at controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication and de novo virus production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that hIECs are a productive site of SARS-CoV-2 replication and suggest that the enteric phase of SARS-CoV-2 may participate in the pathologies observed in COVID-19 patients by contributing to increasing patient viremia and fueling an exacerbated cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Carmon Kee
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Camila Metz Zumaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kraeusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Theodore Alexandrov
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Division "Virus-associated Carcinogenesis," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner site, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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Lewis JE, Miedzybrodzka EL, Foreman RE, Woodward ORM, Kay RG, Goldspink DA, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Selective stimulation of colonic L cells improves metabolic outcomes in mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1396-1407. [PMID: 32342115 PMCID: PMC7286941 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin-like peptide-5 (INSL5) is found only in distal colonic L cells, which co-express glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). GLP-1 is a well-known insulin secretagogue, and GLP-1 and PYY are anorexigenic, whereas INSL5 is considered orexigenic. We aimed to clarify the metabolic impact of selective stimulation of distal colonic L cells in mice. METHODS Insl5 promoter-driven expression of Gq-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) was employed to activate distal colonic L cells (LdistalDq). IPGTT and food intake were assessed with and without DREADD activation. RESULTS LdistalDq cell stimulation with clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY (2.67- and 3.31-fold, respectively); INSL5 was not measurable in plasma but was co-secreted with GLP-1 and PYY in vitro. IPGTT (2 g/kg body weight) revealed significantly improved glucose tolerance following CNO injection. CNO-treated mice also exhibited reduced food intake and body weight after 24 h, and increased defecation, the latter being sensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 3 inhibition. Pre-treatment with a GLP1 receptor-blocking antibody neutralised the CNO-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance but did not affect the reduction in food intake, and an independent group of animals pair-fed to the CNO-treatment group demonstrated attenuated weight loss. Pre-treatment with JNJ-31020028, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 antagonist, abolished the CNO-dependent effect on food intake. Assessment of whole body physiology in metabolic cages revealed LdistalDq cell stimulation increased energy expenditure and increased activity. Acute CNO-induced food intake and glucose homeostasis outcomes were maintained after 2 weeks on a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that selective distal colonic L cell stimulation has beneficial metabolic outcomes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Rachel E Foreman
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
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Gunasegaran B, Neilsen PM, Smid SD. P53 activation suppresses irinotecan metabolite SN-38-induced cell damage in non-malignant but not malignant epithelial colonic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104908. [PMID: 32502622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutlin-3a is a p53 activator and potential cyclotherapy approach that may also mitigate side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of colorectal cancer. We investigated cell proliferation in a panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with wild-type or mutant p53, as well as a non-tumorigenic fetal intestinal cell line following Nutlin-3a treatment (10 μM). We then assessed apoptosis at 24 and 48 h following administration of the active irinotecan metabolite, SN-38 (0.001 μM - 1 μM), alone or following pre-treatment with Nutlin-3a (10 μM). Nutlin-3a treatment (10 μM) significantly reduced proliferation in wild-type p53 expressing cell lines (FHS 74 and HCT116+/+) at 72 and 96 h, but was without effect in cell lines with mutated or deleted p53 (Caco-2, SW480, and HCT 116-/-). SN-38 treatment induced significant apoptosis in all cell lines after 48 h. Nutlin-3a unexpectedly increased cell death in the p53 wild-type CRC cell line, HCT116+/+, while Nutlin-3a pre-treatment provided protection from SN-38 in the p53 wild-type normal cell line, FHs 74. These results demonstrate Nutlin-3a's selective growth-arresting efficacy in p53 wild-type non-malignant intestinal cell lines, enabling the selective targeting of malignant cells with chemotherapy drugs. These studies highlight the potential of Nutlin-3a to minimise intestinal mucosal damage following chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavani Gunasegaran
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul M Neilsen
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Munro MJ, Peng L, Wickremesekera SK, Tan ST. Colon adenocarcinoma-derived cells that express induced-pluripotent stem cell markers possess stem cell function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232934. [PMID: 32428045 PMCID: PMC7236985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Much work has been done to find markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that distinguish them from the tumor bulk cells and normal cells. Recent CSC research has applied the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) concept. In this study, we investigated the expression of a panel of iPSC markers in primary colon adenocarcinoma (CA)-derived cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of iPSC markers by CA-derived primary cell lines was interrogated using immunocytochemistry, western blotting and RT-qPCR. The stem cell function of these cells was then assessed in vitro using differentiation and tumorsphere assays. RESULTS Expression of iPSC markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 and c-MYC was more widespread in high-grade CA (HGCA) cell lines than low-grade CA (LGCA) cell lines, as demonstrated by western blotting and RT-qPCR. These cells could be induced to differentiate down the three embryonic lineages. Cells derived from HGCA were more capable of forming tumorspheres than those derived from LGCA. EpCAM sorting revealed that a population enriched for EpCAMHigh cells formed larger tumorspheres than EpCAMLow cells. Pluripotency markers, SSEA4 and TRA-1-60, were co-expressed by a small subpopulation of cells that also co-expressed SOX2 in 75% and OCT4 in 50% of the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS CA-derived primary cell lines contain tumorsphere-forming cells which express key pluripotency genes and can differentiate down 3 embryonic lineages, suggesting a pluripotent CSC-like phenotype. There appear to be two iPSC-like subpopulations, one with high EpCAM expression which forms larger tumorspheres than another with low EpCAM expression. Furthermore, these cells can be characterized based on iPSC marker expression, as we have previously demonstrated in the original CA tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Munro
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susrutha K. Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of General Surgery, Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Section, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kurahashi M, Kito Y, Hara M, Takeyama H, Sanders KM, Hashitani H. Norepinephrine Has Dual Effects on Human Colonic Contractions Through Distinct Subtypes of Alpha 1 Adrenoceptors. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:658-671.e1. [PMID: 32376421 PMCID: PMC7474159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colonic musculature contain smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α+ cells (PDGFRα+ cells), which are electrically coupled and operate together as the SIP syncytium. PDGFRα+ cells have enriched expression of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels. Purinergic enteric neural input activates SK channels in PDGFRα+ cells, hyperpolarizes SMC, and inhibits colonic contractions. Recently we discovered that PDGFRα+ cells in mouse colon have enriched expression of α1A adrenoceptors (ARs), which coupled to activation of SK channels and inhibited colonic motility, and α1A ARs were principal targets for sympathetic regulation of colonic motility. Here we investigated whether PDGFRα+ cells in human colon express α1A ARs and share the roles as targets for sympathetic regulation of colonic motility. METHODS Isometric tension recording, intracellular recording, and Ca2+ imaging were performed on muscles of the human colon. Responses to α1 ARs agonists or electric field stimulation with AR antagonists and neuroleptic reagents were studied. RESULTS Exogenous or endogenous norepinephrine released from nerve fibers inhibited colonic contractions through binding to α1A ARs or enhanced colonic contractions by acting on α1D ARs. Inhibitory responses were blocked by apamin, an antagonist of SK channels. Phenylephrine, α1 AR agonists, or norepinephrine increased intracellular [Ca2+] in PDGFRα+ cells, but not in ICC, and hyperpolarized SMCs by binding to α1 ARs expressed by PDGFRα+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Human colonic contractions are inhibited by α1A ARs expressed in PDGFRα+ cells and activated by α1D ARs expressed in SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.
| | - Yoshihiko Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masayasu Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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40
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Santinelli L, Ceccarelli G, Borrazzo C, Innocenti GP, Frasca F, Cavallari EN, Celani L, Nonne C, Mastroianni CM, d'Ettorre G. Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:23. [PMID: 32357901 PMCID: PMC7195770 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender-specific studies remain a neglected area of biomedical research. Recent reports have emphasized that sex-related biological factors may affect disease progression during HIV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sex on the levels of immune activation in the gut and in peripheral blood of individuals with HIV treated with fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Thirty individuals with HIV undergoing long-term fully suppressive ART were enrolled in this study. Lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from gut biopsies collected by pancolonoscopy and peripheral blood samples. The expression of markers of immune activation was evaluated by multi-parametric flow cytometry. This is a sub analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02276326 RESULTS: We observed differences in the levels of immune activation in the gut and in PBMCs, with values higher in the gut compartment compared to PBMCs. In addition, we found that the mean value of the levels of immune activation was higher in the women than in the men. Finally, we measured the markers of immune activation by mean relative difference (MRD) and confirmed the higher value in the women. CONCLUSION A significant sex-related difference in the level of immune activation was observed in a population of individuals with HIV on long-term ART. A more complete characterization of these differences may support the introduction of sex-specific approaches in the clinical management of individuals with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Frasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Celani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Nonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Guan X, Zheng X, Vong CT, Zhao J, Xiao J, Wang Y, Zhong Z. Combined effects of berberine and evodiamine on colorectal cancer cells and cardiomyocytes in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 875:173031. [PMID: 32109457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545002, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Jinyao Zhao
- Hunan Testing Institute of Product and Commodity Supervision, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China.
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
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Ambrosini YM, Park Y, Jergens AE, Shin W, Min S, Atherly T, Borcherding DC, Jang J, Allenspach K, Mochel JP, Kim HJ. Recapitulation of the accessible interface of biopsy-derived canine intestinal organoids to study epithelial-luminal interactions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231423. [PMID: 32302323 PMCID: PMC7164685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in canine intestinal organoids have expanded the option for building a better in vitro model to investigate translational science of intestinal physiology and pathology between humans and animals. However, the three-dimensional geometry and the enclosed lumen of canine intestinal organoids considerably hinder the access to the apical side of epithelium for investigating the nutrient and drug absorption, host-microbiome crosstalk, and pharmaceutical toxicity testing. Thus, the creation of a polarized epithelial interface accessible from apical or basolateral side is critical. Here, we demonstrated the generation of an intestinal epithelial monolayer using canine biopsy-derived colonic organoids (colonoids). We optimized the culture condition to form an intact monolayer of the canine colonic epithelium on a nanoporous membrane insert using the canine colonoids over 14 days. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed a physiological brush border interface covered by the microvilli with glycocalyx, as well as the presence of mucin granules, tight junctions, and desmosomes. The population of stem cells as well as differentiated lineage-dependent epithelial cells were verified by immunofluorescence staining and RNA in situ hybridization. The polarized expression of P-glycoprotein efflux pump was confirmed at the apical membrane. Also, the epithelial monolayer formed tight- and adherence-junctional barrier within 4 days, where the transepithelial electrical resistance and apparent permeability were inversely correlated. Hence, we verified the stable creation, maintenance, differentiation, and physiological function of a canine intestinal epithelial barrier, which can be useful for pharmaceutical and biomedical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko M. Ambrosini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Yejin Park
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Todd Atherly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Borcherding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JPM)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JPM)
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Abstract
Advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) biology now allow the generation of organoids that resemble different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Generation of region-specific organoids has been facilitated by developmental biology studies carried out in model organisms such as mouse, frog and chick. By mimicking embryonic development, hPSC-derived human colonic organoids (HCOs) can be generated through a stepwise differentiation, first into definitive endoderm (DE), then into mid/hindgut spheroids which are then patterned into posterior gut tissue which gives rise to HCOs following prolonged in vitro culture. HCOs undergo transitions similar to those observed in the developing colon of model organisms and human embryos. HCOs develop into tissue that resembles fetal colon on the basis of morphology, gene expression and presence of differentiated cell types. Generation of HCOs without the proper training or expertise can be a daunting task. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into HCOs, we include suggestions for troubleshooting these differentiations, and we discuss experimental design considerations. We have also highlighted the key advantages and limitations of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Daoud
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jorge O Múnera
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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McClintock SD, Attili D, Dame MK, Richter A, Silvestri SS, Berner MM, Bohm MS, Karpoff K, McCarthy CL, Spence JR, Varani J, Aslam MN. Differentiation of human colon tissue in culture: Effects of calcium on trans-epithelial electrical resistance and tissue cohesive properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222058. [PMID: 32134920 PMCID: PMC7058309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Human colonoid cultures maintained under low-calcium (0.25 mM) conditions undergo differentiation spontaneously and, concomitantly, express a high level of tight junction proteins, but not desmosomal proteins. When calcium is included to a final concentration of 1.5–3.0 mM (provided either as a single agent or as a combination of calcium and additional minerals), there is little change in tight junction protein expression but a strong up-regulation of desmosomal proteins and an increase in desmosome formation. The aim of this study was to assess the functional consequences of calcium-mediated differences in barrier protein expression. Methods Human colonoid-derived epithelial cells were interrogated in transwell culture under low- or high-calcium conditions for monolayer integrity and ion permeability by measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across the confluent monolayer. Colonoid cohesiveness was assessed in parallel. Results TEER values were high in the low-calcium environment but increased in response to calcium. In addition, colonoid cohesiveness increased substantially with calcium supplementation. In both assays, the response to multi-mineral intervention was greater than the response to calcium alone. Consistent with these findings, several components of tight junctions were expressed at 0.25 mM calcium but these did not increase substantially with supplementation. Cadherin-17 and desmoglein-2, in contrast, were weakly-expressed under low calcium conditions but increased with intervention. Conclusions These findings indicate that low ambient calcium levels are sufficient to support the formation of a permeability barrier in the colonic epithelium. Higher calcium levels promote tissue cohesion and enhance barrier function. These findings may help explain how an adequate calcium intake contributes to colonic health by improving barrier function, even though there is little change in colonic histological features over a wide range of calcium intake levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D. McClintock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aliah Richter
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sabrina S. Silvestri
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Maliha M. Berner
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Bohm
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kateryna Karpoff
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caroline L. McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine (The Division of Gastroenterology), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Muhammad N. Aslam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Bücker R, Zakrzewski SS, Wiegand S, Pieper R, Fromm A, Fromm M, Günzel D, Schulzke JD. Zinc prevents intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by alpha-hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli 536 infection in porcine colon. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108632. [PMID: 32273011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc treatment is beneficial for infectious diarrhea or colitis. This study aims to characterize the pathomechanisms of the epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by alpha-hemolysin (HlyA)-expressing Escherichia coli in the colon mucosa and the mitigating effects of zinc ions. We performed Ussing chamber experiments on porcine colon epithelium and infected the tissues with HlyA-producing E. coli. Colon mucosa from piglets was obtained from a feeding trial with defined normal or high dose zinc feeding (pre-conditioning). Additional to the zinc feeding, zinc was added to the luminal compartment of the Ussing chamber. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured during the infection of the living tissue and subsequently the tissues were immuno-stained for confocal microscopy. Zinc applied to the luminal compartment was effective in preventing from E. coli-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in Ussing chamber experiments. In contrast, zinc pre-conditioning of colon mucosae when zinc ions were missing subsequently in the luminal compartment was not sufficient to prevent epithelial barrier impairment during E. coli infection. The pathological changes caused by E. coli HlyA were alterations of tight junction proteins claudin-4 and claudin-5, focal leak formation, and cell exfoliation which reflected the paracellular barrier defect measured by a reduced TER. In microscopic analysis of luminal zinc-treated mucosae these changes were absent. In conclusion, continuous presence of unbound zinc ions in the luminal compartment is essential for the protective action of zinc against E. coli HlyA. This suggests the usage of zinc as therapeutic regimen, while prophylactic intervention by high dietary zinc loads may be less useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke S Zakrzewski
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wiegand
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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46
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James KR, Gomes T, Elmentaite R, Kumar N, Gulliver EL, King HW, Stares MD, Bareham BR, Ferdinand JR, Petrova VN, Polański K, Forster SC, Jarvis LB, Suchanek O, Howlett S, James LK, Jones JL, Meyer KB, Clatworthy MR, Saeb-Parsy K, Lawley TD, Teichmann SA. Distinct microbial and immune niches of the human colon. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:343-353. [PMID: 32066951 PMCID: PMC7212050 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota and immune cells interact closely and display regional specificity; however, little is known about how these communities differ with location. Here, we simultaneously assess microbiota and single immune cells across the healthy, adult human colon, with paired characterization of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, to delineate colonic immune niches at steady state. We describe distinct helper T cell activation and migration profiles along the colon and characterize the transcriptional adaptation trajectory of regulatory T cells between lymphoid tissue and colon. Finally, we show increasing B cell accumulation, clonal expansion and mutational frequency from the cecum to the sigmoid colon and link this to the increasing number of reactive bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Tomas Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Emily L Gulliver
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark D Stares
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Bethany R Bareham
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Samuel C Forster
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorna B Jarvis
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Howlett
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
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47
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Zhou H, Xie X, Jiang B, Ke C. NKp46+ lamina propria natural killer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in a mouse experimental colitis model. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:401-414. [PMID: 32040657 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both innate and adaptive immune system play important roles in the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, the significance of natural killer (NK) cells for IBDs remains unclear. To understand the biology of colonic lamina propria natural killer (LPNK) cells in IBDs, we characterized LPNK cell metabolism in a murine acute colitis model. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with 3% dextran sulfate sodium to establish the acute colitis model. Colonic LPNK cells were isolated from mice through flow cytometry. The expression of metabolic genes in LPNK cells was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR. Glucose uptake, Seahorse assay, and ATP assay were conducted to assess the metabolic status of LPNK cells. Phos-flow assay was performed to evaluate cell signaling pathways in LPNK cells. In vitro stimulation and cytotoxicity assay were conducted to measure the function of LPNK cells. RESULTS In acute colitis, LPNK cells upregulated the expression of genes related to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos), and enhanced glucose uptake capability. Intracellular ATP production, glycolysis and oxphos in LPNK cells were also promoted in acute colitis. mTORC1 signaling was essential for the metabolic reprogramming in LPNK cells in acute colitis. Although LPNK cells of diseased mice exhibited equivalent cytokine profile to normal LPNK cells upon stimulation with phorbol ester or IL-2, LPNK cells of diseased mice were more cytotoxic to target cells than normal LPNK cells. CONCLUSIONS LPNK cells undergo metabolic reprogramming which might be a response to upcoming microbial infection in acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Hubei Province, 241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xingwang Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Hubei Province, 241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Hubei Province, 241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chao Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Hubei Province, 241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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48
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Mennillo E, Yang X, Paszek M, Auwerx J, Benner C, Chen S. NCoR1 Protects Mice From Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Guarding Colonic Crypt Cells From Luminal Insult. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:133-147. [PMID: 32044398 PMCID: PMC7229481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colonic stem cells are essential for producing the mucosal lining, which in turn protects stem cells from insult by luminal factors. Discovery of genetic and biochemical events that control stem cell proliferation and differentiation can be leveraged to decipher the causal factors of ulcerative colitis and aid the development of more effective therapy. METHODS We performed in vivo and in vitro studies from control (nuclear receptor corepressor 1 [NCoR1F/F]) and intestinal epithelial cell-specific NCoR1-deficient mice (NCoR1ΔIEC). Mice were challenged with dextran sodium sulfate to induce experimental ulcerative colitis, followed by colitis examination, barrier permeability analysis, cell proliferation immunostaining assays, and RNA sequencing analysis. By using crypt cultures, the organoid-forming efficiency, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and histone acetylation were analyzed after butyrate and/or tumor necrosis factor α treatments. RESULTS NCoR1ΔIEC mice showed a dramatic increase in disease severity in this colitis model, with suppression of proliferative cells at the crypt base as an early event and a concomitant increase in barrier permeability. Genome expression patterns showed an important role for NCoR1 in colonic stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation. Colonic organoids cultured from NCoR1ΔIEC mice were more sensitive to butyrate-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, which were exaggerated further by tumor necrosis factor α co-treatment, which was accompanied by increased histone acetylation. CONCLUSIONS NCoR1 regulates colonic stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation. When NCoR1 is disrupted, barrier protection is weakened, allowing luminal products such as butyrate to penetrate and synergistically damage the colonic crypt cells. Transcript profiling: RNA sequencing data have been deposited in the GEO database, accession number: GSE136153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Miles Paszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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49
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Dilly A, Honick BD, Lee YJ, Bartlett DL, Choudry HA. Rational application of targeted therapeutics in mucinous colon/appendix cancers with positive predictive factors. Cancer Med 2020; 9:1753-1767. [PMID: 31958897 PMCID: PMC7050077 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular‐targeted therapies have demonstrated disappointing results against most advanced solid cancers. This may largey be attributed to irrational drug use against unselected cancers. We investigated the efficacy of dual MEK‐PI3K drug therapy against KRAS mutated mucin 2 (MUC2)‐secreting LS174T cells and patient‐derived ex vivo and in vivo models of KRAS mutated mucinous colon/appendix cancers. These tumors demonstrate unique phenotypic and genotypic features that likely predict sensitivity to this targeted co‐therapy. Co‐treatment with MEK inhibitor (trametinib) and PI3K inhibitor (pictilisib)‐induced synergistic cytotoxicity and intrinsic mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis in LS174T cells and tumor explants in vitro. Dual drug therapy also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‐associated proteins (GRP78/BiP, ATF4, and CHOP). However, CHOP knock‐down assays demonstrated that mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis in LS174T cells was not ERS‐dependent. Dual drug therapy also significantly decreased MUC2 expression, MUC2 post‐translational modification (palmitoylation) and secretion in LS174T cells, suggesting a simultaneous cytotoxic and mucin suppressive mechanism of action. We also demonstrated effective mucinous tumor growth suppression in ex vivo epithelial organoid (colonoid) cultures and in in vivo intraperitoneal patient‐derived xenograft models derived from mucinous colon/appendix cancer. These promising preclinical data support a role for dual MEK‐PI3K inhibitor therapy in mucinous colon/appendix cancers. We postulate that mucinous KRAS mutated cancers are especially vulnerable to this co‐treatment based on their unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/genetics
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/pathology
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/therapy
- Appendix/cytology
- Appendix/pathology
- Appendix/surgery
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/pathology
- Colon/surgery
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Drug Synergism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Female
- Humans
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Indazoles/therapeutic use
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/surgery
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mucin-2/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/therapy
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Pyridones/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidinones/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Dilly
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Brendon D. Honick
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Yong J. Lee
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - David L. Bartlett
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Haroon A. Choudry
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
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50
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Devall M, Jennelle LT, Bryant J, Bien S, Peters U, Powell S, Casey G. Modeling the effect of prolonged ethanol exposure on global gene expression and chromatin accessibility in normal 3D colon organoids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227116. [PMID: 31951625 PMCID: PMC6968849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we aimed to explore the potential biological effect of ethanol exposure on healthy colon epithelial cells using normal human colon 3D organoid “mini-gut” cultures. In numerous published studies ethanol use has been shown to be an environmental risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) development; however, the influence of ethanol exposure on normal colon epithelial cell biology remains poorly understood. We investigated the potential molecular effects of ethanol exposure in normal colon 3D organoids in a small pilot study (n = 3) using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. We identify 1965 differentially expressed genes and 2217 differentially accessible regions of chromatin in response to ethanol treatment. Further, by cross-referencing our results with previously published analysis in colorectal cancer cell lines, we have not only validated a number of reported differentially expressed genes, but also identified several novel candidates for future investigation. In summary, our data highlights the potential importance for the use of normal colon 3D organoid models as a novel tool for the investigation of the relationship between the effects of environmental risk factors associated with colorectal cancer and the molecular mechanisms through which they confer this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lucas T. Jennelle
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven Powell
- Digestive Health Center, Gastroenterology and Heaptology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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