1
|
Ottoni-Wilhelm M, Osili U, Han X. Charitable giving role-modeling: parent transmission frequency and adolescent reception. Oxf Econ Pap 2023; 75:1053-1072. [PMID: 37719930 PMCID: PMC10503870 DOI: 10.1093/oep/gpad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Experiments indicate that adult role-modeling of giving has a causal effect on giving done by children, but a previous investigation using data from a natural setting suggests zero causal effect of parent role-modeling on their adolescents' giving. This article presents new evidence about the divergent findings: (i) parent giving does not automatically translate into adolescents knowing that their parents give, and (ii) adolescents are much less likely to know that their parents give if parents give from time-to-time. The results suggest new experimental designs that randomize (a) the frequency of role-modeling, (b) communication approaches that explain role-modeling actions to children, and (c) whether the receiving organization is in-group or out-group. The practical implications of the results are that frequent giving by a parent is necessary for adolescents to successfully 'receive' the role model, but may not be sufficient. Purposeful communication is needed to ensure that adolescents know that their parents are giving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm
- Department of Economics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Una Osili
- Department of Economics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cohen AA, van Doremalen N, Greaney AJ, Andersen H, Sharma A, Starr TN, Keeffe JR, Fan C, Schulz JE, Gnanapragasam PNP, Kakutani LM, West AP, Saturday G, Lee YE, Gao H, Jette CA, Lewis MG, Tan TK, Townsend AR, Bloom JD, Munster VJ, Bjorkman PJ. Mosaic RBD nanoparticles protect against challenge by diverse sarbecoviruses in animal models. Science 2022; 377:eabq0839. [PMID: 35857620 PMCID: PMC9273039 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To combat future severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and spillovers of SARS-like betacoronaviruses (sarbecoviruses) threatening global health, we designed mosaic nanoparticles that present randomly arranged sarbecovirus spike receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to elicit antibodies against epitopes that are conserved and relatively occluded rather than variable, immunodominant, and exposed. We compared immune responses elicited by mosaic-8 (SARS-CoV-2 and seven animal sarbecoviruses) and homotypic (only SARS-CoV-2) RBD nanoparticles in mice and macaques and observed stronger responses elicited by mosaic-8 to mismatched (not on nanoparticles) strains, including SARS-CoV and animal sarbecoviruses. Mosaic-8 immunization showed equivalent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicrons, and protected from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV challenges, whereas homotypic SARS-CoV-2 immunization protected only from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Epitope mapping demonstrated increased targeting of conserved epitopes after mosaic-8 immunization. Together, these results suggest that mosaic-8 RBD nanoparticles could protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future sarbecovirus spillovers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | - Leesa M. Kakutani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Yu E. Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Claudia A. Jette
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Tiong K. Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horgan FG, Romena AM, Bernal CC, Almazan MLP, Ramal AF. Differences Between the Strength of Preference-Performance Coupling in Two Rice Stemborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Crambidae) Promotes Coexistence at Field-Plot Scales. Environ Entomol 2021; 50:929-939. [PMID: 33907805 PMCID: PMC8359816 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two stem-boring moths, the yellow stemborer (YSB) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), and the striped stemborer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker), damage rice in Asia. YSB is the dominant species in much of tropical Asia. Both species are oligophagous on domesticated and wild rice. We investigated the roles of host plant preferences and larval performance in determining the larval densities of both species in rice plots. In screenhouse experiments, YSB showed significant preference-performance coupling. Adults preferred high-tillering rice varieties during early vegetative growth. In contrast, SSB did not demonstrate oviposition preferences under the same screenhouse conditions, but did oviposit less on the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. than on domesticated rice varieties during a choice experiment. Despite differences in preference-performance coupling, larval survival and biomass across 10 varieties were correlated between the two species. YSB and SSB larvae occurred in relatively high numbers on rice varieties with large tillers (IR70, IR68, and T16) in wet and dry season field experiments. However, whereas YSB was the dominant species on IR68 and IR70, it was relatively less abundant on T16, where SSB dominated. Results suggest that YSB preferentially attacked fast-growing rice varieties with high tiller numbers early in the crop cycle. Meanwhile SSB, which has weak preference-performance coupling, occurred in rice plants with large tillers that were relatively free of YSB later in the crop cycle. These factors may allow the species to coexist. We discuss the implications of proximate and ultimate factors influencing stemborer co-occurrence for the sustainable production of rice in tropical Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Universidad Católica del Maule, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Escuela de Agronomía, Casilla 7-D, Curicó, Chile
- Environment and Sustainable Resource Management, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Angelita M Romena
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Carmencita C Bernal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4030 Laguna, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kiros M, Dessie E, Jbaily A, Tolla MT, Johansson KA, Norheim OF, Memirie ST, Verguet S. The burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures in Ethiopia: estimates from a nationally representative survey (2015-16). Health Policy Plan 2020; 35:1003-1010. [PMID: 32772112 PMCID: PMC7553759 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ethiopia, little is known about the extent of out-of-pocket health expenditures and the associated financial hardships at national and regional levels. We estimated the incidence of both catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian household consumption and expenditure and welfare monitoring surveys. We computed incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) at 10% and 25% thresholds of total household consumption and 40% threshold of household capacity to pay, and impoverishing health expenditures (IHE) using Ethiopia's national poverty line (ETB 7184 per adult per year). Around 2.1% (SE: 0.2, P < 0.001) of households would face CHE with a 10% threshold of total consumption, and 0.9% (SE: 0.1, P < 0.001) of households would encounter IHE, annually in Ethiopia. CHE rates were high in the regions of Afar (5.8%, SE: 1.0, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (4.0%, SE: 0.8, P < 0.001). Oromia (n = 902 000), Amhara (n = 275 000) and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) (n = 268 000) regions would have the largest numbers of affected households, due to large population size. The IHE rates would also show similar patterns: high rates in Afar (5.0%, SE: 0.96, P < 0.001), Oromia (1.1%, SE: 0.22, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (0.9%, SE: 0.4, P = 0.02); a large number of households would be impoverished in Oromia (n = 356 000) and Amhara (n = 202 000) regions. In summary, a large number of households is facing financial hardship in Ethiopia, particularly in Afar, Benshangul-Gumuz, Oromia, Amhara and SNNP regions and this number would likely increase with greater health services utilization. We recommend regional-level analyses on services coverage to be conducted as some of the estimated low CHE/IHE regional values might be due to low services coverage. Periodic analyses on the financial hardship status of households could also be monitored to infer progress towards universal health coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizan Kiros
- Ethiopia Health Insurance Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Dessie
- Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulrahman Jbaily
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mieraf Taddesse Tolla
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kjell Arne Johansson
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole F Norheim
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|