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de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Kok A, Rosu ME, de Meulder D, van Nieuwkoop S, Lexmond P, Funk M, Leijten LM, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, van Riel D, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Species-specific emergence of H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is driven by intrahost selection differences between chickens and ducks. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011942. [PMID: 38408092 PMCID: PMC10919841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe hemorrhagic disease in terrestrial poultry and are a threat to the poultry industry, wild life, and human health. HPAIVs arise from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), which circulate in wild aquatic birds. HPAIV emergence is thought to occur in poultry and not wild aquatic birds, but the reason for this species-restriction is not known. We hypothesized that, due to species-specific tropism and replication, intrahost HPAIV selection is favored in poultry and disfavored in wild aquatic birds. We tested this hypothesis by co-inoculating chickens, representative of poultry, and ducks, representative of wild aquatic birds, with a mixture of H7N7 HPAIV and LPAIV, mimicking HPAIV emergence in an experimental setting. Virus selection was monitored in swabs and tissues by RT-qPCR and immunostaining of differential N-terminal epitope tags that were added to the hemagglutinin protein. HPAIV was selected in four of six co-inoculated chickens, whereas LPAIV remained the major population in co-inoculated ducks on the long-term, despite detection of infectious HPAIV in tissues at early time points. Collectively, our data support the hypothesis that HPAIVs are more likely to be selected at the intrahost level in poultry than in wild aquatic birds and point towards species-specific differences in HPAIV and LPAIV tropism and replication levels as possible explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miruna E. Rosu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke M. Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Funk M, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, de Bruin AC, Gultyaev AP, Fouchier RA, te Velthuis AJ, Richard M. Transient RNA structures underlie highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genesis. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.11.574333. [PMID: 38370829 PMCID: PMC10871305 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.574333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease and high fatality in poultry1. They emerge exclusively from H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs)2. Although insertion of a furin-cleavable multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin gene was identified decades ago as the genetic basis for LPAIV-to-HPAIV transition3,4, the exact mechanisms underlying said insertion have remained unknown. Here we used an innovative combination of bioinformatic models to predict RNA structures forming around the influenza virus RNA polymerase during replication, and circular sequencing5 to reliably detect nucleotide insertions. We show that transient H5 hemagglutinin RNA structures predicted to trap the polymerase on purine-rich sequences drive nucleotide insertions characteristic of MBCSs, providing the first strong empirical evidence of RNA structure involvement in MBCS acquisition. Insertion frequencies at the H5 cleavage site were strongly affected by substitutions in flanking genomic regions altering predicted transient RNA structures. Introduction of H5-like cleavage site sequences and structures into an H6 hemagglutinin resulted in MBCS-yielding insertions never observed before in H6 viruses. Our results demonstrate that nucleotide insertions that underlie H5 HPAIV emergence result from a previously unknown RNA-structure-driven diversity-generating mechanism, which could be shared with other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C.M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS); Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A.M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan J.W. te Velthuis
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University, 08544 New Jersey, United States
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Richard M, Barrois R, Desguerre I, Deladrière E, Leloup-Germa V, Barnerias C, Gitiaux C. Correlations between clinical motor scores and CMAP in patients with type 2 spinal muscular amyotrophy treated with nusinersen. Arch Pediatr 2024; 31:26-31. [PMID: 37989659 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Nusinersen for the treatment of SMA has been covered by public healthcare in France since May 2017. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate whether there is a correlation between clinical and compound motor action potential (CMAP) measurements in SMA patients treated with nusinersen after 3 years' follow-up. METHOD Motor skills were evaluated regularly between M0 and M36 using the Motor Function Measure (MFM) score. CMAP measurements were collected regularly between M0 and M22. RESULTS Data for 10 patients with SMA type 2 were collected and divided into two age groups (< 5 years and > 5 years). Motor function improved, but not significantly, regarding distal motor skills (D3) in both groups, and in axial and proximal motor function (D2) in the younger group. CMAP measurements improved in all patients. CMAP increased significantly for the median nerve, and this improvement correlated significantly with global MFM and with axial and proximal tone (D2). CONCLUSION Our study shows gain in distal motor function with nusinersen, especially in younger patients with SMA type 2. These results encourage the screening of SMA patients and treatment as early as possible. CMAP measurements of the median nerve show clear improvement in patients treated with nusinersen and could be performed as routine follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richard
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
| | - R Barrois
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - I Desguerre
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - E Deladrière
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V Leloup-Germa
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - C Barnerias
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - C Gitiaux
- Centre de référence des pathologies neuromusculaires Paris-Nord-Est, AP-AH, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Service d'explorations fonctionnelles, unité de Neurophysiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Kok A, Scheuer R, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Wilks SH, Spronken MI, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Pronk M, Smith DJ, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Characterization of A/H7 influenza virus global antigenic diversity and key determinants in the hemagglutinin globular head mediating A/H7N9 antigenic evolution. mBio 2023; 14:e0048823. [PMID: 37565755 PMCID: PMC10655666 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00488-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A/H7 avian influenza viruses cause outbreaks in poultry globally, resulting in outbreaks with significant socio-economical impact and zoonotic risks. Occasionally, poultry vaccination programs have been implemented to reduce the burden of these viruses, which might result in an increased immune pressure accelerating antigenic evolution. In fact, evidence for antigenic diversification of A/H7 influenza viruses exists, posing challenges to pandemic preparedness and the design of vaccination strategies efficacious against drifted variants. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the global antigenic diversity of A/H7 influenza viruses and identified the main substitutions in the hemagglutinin responsible for antigenic evolution in A/H7N9 viruses isolated between 2013 and 2019. The A/H7 antigenic map and knowledge of the molecular determinants of their antigenic evolution add value to A/H7 influenza virus surveillance programs, the design of vaccines and vaccination strategies, and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F. Burke
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Pronk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Herfst S, Begeman L, Spronken MI, Poen MJ, Eggink D, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Richard M, Fouchier RAM. A Dutch highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus showed remarkable tropism for extra-respiratory organs and caused severe disease but was not transmissible via air in the ferret model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0020023. [PMID: 37428085 PMCID: PMC10449504 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00200-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued circulation of A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in poultry has resulted in the diversification in multiple genetic and antigenic clades. Since 2009, clade 2.3.4.4 hemagglutinin (HA) containing viruses harboring the internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes of other avian influenza A viruses have been detected. As a result, various HA-NA combinations, such as A/H5N1, A/H5N2, A/H5N3, A/H5N5, A/H5N6, and A/H5N8 have been identified. As of January 2023, 83 humans have been infected with A/H5N6 viruses, thereby posing an apparent risk for public health. Here, as part of a risk assessment, the in vitro and in vivo characterization of A/H5N6 A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/29/2017 is described. This A/H5N6 virus was not transmitted between ferrets via the air but was of unexpectedly high pathogenicity compared to other described A/H5N6 viruses. The virus replicated and caused severe lesions not only in respiratory tissues but also in multiple extra-respiratory tissues, including brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland. Sequence analyses demonstrated that the well-known mammalian adaptation substitution D701N was positively selected in almost all ferrets. In the in vitro experiments, no other known viral phenotypic properties associated with mammalian adaptation or increased pathogenicity were identified. The lack of transmission via the air and the absence of mammalian adaptation markers suggest that the public health risk of this virus is low. The high pathogenicity of this virus in ferrets could not be explained by the known mammalian pathogenicity factors and should be further studied. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A/H5 viruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans. These infections can have a fatal outcome, but fortunately these influenza A/H5 viruses do not spread between humans. However, the extensive circulation and reassortment of A/H5N6 viruses in poultry and wild birds warrant risk assessments of circulating strains. Here an in-depth characterization of the properties of an avian A/H5N6 influenza virus isolated from a black-headed gull in the Netherlands was performed in vitro and in vivo, in ferrets. The virus was not transmissible via the air but caused severe disease and spread to extra-respiratory organs. Apart from the detection in ferrets of a mutation that increased virus replication, no other mammalian adaptation phenotypes were identified. Our results suggest that the risk of this avian A/H5N6 virus for public health is low. The underlying reasons for the high pathogenicity of this virus are unexplained and should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Kutter JS, Linster M, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, Rosu ME, Richard M, de Vries RP, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. Continued adaptation of A/H2N2 viruses during pandemic circulation in humans. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001881. [PMID: 37650875 PMCID: PMC10721047 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses of the H2N2 subtype sparked a pandemic in 1957 and circulated in humans until 1968. Because A/H2N2 viruses still circulate in wild birds worldwide and human population immunity is low, the transmissibility of six avian A/H2N2 viruses was investigated in the ferret model. None of the avian A/H2N2 viruses was transmitted between ferrets, suggesting that their pandemic risk may be low. The transmissibility, receptor binding preference and haemagglutinin (HA) stability of human A/H2N2 viruses were also investigated. Human A/H2N2 viruses from 1957 and 1958 bound to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, but the 1958 virus had a more stable HA, indicating adaptation to replication and spread in the new host. This increased stability was caused by a previously unknown stability substitution G205S in the 1958 H2N2 HA, which became fixed in A/H2N2 viruses after 1958. Although individual substitutions were identified that affected the HA receptor binding and stability properties, they were not found to have a substantial effect on transmissibility of A/H2N2 viruses via the air in the ferret model. Our data demonstrate that A/H2N2 viruses continued to adapt during the first year of pandemic circulation in humans, similar to what was previously shown for the A/H1N1pdm09 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S. Kutter
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Linster
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Present address: Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miruna E. Rosu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Conserved Expression and Functionality of Furin between Chickens and Ducks as an Activating Protease of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0460222. [PMID: 36916982 PMCID: PMC10100678 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04602-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) typically emerge from low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes upon spillover from wild aquatic birds into poultry. The conversion from LPAIV to HPAIV is characterized by the acquisition of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) at the proteolytic cleavage site in the viral binding and fusion protein, hemagglutinin (HA), resulting in cleavage and activation of HA by ubiquitously expressed furin-like proteases. The ensuing HPAIVs disseminate systemically in gallinaceous poultry, are endotheliotropic, and cause hemorrhagic disease with high mortality. HPAIV infections in wild aquatic birds are generally milder, often asymptomatic, and generally not associated with systemic dissemination nor endotheliotropic. As MBCS cleavage by host proteases is the main virulence determinant of HPAIVs in poultry, we set out to determine whether cleavage of HPAIV HA by host proteases might influence the observed species-specific pathogenesis and tropism. Here, we sequenced, cloned, and characterized the expression and functionality of duck furin. The furin sequence was strongly conserved between chickens and ducks, and duck furin cleaved HPAIV and tetrabasic HA in an overexpression system, confirming its functionality. Furin was expressed ubiquitously and to similar extents in duck and chicken tissues, including in primary duck endothelial cells, which sustained multicycle replication of H5N1 HPAIV but not LPAIVs. In conclusion, differences in furin-like protease biology between wild aquatic birds and gallinaceous poultry are unlikely to largely determine the stark differences observed in species-specific pathogenesis of HPAIVs. IMPORTANCE HPAIV outbreaks are a global concern due to the health risks for poultry, wildlife, and humans and their major economic impact. The number of LPAIV-to-HPAIV conversions, which is associated with spillover from wild birds to poultry, has been increasing over recent decades. Furthermore, H5 HPAIVs from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage have been circulating in migratory birds, causing increasingly frequent epizootics in poultry and wild birds. Milder symptoms in migratory birds allow for dispersion of HPAIVs over long distances, justifying the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of HPAIVs in wild birds. Here, we examined whether host proteases are a likely candidate to explain some differences in the degree of HPAIV systemic dissemination between avian species. This is the first report to show that furin function and expression is comparable between chickens and ducks, which renders the hypothesis unlikely that furin-like protease differences influence the HPAIV species-specific pathogenesis and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Richard M, FRENEL JS, Mathiot L, Campone M, Colombie M, Robert M, Patsouris A, Bigot F, Gavard J, André-Grégoire G, Guevel L. Abstract P3-11-09: Extracellular vesicle-based biomarker assay for the monitoring of the efficacy of frontline endocrine therapy + CDK4-6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p3-11-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CONTEXT: Endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6 inhibitor is the standard frontline treatment for the vast majority of HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Despite an overall survival benefit, patients eventually progress and mechanisms of resistance to this combination are not well identified. Non-invasive monitoring of the efficacy of treatment could help into tailoring therapeutic regimen. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of heterogeneous nanosized bioparticles (30-1000nm), released by almost all cell types - including tumor, platelets, and immune cells – carrying informative biological material emanating from the mother cell and circulating in the blood stream. In this project, we ambition to assess whether the vesiclemia, i.e. plasmatic extracellular vesicle concentration can be used as a clinic-biological parameter to assist in the monitoring of patients. METHODS: EPICURE is an ongoing pilot prospective cohort study of heterogeneous and massive data integration, i.e. multi-omics approaches in MBC patients. The present study focused on patients with HR+/HER2- MBC receiving frontline endocrine therapy+iCDK4/6. Plasma samples were drawn every 3 months during the treatment until progression. The workflow for the enrichment of circulating EVs was developed from frozen plasma. A semi-automatized isolation procedure using size exclusion chromatography combined with the newly developed interference light microscopy apparatus Videodrop allowed to routinely separate plasmatic EVs and quantify vesiclemia in a fast and reliable manner for a large number of samples (longitudinal follow-up of MBC patients). RESULTS: 26 patients were included and monitored for vesiclemia. Median age was 58.5y (±13.7). Metastatic disease sites were distributed as follows: bone metastases (21; 84%), liver (21; 84%), thoracic (10; 40%), node (2; 8%), brain (1; 4%), others (2; 8%). Endocrine therapy included aromatase inhibitors (20; 77%), fulvestrant (6; 29%), GnRH agonists (5; 19%) and CDK4/6 inhibitors palbocilib (15; 57%), abemaciclib (8; 31%) and ribociclib (3; 11%). With a median follow-up time of 22.1 months (95%CI 21.2 - not reached), median progression free survival was 21.8 months (95%CI 18.1 - not reached). Median time on treatment was 19.4 months (IQR 11.6 - 22.1). Objective response rate was confirmed in 12 patients (6 with complete response). Out of the 26 patients, 12 stopped the frontline treatment due to disease progression. 135 longitudinal follow-up samples were analyzed for EVs. All patients who progressed rapidly after treatment initiation (i.e median PFS< 6 months) had an increased vesiclemia at the months 2 and 6 after inclusion. Conversely, patients who had a median PFS >18m had a stable vesiclemia during this period. CONCLUSION This study aims to use circulating EVs as a therapeutic companion to anticipate treatment resistance and tumor progression in MBC patients. Our preliminary data suggest that the vesiclemia could be used as a predictive tool to anticipate treatment failure, and thus might be used to tailor treatments in time.
Citation Format: Mathilde Richard, Jean Sebastien FRENEL, Laurent Mathiot, Mario Campone, Mathilde Colombie, Marie Robert, Anne Patsouris, Frederic Bigot, Julie Gavard, Gwennan André-Grégoire, Laetitia Guevel. Extracellular vesicle-based biomarker assay for the monitoring of the efficacy of frontline endocrine therapy + CDK4-6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-11-09.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Mathiot
- 3Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), Saint-Herblain, France, Saint-Herblain, Pays de la Loire, France
| | - Mario Campone
- 4Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France, Saint-Herblain, France
| | | | - Marie Robert
- 6Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France, Saint-Herblain, France
| | | | | | | | - Gwennan André-Grégoire
- 10Cancerology and Integrated Immunology Recsearch Center (CRCI2NA) & Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France
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Siegers JY, Ferreri L, Eggink D, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Te Velthuis AJW, van de Bildt M, Leijten L, van Run P, de Meulder D, Bestebroer T, Richard M, Kuiken T, Lowen AC, Herfst S, van Riel D. Evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus in the central nervous system of ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011214. [PMID: 36897923 PMCID: PMC10032531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is the most common extra-respiratory tract complication of influenza A virus infections in humans. Remarkably, zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections are more often associated with CNS disease than infections with seasonal influenza viruses. Evolution of avian influenza viruses has been extensively studied in the context of respiratory infections, but evolutionary processes in CNS infections remain poorly understood. We have previously observed that the ability of HPAI A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1) virus to replicate in and spread throughout the CNS varies widely between individual ferrets. Based on these observations, we sought to understand the impact of entrance into and replication within the CNS on the evolutionary dynamics of virus populations. First, we identified and characterized three substitutions-PB1 E177G and A652T and NP I119M - detected in the CNS of a ferret infected with influenza A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1) virus that developed a severe meningo-encephalitis. We found that some of these substitutions, individually or collectively, resulted in increased polymerase activity in vitro. Nevertheless, in vivo, the virus bearing the CNS-associated mutations retained its capacity to infect the CNS but showed reduced dispersion to other anatomical sites. Analyses of viral diversity in the nasal turbinate and olfactory bulb revealed the lack of a genetic bottleneck acting on virus populations accessing the CNS via this route. Furthermore, virus populations bearing the CNS-associated mutations showed signs of positive selection in the brainstem. These features of dispersion to the CNS are consistent with the action of selective processes, underlining the potential for H5N1 viruses to adapt to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre Y Siegers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Ferreri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aartjan J W Te Velthuis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Richard M, Pop A, Hager H, Leven F, Mansourati J. Is cardiac magnetic resonance of additional help in premature ventricular contraction work-up? Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are common in routine medical practice. PVCs are commonly asymptomatic but can also result in palpitations, dyspnea, presyncope or PVC-induced cardiomyopathy that may lead to sudden death. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides morphological, functional, and tissue characterization in a single setting. CMR imaging proved to reliably identify fibrotic lesions and, hence, has developed into a valuable tool for etiological orientation in patients with PVCs.
Objectives
The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate which ventricular arrythmia (VA) characteristics predicted CMR abnormalities and 2) the diagnostic yield and the impact in the management of CMR-based imaging versus non-CMR-based imaging in patients referred for PVCs.
Methods
This monocentric retrospective study was conducted in patients with PVCs referred for CMR imaging. Their baseline interview and characteristics, physical examination, surface electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, ambulatory monitoring, echocardiography and treadmill exercise test data were collected when they were available. The CMR (1,5 T and 3.0 T) protocol included cine imaging and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) using standard cardiac geometries.
Results
We analyzed 168 patients (65% males, mean age 54.2±16.8 years) referred to our center for PVCs over a two-year period. CMR reported abnormal findings in 73 patients (43.5%) with the diagnosis of structural heart disease (SHD) in 46 patients (27.4%). Left-ventricular late gadolinium-enhancement was documented in 43 patients with abnormal CMR. Using a multivariate analysis, age (p=0.026), sustained ventricular tachycardia (p=0.002) and presence of cardiomyopathy on echocardiography (p<0.001) significantly predicted the presence of abnormal findings on CMR. Compared to non-CMR-based imaging, CMR had a diagnostic yield, by modifying the presumed diagnosis or by finding abnormalities requiring follow-up in 73 patients (43.5%).
Conclusions
Age, sustained ventricular tachycardia and presence of cardiomyopathy on echocardiography were the strongest predictors of positive CMR imaging results. Although echocardiography is generally used in first intention for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy in patients with PVCs, this study showed that CMR-based imaging has a robust diagnostic yield in this indication.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richard
- University Hospital of Brest , Brest , France
| | - A Pop
- University Hospital of Brest , Brest , France
| | - H Hager
- University Hospital of Brest , Brest , France
| | - F Leven
- University Hospital of Brest , Brest , France
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11
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de Bruin ACM, Funk M, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071566. [PMID: 35891546 PMCID: PMC9321182 DOI: 10.3390/v14071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Funk M, de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Richard M. In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071352. [PMID: 35891333 PMCID: PMC9316147 DOI: 10.3390/v14071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast diversity of 16 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes are found in birds. Interestingly, viruses from only two subtypes, H5 and H7, have so far evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) following insertions or substitutions at the HA cleavage site by the viral polymerase. The mechanisms underlying this striking subtype specificity are still unknown. Here, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of 20,488 avian influenza virus HA sequences to investigate differences in nucleotide and amino acid usage at the HA cleavage site between subtypes and how these might impact the genesis of HPAIVs by polymerase stuttering and realignment. We found that sequences of the H5 and H7 subtypes stand out by their high purine content at the HA cleavage site. In addition, fewer substitutions were necessary in H5 and H7 HAs than in HAs from other subtypes to acquire an insertion-prone HA cleavage site sequence, as defined based on in vitro and in vivo data from the literature. Codon usage was more favorable for HPAIV genesis in sequences of viruses isolated from species or geographical regions in which HPAIV genesis is more frequently observed in nature. The results of the present analyses suggest that the subtype restriction of HPAIV genesis to H5 and H7 influenza viruses might be due to the particular codon usage at the HA cleavage site in these subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.)
| | - Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.)
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.)
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.)
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Curmin R, Guillo S, De Rycke Y, Bachelez H, Beylot-Barry M, Beneton N, Olivier C, Dupuy A, Joly P, Jullien D, Richard M, Viguier M, Sbidian E, Paul C, Mahé E, Tubach F. Switchs de biothérapies chez les patients atteints de psoriasis modéré à sévère dans la cohorte française PSOBIOTEQ. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010165. [PMID: 35062369 PMCID: PMC8779112 DOI: 10.3390/v14010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause fatal systemic infections in chickens, which are associated with endotheliotropism. HPAIV infections in wild birds are generally milder and not endotheliotropic. Here, we aimed to elucidate the species-specific endotheliotropism of HPAIVs using primary chicken and duck aortic endothelial cells (chAEC and dAEC respectively). Viral replication kinetics and host responses were assessed in chAEC and dAEC upon inoculation with HPAIV H5N1 and compared to embryonic fibroblasts. Although dAEC were susceptible to HPAIV upon inoculation at high multiplicity of infection, HPAIV replicated to lower levels in dAEC than chAEC during multi-cycle replication. The susceptibility of duck embryonic endothelial cells to HPAIV was confirmed in embryos. Innate immune responses upon HPAIV inoculation differed between chAEC, dAEC, and embryonic fibroblasts. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL8 increased in chicken cells but decreased in dAEC. Contrastingly, the induction of antiviral responses was stronger in dAEC than in chAEC, and chicken and duck fibroblasts. Taken together, these data demonstrate that although duck endothelial cells are permissive to HPAIV infection, they display markedly different innate immune responses than chAEC and embryonic fibroblasts. These differences may contribute to the species-dependent differences in endotheliotropism and consequently HPAIV pathogenesis.
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Kok A, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Cross-Reactivity Conferred by Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost A/H5 Influenza Vaccination Strategies in Humans: A Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121465. [PMID: 34960210 PMCID: PMC8708856 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses from the A/H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) lineage pose a continuing threat to animal and human health. Since their emergence in 1997, these viruses have spread across multiple continents and have become enzootic in poultry. Additionally, over 800 cases of human infection with A/H5 GsGd viruses have been reported to date, which raises concerns about the potential for a new influenza virus pandemic. The continuous circulation of A/H5 GsGd viruses for over 20 years has resulted in the genetic and antigenic diversification of their hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein, which poses a serious challenge to pandemic preparedness and vaccine design. In the present article, clinical studies on A/H5 influenza vaccination strategies were reviewed to evaluate the breadth of antibody responses induced upon homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategies. Clinical data on immunological endpoints were extracted from studies and compiled into a dataset, which was used for the visualization and analysis of the height and breadth of humoral immune responses. Several aspects leading to high immunogenicity and/or cross-reactivity were identified, although the analysis was limited by the heterogeneity in study design and vaccine type used in the included studies. Consequently, crucial questions remain to be addressed in future studies on A/H5 GsGd vaccination strategies.
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16
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Boccar S, Rubay R, Richard M, Reper P, Horlait G, Goussen A, De Moor V, Bulpa P. Unusual cause of obstructive shock following esophagectomy: a case report. Acta Anaest Belg 2021. [DOI: 10.56126/72.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive shock usually has an intrathoracic origin, such as pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade or pulmonary embolism. We report a case of hemo- dynamic shock in a 74-year-old patient four days after esophagectomy, just after the start of mechanical ventilation for bilateral pneumonia. The sudden onset of severe abdominal distension and the presence of air in the intra-abdominal drain suggested tension pneumoperitoneum, confirmed by radiography. No pneumothorax was associated. Urgent decompression was required to improve hemodynamics. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract was ruled out. The cause was a bronchopleural fistula opened by mechanical ventilation. Rarely, cardiorespiratory failure may occur after tension pneumoperitoneum by reducing lung volume and cardiac preload, similar to obstructive shock from the usual intrathoracic causes or acting as an abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Its recognition and abdominal decompression are key steps in the patient’s recovery. Tension pneumoperitoneum related to mechanical ventilation and airway injury without associated pneumothorax is exceptional and, to our knowledge, has never been reported as a postoperative complication of esophagectomy.
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17
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Dismer AM, Charles M, Dear N, Louis-Jean JM, Barthelemy N, Richard M, Morose W, Fitter DL. Identification of TB space-time clusters and hotspots in Ouest département, Haiti, 2011-2016. Public Health Action 2021; 11:101-107. [PMID: 34159071 DOI: 10.5588/pha.20.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haiti has the highest incidence rate of TB in the Western Hemisphere, with an estimated 170 cases per 100,000 in 2019. Since 2010, control efforts have focused on targeted case-finding activities in urban areas, implementation of rapid molecular diagnostics at high-volume TB centers, and improved reporting. TB analyses are rarely focused on lower geographic units; thus, the major goal was to determine if there were focal areas of TB transmission from 2011 to 2016 at operational geographic levels useful for the National TB Control Program (PNLT). METHODS We created a geocoder to locate TB cases at the smallest geographic level. Kulldorff's space-time permutation scan, Anselin Moran's I, and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to determine the spatial distribution and clusters of TB. RESULTS With 91% of cases linked using the geocoder, TB clusters were identified each year. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis revealed 14 distinct spatial clusters of high incidences in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. One hundred retrospective space-time clusters were detected. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the presence of TB hotspots in the Ouest département, with most clusters in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. Results will help the PNLT and its partners better design case-finding strategies for these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dismer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - N Dear
- CDC, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - J M Louis-Jean
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - N Barthelemy
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory, and Research, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - M Richard
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - W Morose
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
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18
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Herfst S, Zhang J, Richard M, McBride R, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Spronken MIJ, de Meulder D, van den Brand JM, Rosu ME, Martin SR, Gamblin SJ, Xiong X, Peng W, Bodewes R, van der Vries E, Osterhaus ADME, Paulson JC, Skehel JJ, Fouchier RAM. Hemagglutinin Traits Determine Transmission of Avian A/H10N7 Influenza Virus between Mammals. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 28:602-613.e7. [PMID: 33031770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, an outbreak of avian A/H10N7 influenza virus occurred among seals along North-European coastal waters, significantly impacting seal populations. Here, we examine the cross-species transmission and mammalian adaptation of this influenza A virus, revealing changes in the hemagglutinin surface protein that increase stability and receptor binding. The seal A/H10N7 virus was aerosol or respiratory droplet transmissible between ferrets. Compared with avian H10 hemagglutinin, seal H10 hemagglutinin showed stronger binding to the human-type sialic acid receptor, with preferential binding to α2,6-linked sialic acids on long extended branches. In X-ray structures, changes in the 220-loop of the receptor-binding pocket caused similar interactions with human receptor as seen for pandemic strains. Two substitutions made seal H10 hemagglutinin more stable than avian H10 hemagglutinin and similar to human hemagglutinin. Consequently, identification of avian-origin influenza viruses across mammals appears critical to detect influenza A viruses posing a major threat to humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Zhang
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I J Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miruna E Rosu
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steve J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John J Skehel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Kutter JS, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, Mulders A, Richard M, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1653. [PMID: 33712573 PMCID: PMC7955093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, an experimental set-up is used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses cause a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmits efficiently. Serological assays confirm all virus transmission events. Although the experiments do not discriminate between transmission via small aerosols, large droplets and fomites, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious while traveling through the air. Efficient virus transmission between ferrets is in agreement with frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms. Although the evidence for virus transmission via the air between humans under natural conditions is absent or weak for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, ferrets may represent a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S Kutter
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ard Mulders
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Gultyaev AP, Spronken MI, Funk M, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Insertions of codons encoding basic amino acids in H7 hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses occur by recombination with RNA at hotspots near snoRNA binding sites. RNA 2021; 27:123-132. [PMID: 33188057 PMCID: PMC7812872 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077495.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of multiple basic amino acids in the protease cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is the main molecular determinant of virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Recombination of HA RNA with other RNA molecules of host or virus origin is a dominant mechanism of multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) acquisition for H7 subtype HA. Using alignments of HA RNA sequences from documented cases of MBCS insertion due to recombination, we show that such recombination with host RNAs is most likely to occur at particular hotspots in ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and viral RNAs. The locations of these hotspots in highly abundant RNAs indicate that RNA recombination is facilitated by the binding of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) near the recombination points.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids, Basic/genetics
- Amino Acids, Basic/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Pairing
- Base Sequence
- Chickens/virology
- Codon
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/metabolism
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/chemistry
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Alignment
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Schröder E, Jamart J, Eucher P, Guédès A, Louagie Y, Mbende C, Michaux I, Macq A, Guillaume L, Richard M, Dahin G, Cuvelier N, Lusuka R, Buche M. Temporal changes of short and long-term outcome after aortic valve replacement. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2020.10.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Font G, Staumont-Salle D, Oro S, Seta V, Dupin N, Richard M, Jeudy G, Mallet S, Alexandre M, Le Roux-Villet C, Joly P, Prost-Squarcioni C, Duvert-Lehembre S. Efficacité du rituximab dans les maladies à IgA linéaire : une cohorte rétrospective. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Seung KJ, Khan U, Varaine F, Ahmed S, Bastard M, Cloez S, Damtew D, Franke MF, Herboczek K, Huerga H, Islam S, Karakozian H, Khachatryan N, Kliesckova J, Khan AJ, Khan M, Khan P, Kotrikadze T, Lachenal N, Lecca L, Lenggogeni P, Maretbayeva S, Melikyan N, Mesic A, Mitnick CD, Mofolo M, Perrin C, Richard M, Tassew YM, Telnov A, Vilbrun SC, Wanjala S, Rich ML, Hewison C. Introducing new and repurposed TB drugs: the endTB experience. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24:1081-1086. [PMID: 33126943 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, the initiative Expand New Drug Markets for TB (endTB) began, with the objective of reducing barriers to access to the new and repurposed TB drugs. Here we describe the major implementation challenges encountered in 17 endTB countries. We provide insights on how national TB programmes and other stakeholders can scale-up the programmatic use of new and repurposed TB drugs, while building scientific evidence about their safety and efficacy. For any new drug or diagnostic, multiple market barriers can slow the pace of scale-up. During 2015-2019, endTB was successful in increasing the number of patients receiving new and repurposed TB drugs in 17 countries. The endTB experience has many lessons, which are relevant to country level introduction of new TB drugs, as well as non-TB drugs and diagnostics. For example: the importation of TB drugs is possible even in the absence of registration; emphasis on good clinical monitoring is more important than pharmacovigilance reporting; national guidelines and expert committees can both facilitate and hinder innovative practice; clinicians use new and repurposed TB drugs when they are available; data collection to generate scientific evidence requires financial and human resources; pilot projects can drive national scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Seung
- Partners In Health (PIH), Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - U Khan
- Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | - F Varaine
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, France
| | | | - M Bastard
- Field Epidemiology Department, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - S Cloez
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, France
| | - D Damtew
- Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M F Franke
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, PIH, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - H Huerga
- Field Epidemiology Department, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - A J Khan
- Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | - M Khan
- IRD, Durban, South Africa
| | - P Khan
- Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - N Melikyan
- Field Epidemiology Department, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | | | - C D Mitnick
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, PIH, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - C Perrin
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, France
| | - M Richard
- Programme national de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | | | - S C Vilbrun
- Groupe Haitien d´Etudes du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - M L Rich
- Partners In Health (PIH), Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Hewison
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, France
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24
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Smillie RW, Williams MA, Richard M, Cosker T. Producing three-dimensional printed models of the hepatobiliary system from computed tomography imaging data. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2020; 103:41-46. [PMID: 32964727 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macroscopic anatomy has traditionally been taught using cadaveric material, lectures and a variety of additional resources including online modules and anatomical models. Traditional plastic models are effective educational tools yet they have significant drawbacks such as a lack of anatomical detail, a lack of texturisation and cost. Three-dimensional printed models stand to solve these problems and widen access to high-quality anatomical teaching. This paper outlines the use of three-dimensional multiplanar imaging (computed tomography) in the development of an accurate model of the hepatobiliary system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Computed tomography scans were used to construct a virtual three-dimensional model of the hepatobiliary system. This was printed locally as a full-size colour model. We give a complete account of the process and software used. DISCUSSION This study is among the first of a series in which we will document the newly formed Oxford Library of Anatomy. This series will provide the methodology for the production of three-dimensional models from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, and the library will provide a complete collection of the most complex anatomical areas. We hope that these models will form an important adjunct in teaching anatomy to medical students and surgical trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Smillie
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - M A Williams
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - M Richard
- 3D LifePrints, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - T Cosker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
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25
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Richard M, Delannoy V, Courrege J, Chkair S, Leguelinel-Blache G. Optimisation de la prise en charge de la plaie post-chirurgicale par une équipe pluridisciplinaire : étude pilote de faisabilité. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 2020; 78:435-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Gordo I, Hubers M, Bird FG, Camarasa JJ, Richard M, de Vicente F, Vallefuoco R, Brissot HN. Feasibility of the single-incision subxiphoid approach for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:480-486. [PMID: 32678458 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report early results of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in dogs using a single-incision subxiphoid approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of 10 client-owned dogs with: pyothorax (n=5), pericardial effusion (n=2), bilateral pneumothorax (n=1), retained surgical swab (n=1), cranial mediastinal mass (n=1). With the dog in dorsal recumbency a 3-4 cm incision was made over the xiphoid process. After resection of the xiphoid process, a tunnel was created towards the pleura and open access maintained with an Alexis™ wound retractor. The pleural cavity was explored with a 10 mm 30° or 5 mm 0° telescope and straight laparoscopic instruments. RESULTS Median surgical time was 75 minutes. The SISA technique was performed successfully in five of 10 cases and allowed easy and adequate inspection of the intra-thoracic structures. One case was converted to lateral thoracotomy after laceration of the vena cava and one converted to median sternotomy because of adhesions. An additional port was placed in three cases to facilitate triangulation and surgical manipulation. No other intra-operative complications were encountered. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this initial report of uniportal thoracic approach in dogs, this technique allowed excellent access and treatment of mediastinal structures. Further cases are required to assess its suitability for pulmonary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gordo
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - M Hubers
- Surgery Department, Medisch Centrum voor Dieren, 45 1014, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - F G Bird
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - J J Camarasa
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - M Richard
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - F de Vicente
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK.,Surgery Department, Puchol Veterinary Hospital, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Vallefuoco
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - H N Brissot
- Surgery Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
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27
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020. [PMID: 32641684 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.16.044503v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3496. [PMID: 32641684 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.16.044503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Richard M, Kok A, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Fentener van Vlissingen M, Rockx B, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3496. [PMID: 32641684 PMCID: PMC7343828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, has spread rapidly worldwide, and information about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is critical to apply appropriate infection control measures and to slow its spread. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and via the air (via respiratory droplets and/or aerosols) between ferrets, 1 to 3 days and 3 to 7 days after exposure respectively. The pattern of virus shedding in the direct contact and indirect recipient ferrets is similar to that of the inoculated ferrets and infectious virus is isolated from all positive animals, showing that ferrets are productively infected via either route. This study provides experimental evidence of robust transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via the air, supporting the implementation of community-level social distancing measures currently applied in many countries in the world and informing decisions on infection control measures in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Pawestri HA, Nugraha AA, Han AX, Pratiwi E, Parker E, Richard M, van der Vliet S, Fouchier RAM, Muljono DH, de Jong MD, Setiawaty V, Eggink D. Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008-2015. Virus Genes 2020; 56:417-429. [PMID: 32483655 PMCID: PMC7262163 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial detection in 2003, Indonesia has reported 200 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1), associated with an exceptionally high case fatality rate (84%) compared to other geographical regions affected by other genetic clades of the virus. However, there is limited information on the genetic diversity of HPAI H5N1 viruses, especially those isolated from humans in Indonesia. In this study, the genetic and antigenic characteristics of 35 HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from humans were analyzed. Full genome sequences were analyzed for the presence of substitutions in the receptor binding site, and polymerase complex, as markers for virulence or human adaptation, as well as antiviral drug resistance substitutions. Only a few substitutions associated with human adaptation were observed, a remarkably low prevalence of the human adaptive substitution PB2-E627K, which is common during human infection with other H5N1 clades and a known virulence marker for avian influenza viruses during human infections. In addition, the antigenic profile of these Indonesian HPAI H5N1 viruses was determined using serological analysis and antigenic cartography. Antigenic characterization showed two distinct antigenic clusters, as observed previously for avian isolates. These two antigenic clusters were not clearly associated with time of virus isolation. This study provides better insight in genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses during human infection and the presence of human adaptive markers. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating virus genetics for HPAI H5N1 viruses to estimate the risk to human health and the need for increased efforts to monitor the evolution of H5N1 viruses across Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Pawestri
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arie A Nugraha
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvin X Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eka Pratiwi
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edyth Parker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Martinez-Sobrido L, Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Fitzgerald T, Zhang H, Nguyen P, Anderson CS, Holden-Wiltse J, Bandyopadhyay S, Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Wasik BR, Miller BL, Henry C, Wilson PC, Sangster MY, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Byrd-Leotis L, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD, Luczo JM, Tompkins SM, Sakamoto K, Jones CA, Steel J, Lowen AC, Danzy S, Tao H, Fink AL, Klein SL, Wohlgemuth N, Fenstermacher KJ, el Najjar F, Pekosz A, Sauer L, Lewis MK, Shaw-Saliba K, Rothman RE, Liu ZY, Chen KF, Parrish CR, Voorhees IEH, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Chiba S, Fan S, Hatta M, Kong H, Zhong G, Wang G, Uccellini MB, García-Sastre A, Perez DR, Ferreri LM, Herfst S, Richard M, Fouchier R, Burke D, Pattinson D, Smith DJ, Meliopoulos V, Freiden P, Livingston B, Sharp B, Cherry S, Dib JC, Yang G, Russell CJ, Barman S, Webby RJ, Krauss S, Danner A, Woodard K, Peiris M, Perera RAPM, Chan MCW, Govorkova EA, Marathe BM, Pascua PNQ, Smith G, Li YT, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Characterizing Emerging Canine H3 Influenza Viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008409. [PMID: 32287326 PMCID: PMC7182277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a human public health risk. Since 1999, canine H3 influenza A viruses (CIVs) have caused many thousands or millions of respiratory infections in dogs in the United States. While no human infections with CIVs have been reported to date, these viruses could pose a zoonotic risk. In these studies, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network collaboratively demonstrated that CIVs replicated in some primary human cells and transmitted effectively in mammalian models. While people born after 1970 had little or no pre-existing humoral immunity against CIVs, the viruses were sensitive to existing antivirals and we identified a panel of H3 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that could have prophylactic and/or therapeutic value. Our data predict these CIVs posed a low risk to humans. Importantly, we showed that the CEIRS network could work together to provide basic research information important for characterizing emerging influenza viruses, although there were valuable lessons learned.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/veterinary
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Dog Diseases/transmission
- Dog Diseases/virology
- Dogs
- Ferrets
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- United States
- Zoonoses/transmission
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanyuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Anderson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Holden-Wiltse
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carole Henry
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Treanor
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasmina M. Luczo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Jones
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Fenstermacher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farah el Najjar
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren Sauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitra K. Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhen-Ying Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian E. H. Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Masato Hatta
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huihui Kong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Burke
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Pattinson
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos Dib
- Tropical Health Foundation, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela Danner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karlie Woodard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - R. A. P. M. Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - M. C. W. Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Philippe N. Q. Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gavin Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yao-Tsun Li
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Richard M, van den Brand JMA, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, de Meulder D, Fouchier RAM, Lowen AC, Herfst S. Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32034144 PMCID: PMC7005743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses are known to be transmitted via the air from person to person. It is unknown from which anatomical site of the respiratory tract influenza A virus transmission occurs. Here, pairs of genetically tagged and untagged influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and A/H5N1 viruses that are transmissible via the air are used to co-infect donor ferrets via the intranasal and intratracheal routes to cause an upper and lower respiratory tract infection, respectively. In all transmission cases, we observe that the viruses in the recipient ferrets are of the same genotype as the viruses inoculated intranasally, demonstrating that they are expelled from the upper respiratory tract of ferrets rather than from trachea or the lower airways. Moreover, influenza A viruses that are transmissible via the air preferentially infect ferret and human nasal respiratory epithelium. These results indicate that virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, the nasal respiratory epithelium in particular, of donors is a driver for transmission of influenza A viruses via the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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33
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Gultyaev AP, Richard M, Spronken MI, Olsthoorn RCL, Fouchier RAM. Conserved structural RNA domains in regions coding for cleavage site motifs in hemagglutinin genes of influenza viruses. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez034. [PMID: 31456885 PMCID: PMC6704317 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the main determinant of the conversion of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses into highly pathogenic strains, facilitating HA cleavage and virus replication in a broader range of host cells. In nature, substitutions or insertions in HA RNA genomic segments that code for multiple basic amino acids have been observed only in the HA genes of two out of sixteen subtypes circulating in birds, H5 and H7. Given the compatibility of MBCS motifs with HA proteins of numerous subtypes, this selectivity was hypothesized to be determined by the existence of specific motifs in HA RNA, in particular structured domains. In H5 and H7 HA RNAs, predictions of such domains have yielded alternative conserved stem-loop structures with the cleavage site codons in the hairpin loops. Here, potential RNA secondary structures were analyzed in the cleavage site regions of HA segments of influenza viruses of different types and subtypes. H5- and H7-like stem-loop structures were found in all known influenza A virus subtypes and in influenza B and C viruses with homology modeling. Nucleotide covariations supported this conservation to be determined by RNA structural constraints that are stronger in the domain-closing bottom stems as compared to apical parts. The structured character of this region in (sub-)types other than H5 and H7 indicates its functional importance beyond the ability to evolve toward an MBCS responsible for a highly pathogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, PO Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René C L Olsthoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Widagdo W, Okba NMA, Richard M, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, Farag EABA, Al-Hajri M, Stittelaar KJ, de Waal L, van Amerongen G, van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL, Herfst S. Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040381. [PMID: 31022948 PMCID: PMC6520746 DOI: 10.3390/v11040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the Middle East. Although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to MERS-CoV, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. In this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of MERS-CoV. In line with the presence of MERS-CoV receptor in the rabbit nasal epithelium, high levels of viral RNA were shed from the nose following virus inoculation. However, unlike MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, these rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations including nasal discharge and did shed only limited amounts of infectious virus from the nose. Consistently, no transmission by contact or airborne routes was observed in rabbits. Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Widagdo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam 3029 AK, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Poen MJ, Venkatesh D, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, Oude Munnink BB, de Meulder D, Richard M, Kuiken T, Koopmans MPG, Kelder L, Kim YJ, Lee YJ, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Dan A, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Savic V, Brown IH, Fouchier RAM, Lewis NS. Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez004. [PMID: 31024736 PMCID: PMC6476160 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and re-introduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014–15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016–17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016–17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon Kelder
- Staatsbosbeheer, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Adam Dan
- Veterinary Diagnostics Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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36
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Lagarde F, Fiandrino A, Ubertini M, Roque d’orbcastel E, Mortreux S, Chiantella C, Bec B, Bonnet D, Roques C, Bernard I, Richard M, Guyondet T, Pouvreau S, Lett C. Duality of trophic supply and hydrodynamic connectivity drives spatial patterns of Pacific oyster recruitment. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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37
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Schnaubelt ER, Charles M, Richard M, Fitter DL, Morose W, Cegielski JP. Loss to follow-up among patients receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment, Haiti, 2011-2015. Public Health Action 2018; 8:154-161. [PMID: 30775274 DOI: 10.5588/pha.18.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment facilities in Haiti. Objective: To assess factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) among patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in Haiti. Design: We analyzed Haiti's national surveillance data for patients started on anti-tuberculosis treatment from 2011 to 2015 to determine factors associated with LTFU using multivariable logistic regression and describe LTFU in terms of subnational units to target future intervention strategies. We also conducted a survival analysis to estimate hazard ratios of factors associated with time to LTFU. Results: Of 81 490 TB cases reported, 7423 (9.1%) were LTFU during anti-tuberculosis treatment, increasing from 7.1% in 2011 to 10.3% in 2015. Six high-volume facilities had significantly higher rates of LTFU (14.3-31.9%) than the rest of the country, accounting for 18.8% of all TB cases reported, but 41.7% of all LTFU patients. Male sex, previous treatment history, and human immunodeficiency virus infection were associated with higher rates of LTFU. The median time to LTFU was 94 days. Conclusion: A small number of facilities accounted for disproportionately high rates of LTFU. These results identify characteristics of facilities and individuals leading to concentrated interventions to reduce LTFU and improve treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Schnaubelt
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Charles
- Division for Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - M Richard
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - D L Fitter
- Division for Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - W Morose
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - J P Cegielski
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Davis RL, Choi G, Kuiken T, Quéré P, Trapp S, Short KR, Richard M. The culture of primary duck endothelial cells for the study of avian influenza. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:138. [PMID: 30340527 PMCID: PMC6194716 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells play a major role in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus pathogenesis in gallinaceous poultry species (e.g. chicken, turkey and quail). Upon infection of gallinaceous poultry with HPAI viruses, endothelial cells throughout the body become rapidly infected, leading to systemic dissemination of the virus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oedema and haemorrhaging. In contrast, the pathogenesis of HPAI viruses in most wild bird species (e.g. duck, goose and gull species) is not associated with endothelial tropism. Indeed, viral antigen is not found in the endothelial cells of most wild bird species following infection with HPAI viruses. This differential endothelial cell tropism in avian species is poorly understood, mainly due to the absence of appropriate cell culture systems. RESULTS Here, we describe the isolation and purification of primary duck endothelial cells from the aorta or bone marrow of Pekin duck embryos. Cells were differentiated in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor and, if needed, enriched via fluorescent-activated cell sorting based on the uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. The expression of von Willebrand factor, a key marker of endothelial cells, was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Monocultures of duck endothelial cells, either derived from the aorta or the bone marrow, were susceptible to infection with an H5N1 HPAI virus but to a much lesser extent than chicken endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The methods described herein to isolate and purify duck endothelial cells from the aorta or bone marrow could also be applied to obtain microvascular endothelial cells from other tissues and organs, such as the lung or the intestine, and represent a valuable tool to study the pathogenesis of avian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa L Davis
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geunho Choi
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascale Quéré
- INRA ISP, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- INRA ISP, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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39
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de Vries RD, Altenburg AF, Nieuwkoop NJ, de Bruin E, van Trierum SE, Pronk MR, Lamers MM, Richard M, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Koopmans MPG, Kreijtz JHCM, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Induction of Cross-Clade Antibody and T-Cell Responses by a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Influenza A(H5N1) Vaccine in a Randomized Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:614-623. [PMID: 29912453 PMCID: PMC6047453 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses continue to circulate in poultry and wild birds and occasionally infect humans, sometimes with fatal outcomes. Development of vaccines is a priority to prepare for potential pandemics but is complicated by antigenic variation of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin. We report the immunological profile induced by human immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A(H5N1) virus A/Vietnam/1194/04 (rMVA-H5). Methods In a double-blinded phase 1/2a clinical trial, 79 individuals received 1 or 2 injections of rMVA-H5 or vector control. Twenty-seven study subjects received a booster immunization after 1 year. The breadth, magnitude, and properties of vaccine-induced antibody and T-cell responses were characterized. Results rMVA-H5 induced broadly reactive antibody responses, demonstrated by protein microarray, hemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. Antibodies cross-reacted with antigenically distinct H5 viruses, including the recently emerged subtypes H5N6 and H5N8 and the currently circulating subtype H5N1. In addition, the induction of T cells specific for H5 viruses of 2 different clades was demonstrated. Conclusions rMVA-H5 induced immune responses that cross-reacted with H5 viruses of various clades. These findings validate rMVA-H5 as vaccine candidate against antigenically distinct H5 viruses. Clinical Trials Registration NTR3401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stella E van Trierum
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark R Pronk
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David F Nieuwenhuijse
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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van den Brand JMA, Verhagen JH, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, van de Bildt MWG, Bodewes R, Herfst S, Richard M, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T. Wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:67. [PMID: 29670093 PMCID: PMC5906613 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is essentially a poultry disease. Wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of HPAI has changed in recent years. After its emergence in southeastern Asia in 1996, H5 HPAI virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. In order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbirds, we experimentally inoculated the HPAI H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 group A from 2014 into four key waterbird species—Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope), common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common pochard (Aythya ferina)—and compared virus excretion and disease severity with historical data of the HPAI H5N1 virus infection from 2005 in the same four species. Our results showed that excretion was highest in Eurasian wigeons for the 2014 virus, whereas excretion was highest in common pochards and mallards for the 2005 virus. The 2014 virus infection was subclinical in all four waterbird species, while the 2005 virus caused clinical disease and pathological changes in over 50% of the common pochards. In chickens, the 2014 virus infection caused systemic disease and high mortality, similar to the 2005 virus. In conclusion, the evidence was strongest for Eurasian wigeons as long-distance vectors for HPAI H5N8 virus from 2014. The implications of the switch in species-specific virus excretion and decreased disease severity may be that the HPAI H5 virus more easily spreads in the wild-waterbird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Flanagan M, Li C, Dietrich MA, Richard M, Yao S. Downregulation of heat shock protein B8 decreases osteogenic differentiation potential of dental pulp stem cells during in vitro proliferation. Cell Prolif 2017; 51:e12420. [PMID: 29266518 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue-derived stem cells, such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), reduce differentiation capability during in vitro culture. We found that cultured DPSCs reduce expression of heat shock protein B8 (HspB8) and GIPC PDZ domain containing family member 2 (Gipc2). Our objectives were to evaluate the changes in DPSC composition during in vitro proliferation and to determine whether HspB8 and Gipc2 have function in differentiation potential of DPSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different passages of rat DPSCs were evaluated for changes in CD90+ and/or CD271+ stem cells and changes in osteogenic potential. Real-time RT-PCR and immunostaining were conducted to determine expression of HspB8 and Gipc2. Expression of the genes in DPSCs was knocked down by siRNA, followed by osteogenic induction to evaluate the function of the genes. RESULTS About 90% of cells in the DPSC cultures were CD90+ and/or CD271+ cells without dramatic change during in vitro proliferation. The DPSCs at passages 3 to 5 (P3 to P5) possess strong osteogenic potential, but such potential was greatly reduced at later passages. Expression of HspB8 and Gipc2 was significantly reduced at P11 versus P3. Knock-down of HspB8 expression abolished osteogenic potential of the DPSCs, but knock-down of Gipc2 had no effect. CONCLUSIONS CD90+ and CD271+ cells are the major components of DPSCs in in vitro culture. High-level expression of HspB8 was critical for maintaining differentiation potential of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flanagan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M A Dietrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Richard
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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42
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Lion A, Richard M, Esnault E, Kut E, Soubieux D, Guillory V, Germond M, Blondeau C, Guabiraba R, Short KR, Marc D, Quéré P, Trapp S. Productive replication of avian influenza viruses in chicken endothelial cells is determined by hemagglutinin cleavability and is related to innate immune escape. Virology 2017; 513:29-42. [PMID: 29031164 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotheliotropism is a hallmark of gallinaceous poultry infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and a feature that distinguishes HPAI from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Here, we used chicken aortic endothelial cells (chAEC) as a novel in vitro infection model to assess the susceptibility, permissiveness, and host response of chicken endothelial cells (EC) to infections with avian influenza (AI) viruses. Our data show that productive replication of AI viruses in chAEC is critically determined by hemagglutinin cleavability, and is thus an exclusive trait of HPAI viruses. However, we provide evidence for a link between limited (i.e. trypsin-dependent) replication of certain LPAI viruses, and the viruses' ability to dampen the antiviral innate immune response in infected chAEC. Strikingly, this cell response pattern was also detected in HPAI virus-infected chAEC, suggesting that viral innate immune escape might be a prerequisite for robust AI virus replication in chicken EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Lion
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Esnault
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Emmanuel Kut
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Denis Soubieux
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vanaïque Guillory
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mélody Germond
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Blondeau
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Rodrigo Guabiraba
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Marc
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- INRA ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France.
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43
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Richard M, Fouchier R, Monne I, Kuiken T. Mechanisms and risk factors for mutation from low to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Richard M, Herfst S, van den Brand JMA, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM. Mutations Driving Airborne Transmission of A/H5N1 Virus in Mammals Cause Substantial Attenuation in Chickens only when combined. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7187. [PMID: 28775271 PMCID: PMC5543172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a threat to human and animal health. A fully avian A/H5N1 influenza virus was previously shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon accumulation of five or six substitutions that affected three traits: polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding. Here, the impact of these traits on A/H5N1 virus replication, tissue tropism, pathogenesis and transmission was investigated in chickens. The virus containing all substitutions associated with transmission in mammals was highly attenuated in chickens. However, single substitutions that affect polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding generally had a small or negligible impact on virus replication, morbidity and mortality. A virus carrying two substitutions in the receptor-binding site was attenuated, although its tissue tropism in chickens was not affected. This data indicate that an A/H5N1 virus that is airborne-transmissible between mammals is unlikely to emerge in chickens, although individual mammalian adaptive substitutions have limited impact on viral fitness in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Dorgham K, Richard B, Richard M, Lenzi M. Immobilisation de photosensibilisateurs sur des supports solides dérivés de l'acide cyanurique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1988850579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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46
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Brun M, Lallemand A, Lorette G, Quinson JF, Richard M, Eyraud L, Eyraud C. Changement d’état liquide [math] solide dans les milieux poreux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1973700973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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47
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de Assis PL, Yeo I, Gloppe A, Nguyen HA, Tumanov D, Dupont-Ferrier E, Malik NS, Dupuy E, Claudon J, Gérard JM, Auffèves A, Arcizet O, Richard M, Poizat JP. Strain-Gradient Position Mapping of Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:117401. [PMID: 28368631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a nondestructive method to determine the position of randomly distributed semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) integrated in a solid photonic structure. By setting the structure in an oscillating motion, we generate a large stress gradient across the QDs plane. We then exploit the fact that the QDs emission frequency is highly sensitive to the local material stress to map the position of QDs deeply embedded in a photonic wire antenna with an accuracy ranging from ±35 nm down to ±1 nm. In the context of fast developing quantum technologies, this technique can be generalized to different photonic nanostructures embedding any stress-sensitive quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-L de Assis
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - I Yeo
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - A Gloppe
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - H A Nguyen
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - D Tumanov
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | | | - N S Malik
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - E Dupuy
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J Claudon
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J-M Gérard
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - A Auffèves
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - O Arcizet
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - M Richard
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J-Ph Poizat
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Richard
- Department of Dermatology; National Reference Centre for Rare Diseases; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
| | - J. Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology; National Reference Centre for Rare Diseases; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
| | - A. Taïeb
- Department of Dermatology; National Reference Centre for Rare Diseases; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
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49
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Richard M, Knauf S, Lawrence P, Mather AE, Munster VJ, Müller MA, Smith D, Kuiken T. Factors determining human-to-human transmissibility of zoonotic pathogens via contact. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:7-12. [PMID: 27907884 PMCID: PMC5346033 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are several modes of contact transmission of pathogens amongst humans. Factors promoting contact transmission act at the pathogen, host or environmental levels. Common pathogen factors are immune evasion, high viral load and low infectious dose. Common host factors are crowding, promiscuity and the presence of co-infections.
The pandemic potential of zoonotic pathogens lies in their ability to become efficiently transmissible amongst humans. Here, we focus on contact-transmitted pathogens and discuss the factors, at the pathogen, host and environmental levels that promote or hinder their human-to-human transmissibility via the following modes of contact transmission: skin contact, sexual contact, respiratory contact and multiple route contact. Factors common to several modes of transmission were immune evasion, high viral load, low infectious dose, crowding, promiscuity, and co-infections; other factors were specific for a pathogen or mode of contact transmission. The identification of such factors will lead to a better understanding of the requirements for human-to-human spread of pathogens, as well as improving risk assessment of newly emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Lawrence
- Université de Lyon, UMRS 449, Laboratoire de Biologie Générale, Université Catholique de Lyon - EPHE, Lyon 69288, France; Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Alison E Mather
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Derek Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Ashworth B, Myers B, Hippman K, Viggiani S, King C, Hutchinson K, DeRoche K, Richard M, Dilks L. C-39A Progressive Study of Age and Education Norms for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw043.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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