1
|
Ottoni-Wilhelm M, Osili U, Han X. Charitable giving role-modeling: parent transmission frequency and adolescent reception. Oxf Econ Pap 2023; 75:1053-1072. [PMID: 37719930 PMCID: PMC10503870 DOI: 10.1093/oep/gpad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Experiments indicate that adult role-modeling of giving has a causal effect on giving done by children, but a previous investigation using data from a natural setting suggests zero causal effect of parent role-modeling on their adolescents' giving. This article presents new evidence about the divergent findings: (i) parent giving does not automatically translate into adolescents knowing that their parents give, and (ii) adolescents are much less likely to know that their parents give if parents give from time-to-time. The results suggest new experimental designs that randomize (a) the frequency of role-modeling, (b) communication approaches that explain role-modeling actions to children, and (c) whether the receiving organization is in-group or out-group. The practical implications of the results are that frequent giving by a parent is necessary for adolescents to successfully 'receive' the role model, but may not be sufficient. Purposeful communication is needed to ensure that adolescents know that their parents are giving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm
- Department of Economics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Una Osili
- Department of Economics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lavetti K, DeLeire T, Ziebarth NR. How do low-income enrollees in the Affordable Care Act marketplaces respond to cost-sharing? J Risk Insur 2023; 90:155-183. [PMID: 37123030 PMCID: PMC10135398 DOI: 10.1111/jori.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Affordable Care Act requires insurers to offer cost sharing reductions (CSRs) to low-income consumers on the Marketplaces. We link 2013-2015 All-Payer Claims Data to 2004-2013 administrative hospital discharge data from Utah and exploit policy-driven differences in the actuarial value of CSR plans that are solely determined by income. This allows us to examine the effect of cost sharing on medical spending among low-income individuals. We find that enrollees facing lower levels of cost sharing have higher levels of health care spending, controlling for past health care use. We estimate demand elasticities of total health care spending among this low-income population of approximately -0.12, suggesting that demand-side price mechanisms in health insurance design work similarly for low-income and higher-income individuals. We also find that cost sharing subsidies substantially lower out-of-pocket medical care spending, showing that the CSR program is a key mechanism for making health care affordable to low-income individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Lavetti
- Ohio State University, Department of Economics, Arps Hall 433, Columbus, OH 43210, NBER, and IZA Bonn
| | - Thomas DeLeire
- Georgetown University, McCourt School of Public Policy, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, NBER, and IZA Bonn
| | - Nicolas R Ziebarth
- Cornell University, Department of Policy Analysis and Management (PAM), 426 Kennedy Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, and IZA Bonn
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li D, Wyrsch ER, Elankumaran P, Dolejska M, Marenda MS, Browning GF, Bushell RN, McKinnon J, Chowdhury PR, Hitchick N, Miller N, Donner E, Drigo B, Baker D, Charles IG, Kudinha T, Jarocki VM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic comparisons of Escherichia coli ST131 from Australia. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000721. [PMID: 34910614 PMCID: PMC8767332 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ST131 is a globally dispersed extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli lineage contributing significantly to hospital and community acquired urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Here we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of 284 Australian ST131 E. coli isolates from diverse sources, including clinical, food and companion animals, wildlife and the environment. Our phylogeny and the results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis show the typical ST131 clade distribution with clades A, B and C clearly displayed, but no niche associations were observed. Indeed, interspecies relatedness was a feature of this study. Thirty-five isolates (29 of human and six of wild bird origin) from clade A (32 fimH41, 2 fimH89, 1 fimH141) were observed to differ by an average of 76 SNPs. Forty-five isolates from clade C1 from four sources formed a cluster with an average of 46 SNPs. Within this cluster, human sourced isolates differed by approximately 37 SNPs from isolates sourced from canines, approximately 50 SNPs from isolates from wild birds, and approximately 52 SNPs from isolates from wastewater. Many ST131 carried resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes and while 41 (14 %) contained the complete class one integron-integrase intI1, 128 (45 %) isolates harboured a truncated intI1 (462-1014 bp), highlighting the ongoing evolution of this element. The module intI1-dfrA17-aadA5-qacEΔ1-sul1-ORF-chrA-padR-IS1600-mphR-mrx-mphA, conferring resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, quaternary ammonium compounds, sulphonamides, chromate and macrolides, was the most common structure. Most (73 %) Australian ST131 isolates carry at least one extended spectrum β-lactamase gene, typically blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27. Notably, dual parC-1aAB and gyrA-1AB fluoroquinolone resistant mutations, a unique feature of clade C ST131 isolates, were identified in some clade A isolates. The results of this study indicate that the the ST131 population in Australia carries diverse antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons and indicate cross-species movement of ST131 strains across diverse reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Li
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ethan R. Wyrsch
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Monika Dolejska
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic,Department of Biology and Wildlife Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic,Biomedical Center, Charles University, Czech Republic,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, The University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marc S. Marenda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F. Browning
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys N. Bushell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica McKinnon
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nola Hitchick
- San Pathology, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - Natalie Miller
- San Pathology, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara Drigo
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Timothy Kudinha
- Central West Pathology Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Veronica M. Jarocki
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Veronica M. Jarocki,
| | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Steven Philip Djordjevic,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kölle F, Sliwka D, Zhou N. Heterogeneity, Inequity Aversion, and Group Performance. Soc Choice Welfare 2016; 46:263-286. [PMID: 29353947 PMCID: PMC5772919 DOI: 10.1007/s00355-015-0912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of inequality in wealth on the incentives to contribute to a group output when agents are inequity averse and may differ in ability. We show that equality may lead to a reduction of contributions below levels generated by purely selfish agents. But introducing inequality motivates more productive agents to exert higher efforts and help the group to coordinate on equilibria with less free-riding. As a result, less able agents may benefit from initially disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, the more inequity averse the agents, the more inequality should be imposed even by an egalitarian social planner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kölle
- Corresponding author: University of Nottingham, School of Economics, Sir Clive Granger Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK, tel: +44 115 951-5820,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
We experimentally investigate how different information about others' individual contributions affects people's willingness to cooperate in a one-shot linear public goods game. We find that when information about individual contributions is provided, contributions are generally higher than when only average information is available. This effect is particularly strong when others' individual contributions are relatively homogeneous. When both types of information are provided, this effect is moderated. In the case of individual feedback we find the willingness to contribute to be higher the lower the variation in others' contributions, but with pronounced heterogeneity in individuals' reactions. While the majority of people are mainly guided by others' average contributions, more people follow the bad example of a low contributor than the good example of a high contributor. Overall, we provide evidence that information (and lack thereof) about others' individual contributions affects people's willingness to cooperate in systematic ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hartig
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Economics, Egham Hill, Egham Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bernd Irlenbusch
- University of Cologne, Department of Corporate Development and Business Ethics, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50939, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the effects of two different sources of heterogeneity - capability and valuation - on the provision public goods when punishment is possible or not. We find that compared to homogeneous groups, asymmetric valuations for the public good have negative effects on cooperation and its enforcement through informal sanctions. Asymmetric capabilities in providing the public good, in contrast, have a positive and stabilizing effect on voluntary contributions. The main reason for these results are the different externalities contributions have on the other group members' payoffs affecting individuals' willingness to cooperate. We thus provide evidence that it is not the asymmetric nature of groups per se that facilitates or impedes collective action, but that it is rather the nature of asymmetry that determines the degree of cooperation and the level of public good provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kolle
- University of Nottingham, School of Economics, Sir Clive Granger Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Phone: +44 (0)115 951 5151, Fax: +44 (0)115 951 4159,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baker R, Bartczak A, Chilton S, Metcalf H. Did people "buy" what was "sold"? A qualitative evaluation of a contingent valuation survey information set for gains in life expectancy. J Environ Manage 2014; 133:94-103. [PMID: 24374166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of stated preferences studies have estimated a monetary value for the gains in life expectancy resulting from pollution control, using a Value of a Life Year (VOLY) approach. However, life expectancy gains are a complex concept and no attempt has been made, to date, to investigate peoples' understanding of what it is they are being asked to value. Past practice has been to focus on the outcome of a policy i.e. a gain to the average person of X months', providing no details on how the individual receives, or experiences this gain, a potentially important attribute to value. This paper sets up and reports the results from a structured debriefing exercise to qualitatively investigate an alternative approach which explicitly emphasises how this gain is delivered (on-going reductions in the risk of death). We find that, for the majority of respondents, the approach is effective in communicating the on-going nature of the gain and reduces or eliminates the use of the (incorrect) heuristic that it is an 'add-on' at the end of life, in poor health. Further refinements are required, however, to communicate the cumulative nature of these risk reductions and the lack of impact on quality of life. The lesson for stated preference studies in general is that structured debriefings can be very useful, highlighting such issues as the persistence of ill-defined attributes and the difficulties that respondents may encounter setting aside their preferences over attributes of the good that should not be included in the valuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Baker
- Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 OBA, UK.
| | - A Bartczak
- Warsaw Ecological Economics Center, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, ul. Dluga 44/50, 00-241 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - S Chilton
- Newcastle University Business School, 5 Barrack Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4SE, UK.
| | - H Metcalf
- Newcastle University Business School, 5 Barrack Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4SE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Sacrifice is widely believed to enhance cooperation in churches, communes, gangs, clans, military units, and many other groups. We find that sacrifice can also work in the lab, apart from special ideologies, identities, or interactions. Our subjects play a modified VCM game-one in which they can voluntarily join groups that provide reduced rates of return on private investment. This leads to both endogenous sorting (because free-riders tend to reject the reduced-rate option) and substitution (because reduced private productivity favours increased club involvement). Seemingly unproductive costs thus serve to screen out free-riders, attract conditional cooperators, boost club production, and increase member welfare. The sacrifice mechanism is simple and particularly useful where monitoring difficulties impede punishment, exclusion, fees, and other more standard solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Aimone
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute & Baylor University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|