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Cohen AA, van Doremalen N, Greaney AJ, Andersen H, Sharma A, Starr TN, Keeffe JR, Fan C, Schulz JE, Gnanapragasam PNP, Kakutani LM, West AP, Saturday G, Lee YE, Gao H, Jette CA, Lewis MG, Tan TK, Townsend AR, Bloom JD, Munster VJ, Bjorkman PJ. Mosaic RBD nanoparticles protect against challenge by diverse sarbecoviruses in animal models. Science 2022; 377:eabq0839. [PMID: 35857620 PMCID: PMC9273039 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To combat future severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and spillovers of SARS-like betacoronaviruses (sarbecoviruses) threatening global health, we designed mosaic nanoparticles that present randomly arranged sarbecovirus spike receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to elicit antibodies against epitopes that are conserved and relatively occluded rather than variable, immunodominant, and exposed. We compared immune responses elicited by mosaic-8 (SARS-CoV-2 and seven animal sarbecoviruses) and homotypic (only SARS-CoV-2) RBD nanoparticles in mice and macaques and observed stronger responses elicited by mosaic-8 to mismatched (not on nanoparticles) strains, including SARS-CoV and animal sarbecoviruses. Mosaic-8 immunization showed equivalent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicrons, and protected from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV challenges, whereas homotypic SARS-CoV-2 immunization protected only from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Epitope mapping demonstrated increased targeting of conserved epitopes after mosaic-8 immunization. Together, these results suggest that mosaic-8 RBD nanoparticles could protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future sarbecovirus spillovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | - Leesa M. Kakutani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Yu E. Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Claudia A. Jette
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Tiong K. Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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3
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Park YJ, De Marco A, Starr TN, Liu Z, Pinto D, Walls AC, Zatta F, Zepeda SK, Bowen JE, Sprouse KR, Joshi A, Giurdanella M, Guarino B, Noack J, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Rosen LE, Lempp FA, Benigni F, Snell G, Neyts J, Whelan SPJ, Virgin HW, Bloom JD, Corti D, Pizzuto MS, Veesler D. Antibody-mediated broad sarbecovirus neutralization through ACE2 molecular mimicry. Science 2022; 375:449-454. [PMID: 34990214 PMCID: PMC9400459 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody responses is key to developing countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future zoonotic sarbecoviruses. We describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, designated S2K146, that broadly neutralizes viruses belonging to SARS-CoV- and SARS-CoV-2-related sarbecovirus clades which use ACE2 as an entry receptor. Structural and functional studies show that most of the virus residues that directly bind S2K146 are also involved in binding to ACE2. This allows the antibody to potently inhibit receptor attachment. S2K146 protects against SARS-CoV-2 Beta challenge in hamsters and viral passaging experiments reveal a high barrier for emergence of escape mutants, making it a good candidate for clinical development. The conserved ACE2-binding residues present a site of vulnerability that might be leveraged for developing vaccines eliciting broad sarbecovirus immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/chemistry
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/metabolism
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- Cross Reactions
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Mesocricetus
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin R. Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Giurdanella
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Nabel KG, Clark SA, Shankar S, Pan J, Clark LE, Yang P, Coscia A, McKay LGA, Varnum HH, Brusic V, Tolan NV, Zhou G, Desjardins M, Turbett SE, Kanjilal S, Sherman AC, Dighe A, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET, Tylek C, Cohen-Solal JF, Darcy AT, Tavella D, Clabbers A, Fan Y, Griffiths A, Correia IR, Seagal J, Baden LR, Charles RC, Abraham J. Structural basis for continued antibody evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Science 2022; 375:eabl6251. [PMID: 34855508 PMCID: PMC9127715 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have examined the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on neutralizing antibody activity after they have become dominant strains. Here, we evaluate the consequences of further viral evolution. We demonstrate mechanisms through which the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) can tolerate large numbers of simultaneous antibody escape mutations and show that pseudotypes containing up to seven mutations, as opposed to the one to three found in previously studied variants of concern, are more resistant to neutralization by therapeutic antibodies and serum from vaccine recipients. We identify an antibody that binds the RBD core to neutralize pseudotypes for all tested variants but show that the RBD can acquire an N-linked glycan to escape neutralization. Our findings portend continued emergence of escape variants as SARS-CoV-2 adapts to humans.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- BNT162 Vaccine/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Viral Pseudotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G. Nabel
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sundaresh Shankar
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junhua Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lars E. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Coscia
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Haley H. Varnum
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vesna Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole V. Tolan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guohai Zhou
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaël Desjardins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal QC H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sanjat Kanjilal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amy C. Sherman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Casey Tylek
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yao Fan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Jane Seagal
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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5
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Borrega R, Nelson DKS, Koval AP, Bond NG, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Bush DJ, Aimukanova I, Phinney WN, Koval SA, Hoffmann AR, Smither AR, Bell-Kareem AR, Melnik LI, Genemaras KJ, Chao K, Snarski P, Melton AB, Harrell JE, Smira AA, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Sabino-Santos G, Drouin AC, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Samuels RJ, Kanneh L, Gbakie M, Branco ZL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Robinson JE, Fusco DN, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Grant DS, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans. Viruses 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34835131 PMCID: PMC8625389 DOI: 10.3390/v13112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Anatoliy P. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Irina Aimukanova
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Whitney N. Phinney
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Sophia A. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Andrew R. Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Allison R. Smither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Antoinette R. Bell-Kareem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Kaylynn J. Genemaras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Melton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Jaikin E. Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Ashley A. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Julie A. Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaud C. Drouin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Zoe L. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
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6
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Onodera T, Kita S, Adachi Y, Moriyama S, Sato A, Nomura T, Sakakibara S, Inoue T, Tadokoro T, Anraku Y, Yumoto K, Tian C, Fukuhara H, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Shiwa N, Iwata N, Nagata N, Suzuki T, Sasaki J, Sekizuka T, Tonouchi K, Sun L, Fukushi S, Satofuka H, Kazuki Y, Oshimura M, Kurosaki T, Kuroda M, Matsuura Y, Suzuki T, Sawa H, Hashiguchi T, Maenaka K, Takahashi Y. A SARS-CoV-2 antibody broadly neutralizes SARS-related coronaviruses and variants by coordinated recognition of a virus-vulnerable site. Immunity 2021; 54:2385-2398.e10. [PMID: 34508662 PMCID: PMC8382582 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Potent neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies often target the spike protein receptor-binding site (RBS), but the variability of RBS epitopes hampers broad neutralization of multiple sarbecoviruses and drifted viruses. Here, using humanized mice, we identified an RBS antibody with a germline VH gene that potently neutralized SARS-related coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants. X-ray crystallography revealed coordinated recognition by the heavy chain of non-RBS conserved sites and the light chain of RBS with a binding angle mimicking the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The minimum footprints in the hypervariable region of RBS contributed to the breadth of neutralization, which was enhanced by immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) class switching. The coordinated binding resulted in broad neutralization of SARS-CoV and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Low-dose therapeutic antibody treatment in hamsters reduced the virus titers and morbidity during SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The structural basis for broad neutralizing activity may inform the design of a broad spectrum of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yu Adachi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Saya Moriyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takao Nomura
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Anraku
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kohei Yumoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Cong Tian
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tateki Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jiei Sasaki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Lin Sun
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satofuka
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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7
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Kumar R, Christensen ND, Kaddis Maldonado RJ, Bewley MC, Ostman A, Sudol M, Chen EC, Buchkovich NW, Gontu A, Surendran Nair M, Nissly RH, Minns AM, Kapur V, Rossi R, Kuchipudi SV, Lindner SE, Parent LJ, Flanagan JM, Buchkovich NJ. Monoclonal Antibodies to S and N SARS-CoV-2 Proteins as Probes to Assess Structural and Antigenic Properties of Coronaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101899. [PMID: 34696329 PMCID: PMC8537396 DOI: 10.3390/v13101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential tools. In addition to important roles in the treatment and diagnosis of infection, the availability of high-quality specific antibodies for the S and N proteins is essential to facilitate basic research of virus replication and in the characterization of mutations responsible for variants of concern. We have developed panels of mouse and rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) and N protein for functional and antigenic analyses. The mAbs to the S-RBD were tested for neutralization of native SARS-CoV-2, with several exhibiting neutralizing activity. The panels of mAbs to the N protein were assessed for cross-reactivity with the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV N proteins and could be subdivided into sets that showed unique specificity for SARS-CoV-2 N protein, cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV N proteins only, or cross-reactivity to all three coronavirus N proteins tested. Partial mapping of N-reactive mAbs were conducted using truncated fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein and revealed near complete coverage of the N protein. Collectively, these sets of mouse and rabbit monoclonal antibodies can be used to examine structure/function studies for N proteins and to define the surface location of virus neutralizing epitopes on the RBD of the S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Kumar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.K.); (A.O.); (N.W.B.); (L.J.P.)
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (N.J.B.)
| | - Rebecca J. Kaddis Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.J.K.M.); (M.S.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Maria C. Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Alexandria Ostman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.K.); (A.O.); (N.W.B.); (L.J.P.)
| | - Malgorzata Sudol
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.J.K.M.); (M.S.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Eunice C. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.J.K.M.); (M.S.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Natalie W. Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.K.); (A.O.); (N.W.B.); (L.J.P.)
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Allen M. Minns
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Randall Rossi
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Leslie J. Parent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.K.); (A.O.); (N.W.B.); (L.J.P.)
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.J.K.M.); (M.S.); (E.C.C.)
| | - John M. Flanagan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (A.M.M.); (V.K.); (R.R.); (S.V.K.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Nicholas J. Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (R.K.); (A.O.); (N.W.B.); (L.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (N.J.B.)
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8
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Pinto D, Sauer MM, Czudnochowski N, Low JS, Tortorici MA, Housley MP, Noack J, Walls AC, Bowen JE, Guarino B, Rosen LE, di Iulio J, Jerak J, Kaiser H, Islam S, Jaconi S, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Abdelnabi R, Foo C, Coelmont L, Bartha I, Bianchi S, Silacci-Fregni C, Bassi J, Marzi R, Vetti E, Cassotta A, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Cippà PE, Giannini O, Ceruti S, Garzoni C, Riva A, Benigni F, Cameroni E, Piccoli L, Pizzuto MS, Smithey M, Hong D, Telenti A, Lempp FA, Neyts J, Havenar-Daughton C, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Snell G, Virgin HW, Beltramello M, Corti D, Veesler D. Broad betacoronavirus neutralization by a stem helix-specific human antibody. Science 2021; 373:1109-1116. [PMID: 34344823 PMCID: PMC9268357 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spillovers of betacoronaviruses in humans and the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants highlight the need for broad coronavirus countermeasures. We describe five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cross-reacting with the stem helix of multiple betacoronavirus spike glycoproteins isolated from COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Using structural and functional studies, we show that the mAb with the greatest breadth (S2P6) neutralizes pseudotyped viruses from three different subgenera through the inhibition of membrane fusion, and we delineate the molecular basis for its cross-reactivity. S2P6 reduces viral burden in hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 through viral neutralization and Fc-mediated effector functions. Stem helix antibodies are rare, oftentimes of narrow specificity, and can acquire neutralization breadth through somatic mutations. These data provide a framework for structure-guided design of pan-betacoronavirus vaccines eliciting broad protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian M. Sauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jun Siong Low
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Josipa Jerak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Istvan Bartha
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eneida Vetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pietro E. Cippà
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Ceruti
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matteo S. Pizzuto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Hong
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Leist SR, De la Cruz G, West A, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Lindesmith LC, Pardi N, Parks R, Barr M, Li D, Yount B, Saunders KO, Weissman D, Haynes BF, Montgomery SA, Baric RS. Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines protect against Sarbecovirus challenge in mice. Science 2021; 373:991-998. [PMID: 34214046 PMCID: PMC8899822 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 highlights the need to develop universal vaccination strategies against the broader Sarbecovirus subgenus. Using chimeric spike designs, we demonstrate protection against challenge from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351, bat CoV (Bt-CoV) RsSHC014, and a heterologous Bt-CoV WIV-1 in vulnerable aged mice. Chimeric spike messenger RNAs (mRNAs) induced high levels of broadly protective neutralizing antibodies against high-risk Sarbecoviruses. By contrast, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination not only showed a marked reduction in neutralizing titers against heterologous Sarbecoviruses, but SARS-CoV and WIV-1 challenge in mice resulted in breakthrough infections. Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines efficiently neutralized D614G, mink cluster five, and the UK B.1.1.7 and South African B.1.351 variants of concern. Thus, multiplexed-chimeric spikes can prevent SARS-like zoonotic coronavirus infections with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ande West
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Gouma S, Weirick ME, Bolton MJ, Arevalo CP, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, McAllister CM, Christensen SR, Dunbar D, Fiore D, Brock A, Weaver J, Millar J, DerOhannessian S, Unit TUPCOVIDP, Frank I, Rader DJ, Wherry EJ, Hensley SE. Health care worker seromonitoring reveals complex relationships between common coronavirus antibodies and COVID-19 symptom duration. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150449. [PMID: 34237028 PMCID: PMC8410018 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies suggest that recent common coronavirus (CCV) infections are associated with reduced COVID-19 severity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. We completed serological assays using samples collected from health care workers to identify antibody types associated with SARS-CoV-2 protection and COVID-19 symptom duration. Rare SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies elicited by past CCV infections were not associated with protection; however, the duration of symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infections was significantly reduced in individuals with higher common betacoronavirus (βCoV) antibody titers. Since antibody titers decline over time after CCV infections, individuals in our cohort with higher βCoV antibody titers were more likely recently infected with common βCoVs compared with individuals with lower antibody titers. Therefore, our data suggest that recent βCoV infections potentially limit the duration of symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infections through mechanisms that do not involve cross-reactive antibodies. Our data are consistent with the emerging hypothesis that cellular immune responses elicited by recent common βCoV infections transiently reduce symptom duration following SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Brock
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
| | - John Millar
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel J. Rader
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Dispinseri S, Secchi M, Pirillo MF, Tolazzi M, Borghi M, Brigatti C, De Angelis ML, Baratella M, Bazzigaluppi E, Venturi G, Sironi F, Canitano A, Marzinotto I, Tresoldi C, Ciceri F, Piemonti L, Negri D, Cara A, Lampasona V, Scarlatti G. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2670. [PMID: 33976165 PMCID: PMC8113594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 evolve during infection may provide important insight into therapeutic approaches and vaccination for COVID-19. Here we profile the antibody responses of 162 COVID-19 symptomatic patients in the COVID-BioB cohort followed longitudinally for up to eight months from symptom onset to find SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, as well as antibodies either recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens and nucleoprotein, or specific for S2 antigen of seasonal beta-coronaviruses and hemagglutinin of the H1N1 flu virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies within the first weeks from symptoms onset correlates with time to a negative swab result (p = 0.002), while the lack of neutralizing capacity correlates with an increased risk of a fatal outcome (p = 0.008). Neutralizing antibody titers progressively drop after 5-8 weeks but are still detectable up to 8 months in the majority of recovered patients regardless of age or co-morbidities, with IgG to spike antigens providing the best correlate of neutralization. Antibody responses to seasonal coronaviruses are temporarily boosted, and parallel those to SARS-CoV-2 without dampening the specific response or worsening disease progression. Our results thus suggest compromised immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike to be a major trait of COVID-19 patients with critical conditions, and thereby inform on the planning of COVID-19 patient care and therapy prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Secchi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology Unit, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Brigatti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Baratella
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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13
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14
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Greenbaum U, Klein K, Martinez F, Song J, Thall PF, Ramdial JL, Knape C, Aung FM, Scroggins J, Knopfelmacher A, Mulanovich V, Borjan J, Adachi J, Muthu M, Leung C, Medina MC, Champlin R, Olson A, Alousi A, Rezvani K, Shpall EJ. High Levels of Common Cold Coronavirus Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma Are Associated With Improved Survival in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675679. [PMID: 33995420 PMCID: PMC8113636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 Convalescent plasma (CCP) is safe and effective, particularly if given at an early stage of the disease. Our study aimed to identify an association between survival and specific antibodies found in CCP. Patients and Methods Patients ≥18 years of age who were hospitalized with moderate to severe COVID-19 infection and received CCP at the MD Anderson Cancer Center between 4/30/2020 and 8/20/2020 were included in the study. We quantified the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, as well as antibodies against antigens of other coronavirus strains, in the CCP units and compared antibody levels with patient outcomes. For each antibody, a Bayesian exponential survival time regression model including prognostic variables was fit, and the posterior probability of a beneficial effect (PBE) of higher antibody level on survival time was computed. Results CCP was administered to 44 cancer patients. The median age was 60 years (range 37-84) and 19 (43%) were female. Twelve patients (27%) died of COVID-19-related complications. Higher levels of two non-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, anti-HCoV-OC43 spike IgG and anti-HCoV-HKU1 spike IgG, had PBE = 1.00, and 4 SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies had PBEs between 0.90 and 0.95. Other factors associated with better survival were shorter time to CCP administration, younger age, and female sex. Conclusions Common cold coronavirus spike IgG antibodies anti-HCoV-OC43 and anti-HCoV-HKU1 may target a common domain for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. They provide a promising therapeutic target for monoclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Greenbaum
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Klein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fernando Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juhee Song
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter F. Thall
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Ramdial
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cristina Knape
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fleur M. Aung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jamie Scroggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Adriana Knopfelmacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Victor Mulanovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jovan Borjan
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Javier Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mayoora Muthu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cerena Leung
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mayrin Correa Medina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amanda Olson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amin Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Anderson EM, Goodwin EC, Verma A, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Weirick ME, Gouma S, McAllister CM, Christensen SR, Weaver J, Hicks P, Manzoni TB, Oniyide O, Ramage H, Mathew D, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Greenplate AR, Wu JE, Alanio C, D'Andrea K, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Pattekar A, Kim J, Han N, Apostolidis SA, Huang AC, Vella LA, Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, Betts MR, Wherry EJ, Meyer NJ, Cherry S, Bates P, Rader DJ, Hensley SE. Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection. Cell 2021; 184:1858-1864.e10. [PMID: 33631096 PMCID: PMC7871851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread within the human population. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, most humans had been previously exposed to other antigenically distinct common seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs) before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we quantified levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies and hCoV-reactive antibodies in serum samples collected from 431 humans before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then quantified pre-pandemic antibody levels in serum from a separate cohort of 251 individuals who became PCR-confirmed infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we longitudinally measured hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our studies indicate that most individuals possessed hCoV-reactive antibodies before the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined that ∼20% of these individuals possessed non-neutralizing antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations, but they were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen C Goodwin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claudia P Arevalo
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcus J Bolton
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison E Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shannon R Christensen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tomaz B Manzoni
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oluwatosin Oniyide
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Holly Ramage
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek A Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Kim
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Han
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Betina Pampena
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Wang C, van Haperen R, Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, Li W, Okba NMA, Albulescu I, Widjaja I, van Dieren B, Fernandez-Delgado R, Sola I, Hurdiss DL, Daramola O, Grosveld F, van Kuppeveld FJM, Haagmans BL, Enjuanes L, Drabek D, Bosch BJ. A conserved immunogenic and vulnerable site on the coronavirus spike protein delineated by cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1715. [PMID: 33731724 PMCID: PMC7969777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus spike glycoprotein, located on the virion surface, is the key mediator of cell entry and the focus for development of protective antibodies and vaccines. Structural studies show exposed sites on the spike trimer that might be targeted by antibodies with cross-species specificity. Here we isolated two human monoclonal antibodies from immunized humanized mice that display a remarkable cross-reactivity against distinct spike proteins of betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the endemic human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Both cross-reactive antibodies target the stem helix in the spike S2 fusion subunit which, in the prefusion conformation of trimeric spike, forms a surface exposed membrane-proximal helical bundle. Both antibodies block MERS-CoV infection in cells and provide protection to mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge in prophylactic and/or therapeutic models. Our work highlights an immunogenic and vulnerable site on the betacoronavirus spike protein enabling elicitation of antibodies with unusual binding breadth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/classification
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Camelus
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Subunits
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wentao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irina Albulescu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivy Widjaja
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Merus N.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Devarakonda CKV, Meredith E, Ghosh M, Shapiro LH. Coronavirus Receptors as Immune Modulators. J Immunol 2021; 206:923-929. [PMID: 33380494 PMCID: PMC7889699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Coronaviridae family includes the seven known human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause mild to moderate respiratory infections (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1) as well as severe illness and death (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). Severe infections induce hyperinflammatory responses that are often intensified by host adaptive immune pathways to profoundly advance disease severity. Proinflammatory responses are triggered by CoV entry mediated by host cell surface receptors. Interestingly, five of the seven strains use three cell surface metallopeptidases (CD13, CD26, and ACE2) as receptors, whereas the others employ O-acetylated-sialic acid (a key feature of metallopeptidases) for entry. Why CoV evolved to use peptidases as their receptors is unknown, but the peptidase activities of the receptors are dispensable, suggesting the virus uses/benefits from other functions of these molecules. Indeed, these receptors participate in the immune modulatory pathways that contribute to the pathological hyperinflammatory response. This review will focus on the role of CoV receptors in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Meredith
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Mallika Ghosh
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Linda H Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
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18
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Rappazzo CG, Tse LV, Kaku CI, Wrapp D, Sakharkar M, Huang D, Deveau LM, Yockachonis TJ, Herbert AS, Battles MB, O'Brien CM, Brown ME, Geoghegan JC, Belk J, Peng L, Yang L, Hou Y, Scobey TD, Burton DR, Nemazee D, Dye JM, Voss JE, Gunn BM, McLellan JS, Baric RS, Gralinski LE, Walker LM. Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody. Science 2021; 371:823-829. [PMID: 33495307 PMCID: PMC7963221 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. We employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with high potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a distinct angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope that overlaps the receptor binding site. In immunocompetent mouse models of SARS and COVID-19, prophylactic administration of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate against clade 1 sarbecoviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/genetics
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/metabolism
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Domains
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Yockachonis
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | - Cecilia M O'Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Trevor D Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
- Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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19
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Cohen AA, Gnanapragasam PNP, Lee YE, Hoffman PR, Ou S, Kakutani LM, Keeffe JR, Wu HJ, Howarth M, West AP, Barnes CO, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Mosaic nanoparticles elicit cross-reactive immune responses to zoonotic coronaviruses in mice. Science 2021; 371:735-741. [PMID: 33436524 PMCID: PMC7928838 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-related emergent zoonotic coronaviruses is urgently needed. We made homotypic nanoparticles displaying the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 or co-displaying SARS-CoV-2 RBD along with RBDs from animal betacoronaviruses that represent threats to humans (mosaic nanoparticles with four to eight distinct RBDs). Mice immunized with RBD nanoparticles, but not soluble antigen, elicited cross-reactive binding and neutralization responses. Mosaic RBD nanoparticles elicited antibodies with superior cross-reactive recognition of heterologous RBDs relative to sera from immunizations with homotypic SARS-CoV-2-RBD nanoparticles or COVID-19 convalescent human plasmas. Moreover, after priming, sera from mosaic RBD-immunized mice neutralized heterologous pseudotyped coronaviruses as well as or better than sera from homotypic SARS-CoV-2-RBD nanoparticle immunizations, demonstrating no loss of immunogenicity against particular RBDs resulting from co-display. A single immunization with mosaic RBD nanoparticles provides a potential strategy to simultaneously protect against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging zoonotic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Yu E Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pauline R Hoffman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Susan Ou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leesa M Kakutani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer R Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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20
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Wong NA, Saier MH. The SARS-Coronavirus Infection Cycle: A Survey of Viral Membrane Proteins, Their Functional Interactions and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1308. [PMID: 33525632 PMCID: PMC7865831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel epidemic strain of Betacoronavirus that is responsible for the current viral pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global health crisis. Other epidemic Betacoronaviruses include the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 and the 2009 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the genomes of which, particularly that of SARS-CoV-1, are similar to that of the 2019 SARS-CoV-2. In this extensive review, we document the most recent information on Coronavirus proteins, with emphasis on the membrane proteins in the Coronaviridae family. We include information on their structures, functions, and participation in pathogenesis. While the shared proteins among the different coronaviruses may vary in structure and function, they all seem to be multifunctional, a common theme interconnecting these viruses. Many transmembrane proteins encoded within the SARS-CoV-2 genome play important roles in the infection cycle while others have functions yet to be understood. We compare the various structural and nonstructural proteins within the Coronaviridae family to elucidate potential overlaps and parallels in function, focusing primarily on the transmembrane proteins and their influences on host membrane arrangements, secretory pathways, cellular growth inhibition, cell death and immune responses during the viral replication cycle. We also offer bioinformatic analyses of potential viroporin activities of the membrane proteins and their sequence similarities to the Envelope (E) protein. In the last major part of the review, we discuss complement, stimulation of inflammation, and immune evasion/suppression that leads to CoV-derived severe disease and mortality. The overall pathogenesis and disease progression of CoVs is put into perspective by indicating several stages in the resulting infection process in which both host and antiviral therapies could be targeted to block the viral cycle. Lastly, we discuss the development of adaptive immunity against various structural proteins, indicating specific vulnerable regions in the proteins. We discuss current CoV vaccine development approaches with purified proteins, attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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21
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Cady NC, Tokranova N, Minor A, Nikvand N, Strle K, Lee WT, Page W, Guignon E, Pilar A, Gibson GN. Multiplexed detection and quantification of human antibody response to COVID-19 infection using a plasmon enhanced biosensor platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112679. [PMID: 33069957 PMCID: PMC7545244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has illustrated the need for rapid and accurate diagnostic tests. In this work, a multiplexed grating-coupled fluorescent plasmonics (GC-FP) biosensor platform was used to rapidly and accurately measure antibodies against COVID-19 in human blood serum and dried blood spot samples. The GC-FP platform measures antibody-antigen binding interactions for multiple targets in a single sample, and has 100% selectivity and sensitivity (n = 23) when measuring serum IgG levels against three COVID-19 antigens (spike S1, spike S1S2, and the nucleocapsid protein). The GC-FP platform yielded a quantitative, linear response for serum samples diluted to as low as 1:1600 dilution. Test results were highly correlated with two commercial COVID-19 antibody tests, including an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a Luminex-based microsphere immunoassay. To demonstrate test efficacy with other sample matrices, dried blood spot samples (n = 63) were obtained and evaluated with GC-FP, yielding 100% selectivity and 86.7% sensitivity for diagnosing prior COVID-19 infection. The test was also evaluated for detection of multiple immunoglobulin isotypes, with successful detection of IgM, IgG and IgA antibody-antigen interactions. Last, a machine learning approach was developed to accurately score patient samples for prior COVID-19 infection, using antibody binding data for all three COVID-19 antigens used in the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Cady
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Natalya Tokranova
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Armond Minor
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nima Nikvand
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - William T Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - George N Gibson
- Ciencia, Inc., East Hartford, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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22
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Rashed MZ, Kopechek JA, Priddy MC, Hamorsky KT, Palmer KE, Mittal N, Valdez J, Flynn J, Williams SJ. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using electrochemical impedance-based detector. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112709. [PMID: 33075724 PMCID: PMC7539830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has caused over 550,000 deaths worldwide as of July 2020. Accurate and scalable point-of-care devices would increase screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of COVID-19 patients. Here, we demonstrate rapid label-free electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a commercially available impedance sensing platform. A 16-well plate containing sensing electrodes was pre-coated with receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and subsequently tested with samples of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody CR3022 (0.1 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml). Subsequent blinded testing was performed on six serum specimens taken from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients (1:100 dilution factor). The platform was able to differentiate spikes in impedance measurements from a negative control (1% milk solution) for all CR3022 samples. Further, successful differentiation and detection of all positive clinical samples from negative control was achieved. Measured impedance values were consistent when compared to standard ELISA test results showing a strong correlation between them (R2=0.9). Detection occurs in less than five minutes and the well-based platform provides a simplified and familiar testing interface that can be readily adaptable for use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Rashed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 200 Sackett Hall, Louisville, KY 40208, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Mariah C Priddy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Krystal T Hamorsky
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- ACEA Biosciences, Agilent Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joseph Valdez
- ACEA Biosciences, Agilent Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joseph Flynn
- Norton Healthcare, Inc, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Stuart J Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 200 Sackett Hall, Louisville, KY 40208, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Human antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hold intense interest, with research efforts directed at optimizing antibody-based interventions and monitoring immune status. By relating individual variations in antibody response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, beneficial antiviral immune responses may be identified in detail. In this issue of the JCI, Secchi and collaborators describe antibody response profiles in 509 patients with COVID-19 from Italy during the 2020 pandemic. The research team found that multiple antibody types to multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens developed over four weeks. Notably, IgG against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) was predictive of survival and IgA against the viral spike protein (S protein) associated with rapid virologic clearance. These results may help guide selection of convalescent plasma, hyperimmune products, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccine strategies for COVID-19.
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24
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Funari R, Chu KY, Shen AQ. Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by gold nanospikes in an opto-microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112578. [PMID: 32911317 PMCID: PMC7467868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to active research in its associated diagnostics and medical treatments. While quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most reliable method to detect viral genes of SARS-CoV-2, serological tests for specific antiviral antibodies are also important as they identify false negative qRT-PCR responses, track how effectively the patient's immune system is fighting the infection, and are potentially helpful for plasma transfusion therapies. In this work, based on the principle of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), we develop an opto-microfluidic sensing platform with gold nanospikes, fabricated by electrodeposition, to detect the presence and amount of antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 1μL of human plasma diluted in 1mL of buffer solution, within ∼30min. The target antibody concentration can be correlated with the LSPR wavelength peak shift of gold nanospikes caused by the local refractive index change due to the antigen-antibody binding. This label-free microfluidic platform achieves a limit of detection of ∼0.08ng/mL (∼0.5pM), falling under the clinical relevant concentration range. We demonstrate that our opto-microfluidic platform offers a promising point-of-care testing tool to complement standard serological assays and make SARS-CoV-2 quantitative diagnostics easier, cheaper, and faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Kang-Yu Chu
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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25
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Zhang Q, Zhang H, Gao J, Huang K, Yang Y, Hui X, He X, Li C, Gong W, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Peng C, Gao X, Chen H, Zou Z, Shi ZL, Jin M. A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in cat in Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2013-2019. [PMID: 32867625 PMCID: PMC7534315 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a new respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and has constituted a global public health emergency. Cat is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by serological detection methods. A cohort of serum samples were collected from cats in Wuhan, including 102 sampled after COVID-19 outbreak, and 39 prior to the outbreak. Fifteen sera collected after the outbreak were positive for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among them, 11 had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a titer ranging from 1/20 to 1/1080. No serological cross-reactivity was detected between SARS-CoV-2 and type I or II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). In addition, we continuously monitored serum antibody dynamics of two positive cats every 10 days over 130 days. Their serum antibodies reached the peak at 10 days after first sampling, and declined to the limit of detection within 110 days. Our data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 has infected cats in Wuhan during the outbreak and described serum antibody dynamics in cats, providing an important reference for clinical treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinglin He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Wang H, Ai J, Loeffelholz MJ, Tang YW, Zhang W. Meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of serology tests for COVID-19: impact of assay design and post-symptom-onset intervals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2200-2211. [PMID: 32962560 PMCID: PMC7580610 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1826362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serology detection is recognized for its sensitivity in convalescent patients with COVID-19, in comparison with nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). This article aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serologic methods for COVID-19 based on assay design and post-symptom-onset intervals. Two authors independently searched PubMed, Cochrane library, Ovid, EBSCO for case-control, longitudinal and cohort studies that determined the diagnostic accuracy of serology tests in comparison with NAATs in COVID-19 cases and used QUADAS-2 for quality assessment. Pooled accuracy was analysed using INLA method. A total of 27 studies were included in this meta-analysis, with 4 cohort, 16 case-control and 7 longitudinal studies and 4565 participants. Serology tests had the lowest sensitivity at 0-7 days after symptom onset and the highest at >14 days. TAB had a better sensitivity than IgG or IgM only. Using combined nucleocapsid (N) and spike(S) protein had a better sensitivity compared to N or S protein only. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) had a lower sensitivity than enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Serology tests will play an important role in the clinical diagnosis for later stage COVID-19 patients. ELISA tests, detecting TAB or targeting combined N and S proteins had a higher diagnostic sensitivity compared to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Ai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Cepheid China, Danaher Diagnostic Platform, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Xiao Y, Shi X, She Q, Chen Q, Pan H, Zhang J, Liu X, Wu H, Jin W, Ke G, Liu S, Li J, Zhou J, Wu D, Wang F, Yu H, Chen M. Exploration of turn-positive RT-PCR results and factors related to treatment outcome in COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Virulence 2020; 11:1250-1256. [PMID: 32921249 PMCID: PMC7549945 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1816076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of some patients with negative RT-PCR results experienced turn-positive after treatment remains unclear. In addition, understanding the correlation between changes in clinical data in the course of COVID-19 and treatment outcomes is of great importance in determining the prognosis of COVID-19. To perform cause analysis of RT-PCR turn-positive and the effective screening factors related to treatment outcome in COVID-19. Clinical data, including clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, radiography results, treatment methods and outcomes, were retrospectively collected and analyzed from January to March 2020 in Renmin Hospitals of Wuhan University. 116 COVID-19 patients (40 in recurrent group, 29 in recovered group and 47 in unrecovered group) were recruited. In the recurrent group, white blood cell, Neutrophils, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, CD3, CD4, CD8, ratio of CD4/CD8, IgG and C4 complement were of significant difference among the baseline, negative and turn-positive time points. CD19 and CT scan results were found notable difference between recurrent group and recovered group. Odds from CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, IgM, C3 complement, C4 complement and CT scan results validated associations with clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The so-called recurrence in some COVID-19 patients may be due to the false-negative of nucleic acid test results from nasopharyngeal swabs. Levels of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, IgM, C3 complement, C4 complement and CT results were significantly correlated with the outcome of COVID-19. The cellular immunity test could be beneficial to further screen the reliability of RT-PCR test on the basis of CT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qian She
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, TongRen Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ge Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dongwen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Fen Wang
| | - Honggang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Honggang Yu
| | - Mingkai Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- CONTACT Mingkai Chen
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28
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Díez JM, Romero C, Vergara-Alert J, Belló-Perez M, Rodon J, Honrubia JM, Segalés J, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Gajardo R. Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:1247-1255. [PMID: 32900263 PMCID: PMC7480323 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cross-reactivity against human coronaviruses with Flebogamma® DIF and Gamunex®-C, two available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), has been reported. In this study, these IVIG were tested for neutralization activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Materials & methods: Neutralization capacity of lots of IVIG manufactured prior to COVID-19 pandemic was assessed against these viruses in cell culture. Infectivity neutralization was quantified by percent reduction in plaque-forming units and/or cytopathic/cytotoxic methods. Results: All IVIG preparations showed neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 isolates. All IVIG lots produced neutralization of SARS-CoV. No IVIG preparation showed significant neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV. Conclusion: The tested IVIG contain antibodies with significant in vitro cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, but not MERS-CoV. These preparations are currently under evaluation as potential therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Díez
- Bioscience Research & Development, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Romero
- Bioscience Research & Development, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melissa Belló-Perez
- Laboratorio Coronavirus. Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Honrubia
- Laboratorio Coronavirus. Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Laboratorio Coronavirus. Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Laboratorio Coronavirus. Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Gajardo
- Bioscience Research & Development, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
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Chen M, Zeng J, Liu X, Sun G, Gao Y, Liao J, Yu J, Luo X, Qi H. Changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy and coronavirus infection: A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 255:124-128. [PMID: 33125977 PMCID: PMC7566677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the 3rd epidemic coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Since December 2019, the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has aroused great attention around the world. Pregnant women and their fetuses have been concerned as a high-risk population. We explained why pregnant women are susceptible to coronavirus in terms of their adaptive changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy, and described the associations between maternal clinical symptoms, perinatal outcomes and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Jiujiang Liao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiaxiao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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30
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Xu Y, Xiao M, Liu X, Xu S, Du T, Xu J, Yang Q, Xu Y, Han Y, Li T, Zhu H, Wang M. Significance of serology testing to assist timely diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections: implication from a family cluster. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:924-927. [PMID: 32286155 PMCID: PMC7269047 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1752610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Confirmative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections has been challenged due to unsatisfactory positive rate of molecular assays. Here we identified a family cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections, with five of six family members were SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobin serology testing positive, while molecular assays only detected two of this five patients even repeated twice. We comprehensively analyzed this familial cluster of cases based on the clinical characteristics, chest CT images, SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection results, and serology testing results. At last, two patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, two were suspected of COVID-19, and two were considered close contacts. Our results emphasized the significance of serology testing to assist timely diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections, especially for COVID-19 close contacts screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiekuan Du
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Han
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Yee JL, Van Rompay KKA, Carpenter AB, Nham PB, Halley BM, Iyer SS, Hartigan‐O'Connor DJ, Miller CJ, Roberts JA. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for a non-human primate breeding research facility. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:322-331. [PMID: 32621339 PMCID: PMC7361642 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing COVID-19 pandemic prompted the need for a surveillance program to determine the viral status of the California National Primate Research Center non-human primate breeding colony, both for reasons of maintaining colony health and minimizing the risk of interference in COVID-19 and other research studies. METHODS We collected biological samples from 10% of the rhesus macaque population for systematic testing to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus by RT-PCR and host antibody response by ELISA. Testing required the development and validation of new assays and an algorithm using in laboratory-developed and commercially available reagents and protocols. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antibody was detected in this study; therefore, we have proposed a modified testing algorithm for sentinel surveillance to monitor for any future transmissions. As additional reagents and controls become available, assay development and validation will continue, leading to the enhanced sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and efficiency of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L. Yee
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda B. Carpenter
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter B. Nham
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bryson M. Halley
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Christopher J. Miller
- Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- Primate Assay LaboratoryCalifornia National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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32
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Abstract
A maternal woman was positive for SARS-CoV-2 tested in throat swabs but negative tested in other body fluids, and she had IgG and IgA detected in breast milk. Her infant negative for SARS-CoV-2 at birth had elevated IgG in serum but quickly decayed. These findings suggest that breastfeeding might have the potential benefit to the neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Chi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huang Hai
- Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Meekins DA, Morozov I, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Bold D, Carossino M, Artiaga BL, Indran SV, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Madden DW, Feldmann H, Henningson J, Ma W, Balasuriya UBR, Richt JA. Susceptibility of swine cells and domestic pigs to SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2278-2288. [PMID: 33003988 PMCID: PMC7594707 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1831405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in an ongoing global pandemic with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic consequences. The susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 is of concern due to the potential for interspecies transmission, and the requirement for pre-clinical animal models to develop effective countermeasures. In the current study, we determined the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to (i) replicate in porcine cell lines, (ii) establish infection in domestic pigs via experimental oral/intranasal/intratracheal inoculation, and (iii) transmit to co-housed naïve sentinel pigs. SARS-CoV-2 was able to replicate in two different porcine cell lines with cytopathic effects. Interestingly, none of the SARS-CoV-2-inoculated pigs showed evidence of clinical signs, viral replication or SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. Moreover, none of the sentinel pigs displayed markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data indicate that although different porcine cell lines are permissive to SARS-CoV-2, five-week old pigs are not susceptible to infection via oral/intranasal/intratracheal challenge. Pigs are therefore unlikely to be significant carriers of SARS-CoV-2 and are not a suitable pre-clinical animal model to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or efficacy of respective vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Meekins
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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34
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Grenga L, Gallais F, Pible O, Gaillard JC, Gouveia D, Batina H, Bazaline N, Ruat S, Culotta K, Miotello G, Debroas S, Roncato MA, Steinmetz G, Foissard C, Desplan A, Alpha-Bazin B, Almunia C, Gas F, Bellanger L, Armengaud J. Shotgun proteomics analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and how it can optimize whole viral particle antigen production for vaccines. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1712-1721. [PMID: 32619390 PMCID: PMC7473198 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1791737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic and is continuing to spread rapidly around the globe. No effective vaccine is currently available to prevent COVID-19, and intense efforts are being invested worldwide into vaccine development. In this context, all technology platforms must overcome several challenges resulting from the use of an incompletely characterized new virus. These include finding the right conditions for virus amplification for the development of vaccines based on inactivated or attenuated whole viral particles. Here, we describe a shotgun tandem mass spectrometry workflow, the data produced can be used to guide optimization of the conditions for viral amplification. In parallel, we analysed the changes occurring in the host cell proteome following SARS-CoV-2 infection to glean information on the biological processes modulated by the virus that could be further explored as potential drug targets to deal with the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Fabrice Gallais
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Olivier Pible
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean-Charles Gaillard
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Duarte Gouveia
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Hélène Batina
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Niza Bazaline
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Sylvie Ruat
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Karen Culotta
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Stéphanie Debroas
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Marie-Anne Roncato
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Gérard Steinmetz
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Charlotte Foissard
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Anne Desplan
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Béatrice Alpha-Bazin
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Christine Almunia
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Fabienne Gas
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Laurent Bellanger
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPIBagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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Sun B, Feng Y, Mo X, Zheng P, Wang Q, Li P, Peng P, Liu X, Chen Z, Huang H, Zhang F, Luo W, Niu X, Hu P, Wang L, Peng H, Huang Z, Feng L, Li F, Zhang F, Li F, Zhong N, Chen L. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:940-948. [PMID: 32357808 PMCID: PMC7273175 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1762515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emerging COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection poses severe challenges to global public health. Serum antibody testing is becoming one of the critical methods for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. We investigated IgM and IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein after symptom onset in the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients. 130 blood samples from 38 COVID-19 patients were collected. The levels of IgM and IgG specific to N and S protein were detected by ELISA. A series of blood samples were collected along the disease course from the same patient, including 11 ICU patients and 27 non-ICU patients for longitudinal analysis. N and S specific IgM and IgG (N-IgM, N-IgG, S-IgM, S-IgG) in non-ICU patients increased after symptom onset. N-IgM and S-IgM in some non-ICU patients reached a peak in the second week, while N-IgG and S-IgG continued to increase in the third week. The combined detection of N and S specific IgM and IgG could identify up to 75% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the first week. S-IgG was significantly higher in non-ICU patients than in ICU patients in the third week. In contrast, N-IgG was significantly higher in ICU patients than in non-ICU patients. The increase of S-IgG positively correlated with the decrease of C-reactive protein (CRP) in non-ICU patients. N and S specific IgM and IgG increased gradually after symptom onset and can be used for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of the dynamics of S-IgG may help to predict prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoneng Mo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Peng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Hu
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longyu Wang
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Peng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Xiong HL, Wu YT, Cao JL, Yang R, Liu YX, Ma J, Qiao XY, Yao XY, Zhang BH, Zhang YL, Hou WH, Shi Y, Xu JJ, Zhang L, Wang SJ, Fu BR, Yang T, Ge SX, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Huang BY, Li ZY, Zhang TY, Xia NS. Robust neutralization assay based on SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudovirus and ACE2-overexpressing BHK21 cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2105-2113. [PMID: 32893735 PMCID: PMC7534347 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1815589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disaster for human society. A convenient and reliable neutralization assay is very important for the development of vaccines and novel drugs. In this study, a G protein-deficient vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVdG) bearing a truncated spike protein (S with C-terminal 18 amino acid truncation) was compared to that bearing the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and showed much higher efficiency. A neutralization assay was established based on VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus and hACE2-overexpressing BHK21 cells (BHK21-hACE2 cells). The experimental results can be obtained by automatically counting the number of EGFP-positive cells at 12 h after infection, making the assay convenient and high-throughput. The serum neutralizing titer measured by the VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus assay has a good correlation with that measured by the wild type SARS-CoV-2 assay. Seven neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein were obtained. This efficient and reliable pseudovirus assay model could facilitate the development of new drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Long Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Yao
- The First Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang-Heng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Ying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- The First Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
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Liu XH, Lu SH, Chen J, Xia L, Yang ZG, Charles S, Yang Y, Lin Y, Lu HZ. Clinical characteristics of foreign-imported COVID-19 cases in Shanghai, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1230-1232. [PMID: 32515651 PMCID: PMC7448901 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1766383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-hui Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui-hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-guo Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Lin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-zhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Kosmeri C, Koumpis E, Tsabouri S, Siomou E, Makis A. Hematological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28745. [PMID: 33009893 PMCID: PMC7646039 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), though mainly a respiratory disease, can impair many systems, including causing hematological complications. Lymphopenia and hypercoagulability have been reported in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are considered markers of poor prognosis. This review summarizes the hematological findings in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The majority of infected children had a normal leukocyte count, while the most common white blood cell abnormality was leukopenia. Lymphopenia, which may be a marker of severe disease, was rarer in children than in adults, possibly due to their immature immune system or due to the less severe manifestation of COVID-19 in this age group. Age may have an impact, and in neonates and infants the most common abnormality was lymphocytosis. Abnormalities of red blood cells and platelets were uncommon. Anemia and hypercoagulability were reported mainly in children presenting the novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) associated with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Kosmeri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
| | - Epameinondas Koumpis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
| | - Sophia Tsabouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
| | - Ekaterini Siomou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
| | - Alexandros Makis
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
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Loeffelholz MJ, Tang YW. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections - the state of the art. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:747-756. [PMID: 32196430 PMCID: PMC7172701 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The three unprecedented outbreaks of emerging human coronavirus (HCoV) infections at the beginning of the twenty-first century have highlighted the necessity for readily available, accurate and fast diagnostic testing methods. The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially, with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones. Newer laboratory methods are fast, highly sensitive and specific, and are gradually replacing the conventional gold standards. This presentation reviews the current laboratory methods available for testing coronaviruses by focusing on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak going on in Wuhan. Viral pneumonias typically do not result in the production of purulent sputum. Thus, a nasopharyngeal swab is usually the collection method used to obtain a specimen for testing. Nasopharyngeal specimens may miss some infections; a deeper specimen may need to be obtained by bronchoscopy. Alternatively, repeated testing can be used because over time, the likelihood of the SARS-CoV-2 being present in the nasopharynx increases. Several integrated, random-access, point-of-care molecular devices are currently under development for fast and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These assays are simple, fast and safe and can be used in the local hospitals and clinics bearing the burden of identifying and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Cepheid, Danaher Diagnostic
Platform, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Abstract
The entire spectrum of diagnostic testing, from reagent supply to test performance, has been a major focus during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The hope for serologic testing is that it will provide both epidemiologic information about seroprevalence as well as individual information about previous infection. This information is particularly helpful for high-risk individuals who may be outside of the viral shedding window, such as children with suspected multisystem inflammatory syndrome. It is not yet understood whether serologic testing can be interpreted in terms of protective immunity. These concerns must be addressed using highly sensitive and specific tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology (SMD), Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Clinical Research University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 675, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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van Tol S, Mögling R, Li W, Godeke GJ, Swart A, Bergmans B, Brandenburg A, Kremer K, Murk JL, van Beek J, Wintermans B, Reimerink J, Bosch BJ, Reusken C. Accurate serology for SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses using a multiplex approach. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1965-1973. [PMID: 32819220 PMCID: PMC8284965 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1813636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serology is a crucial part of the public health response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we describe the development, validation and clinical evaluation of a protein micro-array as a quantitative multiplex immunoassay that can identify S and N-directed SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies with high specificity and sensitivity and distinguish them from all currently circulating human coronaviruses. The method specificity was 100% for SARS-CoV-2 S1 and 96% for N antigen based on extensive syndromic (n=230 cases) and population panel (n=94) testing that also confirmed the high prevalence of seasonal human coronaviruses. To assess its potential role for both SARS-CoV-2 patient diagnostics and population studies, we evaluated a large heterogeneous COVID-19 cohort (n=330) and found an overall sensitivity of 89% (≥ 21 days post onset symptoms (dps)), ranging from 86% to 96% depending on severity of disease. For a subset of these patients longitudinal samples were provided up to 56 dps. Mild cases showed absent or delayed, and lower SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Overall, we present the development and extensive clinical validation of a multiplex coronavirus serological assay for syndromic testing, to answer research questions regarding to antibody responses, to support SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and to evaluate epidemiological developments efficiently and with high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie van Tol
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramona Mögling
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Godeke
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Bergmans
- Microvida, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Afke Brandenburg
- Izore Centre for Infectious Diseases Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Wintermans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Admiral De Ruyter Hospital, Goes, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Tomita Y, Ikeda T, Sato R, Sakagami T. Association between HLA gene polymorphisms and mortality of COVID-19: An in silico analysis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8:684-694. [PMID: 33047883 PMCID: PMC7654404 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has caused global public health and economic crisis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a critical component of the viral antigen presentation pathway and plays essential roles in conferring differential viral susceptibility and severity of diseases. However, the association between HLA gene polymorphisms and risk for COVID-19 has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that HLA genotypes might impact on the differences in morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 across countries. METHODS We conducted in silico analyses and examined an association of HLA gene polymorphisms with prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 by using publicly available databases. RESULTS We found that a possible association between HLA-A*02:01 and an increased risk for COVID-19. HLA-A*02:01 had a relatively lower capacity to present SARS-CoV-2 antigens compared with other frequent HLA class I molecules, HLA-A*11:01 or HLA-A*24:02. CONCLUSION This study suggests that individuals with HLA-A*11:01 or HLA-A*24:02 genotypes may generate efficiently T-cell-mediated antiviral responses to SARS-CoV-2 compared with HLA-A*02:01. The differences in HLA genotypes may potentially alter the course of the disease and its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tokunori Ikeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSojo UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Department of Medical Information Sciences and Administration PlanningKumamoto University HospitalKumamotoJapan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro‐Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Takuro Sakagami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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Self WH, Tenforde MW, Stubblefield WB, Feldstein LR, Steingrub JS, Shapiro NI, Ginde AA, Prekker ME, Brown SM, Peltan ID, Gong MN, Aboodi MS, Khan A, Exline MC, Files DC, Gibbs KW, Lindsell CJ, Rice TW, Jones ID, Halasa N, Talbot HK, Grijalva CG, Casey JD, Hager DN, Qadir N, Henning DJ, Coughlin MM, Schiffer J, Semenova V, Li H, Thornburg NJ, Patel MM. Decline in SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies After Mild Infection Among Frontline Health Care Personnel in a Multistate Hospital Network - 12 States, April-August 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1762-1766. [PMID: 33237893 PMCID: PMC7727600 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6947a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most persons infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), develop virus-specific antibodies within several weeks, but antibody titers might decline over time. Understanding the timeline of antibody decline is important for interpreting SARS-CoV-2 serology results. Serum specimens were collected from a convenience sample of frontline health care personnel at 13 hospitals and tested for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 during April 3-June 19, 2020, and again approximately 60 days later to assess this timeline. The percentage of participants who experienced seroreversion, defined as an antibody signal-to-threshold ratio >1.0 at baseline and <1.0 at the follow-up visit, was assessed. Overall, 194 (6.0%) of 3,248 participants had detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at baseline (1). Upon repeat testing approximately 60 days later (range = 50-91 days), 146 (93.6%) of 156 participants experienced a decline in antibody response indicated by a lower signal-to-threshold ratio at the follow-up visit, compared with the baseline visit, and 44 (28.2%) experienced seroreversion. Participants with higher initial antibody responses were more likely to have antibodies detected at the follow-up test than were those who had a lower initial antibody response. Whether decay in these antibodies increases risk for reinfection and disease remains unanswered. However, these results suggest that serology testing at a single time point is likely to underestimate the number of persons with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a negative serologic test result might not reliably exclude prior infection.
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Huang S, Lin C, Yan M, Li H, Liu T, Michael W, Xiang J, Shen C. Rapid Detection of COVID-19 by Serological Methods and the Evaluation of Diagnostic Efficacy of IgM and IgG. Clin Lab 2020; 66. [PMID: 33180423 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2020.200617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing symptomatic illness (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, China. Travel-associated cases were reported in many other countries leading to epidemic transmission. The number of cases has increased rapidly but laboratory diagnosis is limited. METHODS We collected samples from two groups of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 for experiments. In one group, 63 serum samples were analyzed IgG and IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 35 healthy serum samples were served as controls. In the other group, 91 plasma samples were analyzed by colloidal gold-immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for IgG and IgM antibodies and 35 healthy plasma samples were served as controls. Throat swab samples for nucleic acids retest were collected from 81/91 of these participant. RESULTS The sensitivity of the combined ELISA IgM and IgG detection was 55/63 (87.3%). Sensitivity of the com-bined GICA IgM and IgG detection was 75/91 (82.4%). Both methods were negative for healthy controls and had a specificity of 100%. In 81 cases, the follow up throat swab samples were retested by RT-PCR, showing that 42 cases were positive. The sensitivity was 51.9% (42/81). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for IgG (AUC(IgG)) was 0.934. The area under the ROC curve for IgM (AUC(IgM)) was 0.812. The area under the ROC curve for IgG + IgM (AUC(IgG+IgM)) was 0.983. CONCLUSIONS The serological test of SARS-CoV-2 can be used as an important supplement to the existing RT-PCR test for the specific and rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. AUC(IgG) > AUC(IgM) indicates that IgG has better classification performance than IgM. AUC(IgG + IgM) > AUC(IgG) indicates that the combination of IgG and IgM has better classification performance than IgG alone.
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Tortorici MA, Beltramello M, Lempp FA, Pinto D, Dang HV, Rosen LE, McCallum M, Bowen J, Minola A, Jaconi S, Zatta F, De Marco A, Guarino B, Bianchi S, Lauron EJ, Tucker H, Zhou J, Peter A, Havenar-Daughton C, Wojcechowskyj JA, Case JB, Chen RE, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Meury M, Czudnochowski N, Spreafico R, Dillen J, Ng C, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Benigni F, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Schmid MA, Cameroni E, Riva A, Gabrieli A, Galli M, Pizzuto MS, Neyts J, Diamond MS, Virgin HW, Snell G, Corti D, Fink K, Veesler D. Ultrapotent human antibodies protect against SARS-CoV-2 challenge via multiple mechanisms. Science 2020; 370:950-957. [PMID: 32972994 PMCID: PMC7857395 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient therapeutic options are needed to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused more than 922,000 fatalities as of 13 September 2020. We report the isolation and characterization of two ultrapotent SARS-CoV-2 human neutralizing antibodies (S2E12 and S2M11) that protect hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Cryo-electron microscopy structures show that S2E12 and S2M11 competitively block angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) attachment and that S2M11 also locks the spike in a closed conformation by recognition of a quaternary epitope spanning two adjacent receptor-binding domains. Antibody cocktails that include S2M11, S2E12, or the previously identified S309 antibody broadly neutralize a panel of circulating SARS-CoV-2 isolates and activate effector functions. Our results pave the way to implement antibody cocktails for prophylaxis or therapy, circumventing or limiting the emergence of viral escape mutants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- CHO Cells
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Tortorici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ha V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alessia Peter
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - James Brett Case
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josh Dillen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cindy Ng
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Gabrieli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- UTSouthwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Fink
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Schumann S, Kaiser A, Nicoletti F, Mangano K, Fagone P, van Wijk E, Yan Y, Schulz P, Ludescher B, Niedermaier M, von Wegerer J, Rauch P, Setz C, Schubert U, Brysch W. Immune-Modulating Drug MP1032 with SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Activity In Vitro: A potential Multi-Target Approach for Prevention and Early Intervention Treatment of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8803. [PMID: 33233817 PMCID: PMC7699954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At least since March 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the multi-organ coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are keeping a firm grip on the world. Although most cases are mild, older patients and those with co-morbidities are at increased risk of developing a cytokine storm, characterized by a systemic inflammatory response leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure. The present paper focuses on the small molecule MP1032, describes its mode of action, and gives rationale why it is a promising option for the prevention/treatment of the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. MP1032 is a phase-pure anhydrous polymorph of 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione sodium salt that exhibits good stability and bioavailability. The physiological action of MP1032 is based on a multi-target mechanism including localized, self-limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities that were demonstrated in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced joint inflammation. Furthermore, its immune-regulatory and PARP-1-modulating properties, coupled with antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2, have been demonstrated in various cell models. Preclinical efficacy was elucidated in LPS-induced endotoxemia, a model with heightened innate immune responses that shares many similarities to COVID-19. So far, during oral clinical development with three-month daily administrations, no serious adverse drug reactions occurred, highlighting the outstanding safety profile of MP1032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schumann
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.N.); (K.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.N.); (K.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.N.); (K.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Eduard van Wijk
- Meluna Research, Department of Biophotonics, Koppelsedijk 1A, 4191 LC Geldermalsen, The Netherlands; (E.v.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yu Yan
- Meluna Research, Department of Biophotonics, Koppelsedijk 1A, 4191 LC Geldermalsen, The Netherlands; (E.v.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Petra Schulz
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Beate Ludescher
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Michael Niedermaier
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Joerg von Wegerer
- MetrioPharm Deutschland GmbH, Am Borsigturm 100, 13507 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (B.L.); (M.N.); (J.v.W.)
| | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.R.); (C.S.); (U.S.)
| | - Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.R.); (C.S.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.R.); (C.S.); (U.S.)
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47
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Ferretti AP, Kula T, Wang Y, Nguyen DMV, Weinheimer A, Dunlap GS, Xu Q, Nabilsi N, Perullo CR, Cristofaro AW, Whitton HJ, Virbasius A, Olivier KJ, Buckner LR, Alistar AT, Whitman ED, Bertino SA, Chattopadhyay S, MacBeath G. Unbiased Screens Show CD8 + T Cells of COVID-19 Patients Recognize Shared Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 that Largely Reside outside the Spike Protein. Immunity 2020; 53:1095-1107.e3. [PMID: 33128877 PMCID: PMC7574860 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective strategies to prevent or treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires understanding the natural immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We used an unbiased, genome-wide screening technology to determine the precise peptide sequences in SARS-CoV-2 that are recognized by the memory CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients. In total, we identified 3-8 epitopes for each of the 6 most prevalent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. These epitopes were broadly shared across patients and located in regions of the virus that are not subject to mutational variation. Notably, only 3 of the 29 shared epitopes were located in the spike protein, whereas most epitopes were located in ORF1ab or the nucleocapsid protein. We also found that CD8+ T cells generally do not cross-react with epitopes in the four seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold. Overall, these findings can inform development of next-generation vaccines that better recapitulate natural CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yifan Wang
- TScan Therapeutics, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | | | - Qikai Xu
- TScan Therapeutics, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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Ripperger TJ, Uhrlaub JL, Watanabe M, Wong R, Castaneda Y, Pizzato HA, Thompson MR, Bradshaw C, Weinkauf CC, Bime C, Erickson HL, Knox K, Bixby B, Parthasarathy S, Chaudhary S, Natt B, Cristan E, El Aini T, Rischard F, Campion J, Chopra M, Insel M, Sam A, Knepler JL, Capaldi AP, Spier CM, Dake MD, Edwards T, Kaplan ME, Scott SJ, Hypes C, Mosier J, Harris DT, LaFleur BJ, Sprissler R, Nikolich-Žugich J, Bhattacharya D. Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity. Immunity 2020; 53:925-933.e4. [PMID: 33129373 PMCID: PMC7554472 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a serological study to define correlates of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Compared to those with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, individuals with severe disease exhibited elevated virus-neutralizing titers and antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Age and sex played lesser roles. All cases, including asymptomatic individuals, seroconverted by 2 weeks after PCR confirmation. Spike RBD and S2 and neutralizing antibodies remained detectable through 5-7 months after onset, whereas α-N titers diminished. Testing 5,882 members of the local community revealed only 1 sample with seroreactivity to both RBD and S2 that lacked neutralizing antibodies. This fidelity could not be achieved with either RBD or S2 alone. Thus, inclusion of multiple independent assays improved the accuracy of antibody tests in low-seroprevalence communities and revealed differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen. We conclude that neutralizing antibodies are stably produced for at least 5-7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Arizona/epidemiology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Testing
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods
- Coronavirus Infections/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Pandemics
- Phosphoproteins
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Prevalence
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- SARS-CoV-2
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yvonne Castaneda
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah A Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mallory R Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christine Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Craig C Weinkauf
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christian Bime
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heidi L Erickson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Knox
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Billie Bixby
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sachin Chaudhary
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bhupinder Natt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Cristan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tammer El Aini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janet Campion
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Madhav Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Insel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Afshin Sam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James L Knepler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew P Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine M Spier
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Edwards
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew E Kaplan
- Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Serena Jain Scott
- Division of Geriatrics, General Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cameron Hypes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jarrod Mosier
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David T Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Health Sciences Biobank, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Bae M, Kim H. Mini-Review on the Roles of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Selenium in the Immune System against COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:E5346. [PMID: 33207753 PMCID: PMC7696052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily allowance of vitamins and trace elements for malnourished patients at risk of or diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be beneficial. Recent studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that vitamin D and selenium deficiencies are evident in patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D improves the physical barrier against viruses and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides. It may prevent cytokine storms by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. Selenium enhances the function of cytotoxic effector cells. Furthermore, selenium is important for maintaining T cell maturation and functions, as well as for T cell-dependent antibody production. Vitamin C is considered an antiviral agent as it increases immunity. Administration of vitamin C increased the survival rate of COVID-19 patients by attenuating excessive activation of the immune response. Vitamin C increases antiviral cytokines and free radical formation, decreasing viral yield. It also attenuates excessive inflammatory responses and hyperactivation of immune cells. In this mini-review, the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system are discussed in relation to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Bae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human Ecology, BK21 FOUR, College of Natural Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea;
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Risch M, Weber M, Thiel S, Grossmann K, Wohlwend N, Lung T, Hillmann D, Ritzler M, Ferrara F, Bigler S, Egli K, Bodmer T, Imperiali M, Salimi Y, Fleisch F, Cusini A, Renz H, Kohler P, Vernazza P, Kahlert CR, Paprotny M, Risch L. Temporal Course of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Positivity in Patients with COVID-19 following the First Clinical Presentation. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:9878453. [PMID: 33224987 PMCID: PMC7673235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9878453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the sensitivities of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody tests beyond 35 days after the clinical onset of COVID-19 is insufficient. We aimed to describe positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 assays employing three different measurement principles over a prolonged period. Two hundred sixty-eight samples from 180 symptomatic patients with COVID-19 and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test followed by serological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were included. We conducted three chemiluminescence (including electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA)), four enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and one lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test formats. Positivity rates, as well as positive (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs), were calculated for each week after the first clinical presentation for COVID-19. Furthermore, combinations of tests were assessed within an orthogonal testing approach employing two independent assays and predictive values were calculated. Heat maps were constructed to graphically illustrate operational test characteristics. During a follow-up period of more than 9 weeks, chemiluminescence assays and one ELISA IgG test showed stable positivity rates after the third week. With the exception of ECLIA, the PPVs of the other chemiluminescence assays were ≥95% for COVID-19 only after the second week. ELISA and LFIA had somewhat lower PPVs. IgM exhibited insufficient predictive characteristics. An orthogonal testing approach provided PPVs ≥ 95% for patients with a moderate pretest probability (e.g., symptomatic patients), even for tests with a low single test performance. After the second week, NPVs of all but IgM assays were ≥95% for patients with low to moderate pretest probability. The confirmation of negative results using an orthogonal algorithm with another assay provided lower NPVs than the single assays. When interpreting results from SARS-CoV-2 tests, the pretest probability, time of blood draw, and assay characteristics must be carefully considered. An orthogonal testing approach increases the accuracy of positive, but not negative, predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Risch
- Zentrallabor, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Loësstrasse 170, 7000 Chur, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Weber
- Liechtensteinisches Landesspital, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Sarah Thiel
- Liechtensteinisches Landesspital, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Kirsten Grossmann
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Private Universität im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Nadia Wohlwend
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Thomas Lung
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Dorothea Hillmann
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Michael Ritzler
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Susanna Bigler
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Egli
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bodmer
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Imperiali
- Centro Medicina di Laboratorio Dr. Risch, Via Arbostra 2, 6963 Pregassona, Switzerland
| | - Yacir Salimi
- Clm Dr. Risch Arc Lémanique SA, Chemin de l'Esparcette 10, 1023 Crissier, Switzerland
| | - Felix Fleisch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital Chur, Loësstrasse 170, 7000 Chur, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital Chur, Loësstrasse 170, 7000 Chur, Switzerland
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian R. Kahlert
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Claudiusstrasse 6, 9006 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Paprotny
- Liechtensteinisches Landesspital, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Private Universität im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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