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Zhou Z, Ye G, Peng J, He B, Xu S, Fan W, Wang W. Expression of Wnt3, β -catenin and MMP -7 in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions and their correlations with Helicobacter pylori infection. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 46:575-582. [PMID: 34275925 PMCID: PMC10930196 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the expression of the Wnt signaling-associated proteins (Wnt3, β-catenin, MMP-7) in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions with positive and negative Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori, Hp) infection, and to further explore the mechanisms underlying the Wnt signaling pathway involving in the formation of gastric cancer and its relationship with Hp infection. METHODS The complete paraffin samples with pathologically confirmed diagnosis, who came from the First Hospital of Changsha from January 2018 to April 2020, were collected. All samples were randomly divided into a gastric cancer group (n=57), a precancerous lesion group (n=84), and a chronic superficial gastritis group (n=25). Improved Giemsa staining was used to detect Hp infection, and according the results of Hp infection the above groups were divided into a Hp positive subgroup and a negative subgroup. The expressions of Wnt3, β-catenin and MMP-7 were examined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The Wnt3, β-catenin, and MMP-7 were highly expressed in the gastric cancer group and the gastric precancerous lesion group. The Wnt3 and MMP-7 were highly expressed in cytoplasm, and β-catenin showed a tendency of cell membrane transferring to cytoplasm and nucleus, which was characterized by "nuclear translocation". The positive rates of the Wnt3, β-catenin, and MMP-7 expressions in the gastric cancer group were higher than those in the precancerous lesion group and the chronic superficial gastritis group (all P<0.05), which showed a gradually increasing trend with the deterioration of differentiation degree. In addition, the expressions of Wnt3, β-catenin, and MMP-7 in the Hp positive subgroup in the gastric cancer group and the precancerous lesion group were higher than those in the Hp negative subgroup (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling pathway is involved in the occurrence and development of precancerous lesions and gastric cancer, and which is related with Hp infection. Meanwhile, the Wnt3, β-catenin and MMP-7 may be used as molecular markers for early diagnosis of gastric cancer and indicators to judge the degree of differentiation and malignancy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China.
| | - Guannan Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Bule He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Saiqun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Wenling Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Weining Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, China.
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Hu P, Ke C, Guo X, Ren P, Tong Y, Luo S, He Y, Wei Z, Cheng B, Li R, Luo J, Meng Z. Both glypican-3/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and autophagy contributed to the inhibitory effect of curcumin on hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:120-126. [PMID: 30001951 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to investigate the role of glypican-3(GPC3)/wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and autophagy in the regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth mediated by curcumin. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with various concentrations of curcumin and/or GPC3-targeting siRNA in the presence or absence of 3-MA. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by MTT and TUNEL assay, respectively. Expression of GPC3, β-catenin, c-myc, LC3, and Beclin1 was determined by western blotting. In addition, curcumin was tested in tumor xenografts mice model, Caliper IVIS Lumina II was used to monitor the tumor growth, and GPC3/wnt/β-catenin signaling proteins were determined by western blotting. RESULTS Curcumin treatment led to proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and suppressed HCC tumor growth in vivo. Further analysis showed that curcumin treatment inactivated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and decreased GPC3 expression, silencing of GPC3 expression promoted the effects of curcumin on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, inhibiting autophagy by 3-MA relieved curcumin-dependent down-regulation of GPC3. CONCLUSION Curcumin suppressed HCC tumor growth through down-regulating GPC3/wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which was partially mediated by activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Changzheng Ke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Pan Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yaoyao Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Sen Luo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yulin He
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
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Premaraj S, Souza I, Premaraj T. Mechanical loading activates β-catenin signaling in periodontal ligament cells. Angle Orthod 2011; 81:592-599. [PMID: 21299429 PMCID: PMC8919760 DOI: 10.2319/090310-519.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether β-catenin signaling is responsive to mechanical loading in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components are present and functional, PDL cells were treated with lithium chloride or Wnt3a-conditioned media. To determine whether mechanical strain activates β-catenin signaling, PDL cells were subjected to compressive loading. Activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway was determined by immunofluorescence, Western immunoblotting, and TOPflash assay. RESULTS Mimicking Wnt signaling stimulates β-catenin nuclear translocation and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer binding factor-dependent transcriptional activation in PDL cells. Mechanical loading stimulates a transient accumulation of dephosphorylated β-catenin in the cytoplasm and its translocation to the nucleus. This effect of strain acts through activation of protein kinase B and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. These strain-related changes do not involve the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/Wnt receptor. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components are functional and activated by mechanical loading in PDL cells. β-catenin serves as an effector of mechanical signals in PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaralingam Premaraj
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Growth and Development, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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del Valle-Pérez B, Arqués O, Vinyoles M, de Herreros AG, Duñach M. Coordinated action of CK1 isoforms in canonical Wnt signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2877-88. [PMID: 21606194 PMCID: PMC3133391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01466-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Wnt pathway promotes the progressive phosphorylation of coreceptor LRP5/6 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6), creating a phosphorylated motif that inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), which in turn stabilizes β-catenin, increasing the transcription of β-catenin target genes. Casein kinase 1 (CK1) kinase family members play a complex role in this pathway, either as inhibitors or as activators. In this report, we have dissected the roles of CK1 isoforms in the early steps of Wnt signaling. CK1ε is constitutively bound to LRP5/6 through its interaction with p120-catenin and E-cadherin or N-cadherin and is activated upon Wnt3a stimulation. CK1α also associates with the LRP5/6/p120-catenin complex but, differently from CK1ε, only after Wnt3a addition. Binding of CK1α is dependent on CK1ε and occurs in a complex with axin. The two protein kinases function sequentially: whereas CK1ε is required for early responses to Wnt3a stimulation, such as recruitment of Dishevelled 2 (Dvl-2), CK1α participates in the release of p120-catenin from the complex, which activates p120-catenin for further actions on this pathway. Another CK1, CK1γ, acts at an intermediate level, since it is not necessary for Dvl-2 recruitment but for LRP5/6 phosphorylation at Thr1479 and axin binding. Therefore, our results indicate that CK1 isoforms work coordinately to promote the full response to Wnt stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz del Valle-Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Arqués
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Meritxell Vinyoles
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Duñach
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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David MD, Cantí C, Herreros J. Wnt-3a and Wnt-3 differently stimulate proliferation and neurogenesis of spinal neural precursors and promote neurite outgrowth by canonical signaling. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3011-23. [PMID: 20722074 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wnt factors regulate neural stem cell development and neuronal connectivity. Here we investigated whether Wnt-3a and Wnt-3, expressed in the developing spinal cord, regulate proliferation and the neuronal differentiation of spinal cord neural precursors (SCNP). Wnt-3a promoted a sustained increase of SCNP proliferation and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. In contrast, Wnt-3 transiently enhanced SCNP proliferation and increased neurogenesis through β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, both Wnt-3a and Wnt-3 stimulated neurite outgrowth in SCNP-derived neurons through β-catenin- and TCF4-dependent transcription. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors mimicked Wnt signaling and promoted neurite outgrowth in established cultures. We conclude that Wnt-3a and Wnt-3 factors signal through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway to regulate different aspects of SCNP development. These findings may be of therapeutic interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D David
- Laboratori d'Investigació, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida-University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Fröjmark AS, Schuster J, Sobol M, Entesarian M, Kilander MBC, Gabrikova D, Nawaz S, Baig SM, Schulte G, Klar J, Dahl N. Mutations in Frizzled 6 cause isolated autosomal-recessive nail dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:852-860. [PMID: 21665003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited and isolated nail malformations are rare and heterogeneous conditions. We identified two consanguineous pedigrees in which some family members were affected by isolated nail dysplasia that suggested an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern and was characterized by claw-shaped nails, onychauxis, and onycholysis. Genome-wide SNP array analysis of affected individuals from both families showed an overlapping and homozygous region of 800 kb on the long arm of chromosome 8. The candidate region spans eight genes, and DNA sequence analysis revealed homozygous nonsense and missense mutations in FZD(6), the gene encoding Frizzled 6. FZD(6) belongs to a family of highly conserved membrane-bound WNT receptors involved in developmental processes and differentiation through several signaling pathways. We expressed the FZD(6) missense mutation and observed a quantitative shift in subcellular distribution from the plasma membrane to the lysosomes, where the receptor is inaccessible for signaling and presumably degraded. Analysis of human fibroblasts homozygous for the nonsense mutation showed an aberrant response to both WNT-3A and WNT-5A stimulation; this response was consistent with an effect on both canonical and noncanonical WNT-FZD signaling. A detailed analysis of the Fzd(6)(-/-) mice, previously shown to have an altered hair pattern, showed malformed claws predominantly of the hind limbs. Furthermore, a transient Fdz6 mRNA expression was observed in the epidermis of the digital tips at embryonic day 16.5 during early claw morphogenesis. Thus, our combined results show that FZD6 mutations can result in severe defects in nail and claw formation through reduced or abolished membranous FZD(6) levels and several nonfunctional WNT-FZD pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Fröjmark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Sobol
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of General and Molecular Genetics, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Miriam Entesarian
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Current address: Department of Women's and Children's Health Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana Gabrikova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sadia Nawaz
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid M Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Klar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Takatani T, Minagawa M, Takatani R, Kinoshita K, Kohno Y. AMP-activated protein kinase attenuates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human osteoblastic Saos-2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:114-9. [PMID: 21501658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energetic conditions. Recent studies suggest that AMPK affects osteoblast differentiation, although its role and mechanism are not fully understood. One of the most important signals in osteoblast differentiation is the Wnt/β-catenin pathway which induces T-cell transcription factor 1 (TCF)-dependent transcription. Using human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells, we determined whether AMPK modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts. Chemical activators of AMPK (AICAR [5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside], metformin) suppressed Wnt3a-induced TCF-dependent transcriptional activity. Transactivation by Wnt was potentiated by inhibiting β-catenin degradation with lithium chloride (LiCl). LiCl-induced Wnt transactivation was suppressed by addition of metformin. Metformin increased the phosphorylation of β-catenin and decreased β-catenin protein levels leading to suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our present study showed that AMPK attenuates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by reducing β-catenin protein levels in osteoblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomozumi Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Abstract
Polarized Wnt signaling along the primary body axis is a conserved property of axial patterning in bilaterians and prebilaterians, and depends on localized sources of Wnt ligands. However, the mechanisms governing the localized Wnt expression that emerged early in evolution are poorly understood. Here we find in the cnidarian Hydra that two functionally distinct cis-regulatory elements control the head organizer-associated Hydra Wnt3 (HyWnt3). An autoregulatory element, which mediates direct inputs of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, highly activates HyWnt3 transcription in the head region. In contrast, a repressor element is necessary and sufficient to restrict the activity of the autoregulatory element, thereby allowing the organizer-specific expression. Our results reveal that a combination of autoregulation and repression is crucial for establishing a Wnt-expressing organizing center in a basal metazoan. We suggest that this transcriptional control is an evolutionarily old strategy in the formation of Wnt signaling centers and metazoan axial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Heidelberg Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charisios D. Tsiairis
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Heidelberg Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Heidelberg Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Holstein
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Heidelberg Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Carthy JM, Garmaroudi FS, Luo Z, McManus BM. Wnt3a induces myofibroblast differentiation by upregulating TGF-β signaling through SMAD2 in a β-catenin-dependent manner. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19809. [PMID: 21611174 PMCID: PMC3097192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins and their associated signaling pathways, linked to development, are recapitulated during wound repair and regeneration events. However, the role of the Wnt pathway in such settings remains unclear. In the current study, we treated mouse fibroblasts with 250 ng/mL of recombinant Wnt3a for 72 hours and examined its affect on cell morphology and function. Wnt3a induced a spindle-like morphology in fibroblasts characterized by the increased formation of stress fibres. Wnt3a decreased the proliferation of fibroblasts, but significantly increased cell migration as well as fibroblast-mediated contraction of a collagen lattice. Wnt3a significantly increased the expression of TGF-β and its associated signaling through SMAD2. Consistent with this, we observed significantly increased smooth muscle α-actin expression and incorporation of this contractile protein into stress fibres following Wnt3a treatment. Knockdown of β-catenin using siRNA reversed the Wnt3a-induced smooth muscle α-actin expression, suggesting these changes were dependent on canonical Wnt signaling through β-catenin. Neutralization of TGF-β with a blocking antibody significantly inhibited the Wnt3a-induced smooth muscle α-actin expression, indicating these changes were dependent on the increased TGF-β signaling. Collectively, this data strongly suggests Wnt3a promotes the formation of a myofibroblast-like phenotype in cultured fibroblasts, in part, by upregulating TGF-β signaling through SMAD2 in a β-catenin-dependent mechanism. As myofibroblasts are critical regulators of wound healing responses, these findings may have important implications for our understanding of normal and aberrant injury and repair events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Carthy
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Farshid S. Garmaroudi
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zongshu Luo
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Although osteosarcoma represents the most common bone malignancy, the molecular and cellular mechanisms influencing its pathogenesis have remained elusive. Recent evidence has suggested that the Wnt signaling pathway may play a crucial role in osteosarcoma. This study employed a microarray approach to discover novel genes and pathways involved in Wnt signaling in osteosarcoma. We developed a Wnt10b-expressing cell line using the human U2OS osteosarcoma model (U2OS-Wnt10b) and performed microarray and pathway analyses using parental U2OS cells as control. Differential expression of 1,003 genes encompassing 28 pathways was noted. The Wnt, NFκB, and Notch pathways were chosen for further study based on their known importance in bone biology. Known Wnt-responsive genes Axin-2 (4.9-fold), CD44 (2.1-fold), endothelin-1 (4.2-fold) and sclerostin domain containing-1 (43-fold) were regulated by Wnt10b. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α, known inducers of NFκB, were upregulated both at the transcript and protein level, and NFκB reporter activity was stimulated 3.8-fold, confirming NFκB activation. Interestingly, genes involved in Notch signaling [Notch-1 (2.4-fold) and Jagged-1 (3.1-fold)] were upregulated, whereas the Notch inhibitor, lunatic fringe, was downregulated (8.2-fold). This resulted in the activation of the classic Notch-responsive genes, hairy and enhancer of split-1 (Hes-1; 2.2-fold) and hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-1 (Hey-1; 2.5-fold). A Hey-1 reporter construct was regulated 9.1-fold in U2OS-Wnt10b cells, confirming Notch activation. Interestingly, Wnt3a failed to induce the Notch and NFκB pathways, demonstrating Wnt-specificity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Wnt10b, but not Wnt3a, stimulates the NFκB and Notch pathways in U2OS osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike I. Mödder
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN, USA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN, USA
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Basu S, Ellinger B, Rizzo S, Deraeve C, Schürmann M, Preut H, Arndt HD, Waldmann H. Biology-oriented synthesis of a natural-product inspired oxepane collection yields a small-molecule activator of the Wnt-pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6805-10. [PMID: 21415367 PMCID: PMC3084053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015269108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In Biology Oriented Synthesis the scaffolds of biologically relevant compound classes inspire the synthesis of focused compound collections enriched in bioactivity. This criterion is met by the structurally complex scaffolds of natural products (NPs) selected in evolution. The synthesis of NP-inspired compound collections approaching the complexity of NPs calls for the development of efficient synthetic methods. We have developed a one pot 4-7 step synthesis of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic oxepanes that resemble the core scaffolds of numerous NPs with diverse bioactivities. This sequence entails a ring-closing ene-yne metathesis reaction as key step and makes productive use of polymer-immobilized scavenger reagents. Biological profiling of a corresponding focused compound collection in a reporter gene assay monitoring for Wnt-signaling modulation revealed active Wntepanes. This unique class of small-molecule activators of the Wnt pathway modulates the van-Gogh-like receptor proteins (Vangl), which were previously identified in noncanonical Wnt signaling, and acts in synergy with the canonical activator protein (Wnt-3a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Basu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Rizzo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
| | - Céline Deraeve
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
| | - Markus Schürmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Preut
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; and
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Wei W, Chua MS, Grepper S, So SK. Soluble Frizzled-7 receptor inhibits Wnt signaling and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells towards doxorubicin. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:16. [PMID: 21314951 PMCID: PMC3050858 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited therapeutic options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver malignancy worldwide. Recent studies have identified the Frizzled-7 receptor (FZD7), important for activation of Wnt-mediated signaling, as a potential therapeutic target for HCC and other cancers. METHODS We hypothesized that the extracellular domain of FZD7 (sFZD7) would be a clinically more relevant therapeutic modality than previously studied approaches to target FZD7. We expressed and purified sFZD7 from E. coli, and tested its functional activity to interact with Wnt3, its ability to inhibit Wnt3-mediated signaling, and its potential for combinatorial therapy in HCC. RESULTS sFZD7 pulled down Wnt3 from Huh7 cells, and decreased β-catenin/Tcf4 transcriptional activity in HCC cells. In vitro, sFZD7 dose-dependently decreased viability of three HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep40, and Huh7, all with high FZD7 and Wnt3 mRNA), but had little effect on normal hepatocytes from three donors (all with low level FZD7 and Wnt3 mRNA). When combined with doxorubicin, sFZD7 enhanced the growth inhibitory effects of doxorubicin against HCC cells in vitro, and against Huh7 xenografts in vivo. Reduced expressions of c-Myc, cyclin D1, and survivin were observed in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, sFZD7 altered the levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2 induced by doxorubicin treatment in vitro, suggesting that several critical pathways are involved in the chemosensitizing effect of sFZD7. CONCLUSIONS We propose that sFZD7 is a feasible therapeutic agent with specific activity, which can potentially be combined with other chemotherapeutic agents for the improved management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mei-Sze Chua
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susan Grepper
- CellzDirect/Invitrogen, 4301 Emperor Blvd, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Samuel K So
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Nadanaka S, Kinouchi H, Taniguchi-Morita K, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Down-regulation of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 by Wnt signaling triggers diffusion of Wnt-3a. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:4199-208. [PMID: 21123170 PMCID: PMC3039320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During metazoan development, Wnt molecules are secreted from Wnt-producing cells, diffuse to target cells, and determine cell fates; therefore, Wnt secretion is tightly regulated. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling Wnt diffusion are not fully elucidated. The specific chondroitin sulfate (CS) structure synthesized by chondroitin-4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1) binds to Wnt-3a with high affinity (Nadanaka, S., Ishida, M., Ikegami, M., and Kitagawa, H. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 27333-27343). In this study we tested whether Wnt signaling regulates sulfation patterns of cell-associated CS chains by suppressing expression of C4ST-1 to trigger release of Wnt molecules from Wnt-producing cells. C4ST-1 expression was dramatically reduced in L cells that stably expressed Wnt-3a (L-Wnt-3a cells) and had CS with low affinity for Wnt-3a. Forced expression of C4ST-1 in L-Wnt-3a cells inhibited diffusion of Wnt-3a due to structural alterations in CS chains mediated by C4ST-1. Furthermore, sustained Wnt signaling negatively regulated C4ST-1 expression in a cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous fashion. These results demonstrated that C4ST-1 is a key downstream target of Wnt signaling that regulates Wnt diffusion from Wnt-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan and
| | - Hiroki Kinouchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan and
| | - Kayo Taniguchi-Morita
- the Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Tamura
- the Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan and
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Spence JR, Mayhew CN, Rankin SA, Kuhar M, Vallance JE, Tolle K, Hoskins EE, Kalinichenko VV, Wells SI, Zorn AM, Shroyer NF, Wells JM. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro. Nature 2011; 470:105-9. [PMID: 21151107 PMCID: PMC3033971 DOI: 10.1038/nature09691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1296] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in embryonic development have guided successful efforts to direct the differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into specific organ cell types in vitro. For example, human PSCs have been differentiated into monolayer cultures of liver hepatocytes and pancreatic endocrine cells that have therapeutic efficacy in animal models of liver disease and diabetes, respectively. However, the generation of complex three-dimensional organ tissues in vitro remains a major challenge for translational studies. Here we establish a robust and efficient process to direct the differentiation of human PSCs into intestinal tissue in vitro using a temporal series of growth factor manipulations to mimic embryonic intestinal development. This involved activin-induced definitive endoderm formation, FGF/Wnt-induced posterior endoderm pattering, hindgut specification and morphogenesis, and a pro-intestinal culture system to promote intestinal growth, morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. The resulting three-dimensional intestinal 'organoids' consisted of a polarized, columnar epithelium that was patterned into villus-like structures and crypt-like proliferative zones that expressed intestinal stem cell markers. The epithelium contained functional enterocytes, as well as goblet, Paneth and enteroendocrine cells. Using this culture system as a model to study human intestinal development, we identified that the combined activity of WNT3A and FGF4 is required for hindgut specification whereas FGF4 alone is sufficient to promote hindgut morphogenesis. Our data indicate that human intestinal stem cells form de novo during development. We also determined that NEUROG3, a pro-endocrine transcription factor that is mutated in enteric anendocrinosis, is both necessary and sufficient for human enteroendocrine cell development in vitro. PSC-derived human intestinal tissue should allow for unprecedented studies of human intestinal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Spence
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Christopher N. Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Scott A. Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Matthew Kuhar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Jefferson E. Vallance
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Kathryn Tolle
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Elizabeth E. Hoskins
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Aaron M. Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
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15
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Shen L, Cong W, Wang R, Xiao J. [Dynamic expression of wnt and fibroblast growth factor ligands in cleft palate induced by retinoic acid]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 29:62-65. [PMID: 21427903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen the wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands involved in palatogenesis and cleft palate, and to study the dynamic expression of them in the different stages of palatal development and cleft palate formation. METHODS Mouse model of retinoic acid (RA)-induced cleft palate was set up. At embryo day (ED) 14.5, the palatal tissues of RA-treated group and wild type were collected and prepared for gene-chip analysis. According to the gene-chip results, wnt3, wnt8a, fgf9 and fgf10 were selected and their expression level was detected at ED13.5-15.5 by using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS (1) Gene-chip analysis showed that in RA-induced cleft palate group wnt8a and fgf9 were down-regulated, wnt3 and fgf10 were up-regulated in conversely. (2)During the different stage of the control group palatogenesis, intense expression of wnt3, wnt8a, fgf9 and fgf10 were detected with a continuous dynamic pattern. (3)Compared with the control group, the expression level of wnt3, wnt8a, fgf9 and fgf10 in RA-induced cleft palate showed significant difference, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION wnt and FGF signaling molecules participate in the palatogenesis, and RA pathway may interact with wnt and FGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- Dept. of Oral Biology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Filatova EV, Shadrina MI, Fedotova EI, Slominskiĭ PA, Illarioshkin SN, Ivanova-Smolenskaia IA, Limborskaia SA. [Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism rs415430 in the WNT3 gene in the Russian population with the Parkinson disease]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2011:3-4. [PMID: 21789800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder that arises due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The causes of this disease are still unknown, but a number of genes involved in pathogenesis of familial and sporadic forms of PD has been identified. According to recent data of genome wide association studies (GWAS), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes (including MAPT locus) may play an important role in the development of PD. Therefore, we analyzed distribution of genotype frequencies of SNP rs415430 in the WNT3 gene in the Russian patients with sporadic PD and in the Russian population controls (OR = 0.84, Confidence Interval (95% CI) 0.58-1.23, p = 0.39). It was concluded that SNP rs415430 in the WNT3 gene was not associated with the risk of development of PD.
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Natsume H, Tokuda H, Adachi S, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kato K, Minamitani C, Otsuka T, Kozawa O. Wnt3a regulates tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated interleukin-6 release in osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 331:66-72. [PMID: 20732383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that Wnt pathways regulate bone metabolism. We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulates synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a potent bone resorptive agent, via p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Wnt3a on TNF-α-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in these cells. Wnt3a, which alone did not affect the IL-6 levels, significantly suppressed the TNF-α-stimulated IL-6 release. Lithium Chloride (LiCl), which is an inhibitor of GSK3β, markedly reduced the TNF-α-stimulated IL-6 release, similar to the results with Wnt3a. The suppression by Wnt3a or LiCl was also observed in the intracellular protein levels of IL-6 elicited by TNF-α. Wnt3a failed to affect the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase, Akt, IκB or NFκB. Either Wnt3a or LiCl failed to reduce, rather increased the IL-6 mRNA expression stimulated by TNF-α. Lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, and bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal protease inhibitor, significantly restored the suppressive effect of Wnt3a on TNF-α-stimulated IL-6 release. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Wnt3a regulates IL-6 release stimulated by TNF-α at post-transcriptional level in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Natsume
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Cimetta E, Sirabella D, Yeager K, Davidson K, Simon J, Moon RT, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Microfluidic device generating stable concentration gradients for long term cell culture: application to Wnt3a regulation of β-catenin signaling. Lab Chip 2010; 10:3277-83. [PMID: 20936235 PMCID: PMC4106280 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In developing tissues, proteins and signaling molecules present themselves in the form of concentration gradients, which determine the fate specification and behavior of the sensing cells. To mimic these conditions in vitro, we developed a microfluidic device designed to generate stable concentration gradients at low hydrodynamic shear and allowing long term culture of adhering cells. The gradient forms in a culture space between two parallel laminar flow streams of culture medium at two different concentrations of a given morphogen. The exact algorithm for defining the concentration gradients was established with the aid of mathematical modeling of flow and mass transport. Wnt3a regulation of β-catenin signaling was chosen as a case study. The highly conserved Wnt-activated β-catenin pathway plays major roles in embryonic development, stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt3a stimulates the activity of β-catenin pathway, leading to translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus where it activates a series of target genes. We cultured A375 cells stably expressing a Wnt/β-catenin reporter driving the expression of Venus, pBARVS, inside the microfluidic device. The extent to which the β-catenin pathway was activated in response to a gradient of Wnt3a was assessed in real time using the BARVS reporter gene. On a single cell level, the β-catenin signaling was proportionate to the concentration gradient of Wnt3a; we thus propose that the modulation of Wnt3a gradients in real time can provide new insights into the dynamics of β-catenin pathway, under conditions that replicate some aspects of the actual cell-tissue milieu. Our device thus offers a highly controllable platform for exploring the effects of concentration gradients on cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cimetta
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Clinic, VC12-234, 622 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032
- Tel: +1 (212) 305-2304; Fax: 1 (212) 305-4692;
| | - Dario Sirabella
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Clinic, VC12-234, 622 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032
| | - Keith Yeager
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Clinic, VC12-234, 622 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, HHMI and Dept. of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA
| | - Joseph Simon
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Clinic, VC12-234, 622 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032
| | - Randall T Moon
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, HHMI and Dept. of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Clinic, VC12-234, 622 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032
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Ohba S, Lanigan TM, Roessler BJ. Leptin receptor JAK2/STAT3 signaling modulates expression of Frizzled receptors in articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1620-9. [PMID: 20868760 PMCID: PMC2997121 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiated articular chondrocytes express a functional bisoform of the leptin receptor (LRb); however, leptin-LRb signaling in these cells is poorly understood. We hypothesized that leptin-LRb signaling in articular chondrocytes functions to modulate canonical Wnt signaling events by altering the expression of Frizzled (FZD) receptors. METHODS Human chondrocyte cell lines and primary articular chondrocytes were grown in serum containing growth media for 24h, followed by a media change to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 1% Nutridoma-SP to obtain a serum-deficient environment for 24h before treatment. Treatments included recombinant human leptin (10-100nM), recombinant human IL-6 (0.3-3nM), or recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) (10mU/ml). Cells were harvested 30min-48h after treatment and whole cell lysates were analyzed using immunoblots or luciferase assays. RESULTS Treatment of cells with leptin resulted in activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and subsequent phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on LRb, followed by dose- and time-dependent increases in the expression of Frizzled-1 (FZD1) and Frizzled-7 (FZD7). Leptin-mediated increases in the expression of FZD1 were blocked by pre-treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the JAK2 inhibitor AG490. Experiments using a series of hybrid Epo extracellular domain-leptin intracellular domain receptors (ELR) harboring mutations of specific tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail showed that increases in the expression of FZD1 were dependent on LRb-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3, but not ERK1/2 or STAT5. Leptin pre-treatment of chondrocytes prior to Wnt3a stimulation resulted in an increased magnitude of canonical Wnt signaling. CONCLUSION These experiments show that leptin-LRb signaling in articular chondrocytes modulates expression of canonical Wnt signaling receptors and suggests that direct cross-talk between these pathways is important in determining chondrocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Ohba
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5688
| | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5688
| | - Blake J. Roessler
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5688
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: 3560 MSRB2, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688, Tel.: 734-763-7949, Fax: 734-764-3596,
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20
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Yoshizaki K, Osumi N. [Molecular mechanism and mental function of postnatal neurogenesis]. Brain Nerve 2010; 62:1315-1322. [PMID: 21139184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal neurogenesis has been observed in two brain regions: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, among vertebrates including human. Accumulating evidence has indicated the molecular mechanisms commonly underlying embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Genetic factors essential for neural development, i.e., Pax6, Fabp7, Sox2, Wnt3, Notch1, etc., are also expressed in adult neurogenic regions. Adult neurogenesis, however, is distinct from embryonic neurogenesis in that the former is activity dependent; environmental stimulation modulates the entire processes of adult neurogenesis. In the hippocampus, physical exercise and cognitive stimuli robustly increase the proliferation of precursor cells, whereas physical/psychosocial stress decreases the proliferation of newborn neurons. Thus, adult neurogenesis is intriguingly regulated by several genetic and environmental factors. Reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis during the infantile and adult stages has been observed in some animal models of mental illness such as schizophrenia and major depression, implicating that postnatal neurogenesis may contribute to a part of the symptoms of mental illness. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms and functional significance of postnatal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichi Yoshizaki
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Konishi S, Yasuchika K, Ishii T, Fukumitsu K, Kamo N, Fujita N, Ikai I, Uemoto S. A transmembrane glycoprotein, gp38, is a novel marker for immature hepatic progenitor cells in fetal mouse livers. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:45-53. [PMID: 21104040 PMCID: PMC3026936 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we clarified the surface antigen profiles of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) in fetal liver tissue as the CD49f(+)CD45(-)Thy1(-) cell fraction. However, these cells were a heterogeneous cell population containing various stages of differentiation. This study aimed to detect more immature HPCs, using a novel surface antigen, gp38. After the collagenase digestion of fetal livers harvested from E13.5 to E18.5 fetal mice, HPCs were obtained and divided into two subpopulations using flow cytometry: gp38-positive HPCs, and gp38-negative HPCs. Both types of HPCs were characterized by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. The proliferative activity was compared by BrdU incorporation and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTS) assay. Furthermore, the comprehensive gene expression was investigated by DNA microarray. Both types of HPCs expressed alpha-fetoprotein. However, the gp38-positive HPCs derived from E13.5 fetal livers did not express albumin or cytokeratin 19, while the gp38-negative HPCs did. DNA microarray revealed that some genes related to the Wnt signal pathway were up-regulated in the gp38-positive HPCs. Furthermore, Wnt3a had a proliferative effect on the gp38-positive HPCs. In conclusion, the gp38-positive HPCs derived from fetal liver tissue until E13.5 could therefore be candidates for hepatic stem cells in the fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Konishi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research Center, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Naoko Kamo
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Naoya Fujita
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Ikai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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Pinnock SB, Blake AM, Platt NJ, Herbert J. The roles of BDNF, pCREB and Wnt3a in the latent period preceding activation of progenitor cell mitosis in the adult dentate gyrus by fluoxetine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13652. [PMID: 21048974 PMCID: PMC2965105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new neurons continues into adult life in the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus, as in many other species. Neurogenesis itself turns out to be highly labile, and is regulated by a number of factors. One of these is the serotoninergic system: treatment with drugs (such as the SSRI fluoxetine) markedly stimulates mitosis in the progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus. But this process has one remarkable feature: it takes at least 14 days of continuous treatment to be effective. This is despite the fact that the pharmacological action of fluoxetine occurs within an hour or so of first administration. This paper explores the role of BDNF in this process, using the effect of a Trk antagonist (K252a) on the labelling of progenitor cells with the mitosis marker Ki67 and the associated expression of pCREB and Wnt3a. These experiments show that (i) Fluoxetine increased Ki67 counts, as well as pCREB and Wnt3a expression in the dentate gyrus. The action of fluoxetine on the progenitor cells and on pCREB (but not Wnt3a) depends upon Trk receptor activation, since it was prevented by icv infusion of K252a. (ii) These receptors are required for both the first 7 days of fluoxetine action, during which no apparent change in progenitor mitosis occurs, as well as the second 7 days. Increased pCREB was always associated with progenitor cell mitosis, but Wnt3a expression may be necessary but not sufficient for increased progenitor cell proliferation. These results shed new light on the action of fluoxetine on neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, and have both clinical and experimental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett B Pinnock
- Department of Physiology, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Warner DR, Mukhopadhyay P, Brock GN, Pihur V, Pisano MM, Greene RM. TGFβ-1 and Wnt-3a interact to induce unique gene expression profiles in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:128-33. [PMID: 20955781 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate in mammals is a complex process under the control of numerous growth and differentiation factors that regulate key processes such as cell proliferation, synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules, and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Alterations in any one of these processes either through genetic mutation or environmental insult have the potential to lead to clefts of the secondary palate. Members of the TGFβ family of cytokines are crucial mediators of these processes and emerging evidence supports a pivotal role for members of the Wnt family of secreted growth and differentiation factors. Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated cross-talk between the Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways in cultured mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that unique gene expression profiles are induced in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells as a result of this cross-talk between the TGFβ and Wnt signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Cao L, Gibson JD, Miyamoto S, Sail V, Verma R, Rosenberg DW, Nelson CE, Giardina C. Intestinal lineage commitment of embryonic stem cells. Differentiation 2010; 81:1-10. [PMID: 20934799 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Generating lineage-committed intestinal stem cells from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could provide a tractable experimental system for understanding intestinal differentiation pathways and may ultimately provide cells for regenerating damaged intestinal tissue. We tested a two-step differentiation procedure in which ESCs were first cultured with activin A to favor formation of definitive endoderm, and then treated with fibroblast-conditioned medium with or without Wnt3A. The definitive endoderm expressed a number of genes associated with gut-tube development through mouse embryonic day 8.5 (Sox17, Foxa2, and Gata4 expressed and Id2 silent). The intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5 gene was also activated in the endodermal cells, whereas the Msi1, Ephb2, and Dcamkl1 intestinal stem cell markers were not. Exposure of the endoderm to fibroblast-conditioned medium with Wnt3A resulted in the activation of Id2, the remaining intestinal stem cell markers and the later gut markers Cdx2, Fabp2, and Muc2. Interestingly, genes associated with distal gut-associated mesoderm (Foxf2, Hlx, and Hoxd8) were also simulated by Wnt3A. The two-step differentiation protocol generated gut bodies with crypt-like structures that included regions of Lgr5-expressing proliferating cells and regions of cell differentiation. These gut bodies also had a smooth muscle component and some underwent peristaltic movement. The ability of the definitive endoderm to differentiate into intestinal epithelium was supported by the vivo engraftment of these cells into mouse colonic mucosa. These findings demonstrate that definitive endoderm derived from ESCs can carry out intestinal cell differentiation pathways and may provide cells to restore damaged intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3125 Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
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Lee YJ, McPherron A, Choe S, Sakai Y, Chandraratna RA, Lee SJ, Oh SP. Growth differentiation factor 11 signaling controls retinoic acid activity for axial vertebral development. Dev Biol 2010; 347:195-203. [PMID: 20801112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) signaling display anterior transformation of axial vertebrae and truncation of caudal vertebrae. However, the in vivo molecular mechanisms by which GDF11 signaling regulates the development of the vertebral column have yet to be determined. We found that Gdf11 and Acvr2b mutants are sensitive to exogenous RA treatment on vertebral specification and caudal vertebral development. We show that diminished expression of Cyp26a1, a retinoic acid inactivating enzyme, and concomitant elevation of retinoic acid activity in the caudal region of Gdf11(-/-) embryos may account for this phenomenon. Reduced expression or function of Cyp26a1 enhanced anterior transformation of axial vertebrae in wild-type and Acvr2b mutants. Furthermore, a pan retinoic acid receptor antagonist (AGN193109) could lessen the anterior transformation phenotype and rescue the tail truncation phenotype of Gdf11(-/-) mice. Taken together, these results suggest that GDF11 signaling regulates development of caudal vertebrae and is involved in specification of axial vertebrae in part by maintaining Cyp26a1 expression, which represses retinoic acid activity in the caudal region of embryos during the somitogenesis stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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26
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Trowbridge JJ, Guezguez B, Moon RT, Bhatia M. Wnt3a activates dormant c-Kit(-) bone marrow-derived cells with short-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution capacity. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1379-89. [PMID: 20521329 DOI: 10.1002/stem.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent cells lacking expression of mature lineage makers and the c-Kit receptor reside in adult bone marrow. Despite their phenotypic similarity to hematopoietic stem cells, these Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-) cells lack myeloid and erythroid potential and long-term hematopoietic repopulating capacity, whereas, recent studies have functionally demonstrated that the Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-) population contains early lymphoid-committed progenitors. Examining the role of Wnt signaling in regulation of this population, we found that c-Kit(-) cells express diverse Wnt receptors and proliferate upon Wnt pathway activation in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation with Wnt3a, but not Wnt5a or Wnt11, promoted c-Kit(-) cells to give rise to myeloid and erythroid progenitors with robust self-renewal capacity measured by clonal replating. In addition, Wnt3a-stimulated c-Kit(-) cells gave rise to all hematopoietic lineages (lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid) upon transplant into the liver of newborn recipient mice. Our study reveals that Wnt3a activates unique cell fate decisions of dormant c-Kit(-) that promotes short-term multilineage reconstitution capacity in vivo, thereby revealing a unique role for Wnt activation in hematopoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the potential of utilizing signaling molecules known to have instructive roles in regeneration to discover cell subsets residing in adult organisms with unexploited regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Trowbridge
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Song D, Liu X, Liu R, Yang L, Zuo J, Liu W. Connexin 43 hemichannel regulates H9c2 cell proliferation by modulating intracellular ATP and [Ca2+]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:472-82. [PMID: 20705586 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), known to be the main protein building blocks of gap junctions and hemichannels in mammalian heart, plays an important role in cardiocytes proliferation. Gap junctional intercellular communication has been suggested to be necessary for cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, the effect of Cx43 hemichannel on cardiocytes proliferation and the mechanism remain unclear. In this study, rat heart cell line H9c2 was used. The Cx43 location, the proliferation rate and hemichannel activity of H9c2 cells and Wnt-3a(+)-H9c2 cells were investigated and the changes of intracellular ATP and [Ca(2+)] were determined. Results showed that the inhibited hemichannel induced by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) evoked intracellular ATP and [Ca(2+)] increase and enhanced H9c2 cell proliferation. Wnt-3a(+)-H9c2 cells displayed enhanced hemichannel activity and proliferation rate. Inhibited hemichannel of Wnt-3a(+)-H9c2 cells induced by 18beta-GA decreased intracellular ATP, increased [Ca(2+)], and enhanced the proliferation of H9c2 cells. This study validated the role of hemichannel in H9c2 cell proliferation regulation, and showed a mechanism involved in the regulation of H9c2 cell proliferation. The proliferation could be enhanced by Cx43 hemichannel-mediated ATP release accompanying intracellular [Ca(2+)] change. However, different changes of ATP were observed in Wnt-3a(+)-H9c2 cells. These findings provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of proliferation regulation in H9c2 cells and the effect of Wnt-3a on intracellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Song
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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28
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An JH, Yang JY, Ahn BY, Cho SW, Jung JY, Cho HY, Cho YM, Kim SW, Park KS, Kim SY, Lee HK, Shin CS. Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to Wnt induced osteoblastic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. Bone 2010; 47:140-50. [PMID: 20399290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.04.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in cell physiology including cell differentiation and proliferation. We investigated the changes of mitochondrial biogenesis during Wnt-induced osteoblastic differentiation of murine mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that activation of Wnt signaling by Wnt-3A conditioned medicum (CM) resulted in significant increase in the number of mitochondria in C3H10T1/2 cells. In addition, the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities by Wnt-3A CM was accompanied by significant increase in mitochondrial mass (p<0.05), mitochondrial membrane potential (p<0.05), intracellular reactive oxygen species production (p<0.05), resting oxygen consumption rate (p<0.05), cellular ATP content (p< or =0.05) and mtDNA copy number (p<0.05) compared to the cells with control CM (L292-CM) treatment. Moreover, co-treatment with Dkk-1 or WIF-1, both of which are Wnt inhibitors, abrogated the Wnt-3A-induced ALP activities as well as mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by overexpression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) significantly enhanced Wnt-induced osteogenesis as measured by ALP activities. In contrast, inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis by treatment with Zidovudine (AZT) resulted in significant inhibition of ALP activities. Finally, ALP activities in human osteosarcoma cell line devoid of mitochondrial DNA (rho(0) cells) was significantly suppressed both in basal and Wnt-3A stimulated state compared to those from mitochondria-intact cells (rho+ cells). As a mechanism for Wnt-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis, we found that Wnt increased the expression of PGC-1alpha, a critical molecules in mitochondrial biogenesis, through Erk and p38 MAPK pathway independent of beta-catenin signaling. We also found that increased mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn positively regulating TOPflash reporter activity as well as beta-catenin levels. To summarize, mitochodrial biogenesis is upregulated by Wnt signaling and this upregulation contributes to the osteoblastic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Avila ME, Sepúlveda FJ, Burgos CF, Moraga-Cid G, Parodi J, Moon RT, Aguayo LG, Opazo C, De Ferrari GV. Canonical Wnt3a modulates intracellular calcium and enhances excitatory neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18939-47. [PMID: 20404321 PMCID: PMC2881816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for Wnt signal transduction in the development and maintenance of brain structures is widely acknowledged. Recent studies have suggested that Wnt signaling may be essential for synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. However, the direct effect of a Wnt protein on synaptic transmission had not been demonstrated. Here we show that nanomolar concentrations of purified Wnt3a protein rapidly increase the frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons through a mechanism involving a fast influx of calcium from the extracellular space, induction of post-translational modifications on the machinery involved in vesicle exocytosis in the presynaptic terminal leading to spontaneous Ca(2+) transients. Our results identify the Wnt3a protein and a member of its complex receptor at the membrane, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) coreceptor, as key molecules in neurotransmission modulation and suggest cross-talk between canonical and Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling in central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E. Avila
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Fernando J. Sepúlveda
- Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 4070386, Chile
| | | | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 4070386, Chile
| | - Jorge Parodi
- Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 4070386, Chile
| | - Randall T. Moon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 4070386, Chile
| | - Carlos Opazo
- Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 4070386, Chile
| | - Giancarlo V. De Ferrari
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- the Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago P.O. Box 8370134, Chile
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Jackson SA, Schiesser J, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. Differentiating embryonic stem cells pass through 'temporal windows' that mark responsiveness to exogenous and paracrine mesendoderm inducing signals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10706. [PMID: 20502661 PMCID: PMC2873409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesendoderm induction during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation in vitro is stimulated by the Transforming Growth Factor and Wingless (Wnt) families of growth factors. Principal Findings We identified the periods during which Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 4, Wnt3a or Activin A were able to induce expression of the mesendoderm marker, Mixl1, in differentiating mouse ESCs. BMP4 and Wnt3a were required between differentiation day (d) 1.5 and 3 to most effectively induce Mixl1, whilst Activin A induced Mixl1 expression in ESC when added between d2 and d4, indicating a subtle difference in the requirement for Activin receptor signalling in this process. Stimulation of ESCs with these factors at earlier or later times resulted in little Mixl1 induction, suggesting that the differentiating ESCs passed through ‘temporal windows’ in which they sequentially gained and lost competence to respond to each growth factor. Inhibition of either Activin or Wnt signalling blocked Mixl1 induction by any of the three mesendoderm-inducing factors. Mixing experiments in which chimeric EBs were formed between growth factor-treated and untreated ESCs revealed that BMP, Activin and Wnt signalling all contributed to the propagation of paracrine mesendoderm inducing signals between adjacent cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the differentiating cells passed through ‘exit gates’ after which point they were no longer dependent on signalling from inducing molecules for Mixl1 expression. Conclusions These studies suggest that differentiating ESCs are directed by an interconnected network of growth factors similar to those present in early embryos and that the timing of growth factor activity is critical for mesendoderm induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Jackson
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Schiesser
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edouard G. Stanley
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Elefanty
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Tauriello DVF, Haegebarth A, Kuper I, Edelmann MJ, Henraat M, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Kessler BM, Clevers H, Maurice MM. Loss of the tumor suppressor CYLD enhances Wnt/beta-catenin signaling through K63-linked ubiquitination of Dvl. Mol Cell 2010; 37:607-19. [PMID: 20227366 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which Wnt receptors transduce signals to activate downstream beta-catenin-mediated target gene transcription remains incompletely understood but involves Frizzled (Fz) receptor-mediated plasma membrane recruitment and activation of the cytoplasmic effector Dishevelled (Dvl). Here, we identify the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD, the familial cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene, as a negative regulator of proximal events in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Depletion of CYLD from cultured cells markedly enhances Wnt-induced accumulation of beta-catenin and target gene activation. Moreover, we demonstrate hyperactive Wnt signaling in human cylindroma skin tumors that arise from mutations in CYLD. At the molecular level, CYLD interacts with and regulates K63-linked ubiquitination of Dvl. Enhanced ubiquitination of the polymerization-prone DIX domain in CYLD-deficient cells positively links to the signaling activity of Dvl. Together, our results argue that loss of CYLD instigates tumor growth in human cylindromatosis through a mechanism in which hyperubiquitination of polymerized Dvl drives enhancement of Wnt responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/genetics
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Deubiquitinating Enzyme CYLD
- Dishevelled Proteins
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Lysine
- Mice
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt3 Protein
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele V F Tauriello
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gujral TS, MacBeath G. A system-wide investigation of the dynamics of Wnt signaling reveals novel phases of transcriptional regulation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10024. [PMID: 20383323 PMCID: PMC2850918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of cancers and many components of the Wnt signaling network have now been identified. Much less is known, however, about how these proteins are coordinately regulated. Here, a broad, quantitative, and dynamic study of Wnt3a-mediated stimulation of HEK 293 cells revealed two phases of transcriptional regulation: an early phase in which signaling antagonists were downregulated, providing positive feedback, and a later phase in which many of these same antagonists were upregulated, attenuating signaling. The dynamic expression profiles of several response genes, including MYC and CTBP1, correlated significantly with proliferation and migration (P<0.05). Additionally, their levels tracked with the tumorigenicity of colon cancer cell lines and they were significantly overexpressed in colorectal adenocarcinomas (P<0.05). Our data highlight CtBP1 as a transcription factor that contributes to positive feedback during the early phases of Wnt signaling and serves as a novel marker for colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjit S. Gujral
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gavin MacBeath
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The transcription factor Sox9 has been implicated in inner ear formation in several species. To investigate the long-term consequences of Sox9 depletion on inner ear development we analyzed the inner ear architecture of Sox9-depleted Xenopus tadpoles generated by injection of increasing amounts of Sox9 morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. We found that Sox9-depletion resulted in major defects in the development of vestibular structures, semicircular canals and utricle, while the ventrally located saccule was less severely affected in these embryos. Consistent with this phenotype, we observed a specific loss of the dorsal expression of Wnt3a expression in the otic vesicle of Sox9 morphants, associated with an increase in cell death and a reduction in cell proliferation in the region of the presumptive otic epithelium. We propose that, in addition to its early role in placode specification, Sox9 is also required for the maintenance of progenitors in the otic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Yong Park
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Background The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in development, adult tissue homeostasis and stem cell maintenance. Further understanding of the function of Wnt signaling in specific cell types could benefit from lentiviral vectors expressing reporters for the Wnt pathway or vectors interfering with signaling. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed a set of fluorescent and luminescent lentiviral vectors that report Wnt signaling activity and discriminate between negative and uninfected cells. These vectors possess a 7xTcf-eGFP or 7xTcf-FFluc (Firefly Luciferase) reporter cassette followed by either an SV40-mCherry or SV40-PuroR (puromycin N-acetyltransferase) selection cassette. We have also constructed a vector that allows drug-based selection of cells with activated Wnt signaling by placing PuroR under the control of the 7xTcf promoter. Lastly, we have expressed dominant-negative Tcf4 (dnTcf4) or constitutively active beta-catenin (β-catenin4A) from the hEF1α promoter in a SV40-PuroR or SV40-mCherry backbone to create vectors that inhibit or activate the Wnt signaling pathway. These vectors will be made available to the scientific community through Addgene. Conclusions These novel lentiviruses are efficient tools to probe and manipulate Wnt signaling. The use of a selection cassette in Wnt-reporter viruses enables discriminating between uninfected and non-responsive cells, an important requirement for experiments where selection of clones is not possible. The use of a chemiluminescent readout enables quantification of signaling. Finally, selectable vectors can be used to either inhibit or activate the Wnt signaling pathway. Altogether, these vectors can probe and modulate the Wnt signaling pathway in experimental settings where persistence of the transgene or gene transfer cannot be accomplished by non-viral techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fuerer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Buchert M, Athineos D, Abud HE, Burke ZD, Faux MC, Samuel MS, Jarnicki AG, Winbanks CE, Newton IP, Meniel VS, Suzuki H, Stacker SA, Näthke IS, Tosh D, Huelsken J, Clarke AR, Heath JK, Sansom OJ, Ernst M. Genetic dissection of differential signaling threshold requirements for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in vivo. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000816. [PMID: 20084116 PMCID: PMC2800045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Contributions of null and hypomorphic alleles of Apc in mice produce both developmental and pathophysiological phenotypes. To ascribe the resulting genotype-to-phenotype relationship unambiguously to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we challenged the allele combinations by genetically restricting intracellular β-catenin expression in the corresponding compound mutant mice. Subsequent evaluation of the extent of resulting Tcf4-reporter activity in mouse embryo fibroblasts enabled genetic measurement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the form of an allelic series of mouse mutants. Different permissive Wnt signaling thresholds appear to be required for the embryonic development of head structures, adult intestinal polyposis, hepatocellular carcinomas, liver zonation, and the development of natural killer cells. Furthermore, we identify a homozygous Apc allele combination with Wnt/β-catenin signaling capacity similar to that in the germline of the Apcmin mice, where somatic Apc loss-of-heterozygosity triggers intestinal polyposis, to distinguish whether co-morbidities in Apcmin mice arise independently of intestinal tumorigenesis. Together, the present genotype–phenotype analysis suggests tissue-specific response levels for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that regulate both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Germline or somatic mutations in genes are the underlying cause of many human diseases, most notably cancer. Interestingly though, even in situations where every cell of every tissue of an organism carries the same mutation (as is the case for germline mutations), some tissues are more susceptible to the development of disease over time than others. For example, in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), affected persons carry different germline mutations in the APC gene and are prone to developing cancers of the colon and the rectum—and, less frequently, cancers in other tissues such as stomach, liver, and bones. Here we utilize a panel of mutant mice with truncating or hypomorphic mutations in the Apc gene, resulting in different levels of activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results reveal that different pathophysiological outcomes depend on different permissive signaling thresholds in embryonic, intestinal, and liver tissues. Importantly, we demonstrate that reducing Wnt pathway activation by 50% is enough to prevent the manifestation of embryonic abnormalities and disease in the adult mouse. This raises the possibility of developing therapeutic strategies that modulate the activation levels of this pathway rather than trying to “repair” the mutation in the gene itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buchert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dimitris Athineos
- The Beatson Institute Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Abud
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Zoe D. Burke
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael S. Samuel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- The Beatson Institute Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Jarnicki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Ian P. Newton
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie S. Meniel
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Steven A. Stacker
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Inke S. Näthke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Huelsken
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan R. Clarke
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K. Heath
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- The Beatson Institute Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ME); (OS)
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail: (ME); (OS)
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Sonderegger S, Haslinger P, Sabri A, Leisser C, Otten JV, Fiala C, Knöfler M. Wingless (Wnt)-3A induces trophoblast migration and matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion through canonical Wnt signaling and protein kinase B/AKT activation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:211-20. [PMID: 19887570 PMCID: PMC2974214 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of human trophoblasts is promoted through activation of wingless (Wnt) signaling, suggesting a role of the pathway in placental development and morphogenesis. However, details on the process such as involvement of canonical and/or noncanonical Wnt signaling cascades as well as their target genes are largely unknown. Hence, signal transduction via canonical Wnt signaling or phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and their cross talk as well as trophoblast-specific protease expression were investigated in trophoblastic SGHPL-5 cells and primary extravillous trophoblasts purified from first-trimester placentas. Western blot analyses revealed that the recombinant Wnt ligand Wnt-3A increased phosphorylation of AKT and the downstream kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta as well as accumulation of activated, nuclear beta-catenin. In accordance, luciferase expression of a canonical Wnt/TCF reporter and cell migration in first-trimester villous explant cultures and of SGHPL-5 cells were stimulated. Chemical inhibition of PI3K abolished Wnt-dependent phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3beta and trophoblast motility but did not affect appearance of activated beta-catenin or Wnt/TCF reporter activity. In contrast, inhibition of the canonical pathway through soluble Dickkopf-1 did not influence AKT and GSK-3beta phosphorylation but reduced Wnt reporter activity, accumulation of active beta-catenin, and cell migration. Both inhibitors decreased Wnt-3A-induced secretion of pro- and active matrix metalloproteinase-2 from SGHPL-5 cells and pure EVT. The data suggest that Wnt-3A may activate canonical Wnt signaling and PI3K/AKT through distinct receptors. The two signaling cascades act independently in trophoblasts; however, both pathways promote Wnt-dependent migration and the release of matrix metalloproteinase-2, which has been identified as novel Wnt target in invasive trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sonderegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Steele BM, Harper MT, Macaulay IC, Morrell CN, Perez-Tamayo A, Foy M, Habas R, Poole AW, Fitzgerald DJ, Maguire PB. Canonical Wnt signaling negatively regulates platelet function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19836-41. [PMID: 19901330 PMCID: PMC2785253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906268106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts regulate important intracellular signaling events, and dysregulation of the Wnt pathway has been linked to human disease. Here, we uncover numerous Wnt canonical effectors in human platelets where Wnts, their receptors, and downstream signaling components have not been previously described. We demonstrate that the Wnt3a ligand inhibits platelet adhesion, activation, dense granule secretion, and aggregation. Wnt3a also altered platelet shape change and inhibited the activation of the small GTPase RhoA. In addition, we found the Wnt-beta-catenin signaling pathway to be functional in platelets. Finally, disruption of the Wnt Frizzled 6 receptor in the mouse resulted in a hyperactivatory platelet phenotype and a reduced sensitivity to Wnt3a. Taken together our studies reveal a novel functional role for Wnt signaling in regulating anucleate platelet function and may provide a tractable target for future antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Steele
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthew T. Harper
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C. Macaulay
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Alita Perez-Tamayo
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Martina Foy
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Alastair W. Poole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J. Fitzgerald
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patricia B. Maguire
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Varela-Nallar L, Grabowski CP, Alfaro IE, Alvarez AR, Inestrosa NC. Role of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-1 in presynaptic differentiation and function. Neural Dev 2009; 4:41. [PMID: 19883499 PMCID: PMC2779803 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt signaling pathway regulates several fundamental developmental processes and recently has been shown to be involved in different aspects of synaptic differentiation and plasticity. Some Wnt signaling components are localized at central synapses, and it is thus possible that this pathway could be activated at the synapse. RESULTS We examined the distribution of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-1 in cultured hippocampal neurons and determined that this receptor is located at synaptic contacts co-localizing with presynaptic proteins. Frizzled-1 was found in functional synapses detected with FM1-43 staining and in synaptic terminals from adult rat brain. Interestingly, overexpression of Frizzled-1 increased the number of clusters of Bassoon, a component of the active zone, while treatment with the extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of Frizzled-1 decreased Bassoon clustering, suggesting a role for this receptor in presynaptic differentiation. Consistent with this, treatment with the Frizzled-1 ligand Wnt-3a induced presynaptic protein clustering and increased functional presynaptic recycling sites, and these effects were prevented by co-treatment with the CRD of Frizzled-1. Moreover, in synaptically mature neurons Wnt-3a was able to modulate the kinetics of neurotransmitter release. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the activation of the Wnt pathway through Frizzled-1 occurs at the presynaptic level, and suggest that the synaptic effects of the Wnt signaling pathway could be modulated by local activation through synaptic Frizzled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología "Joaquín V Luco" (CRCP) and MIFAB, Chile
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina P Grabowski
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología "Joaquín V Luco" (CRCP) and MIFAB, Chile
| | - Iván E Alfaro
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología "Joaquín V Luco" (CRCP) and MIFAB, Chile
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología "Joaquín V Luco" (CRCP) and MIFAB, Chile
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Hoeppner LH, Secreto F, Jensen ED, Li X, Kahler RA, Westendorf JJ. Runx2 and bone morphogenic protein 2 regulate the expression of an alternative Lef1 transcript during osteoblast maturation. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:480-9. [PMID: 19650108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor (Lef) 1 is a transcriptional effector of the Wnt/Lrp5/beta-catenin signaling cascade, which regulates osteoblast differentiation, bone density, and skeletal strength. In this study, we describe the expression and function of an alternative Lef1 isoform in osseous cells. Lef1DeltaN is a naturally occurring isoform driven by a promoter (p2) within the intron between exons 3 and 4 of Lef1. Lef1DeltaN is induced during late osteoblast differentiation. This is converse to the expression pattern of the full-length Lef1 protein, which as we previously showed, decreases during differentiation. Agonists of osteoblast maturation differentially affected Lef1DeltaN expression. BMP2 stimulated Lef1DeltaN expression, whereas Wnt3a blocked basal and BMP2-induced expression of Lef1DeltaN transcripts during osteoblast differentiation. We determined that the Lef1DeltaN p2 promoter is active in osteoblasts and Runx2 regulates its activity. Stable overexpression of Lef1DeltaN in differentiating osteoblasts induced the expression of osteoblast differentiation genes, osteocalcin and type 1 collagen. Taken together, our results suggest Lef1DeltaN is a crucial regulator of terminal differentiation in osseous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Hoeppner
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Han M, Serrano MC, Lastra-Vicente R, Brinez P, Acharya G, Huhta JC, Chen R, Linask KK. Folate rescues lithium-, homocysteine- and Wnt3A-induced vertebrate cardiac anomalies. Dis Model Mech 2009; 2:467-78. [PMID: 19638421 PMCID: PMC2737056 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (HCy), which results from folate (folic acid, FA) deficiency, and the mood-stabilizing drug lithium (Li) are both linked to the induction of human congenital heart and neural tube defects. We demonstrated previously that acute administration of Li to pregnant mice on embryonic day (E)6.75 induced cardiac valve defects by potentiating Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. We hypothesized that HCy may similarly induce cardiac defects during gastrulation by targeting the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway. Because dietary FA supplementation protects from neural tube defects, we sought to determine whether FA also protects the embryonic heart from Li- or HCy-induced birth defects and whether the protection occurs by impacting Wnt signaling. Maternal elevation of HCy or Li on E6.75 induced defective heart and placental function on E15.5, as identified non-invasively using echocardiography. This functional analysis of HCy-exposed mouse hearts revealed defects in tricuspid and semilunar valves, together with altered myocardial thickness. A smaller embryo and placental size was observed in the treated groups. FA supplementation ameliorates the observed developmental errors in the Li- or HCy-exposed mouse embryos and normalized heart function. Molecular analysis of gene expression within the avian cardiogenic crescent determined that Li, HCy or Wnt3A suppress Wnt-modulated Hex (also known as Hhex) and Islet-1 (also known as Isl1) expression, and that FA protects from the gene misexpression that is induced by all three factors. Furthermore, myoinositol with FA synergistically enhances the protective effect. Although the specific molecular epigenetic control mechanisms remain to be defined, it appears that Li or HCy induction and FA protection of cardiac defects involve intimate control of the canonical Wnt pathway at a crucial time preceding, and during, early heart organogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Avian Proteins/genetics
- Avian Proteins/metabolism
- Chickens
- Dietary Supplements
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian/abnormalities
- Embryo, Mammalian/diagnostic imaging
- Embryo, Mammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/abnormalities
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Folic Acid/pharmacology
- Gastrulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Heart Defects, Congenital/chemically induced
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/prevention & control
- Heart Function Tests/drug effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Homocysteine
- Inositol/pharmacology
- LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
- Lithium
- Mice
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Transcription Factors
- Ultrasonography
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Han
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Maria C. Serrano
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Rosana Lastra-Vicente
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Pilar Brinez
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- University Hospital of Northern Norway and University of Tromso, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, N9308 Tromso, Norway
| | - James C. Huhta
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Ren Chen
- USF College of Medicine, Biostatistics Core, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kersti K. Linask
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children’s Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined preadipocyte differentiation in obese and nonobese individuals and the effect of cytokines and wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site family, member 3A (Wnt3a) protein on preadipocyte differentiation and phenotype. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a total of 51 donors with varying BMI. After isolation of the adipose and stromalvascular cells, inflammatory cells (CD14- and CD45-positive cells) were removed by immune magnetic separation. CD133-positive cells, containing early progenitor cells, were also isolated and quantified. The CD14- and CD45-negative preadipocytes were cultured with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, resistin, or Wnt3a with or without a differentiation cocktail. RESULTS The number of preadipocytes able to differentiate to adipose cells was negatively correlated with both BMI and adipocyte cell size of the donors, whereas the number of CD133-positive cells was positively correlated with BMI, suggesting an impaired differentiation of preadipocytes in obesity. Cultured preadipocytes, like freshly isolated mature adipocytes, from obese individuals had an increased expression of mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 (MAP4K4), which is known to inhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma induction. TNF-alpha, but not IL-6 or resistin, increased Wnt10b, completely inhibited the normal differentiation of the preadipocytes, and instead induced a proinflammatory and macrophage-like phenotype of the cells. CONCLUSIONS The apparent number of preadipocytes in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue that can undergo differentiation is reduced in obesity with enlarged fat cells, possibly because of increased MAP4K4 levels. TNF-alpha promoted a macrophage-like phenotype of the preadipocytes, including several macrophage markers. These results document the plasticity of human preadipocytes and the inverse relationship between lipid storage and proinflammatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Isakson
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgit Gustafson
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Smith
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Ulf Smith,
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Sewell W, Sparrow DB, Smith AJ, Gonzalez DM, Rappaport EF, Dunwoodie SL, Kusumi K. Cyclical expression of the Notch/Wnt regulator Nrarp requires modulation by Dll3 in somitogenesis. Dev Biol 2009; 329:400-9. [PMID: 19268448 PMCID: PMC2697309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Delta-like 3 (Dll3) is a divergent ligand and modulator of the Notch signaling pathway only identified so far in mammals. Null mutations of Dll3 disrupt cycling expression of Notch targets Hes1, Hes5, and Lfng, but not of Hes7. Compared with Dll1 or Notch1, the effects of Dll3 mutations are less severe for gene expression in the presomitic mesoderm, yet severe segmentation phenotypes and vertebral defects result in both human and mouse. Reasoning that Dll3 specifically disrupts key regulators of somite cycling, we carried out functional analysis to identify targets accounting for the segmental phenotype. Using microdissected embryonic tissue from somitic and presomitic mesodermal tissue, we identified new genes enriched in these tissues, including Limch1, Rhpn2, and A130022J15Rik. Surprisingly, we only identified a small number of genes disrupted by the Dll3 mutation. These include Uncx, a somite gene required for rib and vertebral patterning, and Nrarp, a regulator of Notch/Wnt signaling in zebrafish and a cycling gene in mouse. To determine the effects of Dll3 mutation on Nrarp, we characterized the cycling expression of this gene from early (8.5 dpc) to late (10.5 dpc) somitogenesis. Nrarp displays a distinct pattern of cycling phases when compared to Lfng and Axin2 (a Wnt pathway gene) at 9.5 dpc but appears to be in phase with Lfng by 10.5 dpc. Nrarp cycling appears to require Dll3 but not Lfng modulation. In Dll3 null embryos, Nrarp displayed static patterns. However, in Lfng null embryos, Nrarp appeared static at 8.5 dpc but resumed cycling expression by 9.5 and dynamic expression at 10.5 dpc stages. By contrast, in Wnt3a null embryos, Nrarp expression was completely absent in the presomitic mesoderm. Towards identifying the role of Dll3 in regulating somitogenesis, Nrarp emerges as a potentially important regulator that requires Dll3 but not Lfng for normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sewell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Eric F. Rappaport
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix in partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Nemoto E, Koshikawa Y, Kanaya S, Tsuchiya M, Tamura M, Somerman MJ, Shimauchi H. Wnt signaling inhibits cementoblast differentiation and promotes proliferation. Bone 2009; 44:805-12. [PMID: 19442631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cementoblasts, tooth root lining cells, are responsible for laying down cementum on the root surface, a process that is indispensable for establishing a functional periodontal ligament. Cementoblasts share phenotypical features with osteoblasts. Wnt signaling has been implicated in increased bone formation by controlling mesenchymal stem cell or osteoblastic cell functions; however the role of Wnt signaling on cementogenesis has not been examined. In this study, we have identified a consistent expression profile of Wnt signaling molecules in cementoblasts, in vitro by RT-PCR. Exposure of cells to LiCl, which promotes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting GSK-3beta, increased beta-catenin nuclear translocation and up-regulated the transcriptional activity of a canonical Wnt-responsive promoters, suggesting that an endogenous canonical Wnt pathway functions in cementoblasts. Activation of endogenous canonical Wnt signaling with LiCl suppressed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of genes associated with cementum function; ALP, bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN). Exposure to Wnt3a, as a representative canonical Wnt member, also inhibited the expression of ALP, BSP, and OCN gene. This effect was accompanied by decreased gene expression of Runx2 and Osterix and by increased gene expression of lymphoid enhancer factor-1. Pretreatment with Dickkopf (Dkk)-1, a potent canonical Wnt antagonist, which binds to a low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP)-5/6 co-receptor, attenuated the suppressive effects of Wnt3a on mRNA expression of Runx2 and OCN on cementoblasts. These findings suggest that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits cementoblast differentiation via regulation of expression of selective transcription factors. Wnt3a also increased the expression of cyclin D1, known as a cell cycle regulator, as well as cell proliferation. In conclusion, these observations suggest that Wnt signaling inhibits cementoblast differentiation and promotes cell proliferation. Elucidating the role of Wnt in controlling cementoblast function will provide new tools needed to improve on existing periodontal regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
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Kitagawa T, Matsuda KI, Inui S, Takenaka H, Katoh N, Itami S, Kishimoto S, Kawata M. Keratinocyte growth inhibition through the modification of Wnt signaling by androgen in balding dermal papilla cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1288-94. [PMID: 19141591 PMCID: PMC2682470 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE Androgen induces androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which has a regressive effect on hair growth from the frontal region of the scalp. Conversely, Wnt proteins are known to positively affect mammalian hair growth. We hypothesized that androgen reduces hair growth via an interaction with the Wnt signaling system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of androgen on Wnt signaling in dermal papilla (DP) cells. DESIGN The effect of androgen and Wnt3a on keratinocyte proliferation was measured by use of a coculture system consisting of DP cells and keratinocytes. The molecular mechanisms of androgen and Wnt pathway interactions in DP cells were examined by analyzing the expression, intracellular localization, and activity of the androgen receptor (AR) and also downstream Wnt signaling molecules. RESULTS Wnt3a-dependent keratinocyte growth was suppressed by the addition of dihydrotestosterone in coculture with DP cells that were derived from AGA patients, but growth was not suppressed in coculture with DP cells from non-AGA males. Whereas DP cells from both scalp regions expressed AR protein, the expression levels of AR and cotranslocation with beta-catenin, a downstream Wnt signaling molecule, were higher in DP cells of AGA patients than in DP cells from non-AGA males. In addition, significant suppression of Wnt signal-mediated transcription in response to dihydrotestosterone treatment was observed only in DP cells from AGA patients. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Wnt signaling in DP cells is regulated by androgen and this regulation plays a pivotal role in androgen's action on hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kitagawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokouji, Kyoto, Japan
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Johannesson M, Ståhlberg A, Ameri J, Sand FW, Norrman K, Semb H. FGF4 and retinoic acid direct differentiation of hESCs into PDX1-expressing foregut endoderm in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4794. [PMID: 19277121 PMCID: PMC2651644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid (RA) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling control endoderm patterning and pancreas induction/expansion. Based on these findings, RA and FGFs, excluding FGF4, have frequently been used in differentiation protocols to direct differentiation of hESCs into endodermal and pancreatic cell types. In vivo, these signaling pathways act in a temporal and concentration-dependent manner. However, in vitro, the underlying basis for the time of addition of growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), including RA and FGFs, as well as the concentration is lacking. Thus, in order to develop robust and reliable differentiation protocols of ESCs into mature pancreatic cell types, including insulin-producing β cells, it will be important to mechanistically understand each specification step. This includes differentiation of mesendoderm/definitive endoderm into foregut endoderm- the origin of pancreatic endoderm. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we provide data on the individual and combinatorial role of RA and FGF4 in directing differentiation of ActivinA (AA)-induced hESCs into PDX1-expressing cells. FGF4's ability to affect endoderm patterning and specification in vitro has so far not been tested. By testing out the optimal concentration and timing of addition of FGF4 and RA, we present a robust differentiation protocol that on average generates 32% PDX1+ cells. Furthermore, we show that RA is required for converting AA-induced hESCs into PDX1+ cells, and that part of the underlying mechanism involves FGF receptor signaling. Finally, further characterization of the PDX1+ cells suggests that they represent foregut endoderm not yet committed to pancreatic, posterior stomach, or duodenal endoderm. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, we show that RA and FGF4 jointly direct differentiation of PDX1+ foregut endoderm in a robust and efficient manner. RA signaling mediated by the early induction of RARβ through AA/Wnt3a is required for PDX1 expression. Part of RA's activity is mediated by FGF signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Activins/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Endoderm/cytology
- Endoderm/drug effects
- Endoderm/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 4/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/embryology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Wnt Proteins/physiology
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Johannesson
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurosciences and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jacqueline Ameri
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Norrman
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Semb
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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47
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Björklund P, Svedlund J, Olsson AK, Åkerström G, Westin G. The internally truncated LRP5 receptor presents a therapeutic target in breast cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4243. [PMID: 19158955 PMCID: PMC2627768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a common malignant disease, which may be caused by a number of genes deregulated by genomic or epigenomic events. Deregulated WNT/β-catenin signaling with accumulation of β-catenin is common in breast tumors, but mutations in WNT signaling pathway components have been rare. An aberrantly spliced internally truncated LRP5 receptor (LRP5Δ666–809, LRP5Δ) was shown recently to be resistant to DKK1 inhibition, and was required for β-catenin accumulation in hyperparathyroid tumors and parathyroid tumor growth. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show, by reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analysis, that LRP5Δ is frequently expressed in breast tumors of different cancer stage (58–100%), including carcinoma in situ and metastatic carcinoma. LRP5Δ was required in MCF7 breast cancer cells for the non-phosphorylated active β-catenin level, transcription activity of β-catenin, cell growth in vitro, and breast tumor growth in a xenograft SCID mouse model. WNT3 ligand, but not WNT1 and WNT3A augmented the endogenous β-catenin activity of MCF7 cells in a DKK1-insensitive manner. Furthermore, an anti-LRP5 antibody attenuated β-catenin activity, inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in LRP5Δ-positive MCF7 and T-47D breast cancer cells, but not in control cells. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that the LRP5Δ receptor is strongly implicated in mammary gland tumorigenesis and that its aberrant expression present an early event during disease progression. LRP5 antibody therapy may have a significant role in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Björklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Svedlund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Åkerström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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48
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Shafer SL, Towler DA. Transcriptional regulation of SM22alpha by Wnt3a: convergence with TGFbeta(1)/Smad signaling at a novel regulatory element. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:621-35. [PMID: 19344627 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of canonical Wnt signaling in myofibroblast biology has not been fully investigated. The C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cell line recapitulates myofibroblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo, including SM22alpha expression. Using this model, we find that Wnt3a upregulates SM22alpha in concert with TGFbeta(1). Wnt1, Wnt5a and BMP2 could not replace Wnt3a and TGFbeta(1) signals. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified that Wnt3a enhances both genomic SM22alpha histone H3 acetylation and beta-catenin association, hallmarks of transcriptional activation. By analyzing a series of SM22alpha promoter-luciferase (LUC) reporter constructs, we mapped Wnt3a-regulated DNA transcriptional activation to nucleotides -213 to -192 relative to the transcription initiation site. In gel shift assays, DNA-protein complexes assembled on this element were disrupted with antibodies to beta-catenin, Smad2/3, and TCF7, confirming the participation of known Wnt3a and TGFbeta transcriptional mediators. Mutation of a CAGAG motif within this region abrogated recognition by these DNA binding proteins. Wnt3a treatment increased Smad2/3 binding to this element. Mutation of the cognate within the context of the native 0.44 kb SM22alpha promoter resulted in a 70% decrease in transcription, and reduced Wnt3a+TGFbeta(1) induction. A concatamer of SM22alpha [-213 to -192] conveyed Wnt3a+TGFbeta(1) activation to the unresponsive RSV promoter. Dominant negative TCF inhibited SM22alpha [-213 to -192] x 6 RSVLUC activation. Moreover, ICAT (inhibitor of beta-catenin and TCF) decreased while TCF7L2 and beta-catenin enhanced 0.44 kb SM22alpha promoter induction by Wnt3a+TGFbeta(1). RNAi "knockdown" of beta-catenin inhibited Wnt3a induction of SM22alpha. Thus, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling interacts with TGFbeta/Smad pathways to control SM22alpha gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn L Shafer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medicine/BMD, Campus Box 8301, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Eiraku M, Watanabe K, Matsuo-Takasaki M, Kawada M, Yonemura S, Matsumura M, Wataya T, Nishiyama A, Muguruma K, Sasai Y. Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:519-32. [PMID: 18983967 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 991] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate self-organized formation of apico-basally polarized cortical tissues from ESCs using an efficient three-dimensional aggregation culture (SFEBq culture). The generated cortical neurons are functional, transplantable, and capable of forming proper long-range connections in vivo and in vitro. The regional identity of the generated pallial tissues can be selectively controlled (into olfactory bulb, rostral and caudal cortices, hem, and choroid plexus) by secreted patterning factors such as Fgf, Wnt, and BMP. In addition, the in vivo-mimicking birth order of distinct cortical neurons permits the selective generation of particular layer-specific neurons by timed induction of cell-cycle exit. Importantly, cortical tissues generated from mouse and human ESCs form a self-organized structure that includes four distinct zones (ventricular, early and late cortical-plate, and Cajal-Retzius cell zones) along the apico-basal direction. Thus, spatial and temporal aspects of early corticogenesis are recapitulated and can be manipulated in this ESC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Eiraku
- Organogenesis and Neurogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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50
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Tickenbrock L, Hehn S, Sargin B, Choudhary C, Bäumer N, Buerger H, Schulte B, Müller O, Berdel WE, Müller-Tidow C, Serve H. Activation of Wnt signalling in acute myeloid leukemia by induction of Frizzled-4. Int J Oncol 2008; 33:1215-1221. [PMID: 19020754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates proliferation, self renewal and cell fate. Aberrant Wnt signalling is thought to contribute to AML pathogenesis by enhancing self renewal. Herein, we provide evidence for increased expression of Frizzled-4, a receptor for Wnt ligands, in primary AML blasts compared to normal bone marrow on the protein level. In addition, Frizzled-4 is highly expressed in human CD34 positive cells as well as in lineage negative sorted mouse bone marrow cells. Functionally, Frizzled-4 expression modulates apoptosis and enhances Wnt3a induced beta-catenin stability in myeloid progenitor cells. Frizzled-4-dependent beta-catenin stabilization is dkk-1 sensitive, implicating a specific Wnt-ligand/Frizzled-receptor interaction. These findings indicate enhanced sensitivity of AML blasts for Wnt-ligands and suggest an additional mechanism of Wnt signalling activation in the pathogenesis of AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Survival
- Frizzled Receptors/genetics
- Frizzled Receptors/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/pathology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tickenbrock
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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