1
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Rijnink WF, Stadlbauer D, Puente-Massaguer E, Okba NMA, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Strohmeier S, Mudd PA, Schmitz A, Ellebedy A, McMahon M, Krammer F. Characterization of non-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the M1 and NP of influenza A viruses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164622. [PMID: 37916834 PMCID: PMC10688359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, many groups are focusing on isolating both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies to the mutation-prone hemagglutinin as a tool to treat or prevent influenza virus infection. Less is known about the level of protection induced by non-neutralizing antibodies that target conserved internal influenza virus proteins. Such non-neutralizing antibodies could provide an alternative pathway to induce broad cross-reactive protection against multiple influenza virus serotypes and subtypes by partially overcoming influenza virus escape mediated by antigenic drift and shift. Accordingly, more information about the level of protection and potential mechanism(s) of action of non-neutralizing antibodies targeting internal influenza virus proteins could be useful for the design of broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick Roubidoux
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Schmitz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Ellebedy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Rodon J, Mykytyn AZ, Te N, Okba NMA, Lamers MM, Pailler-García L, Cantero G, Albulescu I, Bosch BJ, Peiris M, Bensaid A, Vergara-Alert J, Haagmans BL, Segalés J. Extended Viral Shedding of MERS-CoV Clade B Virus in Llamas Compared with African Clade C Strain. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:585-589. [PMID: 36823022 PMCID: PMC9973703 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clade B viruses are found in camelids and humans in the Middle East, but clade C viruses are not. We provide experimental evidence for extended shedding of MERS-CoV clade B viruses in llamas, which might explain why they outcompete clade C strains in the Arabian Peninsula.
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3
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Mykytyn AZ, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Breugem TI, Schipper D, van den Doel PB, van Run P, van Amerongen G, de Waal L, Koopmans MPG, Stittelaar KJ, van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL. Susceptibility of rabbits to SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1-7. [PMID: 33356979 PMCID: PMC7832544 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1868951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) between livestock and humans is a potential public health concern. We demonstrate the susceptibility of rabbits to SARS-CoV-2, which excrete infectious virus from the nose and throat upon experimental inoculation. Therefore, investigations on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed rabbits should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I. Breugem
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Run
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Kim E, Weisel FJ, Balmert SC, Khan MS, Huang S, Erdos G, Kenniston TW, Carey CD, Joachim SM, Conter LJ, Weisel NM, Okba NMA, Haagmans BL, Percivalle E, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Korkmaz E, Shlomchik MJ, Falo LD, Gambotto A. A single subcutaneous or intranasal immunization with adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1774-1784. [PMID: 33772778 PMCID: PMC8250272 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimal vaccines are needed for sustained suppression of SARS-CoV-2 and other novel coronaviruses. Here, we developed a recombinant type 5 adenovirus vector encoding the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit antigen (Ad5.SARS-CoV-2-S1) for COVID-19 immunization and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice. A single immunization with Ad5.SARS-CoV-2-S1 via S.C. injection or I.N delivery induced robust antibody and cellular immune responses. Vaccination elicited significant S1-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a endpoint titers as early as 2 weeks, and the induced antibodies were long lasting. I.N. and S.C. administration of Ad5.SARS-CoV-2-S1 produced S1-specific GC B cells in cervical and axillary LNs, respectively. Moreover, I.N. and S.C. immunization evoked significantly greater antigen-specific T-cell responses compared to unimmunized control groups with indications that S.C. injection was more effective than I.N. delivery in eliciting cellular immune responses. Mice vaccinated by either route demonstrated significantly increased virus-specific neutralization antibodies on weeks 8 and 12 compared to control groups, as well as BM antibody forming cells (AFC), indicative of long-term immunity. Thus, this Ad5-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate showed promising immunogenicity following delivery to mice by S.C. and I.N. routes of administration, supporting the further development of Ad-based vaccines against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases for sustainable global immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kim
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Stephen C. Balmert
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Thomas W. Kenniston
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Stephen M. Joachim
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Laura J. Conter
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Nadine M. Weisel
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentIRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentIRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentIRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
- Department of ClinicalSurgicalDiagnostic and Pediatric SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPAUSA
- Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPAUSA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
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5
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Haagmans BL, Noack D, Okba NMA, Li W, Wang C, Bestebroer T, de Vries R, Herfst S, de Meulder D, Verveer E, van Run P, Lamers MM, Rijnders B, Rokx C, van Kuppeveld F, Grosveld F, Drabek D, Geurts van Kessel C, Koopmans M, Bosch BJ, Kuiken T, Rockx B. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Human Antibodies Protect Against Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in a Hamster Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:2020-2028. [PMID: 34043806 PMCID: PMC8243397 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective clinical intervention strategies for COVID-19 are urgently needed.
Although several clinical trials have evaluated the use of convalescent plasma
containing virus-neutralizing antibodies, the levels of neutralizing antibodies
are usually not assessed and the effectiveness has not been proven. We show that
hamsters treated prophylactically with a 1:2560 titer of human convalescent
plasma or a 1:5260 titer of monoclonal antibody were protected against weight
loss, had a significant reduction of virus replication in the lungs and showed
reduced pneumonia . Interestingly, this protective effect was lost with a titer
of 1:320 of convalescent plasma. These data highlight the importance of
screening plasma donors for high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that prophylactic administration of high levels of neutralizing
antibody, either monoclonal or from convalescent plasma, prevent severe
SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a hamster model, and could be used as an alternative or
complementary to other antiviral treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Noack
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elwin Verveer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Rijnders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Gharbharan A, Jordans CCE, GeurtsvanKessel C, den Hollander JG, Karim F, Mollema FPN, Stalenhoef-Schukken JE, Dofferhoff A, Ludwig I, Koster A, Hassing RJ, Bos JC, van Pottelberge GR, Vlasveld IN, Ammerlaan HSM, van Leeuwen-Segarceanu EM, Miedema J, van der Eerden M, Schrama TJ, Papageorgiou G, Te Boekhorst P, Swaneveld FH, Mueller YM, Schreurs MWJ, van Kampen JJA, Rockx B, Okba NMA, Katsikis PD, Koopmans MPG, Haagmans BL, Rokx C, Rijnders BJA. Effects of potent neutralizing antibodies from convalescent plasma in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3189. [PMID: 34045486 PMCID: PMC8160346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a randomized clinical trial of 86 hospitalized COVID-19 patients comparing standard care to treatment with 300mL convalescent plasma containing high titers of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, no overall clinical benefit was observed. Using a comprehensive translational approach, we unravel the virological and immunological responses following treatment to disentangle which COVID-19 patients may benefit and should be the focus of future studies. Convalescent plasma is safe, does not improve survival, has no effect on the disease course, nor does plasma enhance viral clearance in the respiratory tract, influence SARS-CoV-2 antibody development or serum proinflammatory cytokines levels. Here, we show that the vast majority of patients already had potent neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at hospital admission and with comparable titers to carefully selected plasma donors. This resulted in the decision to terminate the trial prematurely. Treatment with convalescent plasma should be studied early in the disease course or at least preceding autologous humoral response development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Faiz Karim
- Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jelle Miedema
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs J Schrama
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Francis H Swaneveld
- Unit of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Barry Rockx
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Wang C, van Haperen R, Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, Li W, Okba NMA, Albulescu I, Widjaja I, van Dieren B, Fernandez-Delgado R, Sola I, Hurdiss DL, Daramola O, Grosveld F, van Kuppeveld FJM, Haagmans BL, Enjuanes L, Drabek D, Bosch BJ. A conserved immunogenic and vulnerable site on the coronavirus spike protein delineated by cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1715. [PMID: 33731724 PMCID: PMC7969777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus spike glycoprotein, located on the virion surface, is the key mediator of cell entry and the focus for development of protective antibodies and vaccines. Structural studies show exposed sites on the spike trimer that might be targeted by antibodies with cross-species specificity. Here we isolated two human monoclonal antibodies from immunized humanized mice that display a remarkable cross-reactivity against distinct spike proteins of betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the endemic human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Both cross-reactive antibodies target the stem helix in the spike S2 fusion subunit which, in the prefusion conformation of trimeric spike, forms a surface exposed membrane-proximal helical bundle. Both antibodies block MERS-CoV infection in cells and provide protection to mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge in prophylactic and/or therapeutic models. Our work highlights an immunogenic and vulnerable site on the betacoronavirus spike protein enabling elicitation of antibodies with unusual binding breadth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/classification
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Camelus
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Subunits
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wentao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irina Albulescu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivy Widjaja
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Merus N.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Brouwer PJM, Brinkkemper M, Maisonnasse P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Grobben M, Claireaux M, de Gast M, Marlin R, Chesnais V, Diry S, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Giezen JM, Kerster G, Turner HL, van der Straten K, van der Linden CA, Aldon Y, Naninck T, Bontjer I, Burger JA, Poniman M, Mykytyn AZ, Okba NMA, Schermer EE, van Breemen MJ, Ravichandran R, Caniels TG, van Schooten J, Kahlaoui N, Contreras V, Lemaître J, Chapon C, Fang RHT, Villaudy J, Sliepen K, van der Velden YU, Haagmans BL, de Bree GJ, Ginoux E, Ward AB, Crispin M, King NP, van der Werf S, van Gils MJ, Le Grand R, Sanders RW. Two-component spike nanoparticle vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell 2021; 184:1188-1200.e19. [PMID: 33577765 PMCID: PMC7834972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is continuing to disrupt personal lives, global healthcare systems, and economies. Hence, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that prevents viral infection, transmission, and disease. Here, we present a two-component protein-based nanoparticle vaccine that displays multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Immunization studies show that this vaccine induces potent neutralizing antibody responses in mice, rabbits, and cynomolgus macaques. The vaccine-induced immunity protects macaques against a high-dose challenge, resulting in strongly reduced viral infection and replication in the upper and lower airways. These nanoparticles are a promising vaccine candidate to curtail the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marloes Grobben
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlon de Gast
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romain Marlin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Julia M Giezen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marielle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Lemaître
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Raphaël Ho Tsong Fang
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yme U van der Velden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Ginoux
- Life and Soft, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Okba NMA, Widjaja I, van Dieren B, Aebischer A, van Amerongen G, de Waal L, Stittelaar KJ, Schipper D, Martina B, van den Brand JMA, Beer M, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL. Particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against MERS-CoV. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1080-1091. [PMID: 32471334 PMCID: PMC7448924 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1760735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a WHO priority pathogen for which vaccines are urgently needed. Using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the MERS-CoV spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (RBD) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. Using a "plug-and-display" SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, we coupled RBD to lumazine synthase (LS) particles producing multimeric RBD-presenting particles (RBD-LS). RBD-LS vaccination induced antibody responses of high magnitude and quality (avidity, MERS-CoV neutralizing capacity, and mucosal immunity) with cross-clade neutralization. The antibody responses were associated with blocking viral replication and upper and lower respiratory tract protection against MERS-CoV infection in rabbits. This arrayed multivalent presentation of the viral RBD using the antigen-SpyTag/LS-SpyCatcher is a promising MERS-CoV vaccine candidate and this platform may be applied for the rapid development of vaccines against other emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivy Widjaja
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Brouwer PJM, Caniels TG, van der Straten K, Snitselaar JL, Aldon Y, Bangaru S, Torres JL, Okba NMA, Claireaux M, Kerster G, Bentlage AEH, van Haaren MM, Guerra D, Burger JA, Schermer EE, Verheul KD, van der Velde N, van der Kooi A, van Schooten J, van Breemen MJ, Bijl TPL, Sliepen K, Aartse A, Derking R, Bontjer I, Kootstra NA, Wiersinga WJ, Vidarsson G, Haagmans BL, Ward AB, de Bree GJ, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability. Science 2020; 369:643-650. [PMID: 32540902 PMCID: PMC7299281 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a large impact on global health, travel, and economy. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic measures are urgently needed. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies from three convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using a SARS-CoV-2 stabilized prefusion spike protein. These antibodies had low levels of somatic hypermutation and showed a strong enrichment in VH1-69, VH3-30-3, and VH1-24 gene usage. A subset of the antibodies was able to potently inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at a concentration as low as 0.007 micrograms per milliliter. Competition and electron microscopy studies illustrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains multiple distinct antigenic sites, including several receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes as well as non-RBD epitopes. In addition to providing guidance for vaccine design, the antibodies described here are promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- COVID-19
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology
- Receptors, Coronavirus
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlies M van Haaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Guerra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten D Verheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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11
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020. [PMID: 32641684 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.16.044503v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3496. [PMID: 32641684 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.16.044503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3496. [PMID: 32641684 PMCID: PMC7343828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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GeurtsvanKessel CH, Okba NMA, Igloi Z, Bogers S, Embregts CWE, Laksono BM, Leijten L, Rokx C, Rijnders B, Rahamat-Langendoen J, van den Akker JPC, van Kampen JJA, van der Eijk AA, van Binnendijk RS, Haagmans B, Koopmans M. An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3436. [PMID: 32632160 PMCID: PMC7338506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is entering a new era of the COVID-19 pandemic in which there is an increasing call for reliable antibody testing. To support decision making on the deployment of serology for either population screening or diagnostics, we present a detailed comparison of serological COVID-19 assays. We show that among the selected assays there is a wide diversity in assay performance in different scenarios and when correlated to virus neutralizing antibodies. The Wantai ELISA detecting total immunoglobulins against the receptor binding domain of SARS CoV-2, has the best overall characteristics to detect functional antibodies in different stages and severity of disease, including the potential to set a cut-off indicating the presence of protective antibodies. The large variety of available serological assays requires proper assay validation before deciding on deployment of assays for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zsofia Igloi
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseaseas, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseaseas, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bart Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Koch T, Dahlke C, Fathi A, Kupke A, Krähling V, Okba NMA, Halwe S, Rohde C, Eickmann M, Volz A, Hesterkamp T, Jambrecina A, Borregaard S, Ly ML, Zinser ME, Bartels E, Poetsch JSH, Neumann R, Fux R, Schmiedel S, Lohse AW, Haagmans BL, Sutter G, Becker S, Addo MM. Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector vaccine candidate for Middle East respiratory syndrome: an open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:827-838. [PMID: 32325037 PMCID: PMC7172913 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a respiratory disease with a case fatality rate of up to 35%. Given its potential to cause a public health emergency and the absence of efficacious drugs or vaccines, MERS is one of the WHO priority diseases warranting urgent research and development of countermeasures. We aimed to assess safety and tolerability of an anti-MERS-CoV modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine candidate that expresses the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein, MVA-MERS-S, in healthy adults. METHODS This open-label, phase 1 trial was done at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany). Participants were healthy men and women aged 18-55 years with no clinically significant health problems as determined during medical history and physical examination, a body-mass index of 18·5-30·0 kg/m2 and weight of more than 50 kg at screening, and a negative pregnancy test for women. A key exclusion criterion was a previous MVA vaccination. For the prime immunisation, participants received doses of 1 × 107 plaque-forming unit (PFU; low-dose group) or 1 × 108 PFU (high-dose group) MVA-MERS-S intramuscularly. A second identical dose was administered intramuscularly as a booster immunisation 28 days after first injection. As a control group for immunogenicity analyses, blood samples were drawn at identical study timepoints from six healthy adults, who did not receive any injections. The primary objectives of the study were safety and tolerability of the two dosage levels and reactogenicity after administration. Immunogenicity was assessed as a secondary endpoint by ELISA and neutralisation tests. T-cell immunity was evaluated by interferon-γ-linked enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot assay. All participants who were vaccinated at least once were included in the safety analysis. Immunogenicity was analysed in the participants who completed 6 months of follow-up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03615911, and EudraCT, 2014-003195-23 FINDINGS: From Dec 17, 2017, to June 5, 2018, 26 participants (14 in the low-dose group and 12 in the high-dose group) were enrolled and received the first dose of the vaccine according to their group allocation. Of these, 23 participants (12 in the low-dose group and 11 in the high-dose group) received a second dose of MVA-MERS-S according to their group allocation after a 28-day interval and completed follow-up. Homologous prime-boost immunisation with MVA-MERS-S revealed a benign safety profile with only transient mild-to-moderate reactogenicity. Participants had no severe or serious adverse events. 67 vaccine-related adverse events were reported in ten (71%) of 14 participants in the low-dose group, and 111 were reported in ten (83%) of 12 participants in the high-dose group. Solicited local reactions were the most common adverse events: pain was observed in 17 (65%; seven in the low-dose group vs ten in the high-dose group) participants, swelling in ten (38%; two vs eight) participants, and induration in ten (38%; one vs nine) participants. Headaches (observed in seven participants in the low-dose group vs nine in the high-dose group) and fatigue or malaise (ten vs seven participants) were the most common solicited systemic adverse events. All adverse events resolved swiftly (within 1-3 days) and without sequelae. Following booster immunisation, nine (75%) of 12 participants in the low-dose group and 11 (100%) participants in the high-dose group showed seroconversion using a MERS-CoV S1 ELISA at any timepoint during the study. Binding antibody titres correlated with MERS-CoV-specific neutralising antibodies (Spearman's correlation r=0·86 [95% CI 0·6960-0·9427], p=0·0001). MERS-CoV spike-specific T-cell responses were detected in ten (83%) of 12 immunised participants in the low-dose group and ten (91%) of 11 immunised participants in the high-dose group. INTERPRETATION Vaccination with MVA-MERS-S had a favourable safety profile without serious or severe adverse events. Homologous prime-boost immunisation induced humoral and cell-mediated responses against MERS-CoV. A dose-effect relationship was demonstrated for reactogenicity, but not for vaccine-induced immune responses. The data presented here support further clinical testing of MVA-MERS-S in larger cohorts to advance MERS vaccine development. FUNDING German Center for Infection Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Koch
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandro Halwe
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - My L Ly
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Madeleine E Zinser
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Etienne Bartels
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Joseph S H Poetsch
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Reza Neumann
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
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16
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Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, Wang C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Corman VM, Lamers MM, Sikkema RS, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Yazdanpanah Y, Le Hingrat Q, Descamps D, Houhou-Fidouh N, Reusken CBEM, Bosch BJ, Drosten C, Koopmans MPG, Haagmans BL. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1478-1488. [PMID: 32267220 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein-specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies.
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17
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Weiskopf D, Schmitz KS, Raadsen MP, Grifoni A, Okba NMA, Endeman H, van den Akker JPC, Molenkamp R, Koopmans MPG, van Gorp ECM, Haagmans BL, de Swart RL, Sette A, de Vries RD. Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabd2071. [PMID: 32591408 PMCID: PMC7319493 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the causative agent of a global outbreak of respiratory tract disease (COVID-19). In some patients the infection results in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. High serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and an immune hyperresponsiveness referred to as a 'cytokine storm' have been associated with poor clinical outcome. Despite the large numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths, information on the phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells is limited. Here, we studied 10 COVID-19 patients who required admission to an intensive care unit and detected SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in 10 out of 10 and 8 out of 10 patients, respectively. We also detected low levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in 2 out of 10 healthy controls not previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2, which is indicative of cross-reactivity due to past infection with 'common cold' coronaviruses. The strongest T-cell responses were directed to the spike (S) surface glycoprotein, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells predominantly produced effector and Th1 cytokines, although Th2 and Th17 cytokines were also detected. Furthermore, we studied T-cell kinetics and showed that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are present relatively early and increase over time. Collectively, these data shed light on the potential variations in T-cell responses as a function of disease severity, an issue that is key to understanding the potential role of immunopathology in the disease, and also inform vaccine design and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, Wang C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Corman VM, Lamers MM, Sikkema RS, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Yazdanpanah Y, Le Hingrat Q, Descamps D, Houhou-Fidouh N, Reusken CBEM, Bosch BJ, Drosten C, Koopmans MPG, Haagmans BL. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1478-1488. [PMID: 32267220 PMCID: PMC7323511 DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1075] [Impact Index Per Article: 268.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein–specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2–infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies.
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19
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Rockx B, Kuiken T, Herfst S, Bestebroer T, Lamers MM, Oude Munnink BB, de Meulder D, van Amerongen G, van den Brand J, Okba NMA, Schipper D, van Run P, Leijten L, Sikkema R, Verschoor E, Verstrepen B, Bogers W, Langermans J, Drosten C, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Fouchier R, de Swart R, Koopmans M, Haagmans BL. Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model. Science 2020; 368:1012-1015. [PMID: 32303590 PMCID: PMC7164679 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was recently identified in patients with an acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To compare its pathogenesis with that of previously emerging coronaviruses, we inoculated cynomolgus macaques with SARS-CoV-2 or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and compared the pathology and virology with historical reports of SARS-CoV infections. In SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques, virus was excreted from nose and throat in the absence of clinical signs and detected in type I and II pneumocytes in foci of diffuse alveolar damage and in ciliated epithelial cells of nasal, bronchial, and bronchiolar mucosae. In SARS-CoV infection, lung lesions were typically more severe, whereas they were milder in MERS-CoV infection, where virus was detected mainly in type II pneumocytes. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19-like disease in macaques and provides a new model to test preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Judith van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernst Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Babs Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Willy Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jan Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Okba NMA, Widjaja I, Li W, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Farag EABA, Al-Hajri M, Park WB, Oh MD, Reusken CBEM, Koopmans MPG, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL. Serologic Detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Functional Antibodies. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1024-1027. [PMID: 32150528 PMCID: PMC7181916 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.190921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed and validated 2 species-independent protein-based assays to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies that can block virus receptor-binding or sialic acid-attachment. Antibody levels measured in both assays correlated strongly with virus-neutralizing antibody titers, proving their use for serologic confirmatory diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome.
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21
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Wang C, Li W, Drabek D, Okba NMA, van Haperen R, Osterhaus ADME, van Kuppeveld FJM, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. Publisher Correction: A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2511. [PMID: 32409714 PMCID: PMC7224291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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22
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Kiyong’a AN, Cook EAJ, Okba NMA, Kivali V, Reusken C, Haagmans BL, Fèvre EM. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Seropositive Camel Handlers in Kenya. Viruses 2020; 12:E396. [PMID: 32260186 PMCID: PMC7232417 DOI: 10.3390/v12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring MERS-CoV infections. However, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV in high-risk groups in Kenya. Sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, were screened for MERS-CoV antibodies using ELISA and PRNT. We found four seropositive slaughterhouse workers by PRNT. Risk factors amongst the slaughterhouse workers included being the slaughterman (the person who cuts the throat of the camel) and drinking camel blood. Further research is required to understand the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in Africa in relation to occupational risk, with a need for additional studies on the transmission of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans, seroprevalence and associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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23
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Rodon J, Okba NMA, Te N, van Dieren B, Bosch BJ, Bensaid A, Segalés J, Haagmans BL, Vergara-Alert J. Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1593-1603. [PMID: 31711379 PMCID: PMC6853226 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1685912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks pose a worldwide public health threat. Blocking MERS-CoV zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels, the animal reservoir, could potentially reduce the number of primary human cases. Here we report MERS-CoV transmission from experimentally infected llamas to naïve animals. Directly inoculated llamas shed virus for at least 6 days and could infect all in-contact naïve animals 4–5 days after exposure. With the aim to block virus transmission, we examined the efficacy of a recombinant spike S1-protein vaccine. In contrast to naïve animals, in-contact vaccinated llamas did not shed infectious virus upon exposure to directly inoculated llamas, consistent with the induction of strong virus neutralizing antibody responses. Our data provide further evidence that vaccination of the reservoir host may impede MERS-CoV zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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24
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Okba NMA, Raj VS, Widjaja I, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Park WB, Kim NJ, Farag EABA, Al-Hajri M, Bosch BJ, Oh MD, Koopmans MPG, Reusken CBEM, Haagmans BL. Sensitive and Specific Detection of Low-Level Antibody Responses in Mild Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1868-1877. [PMID: 31423970 PMCID: PMC6759241 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in humans can cause asymptomatic to fatal lower respiratory lung disease. Despite posing a probable risk for virus transmission, asymptomatic to mild infections can go unnoticed; a lack of seroconversion among some PCR-confirmed cases has been reported. We found that a MERS-CoV spike S1 protein–based ELISA, routinely used in surveillance studies, showed low sensitivity in detecting infections among PCR-confirmed patients with mild clinical symptoms and cross-reactivity of human coronavirus OC43–positive serum samples. Using in-house S1 ELISA and protein microarray, we demonstrate that most PCR-confirmed MERS-CoV case-patients with mild infections seroconverted; nonetheless, some of these samples did not have detectable levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The use of a sensitive and specific serologic S1-based assay can be instrumental in the accurate estimation of MERS-CoV prevalence.
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25
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Widjaja I, Wang C, van Haperen R, Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, van Dieren B, Okba NMA, Raj VS, Li W, Fernandez-Delgado R, Grosveld F, van Kuppeveld FJM, Haagmans BL, Enjuanes L, Drabek D, Bosch BJ. Towards a solution to MERS: protective human monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:516-530. [PMID: 30938227 PMCID: PMC6455120 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1597644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus that causes severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans. Efforts to develop antibody-based therapies have focused on neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein thereby blocking receptor binding. Here, we developed a set of human monoclonal antibodies that target functionally distinct domains of the MERS-CoV spike protein. These antibodies belong to six distinct epitope groups and interfere with the three critical entry functions of the MERS-CoV spike protein: sialic acid binding, receptor binding and membrane fusion. Passive immunization with potently as well as with poorly neutralizing antibodies protected mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge. Collectively, these antibodies offer new ways to gain humoral protection in humans against the emerging MERS-CoV by targeting different spike protein epitopes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Widjaja
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Chunyan Wang
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- b Department of Cell Biology , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands.,c Harbour Antibodies B.V. , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- d Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- e Department of Viroscience , Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - V Stalin Raj
- e Department of Viroscience , Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- d Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Frank Grosveld
- b Department of Cell Biology , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands.,c Harbour Antibodies B.V. , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- e Department of Viroscience , Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- d Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- b Department of Cell Biology , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands.,c Harbour Antibodies B.V. , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- a Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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26
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Widagdo W, Okba NMA, Richard M, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, Farag EABA, Al-Hajri M, Stittelaar KJ, de Waal L, van Amerongen G, van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL, Herfst S. Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040381. [PMID: 31022948 PMCID: PMC6520746 DOI: 10.3390/v11040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the Middle East. Although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to MERS-CoV, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. In this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of MERS-CoV. In line with the presence of MERS-CoV receptor in the rabbit nasal epithelium, high levels of viral RNA were shed from the nose following virus inoculation. However, unlike MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, these rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations including nasal discharge and did shed only limited amounts of infectious virus from the nose. Consistently, no transmission by contact or airborne routes was observed in rabbits. Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Widagdo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam 3029 AK, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Stalin Raj V, Okba NMA, Gutierrez-Alvarez J, Drabek D, van Dieren B, Widagdo W, Lamers MM, Widjaja I, Fernandez-Delgado R, Sola I, Bensaid A, Koopmans MP, Segalés J, Osterhaus ADME, Bosch BJ, Enjuanes L, Haagmans BL. Chimeric camel/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against MERS-CoV infection. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaas9667. [PMID: 30101189 PMCID: PMC6082650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. In contrast to humans, MERS-CoV-exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. These strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries-apart from conventional antibodies-have relatively unique, heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs). These HCAbs are devoid of light chains and have long complementarity-determining regions with unique epitope binding properties, allowing them to recognize and bind with high affinity to epitopes not recognized by conventional antibodies. Through direct cloning and expression of the variable heavy chains (VHHs) of HCAbs from the bone marrow of MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, we identified several MERS-CoV-specific VHHs or nanobodies. In vitro, these VHHs efficiently blocked virus entry at picomolar concentrations. The selected VHHs bind with exceptionally high affinity to the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein. Furthermore, camel/human chimeric HCAbs-composed of the camel VHH linked to a human Fc domain lacking the CH1 exon-had an extended half-life in the serum and protected mice against a lethal MERS-CoV challenge. HCAbs represent a promising alternative strategy to develop novel interventions not only for MERS-CoV but also for other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Alvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - W. Widagdo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivy Widjaja
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA–Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marion P. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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