1
|
Mittler E, Serris A, Esterman ES, Florez C, Polanco LC, O'Brien CM, Slough MM, Tynell J, Gröning R, Sun Y, Abelson DM, Wec AZ, Haslwanter D, Keller M, Ye C, Bakken RR, Jangra RK, Dye JM, Ahlm C, Rappazzo CG, Ulrich RG, Zeitlin L, Geoghegan JC, Bradfute SB, Sidoli S, Forsell MNE, Strandin T, Rey FA, Herbert AS, Walker LM, Chandran K, Guardado-Calvo P. Structural and mechanistic basis of neutralization by a pan-hantavirus protective antibody. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg1855. [PMID: 37315110 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging rodent-borne hantaviruses cause severe diseases in humans with no approved vaccines or therapeutics. We recently isolated a monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibody (nAb) from a Puumala virus-experienced human donor. Here, we report its structure bound to its target, the Gn/Gc glycoprotein heterodimer comprising the viral fusion complex. The structure explains the broad activity of the nAb: It recognizes conserved Gc fusion loop sequences and the main chain of variable Gn sequences, thereby straddling the Gn/Gc heterodimer and locking it in its prefusion conformation. We show that the nAb's accelerated dissociation from the divergent Andes virus Gn/Gc at endosomal acidic pH limits its potency against this highly lethal virus and correct this liability by engineering an optimized variant that sets a benchmark as a candidate pan-hantavirus therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexandra Serris
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Catalina Florez
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Laura C Polanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia M O'Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Janne Tynell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Remigius Gröning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Russel R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Partner site: Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Tomas Strandin
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaku CI, Starr TN, Zhou P, Dugan HL, Khalifé P, Song G, Champney ER, Mielcarz DW, Geoghegan JC, Burton DR, Andrabi R, Bloom JD, Walker LM. Evolution of antibody immunity following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2751. [PMID: 37173311 PMCID: PMC10180619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the longitudinal dynamics of antibody immunity following heterologous SAR-CoV-2 breakthrough infection will inform the development of next-generation vaccines. Here, we track SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody responses up to six months following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in six mRNA-vaccinated individuals. Cross-reactive serum neutralizing antibody and memory B cell (MBC) responses decline by two- to four-fold through the study period. Breakthrough infection elicits minimal de novo Omicron BA.1-specific B cell responses but drives affinity maturation of pre-existing cross-reactive MBCs toward BA.1, which translates into enhanced breadth of activity across other variants. Public clones dominate the neutralizing antibody response at both early and late time points following breakthough infection, and their escape mutation profiles predict newly emergent Omicron sublineages, suggesting that convergent antibody responses continue to shape SARS-CoV-2 evolution. While the study is limited by our relatively small cohort size, these results suggest that heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variant exposure drives the evolution of B cell memory, supporting the continued development of next-generation variant-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi I Kaku
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Daniel W Mielcarz
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | | | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Walker
- Invivyd Inc., Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidt P, Narayan K, Li Y, Kaku CI, Brown ME, Champney E, Geoghegan JC, Vásquez M, Krauland EM, Yockachonis T, Bai S, Gunn BM, Cammarata A, Rubino CM, Ambrose P, Walker LM. Antibody-mediated protection against symptomatic COVID-19 can be achieved at low serum neutralizing titers. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg2783. [PMID: 36947596 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies of vaccinated and convalescent cohorts have demonstrated that serum neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers correlate with protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the induction of multiple layers of immunity after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure has complicated the establishment of nAbs as a mechanistic correlate of protection (CoP) and hindered the definition of a protective nAb threshold. Here, we show that a half-life-extended monoclonal antibody (adintrevimab) provides about 50% protection against symptomatic COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2-naïve adults at serum nAb titers on the order of 1:30. Vaccine modeling results support a similar 50% protective nAb threshold, suggesting that low titers of serum nAbs protect in both passive antibody prophylaxis and vaccination settings. Extrapolation of adintrevimab pharmacokinetic data suggests that protection against susceptible variants could be maintained for about 3 years. The results provide a benchmark for the selection of next-generation vaccine candidates and support the use of broad, long-acting monoclonal antibodies as alternatives or supplements to vaccination in high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Li
- Invivyd Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Yockachonis
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Ambrose
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY 12305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaku CI, Starr TN, Zhou P, Dugan HL, Khalifé P, Song G, Champney ER, Mielcarz DW, Geoghegan JC, Burton DR, Raiees A, Bloom JD, Walker LM. Evolution of antibody immunity following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection. bioRxiv 2022:2022.09.21.508922. [PMID: 36172124 PMCID: PMC9516849 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.21.508922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of antibody immunity following heterologous SAR-CoV-2 breakthrough infection will inform the development of next-generation vaccines. Here, we tracked SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody responses up to six months following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. Cross-reactive serum neutralizing antibody and memory B cell (MBC) responses declined by two- to four-fold through the study period. Breakthrough infection elicited minimal de novo Omicron-specific B cell responses but drove affinity maturation of pre-existing cross-reactive MBCs toward BA.1. Public clones dominated the neutralizing antibody response at both early and late time points, and their escape mutation profiles predicted newly emergent Omicron sublineages. The results demonstrate that heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variant exposure drives the evolution of B cell memory and suggest that convergent neutralizing antibody responses continue to shape viral evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi I. Kaku
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Daniel W. Mielcarz
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon NH 03766, USA
| | | | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrabi Raiees
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mittler E, Wec AZ, Tynell J, Guardado-Calvo P, Wigren-Byström J, Polanco LC, O’Brien CM, Slough MM, Abelson DM, Serris A, Sakharkar M, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Bakken RR, Geoghegan JC, Jangra RK, Keller M, Zeitlin L, Vapalahti O, Ulrich RG, Bornholdt ZA, Ahlm C, Rey FA, Dye JM, Bradfute SB, Strandin T, Herbert AS, Forsell MN, Walker LM, Chandran K. Human antibody recognizing a quaternary epitope in the Puumala virus glycoprotein provides broad protection against orthohantaviruses. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl5399. [PMID: 35294259 PMCID: PMC9805701 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rodent-borne hantavirus Puumala virus (PUUV) and related agents cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Other hantaviruses, including Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus, cause a distinct zoonotic disease, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Although these infections are severe and have substantial case fatality rates, no FDA-approved hantavirus countermeasures are available. Recent work suggests that monoclonal antibodies may have therapeutic utility. We describe here the isolation of human neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against tetrameric Gn/Gc glycoprotein spikes from PUUV-experienced donors. We define a dominant class of nAbs recognizing the "capping loop" of Gn that masks the hydrophobic fusion loops in Gc. A subset of nAbs in this class, including ADI-42898, bound Gn/Gc complexes but not Gn alone, strongly suggesting that they recognize a quaternary epitope encompassing both Gn and Gc. ADI-42898 blocked the cell entry of seven HCPS- and HFRS-associated hantaviruses, and single doses of this nAb could protect Syrian hamsters and bank voles challenged with the highly virulent HCPS-causing ANDV and HFRS-causing PUUV, respectively. ADI-42898 is a promising candidate for clinical development as a countermeasure for both HCPS and HFRS, and its mode of Gn/Gc recognition informs the development of broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Janne Tynell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden.,Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Laura C. Polanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia M. O’Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.,The Geneva Foundation; Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Megan M. Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Serris
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Gerard Pehau-Arnaudet
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | - Russell R. Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc.; San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland.,Veterinary Biosciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems; Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felix A. Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine; Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.,The Geneva Foundation; Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Mattias N.E. Forsell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Laura M. Walker
- Adimab, LLC; Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.,Adagio Therapeutics, Inc.; Waltham, MA 02451, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sakharkar M, Rappazzo CG, Wieland-Alter WF, Hsieh CL, Wrapp D, Esterman ES, Kaku CI, Wec AZ, Geoghegan JC, McLellan JS, Connor RI, Wright PF, Walker LM. Prolonged evolution of the human B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg6916. [PMID: 33622975 PMCID: PMC8128290 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg6916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the kinetics and evolution of the human B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection will facilitate the development of next-generation vaccines and therapies. Here, we longitudinally profiled this response in mild and severe COVID-19 patients over a period of five months. Serum neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses waned rapidly but spike (S)-specific IgG+ memory B cells (MBCs) remained stable or increased over time. Analysis of 1,213 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from S-specific MBCs revealed a primarily de novo response that displayed increased somatic hypermutation, binding affinity, and neutralization potency over time, providing evidence for prolonged antibody affinity maturation. B cell immunodominance hierarchies were similar across donor repertoires and remained relatively stable as the immune response progressed. Cross-reactive B cell populations, likely re-called from prior endemic beta-coronavirus exposures, comprised a small but stable fraction of the repertoires and did not contribute to the neutralizing response. The neutralizing antibody response was dominated by public clonotypes that displayed significantly reduced activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging in Brazil and South Africa that harbor mutations at positions 501, 484 and 417 in the S protein. Overall, the results provide insight into the dynamics, durability, and functional properties of the human B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and have implications for the design of immunogens that preferentially stimulate protective B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wendy F Wieland-Alter
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
- Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rappazzo CG, Tse LV, Kaku CI, Wrapp D, Sakharkar M, Huang D, Deveau LM, Yockachonis TJ, Herbert AS, Battles MB, O'Brien CM, Brown ME, Geoghegan JC, Belk J, Peng L, Yang L, Hou Y, Scobey TD, Burton DR, Nemazee D, Dye JM, Voss JE, Gunn BM, McLellan JS, Baric RS, Gralinski LE, Walker LM. Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody. Science 2021; 371:823-829. [PMID: 33495307 PMCID: PMC7963221 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. We employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with high potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a distinct angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope that overlaps the receptor binding site. In immunocompetent mouse models of SARS and COVID-19, prophylactic administration of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate against clade 1 sarbecoviruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/genetics
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/metabolism
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Domains
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Yockachonis
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | - Cecilia M O'Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Trevor D Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
- Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rappazzo CG, Tse LV, Kaku CI, Wrapp D, Sakharkar M, Huang D, Deveau LM, Yockachonis TJ, Herbert AS, Battles MB, O’Brien CM, Brown ME, Geoghegan JC, Belk J, Peng L, Yang L, Scobey TD, Burton DR, Nemazee D, Dye JM, Voss JE, Gunn BM, McLellan JS, Baric RS, Gralinski LE, Walker LM. An Engineered Antibody with Broad Protective Efficacy in Murine Models of SARS and COVID-19. bioRxiv 2020:2020.11.17.385500. [PMID: 33236009 PMCID: PMC7685319 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.17.385500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. Here, we employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains (RBDs) and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with remarkable potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a unique angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope overlapping the receptor binding site. In murine models of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging SARS-like CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Yockachonis
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | - Cecilia M. O’Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Trevor D. Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James E. Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E. Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura M. Walker
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
- Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Early stage assays that evaluate monoclonal antibody drug-like properties serve as valuable tools for selection of lead candidates. One liability for clinical development, off-target reactivity, is often assessed by binding to a mixture or panel of noncognate proteins. While robust, these mixes are often ill-defined, and can suffer from issues such as lot-to-lot variability. In this study, we discovered in immunoprecipitation experiments that certain chaperones are present in one of these mixtures;we then explored the use of recombinant chaperone proteins as well-characterized agents to predict antibody nonspecificity. Antibody binding to the heat shock proteins HSP70, HSP90, or trigger factor all served as predictors of cross-interaction propensity, with HSP90 providing the greatest ability to predict antibody clearance rates in mouse. Individual chaperone binding correlates surprisingly closely with binding to complex cell extracts, with the exception of a few “false negatives” (assuming a complex cell extract as the “true” value). As defined reagents, these chaperone reagents present advantages for high throughput assays of nonspecificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kelly
- a Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Monique Kauke
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA U.S.A
| | - Doris Le
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA U.S.A
| | - Jessie Zhao
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA U.S.A
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- a Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,b Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geoghegan JC, Fleming R, Damschroder M, Bishop SM, Sathish HA, Esfandiary R. Mitigation of reversible self-association and viscosity in a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody by rational, structure-guided Fv engineering. MAbs 2016; 8:941-50. [PMID: 27050875 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1171444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesired solution behaviors such as reversible self-association (RSA), high viscosity, and liquid-liquid phase separation can introduce substantial challenges during development of monoclonal antibody formulations. Although a global mechanistic understanding of RSA (i.e., native and reversible protein-protein interactions) is sufficient to develop robust formulation controls, its mitigation via protein engineering requires knowledge of the sites of protein-protein interactions. In the study reported here, we coupled our previous hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry findings with structural modeling and in vitro screening to identify the residues responsible for RSA of a model IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb-C), and rationally engineered variants with improved solution properties (i.e., reduced RSA and viscosity). Our data show that mutation of either solvent-exposed aromatic residues within the heavy and light chain variable regions or buried residues within the heavy chain/light chain interface can significantly mitigate RSA and viscosity by reducing the IgG's surface hydrophobicity. The engineering strategy described here highlights the utility of integrating complementary experimental and in silico methods to identify mutations that can improve developability, in particular, high concentration solution properties, of candidate therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Steven M Bishop
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Hasige A Sathish
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Geoghegan JC, Diedrich G, Lu X, Rosenthal K, Sachsenmeier KF, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Damschroder MM. Inhibition of CD73 AMP hydrolysis by a therapeutic antibody with a dual, non-competitive mechanism of action. MAbs 2016; 8:454-67. [PMID: 26854859 PMCID: PMC5037986 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1143182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase) has recently been established as a promising immuno-oncology target. Given its role in activating purinergic signaling pathways to elicit immune suppression, antagonizing CD73 (i.e., releasing the brake) offers a complimentary pathway to inducing anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we describe the mechanistic activity of a new clinical therapeutic, MEDI9447, a human monoclonal antibody that non-competitively inhibits CD73 activity. Epitope mapping, structural, and mechanistic studies revealed that MEDI9447 antagonizes CD73 through dual mechanisms of inter-CD73 dimer crosslinking and/or steric blocking that prevent CD73 from adopting a catalytically active conformation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an antibody that inhibits an enzyme's function through 2 distinct modes of action. These results provide a finely mapped epitope that can be targeted for selective, potent, and non-competitive inhibition of CD73, as well as establish a strategy for inhibiting enzymes that function in both membrane-bound and soluble states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Gundo Diedrich
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- b Department of Analytical Biotechnology , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Herren Wu
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - William F Dall'Acqua
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Melissa M Damschroder
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Geoghegan JC, Keiser NW, Okulist A, Martins I, Wilson MS, Davidson BL. Chondroitin Sulfate is the Primary Receptor for a Peptide-Modified AAV That Targets Brain Vascular Endothelium In Vivo. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2014; 3:e202. [PMID: 25313621 PMCID: PMC4217075 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we described a peptide-modified AAV2 vector (AAV-GMN) containing a capsid-displayed peptide that directs in vivo brain vascular targeting and transduction when delivered intravenously. In this study, we sought to identify the receptor that mediates transduction by AAV-GMN. We found that AAV-GMN, but not AAV2, readily transduces the murine brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3, a result that mirrors previously observed in vivo transduction profiles of brain vasculature. Studies in vitro revealed that the glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate C, acts as the primary receptor for AAV-GMN. Unlike AAV2, chondroitin sulfate expression is required for cell transduction by AAV-GMN, and soluble chondroitin sulfate C can robustly inhibit AAV-GMN transduction of brain endothelial cells. Interestingly, AAV-GMN retains heparin-binding properties, though in contrast to AAV2, it poorly transduces cells that express heparan sulfate but not chondroitin sulfate, indicating that the peptide insertion negatively impacts heparan-mediated transduction. Lastly, when delivered directly, this modified virus can transduce multiple brain regions, indicating that the potential of AAV-GMN as a therapeutic gene delivery vector for central nervous system disorders is not restricted to brain vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas W Keiser
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anna Okulist
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Inês Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Keiser MS, Geoghegan JC, Boudreau RL, Lennox KA, Davidson BL. RNAi or overexpression: alternative therapies for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:6-13. [PMID: 23583610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant late onset neurodegenerative disease caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract in ataxin-1. Here, we compared the protective effects of overexpressing ataxin-1-like using recombinant AAVs, or reducing expression of mutant ataxin-1 using virally delivered RNA interference (RNAi), in a transgenic mouse model of SCA1. For the latter, we used an artificial microRNA (miR) design that optimizes potency, efficacy and safety to suppress ataxin-1 expression (miS1). Delivery of either ataxin-1-like or miS1 viral vectors to SCA1 mice cerebella resulted in widespread cerebellar Purkinje cell transduction and improved behavioral and histological phenotypes. Our data indicate the utility of either approach as a possible therapy for SCA1 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Keiser
- Department of the Neuroscience Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deleault NR, Kascsak R, Geoghegan JC, Supattapone S. Species-dependent differences in cofactor utilization for formation of the protease-resistant prion protein in vitro. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3928-34. [PMID: 20377181 DOI: 10.1021/bi100370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cofactor preferences for in vitro propagation of the protease-resistant isoforms of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) from various rodent species were investigated using the serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) technique. Whereas RNA molecules facilitate hamster PrP(Sc) propagation, RNA and several other polyanions do not promote the propagation of mouse and vole PrP(Sc) molecules. Pretreatment of crude Prnp(0/0) (PrP knockout) brain homogenate with RNase A or micrococcal nuclease inhibited hamster but not mouse PrP(Sc) propagation in a reconstituted system. Mouse PrP(Sc) propagation could be reconstituted by mixing PrP(C) substrate with homogenates prepared from either brain or liver, but not from several other tissues that were tested. These results reveal species-specific differences in cofactor utilization for PrP(Sc) propagation in vitro and also demonstrate the existence of an endogenous cofactor present in brain tissue not composed of nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Deleault
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Geoghegan JC, Miller MB, Kwak AH, Harris BT, Supattapone S. Trans-dominant inhibition of prion propagation in vitro is not mediated by an accessory cofactor. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000535. [PMID: 19649330 PMCID: PMC2713408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identified prion protein (PrP) mutants which act as dominant negative inhibitors of prion formation through a mechanism hypothesized to require an unidentified species-specific cofactor termed protein X. To study the mechanism of dominant negative inhibition in vitro, we used recombinant PrPC molecules expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells as substrates in serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) reactions. Bioassays confirmed that the products of these reactions are infectious. Using this system, we find that: (1) trans-dominant inhibition can be dissociated from conversion activity, (2) dominant-negative inhibition of prion formation can be reconstituted in vitro using only purified substrates, even when wild type (WT) PrPC is pre-incubated with poly(A) RNA and PrPSc template, and (3) Q172R is the only hamster PrP mutant tested that fails to convert into PrPSc and that can dominantly inhibit conversion of WT PrP at sub-stoichiometric levels. These results refute the hypothesis that protein X is required to mediate dominant inhibition of prion propagation, and suggest that PrP molecules compete for binding to a nascent seeding site on newly formed PrPSc molecules, most likely through an epitope containing residue 172. Over the past two decades, various investigators have observed that heterozygous animals possessing two different forms of the gene encoding the prion protein (PrP) are more difficult to infect with some strains of infectious prions than homozygous animals possessing only the most commonly occurring form of the gene encoding PrP for that species. In 1995, it was hypothesized that the inhibition of prion infection in heterozygous animals might be caused by competition between the two different types of PrP molecules for binding to a common cofactor required for prion propagation, provisionally named “protein X,” through a specific portion of the PrP molecule. Here, we report that mixing different purified PrP molecules together in test tube reactions lacking accessory proteins can also interfere with prion propagation. We also found that some mutations of the putative protein X binding site do not inhibit the formation of hamster prions in chemical reactions. Our work suggests that different PrP molecules most likely compete for binding to newly formed prions rather than an accessory protein cofactor, and argues against the existence of protein X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Geoghegan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Aimee H. Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geoghegan JC, Valdes PA, Orem NR, Deleault NR, Williamson RA, Harris BT, Supattapone S. Selective incorporation of polyanionic molecules into hamster prions. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36341-53. [PMID: 17940287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704447200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pathogenic event of prion disease is the conformational conversion of a host protein, PrPC, into a pathogenic isoform, PrPSc. We previously showed that the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique can be used to form infectious prion molecules de novo from purified native PrPC molecules in an autocatalytic process requiring accessory polyanions (Deleault, N. R., Harris, B. T., Rees, J. R., and Supattapone, S. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 9741-9746). Here we investigated the molecular mechanism by which polyanionic molecules facilitate infectious prion formation in vitro. Ina PMCA reaction lacking PrPSc template seed, synthetic polyA RNA molecules induce hamster HaPrPC to adopt a protease-sensitive, detergent-insoluble conformation reactive against antibodies specific for PrPSc. During PMCA, labeled nucleic acids form nuclease-resistant complexes with HaPrP molecules. Strikingly, purified HaPrPC molecules subjected to PMCA selectively incorporate an approximately 1-2.5-kb subset of [32P]polyA RNA molecules from a heterogeneous mixture ranging in size from approximately 0.1 to >6 kb. Neuropathological analysis of scrapie-infected hamsters using the fluorescent dye acridine orange revealed that RNA molecules co-localize with large extracellular HaPrP aggregates. These findings suggest that polyanionic molecules such as RNA may become selectively incorporated into stable complexes with PrP molecules during the formation of native hamster prions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gavin BA, Dolph MJ, Deleault NR, Geoghegan JC, Khurana V, Feany MB, Dolph PJ, Supattapone S. Accelerated accumulation of misfolded prion protein and spongiform degeneration in a Drosophila model of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12408-14. [PMID: 17135402 PMCID: PMC6674896 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3372-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are CNS disorders that can occur in sporadic, infectious, and inherited forms. Although all forms of prion disease are associated with the accumulation of pathogenic conformers of the prion protein, collectively termed PrP(Sc), the mechanisms by which PrP(Sc) molecules form and cause neuronal degeneration are unknown. Using the bipartite galactosidase-4-upstream activating sequence expression system, we generated transgenic Drosophila melanogaster heterologously expressing either wild-type (WT) or mutant, disease-associated (P101L) mouse PrP molecules in cholinergic neurons. Transgenic flies expressing neuronal P101L PrP molecules exhibited severe locomotor dysfunction and premature death as larvae and adults. These striking clinical abnormalities were accompanied by age-dependent accumulation of misfolded PrP molecules, intracellular PrP aggregates, and neuronal vacuoles. In contrast, transgenic flies expressing comparable levels of WT PrP displayed no clinical, pathological, or biochemical abnormalities. These results indicate that transgenic Drosophila expressing neuronal P101L PrP specifically exhibit several hallmark features of human Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome. Because the rates of abnormal PrP accumulation and clinical progression are highly accelerated in Drosophila compared with the rates of these processes in rodents or humans, the P101L mutant may be used for future genetic and pharmacologic studies as a novel invertebrate model of GSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A. Gavin
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Maria J. Dolph
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Nathan R. Deleault
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, and
| | - James C. Geoghegan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, and
| | - Vikram Khurana
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Patrick J. Dolph
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Supattapone S, Geoghegan JC, Rees JR. On the horizon: a blood test for prions. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:149-51. [PMID: 16483780 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent paper by Castilla et al. reported the detection of prions in the blood of scrapie-infected hamsters using a biochemical amplification method that is conceptually analogous to the polymerase chain reaction. This technological advance raises the possibility that prion diseases in humans and livestock could soon be diagnosed using blood samples if several technical limitations can be overcome.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wyatt CA, Geoghegan JC, Brinckerhoff CE. Short hairpin RNA-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in MDA-231 cells: effects on matrix destruction and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11101-8. [PMID: 16322260 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression is associated with advanced stages of breast cancer and may be a predictive marker for the development of invasive disease. In this report, we used short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules to investigate whether MMP-1 production in MDA-231 breast cancer cells contributed to the degradation of a collagen matrix or tumor formation in nude mice. We created two groups of MDA-231 cell lines. MDA-231 cells containing a vector producing shRNA specific for MMP-1 had a >90% decrease in MMP-1 mRNA and protein compared with cells containing an empty vector, and blocking MMP-1 expression inhibited the in vitro collagenolytic activity of MDA-231 cells. When the cells were injected into the mammary fat pad, there was no difference in the frequency of tumor formation in mice. However, the average tumor size was larger in mice injected with cells containing the empty vector (1,216 +/- 334 mm3) than in mice injected with cells expressing the MMP-1 shRNA (272 +/- 117 mm3; P = 0.027). We conclude that MMP-1 expression is essential for the ability of MDA-231 cells to invade and destroy a collagen matrix and in vivo experiments suggest an important role for MMP-1 in breast tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Wyatt
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The structural conversion of a host protein, PrP(C), into a protease-resistant isoform, PrPres, is the central event in the pathogenesis of infectious prion diseases. Purification of native PrP(C) molecules from hamster brain by either cation exchange or immobilized chelator chromatographic resins yielded preparations that supported efficient amplification of scrapie-induced PrPres in vitro. Using these purified preparations, we determined that in vitro PrPres amplification was inhibited by CuCl2 and ZnCl2 at IC50 concentrations of approximately 400 nm and 10 microM, respectively. In contrast, 100 microM MnCl2 did not directly inhibit PrPres amplification or block Cu2+-mediated inhibition. Additionally, the inhibition of PrPres amplification by Cu2+ ions could be reversed by addition of either neocuproine or imidazole. Cu2+ inhibited PrPres amplification in both the presence and absence of stimulatory polyanion molecules. These biochemical findings support the hypothesis that Cu2+ ions might regulate the pathogenesis of prion diseases in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Orem
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Deleault NR, Geoghegan JC, Nishina K, Kascsak R, Williamson RA, Supattapone S. Protease-resistant prion protein amplification reconstituted with partially purified substrates and synthetic polyanions. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26873-9. [PMID: 15917229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503973200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is currently known about the biochemical mechanism by which induced prion protein (PrP) conformational change occurs during mammalian prion propagation. In this study, we describe the reconstitution of PrPres amplification in vitro using partially purified and synthetic components. Overnight incubation of purified PrP27-30 and PrPC molecules at a molar ratio of 1:250 yielded approximately 2-fold baseline PrPres amplification. Addition of various polyanionic molecules increased the level of PrPres amplification to approximately 10-fold overall. Polyanionic compounds that stimulated purified PrPres amplification to varying degrees included synthetic, homopolymeric nucleic acids such as poly(A) and poly(dT), as well as non-nucleic acid polyanions, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Size fractionation experiments showed that synthetic poly(A) polymers must be >0.2 kb in length to stimulate purified PrPres amplification. Thus, one possible set of minimal components for efficient conversion of PrP molecules in vitro may be surprisingly simple, consisting of PrP27-30, PrPC, and a stimulatory polyanionic compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Deleault
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Winkler DG, Sutherland MSK, Ojala E, Turcott E, Geoghegan JC, Shpektor D, Skonier JE, Yu C, Latham JA. Sclerostin Inhibition of Wnt-3a-induced C3H10T1/2 Cell Differentiation Is Indirect and Mediated by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:2498-502. [PMID: 15545262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400524200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High bone mass diseases are caused both by activating mutations in the Wnt pathway and by loss of SOST, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, leading to the activation of BMP signaling. Given the phenotypic similarity between mutations that activate these signaling pathways, it seems likely that BMPs and Wnts operate in parallel or represent components of the same pathway, modulating osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we show that in C3H10T1/2 cells, Wnt-3A and BMP-6 proteins were inducers of osteoblast differentiation, as measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) induction. Surprisingly, sclerostin, noggin, and human BMP receptor 1A (BMPR1A)-FC fusion proteins blocked Wnt-3A-induced ALP as well as BMP-6-induced ALP activity. Dkk-1, a Wnt inhibitor, blocked Wnt-induced ALP activity but not BMP-induced ALP activity. Early Wnt-3A signaling as measured by beta-catenin accumulation was not affected by the BMP antagonists but was blocked by Dkk-1. Wnt-3A induced the appearance of BMP-4 mRNA 12 h prior to that of ALP in C3H10T1/2 cells. We propose that sclerostin and other BMP antagonists do not block Wnt signaling directly. Sclerostin blocks Wnt-induced ALP activity by blocking the activity of BMP proteins produced by Wnt treatment. The expression of BMP proteins in this autocrine loop is essential for Wnt-3A-induced osteoblast differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Winkler
- Department of Gene Function and Target Validation, Celltech R&D Inc., Bothell, Washington 98119, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sutherland MK, Geoghegan JC, Yu C, Turcott E, Skonier JE, Winkler DG, Latham JA. Sclerostin promotes the apoptosis of human osteoblastic cells: a novel regulation of bone formation. Bone 2004; 35:828-35. [PMID: 15454089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A null mutation in the SOST gene is associated with sclerosteosis, an inherited disorder characterized by a high bone mass phenotype. The protein product of the SOST gene, sclerostin, is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist that decreases osteoblast activity and reduces the differentiation of osteoprogenitors. We sought to delineate the mechanism by which sclerostin modulated osteoblastic function by examining the effects of the protein on differentiating cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Sclerostin significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the proliferation of hMSC cells. In addition, hMSC cells treated with sclerostin displayed a marked increase in caspase activity. Elevated levels of fragmented histone-associated DNA in these cells were detected by ELISA and by TUNEL staining. Other BMP antagonists including noggin, Chordin, Gremlin, and Twisted gastrulation did not affect caspase activity. The sclerostin-mediated increase in caspase activity was blocked by caspase-1 and caspase-3 inhibitors. Sclerostin-induced changes in ALP activity and the survival of hMSC cells were partially restored by BMP-6, suggesting the involvement of additional growth factors. These findings show that sclerostin selectively controls the apoptosis of bone cells. The ability of sclerostin to interact with important growth factors such as BMPs likely serves as the basis by which it modulates the survival of osteoblasts. By making these growth factors unavailable for cell function, sclerostin promotes the apoptosis of bone cells, providing a novel level of control in the regulation of bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Kung Sutherland
- Department of Gene Function & Target Validation, Celltech R & D, Inc, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sutherland MK, Geoghegan JC, Yu C, Winkler DG, Latham JA. Unique regulation of SOST, the sclerosteosis gene, by BMPs and steroid hormones in human osteoblasts. Bone 2004; 35:448-54. [PMID: 15268896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SOST, a novel bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist and negative regulator of bone formation, is expressed in osteogenic cells. Null mutations in the SOST gene are associated with the sclerosteosis phenotype typified by high bone mass. We sought to delineate the pathways involved in the regulation of SOST expression in human osteoblastic cells. We evaluated the effects of bone growth factors and hormones on the RNA levels of SOST and the BMP antagonists, noggin and gremlin. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 (FGF1, FGF2), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) had negligible effects on SOST expression in human osteoblasts. In comparison, BMPs-2, 4, and 6 induced the message levels of SOST in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The levels of noggin and, to a lesser extent, gremlin were also increased by BMPs. BMP's stimulatory effects on SOST were further enhanced by retinoic acid or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In contrast, dexamethasone (DEX) blocked the effects of the BMPs on SOST and gremlin, but not on noggin. Retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not affect the BMP-enhanced expression of gremlin or noggin. The steroids did not affect the endogenous levels of the BMP antagonists. These findings show that the levels of SOST are modulated by BMPs and the interactions of the BMPs with steroid hormones in human osteoblasts. These effects differed markedly from that of noggin or gremlin, suggesting that there is an exquisite regulation of the expressions of BMP antagonists in cells of the osteoblast lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Kung Sutherland
- Department of Gene Function and Target Validation, Celltech R&D, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Winkler DG, Yu C, Geoghegan JC, Ojala EW, Skonier JE, Shpektor D, Sutherland MK, Latham JA. Noggin and Sclerostin Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonists Form a Mutually Inhibitory Complex. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36293-8. [PMID: 15199066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Noggin and sclerostin are bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists that modulate mitogenic activity through sequestering BMPs. Little is known of the interactions among this class of proteins. We show that recombinant sclerostin and noggin bound to each other with high affinity (K(D) = 2.92 nm). This observation has been extended to naturally expressed noggin and sclerostin from the rat osteosarcoma cell line, ROS 17/2.8, supporting a role for the complex in natural systems. The noggin-sclerostin complex was competitive with BMP binding and mutually attenuated the activity of each BMP antagonist. Collectively, the data demonstrate a novel and exquisite paradigm for the regulation of BMP activity through direct neutralization of the BMP and activation by co-localized BMP antagonist expression. The pleiotrophic nature of noggin and sclerostin represents a novel mechanism for the fine-tuning of BMP activity in bone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Winkler
- Department of Gene Function and Target Validation, Celltech R&D, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Winkler DG, Sutherland MK, Geoghegan JC, Yu C, Hayes T, Skonier JE, Shpektor D, Jonas M, Kovacevich BR, Staehling-Hampton K, Appleby M, Brunkow ME, Latham JA. Osteocyte control of bone formation via sclerostin, a novel BMP antagonist. EMBO J 2004; 22:6267-76. [PMID: 14633986 PMCID: PMC291840 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for anabolic treatments to restore lost bone. Human genetic bone disorders provide insight into bone regulatory processes. Sclerosteosis is a disease typified by high bone mass due to the loss of SOST expression. Sclerostin, the SOST gene protein product, competed with the type I and type II bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors for binding to BMPs, decreased BMP signaling and suppressed mineralization of osteoblastic cells. SOST expression was detected in cultured osteoblasts and in mineralizing areas of the skeleton, but not in osteoclasts. Strong expression in osteocytes suggested that sclerostin expressed by these central regulatory cells mediates bone homeostasis. Transgenic mice overexpressing SOST exhibited low bone mass and decreased bone strength as the result of a significant reduction in osteoblast activity and subsequently, bone formation. Modulation of this osteocyte-derived negative signal is therapeutically relevant for disorders associated with bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Winkler
- Department of Gene Function and Target Validation, Celltech R&D, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|