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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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2
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Van Borm S, Roupie V, Linden A, Vangeluwe D, De Waele V, Lambrecht B, Steensels M. RNA sequencing of avian paramyxovirus (Paramyxoviridae, Avulavirinae) isolates from wild mallards in Belgium, 2021: complete genomes and coinfections. Virus Genes 2023; 59:723-731. [PMID: 37392346 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We used untargeted RNA sequencing to characterize three Avulavirinae isolates from pooled samples obtained from wild mallards in Belgium in 2021. The complete genome sequences of two avian Orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) strains and one avian Paraavulavirus-4 (APMV-4) strain were determined confirming hemagglutination inhibition testing of the virus isolates. In addition, the applied sequencing strategy identified an avian influenza virus (AIV) coinfection in all three virus isolates, confirming weak-positive AIV realtime RT-PCR results from the original sample material. In one AOAV-1 isolate, partial sequences covering all genome segments of an AIV of subtype H11N9 could be de novo assembled from the sequencing data. Besides an AIV coinfection, RNA metagenomic data from the APMV-4 isolate also showed evidence of Alpharetrovirus and Megrivirus coinfection. In total, two AOAV-1 of Class II, genotype I.2 and one APMV-4 complete genome sequences were assembled and compared to publicly available sequences, highlighting the importance of surveillance for poultry pathogens in wild birds. Beyond the insights from full genome characterization of virus isolates, untargeted RNA sequencing strategies provide additional insights in the RNA virome of clinical samples as well as their derived virus isolates that are particularly useful when targeting wild avifauna reservoirs of poultry pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - V Roupie
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Linden
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Vangeluwe
- Belgian Ringing Scheme (BeBirds), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V De Waele
- Department of Natural and Agricultural Environment Studies, Public Service of Wallonia, Gembloux, Belgium
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3
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Van Borm S, Boseret G, Dellicour S, Steensels M, Roupie V, Vandenbussche F, Mathijs E, Vilain A, Driesen M, Dispas M, Delcloo AW, Lemey P, Mertens I, Gilbert M, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Combined Phylogeographic Analyses and Epidemiologic Contact Tracing to Characterize Atypically Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H3N1) Epidemic, Belgium, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:351-359. [PMID: 36692362 PMCID: PMC9881769 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.220765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The high economic impact and zoonotic potential of avian influenza call for detailed investigations of dispersal dynamics of epidemics. We integrated phylogeographic and epidemiologic analyses to investigate the dynamics of a low pathogenicity avian influenza (H3N1) epidemic that occurred in Belgium during 2019. Virus genomes from 104 clinical samples originating from 85% of affected farms were sequenced. A spatially explicit phylogeographic analysis confirmed a dominating northeast to southwest dispersal direction and a long-distance dispersal event linked to direct live animal transportation between farms. Spatiotemporal clustering, transport, and social contacts strongly correlated with the phylogeographic pattern of the epidemic. We detected only a limited association between wind direction and direction of viral lineage dispersal. Our results highlight the multifactorial nature of avian influenza epidemics and illustrate the use of genomic analyses of virus dispersal to complement epidemiologic and environmental data, improve knowledge of avian influenza epidemiologic dynamics, and enhance control strategies.
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4
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Briand FX, Schmitz A, Scoizec A, Allée C, Busson R, Guillemoto C, Quenault H, Lucas P, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Guillou-Cloarec C, Martenot C, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Thomas R, Massin P, Souchaud F, Blanchard Y, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Eterradossi N, Le Bouquin S, Niqueux E, Grasland B. Concomitant NA and NS deletion on avian Influenza H3N1 virus associated with hen mortality in France in 2019. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 104:105356. [PMID: 36038008 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An H3N1 avian influenza virus was detected in a laying hens farm in May 2019 which had experienced 25% mortality in Northern France. The complete sequencing of this virus showed that all segment sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage and were phylogenetically very close to many of the Belgian H3N1 viruses detected in 2019. The French virus presented two genetic particularities with NA and NS deletions that could be related to virus adaptation from wild to domestic birds and could increase virulence, respectively. Molecular data of H3N1 viruses suggest that these two deletions occurred at two different times.
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5
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Panzarin V, Marciano S, Fortin A, Brian I, D’Amico V, Gobbo F, Bonfante F, Palumbo E, Sakoda Y, Le KT, Chu DH, Shittu I, Meseko C, Haido AM, Odoom T, Diouf MN, Djegui F, Steensels M, Terregino C, Monne I. Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061263. [PMID: 35746734 PMCID: PMC9227555 DOI: 10.3390/v14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Brian
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Valeria D’Amico
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Kien Trung Le
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi 115-19, Vietnam;
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Abdoul Malick Haido
- Laboratoire Central de l’Élevage (LABOCEL), Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, Niamey 485, Niger;
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Accra M161, Ghana;
| | - Mame Nahé Diouf
- Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV) de l’Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann 2057, Senegal;
| | - Fidélia Djegui
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Vétérinaire et de Sérosurveillance (LADISERO), Parakou 23, Benin;
| | - Mieke Steensels
- AI/ND National Reference Laboratory, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
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6
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Vandenbussche F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Metagenomic sequencing determines complete infectious bronchitis virus (avian Gammacoronavirus) vaccine strain genomes and associated viromes in chicken clinical samples. Virus Genes 2021; 57:529-540. [PMID: 34626348 PMCID: PMC8501334 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, genus Gammacoronavirus) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease in chicken. Random primed RNA sequencing was applied to two IBV positive clinical samples and one in ovo-passaged virus. The virome of a cloacal swab pool was dominated by IBV (82% of viral reads) allowing de novo assembly of a GI-13 lineage complete genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain 793B. In addition, substantial read counts (16% of viral reads) allowed the assembly of a near-complete chicken astrovirus genome, while lower read counts identified the presence of chicken calicivirus and avian leucosis virus. Viral reads in a respiratory/intestinal tissue pool were distributed between IBV (22.53%), Sicinivirus (Picornaviridae, 24%), and avian leucosis virus (37.04%). A complete IBV genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain H120 (lineage GI-1), as well as a near-complete avian leucosis virus genome and a partial Sicinivirus genome were assembled from the tissue sample data. Lower read counts identified chicken calicivirus, Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus, assembling to 98.85% of segment A and 69.66% of segment B closely related to D3976/1 from Germany, 2017) and avian orthoreovirus, while three avian orthoavulavirus 1 reads confirmed prior real-time RT-PCR result. IBV sequence variation analysis identified both fixed and minor frequency variations in the tissue sample compared to its in ovo-passaged virus. Metagenomic methods allow the determination of complete coronavirus genomes from clinical chicken samples while providing additional insights in RNA virus sequence diversity and coinfecting viruses potentially contributing to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Steensels M, Gelaude P, Van Borm S, Van Den Berg T, Cargnel M, Roupie V, Rauw F, Lambrecht B. Atypical Pathogenicity of Avian Influenza (H3N1) Virus Involved in Outbreak, Belgium, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1899-1903. [PMID: 32687049 PMCID: PMC7392414 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.191338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, an outbreak of avian influenza (H3N1) virus infection occurred among commercial poultry in Belgium. Full-genome phylogenetic analysis indicated a wild bird origin rather than recent circulation among poultry. Although classified as a nonnotifiable avian influenza virus, it was associated with reproductive tropism and substantial mortality in the field.
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8
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Steensels M, Van Borm S, Mertens I, Houdart P, Rauw F, Roupie V, Snoeck CJ, Bourg M, Losch S, Beerens N, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Molecular and virological characterization of the first poultry outbreaks of Genotype VII.2 velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 (NDV) in North-West Europe, BeNeLux, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2147-2160. [PMID: 33012090 PMCID: PMC8359175 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After two decades free of Newcastle disease, Belgium encountered a velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 epizootic in 2018. In Belgium, 20 cases were diagnosed, of which 15 occurred in hobby flocks, 2 in professional poultry flocks and 3 in poultry retailers. The disease also disseminated from Belgium towards the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by trade. Independently, the virus was detected once in the Netherlands, almost simultaneously to the first Belgian detection. As such Newcastle disease emerged in the entire BeNeLux region. Both the polybasic sequence of the fusion gene cleavage site and the intracerebral pathotyping assay demonstrated the high pathogenicity of the strain. This paper represents the first notification of this specific VII.2 subgenotype in the North-West of Europe. Time-calibrated full genome phylogenetic analysis indicated the silent or unreported circulation of the virus prior to the emergence of three genetic clusters in the BeNeLux region without clear geographical or other epidemiological correlation. The Dutch strain appeared as an outgroup to the Belgian and Luxembourgian strains in the time-correlated genetic analysis and no epidemiological link could be identified between the Belgian and Dutch outbreaks. In contrast, both genetic and epidemiological outbreak investigation data linked the G.D. Luxembourg case to the Belgian outbreak. The genetic links between Belgian viruses from retailers and hobby flocks only partially correlated with epidemiological data. Two independent introductions into the professional poultry sector were identified, although their origin could not be determined. Animal experiments using 6-week- old specific pathogen-free chickens indicated a systemic infection and efficient transmission of the virus. The implementation of re-vaccination in the professional sector, affected hobby and retailers, as well as the restriction on assembly and increased biosecurity measures, possibly limited the epizootic and resulted in the disappearance of the virus. These findings emphasize the constant need for awareness and monitoring of notifiable viruses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Steensels
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Mertens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, General Direction Control Policy, The Belgian Federal Government, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Houdart
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, General Direction Control Policy, The Belgian Federal Government, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Roupie
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manon Bourg
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Services Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and rural Development, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Services Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and rural Development, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Division of Virology, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for the Netherlands, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
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Poen MJ, Venkatesh D, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, Oude Munnink BB, de Meulder D, Richard M, Kuiken T, Koopmans MPG, Kelder L, Kim YJ, Lee YJ, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Dan A, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Savic V, Brown IH, Fouchier RAM, Lewis NS. Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez004. [PMID: 31024736 PMCID: PMC6476160 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and re-introduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014–15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016–17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016–17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon Kelder
- Staatsbosbeheer, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Adam Dan
- Veterinary Diagnostics Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Nguyen GT, Rauw F, Steensels M, Ingrao F, Bonfante F, Davidson I, Lambrecht B. Study of the underlying mechanisms and consequences of pathogenicity differences between two in vitro selected G1-H9N2 clones originating from a single isolate. Vet Res 2019; 50:18. [PMID: 30823888 PMCID: PMC6397504 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The G1-H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused significant economic losses in the commercial poultry industry due to reduced egg production and increased mortality. The field observations have shown that H9N2 viruses circulate and naturally mix with other pathogens and these simultaneous infections can exacerbate disease. To avoid an incorrect virus characterization, due to co-infection, isolates were purified by in vitro plaque assays. Two plaque purified G1-H9N2 clones, selected on different cell types, named MDCK-and CEF-clone in regards to the cell culture used, were studied in vivo, revealing two different virulence phenotypes. Subsequently, the underlying mechanisms were studied. Specifically, the phenotypical outcome of SPF bird infection by the two clones resulted in completely different clinical outcomes. These differences in clinical outcome were used to study the factors behind this output in more detail. Further studies demonstrated that the more severe disease outcome associated with the MDCK-clone involves a strong induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a lack of type I interferon production, whereas the mild disease outcome associated with the CEF-clone is related to a greater antiviral cytokine response. The immunosuppressive effect of the MDCK-clone on splenocytes was further demonstrated via ChIFN-γ lack production after ex vivo mitogenic stimulation. Genome sequencing of the two clones identified only four amino acid differences including three in the HA sequence (HA-E198A, HA-R234L, HA-E502D-H9 numbering) and one in the NA sequence (NA-V33M). In the present study, valuable insights on the mechanisms responsible for AI pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of H9N2 infections in chicken were obtained while highlighting the impact of the cells viruses are grown on their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thu Nguyen
- Avian Virology and Immunology Service, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Sciensano, Uccle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Avian Virology and Immunology Service, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Sciensano, Uccle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology Service, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Sciensano, Uccle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fiona Ingrao
- Avian Virology and Immunology Service, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Sciensano, Uccle, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian and Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Avian Virology and Immunology Service, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Sciensano, Uccle, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Yinda CK, Matthijnssens J, Lambrecht B. Complete coding sequence of a novel picorna-like virus in a blackbird infected with Usutu virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1701-1703. [PMID: 29442227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using random high-throughput RNA sequencing, the complete coding sequence of a novel picorna-like virus (a 9,228-nt contig containing 212,202 reads) was determined from a blackbird (Turdus merula) infected with Usutu virus. This sequence shares only 36% amino acid sequence identity with its closest homolog, arivirus 1, (an unclassified member of the order Picornavirales), and shares its dicistronic genome arrangement. The new virus was therefore tentatively named "blackbird arilivirus" (ari-like virus). The nearly complete genome sequence consists of at least 9,228 nt and contains two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the nonstructural polyprotein (2235 amino acids) and structural polyprotein (769 amino acids). Two TaqMan RT-qPCR assays specific for ORF1 confirmed the presence of high levels of this novel virus in the original sample. Nucleotide composition analysis suggests that blackbird arilivirus is of dietary (plant) origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Directorate Viral Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Directorate Viral Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Directorate Viral Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Directorate Viral Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Steensels M, Rauw F, van den Berg T, Marché S, Gardin Y, Palya V, Lambrecht B. Protection Afforded by a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus-H5 Vaccine Against the 2014 European Highly Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Strain. Avian Dis 2017; 60:202-9. [PMID: 27309056 DOI: 10.1637/11126-050615-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) virus, circulating in Asia (South Korea, Japan, and southern China) since the beginning of 2014, reached the European continent in November 2014. Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Hungary confirmed H5N8 infection of poultry farms of different species and of several wild bird species. Unlike the Asian highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, this HP H5N8 also went transatlantic and reached the American West Coast by the end of 2014, affecting wild birds as well as backyard and commercial poultry. This strain induces high mortality and morbidity in Galliformes, whereas wild birds seem only moderately affected. A recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vector vaccine expressing the H5 gene of a clade 2.2 H5N1 strain (rHVT-H5) previously demonstrated a highly efficient clinical protection and reduced viral excretion against challenge with Asian HP H5N1 strains of various clades (2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.1.3, 2.1.3.2, and 2.3.2.1) and was made commercially available in various countries where the disease is endemic. To evaluate the protective efficacy of the rHVT-H5 vaccine against the first German H5N8 turkey isolate (H5N8 GE), a challenge experiment was set up in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and the clinical and excretional protection was evaluated. SPF chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day old and challenged oculonasally at 4 wk of age with two viral dosages, 10(5) and 10(6) 50% egg infective doses. Morbidity and mortality were monitored daily in unvaccinated and vaccinated groups, whereas viral shedding by oropharyngeal and cloacal routes was evaluated at 2, 5, 9, and 14 days postinoculation (dpi). Serologic monitoring after vaccination and challenge was also carried out. Despite its high antigenic divergence of the challenge H5N8 strain, a single rHVT-H5 vaccine administration at 1 day old resulted in a full clinical protection against challenge and a significant reduction of viral shedding in the vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Rauw
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Th van den Berg
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Marché
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Gardin
- B Ceva Animal Health, Libourne, France
| | - V Palya
- C Ceva Animal Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Lambrecht
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Gardin Y, Palya V, Dorsey KM, El-Attrache J, Bonfante F, Wit SD, Kapczynski D, Kilany WH, Rauw F, Steensels M, Soejoedono RD. Experimental and Field Results Regarding Immunity Induced by a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus H5 Vector Vaccine Against H5N1 and Other H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Challenges. Avian Dis 2017; 60:232-7. [PMID: 27309060 DOI: 10.1637/11144-050815-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) virus (HPAIV) is one of the possible complementary means available for affected countries to control AI when the disease has become, or with a high risk of becoming, endemic. Efficacy of the vaccination against AI relies essentially, but not exclusively, on the capacity of the vaccine to induce immunity against the targeted virus (which is prone to undergo antigenic variations), as well as its capacity to overcome interference with maternal immunity transmitted by immunized breeding hens to their progeny. This property of the vaccine is a prerequisite for its administration at the hatchery, which assures higher and more reliable vaccine coverage of the populations than vaccination at the farm. A recombinant vector vaccine (Vectormune® AI), based on turkey herpesvirus expressing the hemagglutinin gene of an H5N1 HPAIV as an insert, has been used in several experiments conducted in different research laboratories, as well as in controlled field trials. The results have demonstrated a high degree of homologous and cross protection against different genetic clades of the H5N1 HPAIV. Furthermore, vaccine-induced immunity was not impaired by the presence of passive immunity, but on the contrary, cumulated with it for improved early protection. The demonstrated levels of protection against the different challenge viruses exhibited variations in terms of postchallenge mortality, as well as challenge virus shedding. The data presented here highlight the advantages of this vaccine as a useful and reliable tool to complement biosecurity and sanitary policies for better controlling the disease due to HPAIV of H5 subtypes, when the vaccination is applied as a control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Bonfante
- D Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- E Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Darrell Kapczynski
- F Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Walid Hamdy Kilany
- G National Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production RLQP, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. 12618 - Box 264, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- H Avian Virology and Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 1180 Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- H Avian Virology and Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 1180 Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Retno D Soejoedono
- I Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
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Lardinois A, Vandersleyen O, Steensels M, Desloges N, Mast J, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Stronger Interference of Avian Influenza Virus-Specific Than Newcastle Disease Virus-Specific Maternally Derived Antibodies with a Recombinant NDV-H5 Vaccine. Avian Dis 2017; 60:191-201. [PMID: 27309055 DOI: 10.1637/11133-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) are known to provide early protection from disease but also to interfere with vaccination efficacy of young chicks. This interference phenomenon is well described in the literature for viral diseases such as infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease (ND), and avian influenza (AI). The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of H5 MDA and/or ND virus (NDV) MDA on the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant NDV-H5-vectored vaccine (rNDV-H5) against two antigenically divergent highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 challenges. In chickens with both H5 and NDV MDA, a strong interference was observed with reduced clinical protection when compared to vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. In contrast, in chickens from commercial suppliers with NDV MDA only, a beneficial impact on the vaccine efficacy was observed with full protection and reduced viral excretion in comparison with rNDV-H5-vaccinated SPF chickens. To distinguish between the respective effects of the H5 and NDV MDA, an SPF model where passive immunity had been artificially induced by inoculations of H5 and NDV hyperimmunized polysera, respectively, was used. In the presence of H5 artificial MDA, a strong interference reflected by a reduction in vaccine protection was demonstrated whereas no interference and even an enhancing protective effect was confirmed in presence of NDV MDA. The present work suggests that H5 and NDV MDA interact differently with the rNDV-H5 vaccine with different consequences on its efficacy, the mechanisms of which require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélyne Lardinois
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandersleyen
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desloges
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
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Steensels M, Vangeluwe D, Linden A, Houdart P, van den Berg TP, Lambrecht B. One Decade of Active Avian Influenza Wild Bird Surveillance in Belgium Showed a Higher Viroprevalence in Hunter-Harvested Than in Live-Ringed Birds. Avian Dis 2016; 60:387-93. [DOI: 10.1637/11128-050715-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Van Hertem T, Parmet Y, Steensels M, Maltz E, Antler A, Schlageter-Tello AA, Lokhorst C, Romanini CEB, Viazzi S, Bahr C, Berckmans D, Halachmi I. The effect of routine hoof trimming on locomotion score, ruminating time, activity, and milk yield of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4852-63. [PMID: 24931530 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of hoof trimming on cow behavior (ruminating time, activity, and locomotion score) and performance (milk yield) over time. Data were gathered from a commercial dairy farm in Israel where routine hoof trimming is done by a trained hoof trimmer twice per year on the entire herd. In total, 288 cows spread over 6 groups with varying production levels were used for the analysis. Cow behavior was measured continuously with a commercial neck activity logger and a ruminating time logger (HR-Tag, SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel). Milk yield was recorded during each milking session with a commercial milk flow sensor (Free Flow, SCR Engineers Ltd.). A trained observer assigned on the spot 5-point locomotion scores during 19 nighttime milking occasions between 22 October 2012 and 4 February 2013. Behavioral and performance data were gathered from 1wk before hoof trimming until 1wk after hoof trimming. A generalized linear mixed model was used to statistically test all main and interactive effects of hoof trimming, parity, lactation stage, and hoof lesion presence on ruminating time, neck activity, milk yield, and locomotion score. The results on locomotion scores show that the proportional distribution of cows in the different locomotion score classes changes significantly after trimming. The proportion of cows with a locomotion score ≥3 increases from 14% before to 34% directly after the hoof trimming. Two months after the trimming, the number of cows with a locomotion score ≥3 reduced to 20%, which was still higher than the baseline values 2wk before the trimming. The neck activity level was significantly reduced 1d after trimming (380±6 bits/d) compared with before trimming (389±6 bits/d). Each one-unit increase in locomotion score reduced cow activity level by 4.488 bits/d. The effect of hoof trimming on ruminating time was affected by an interaction effect with parity. The effect of hoof trimming on locomotion scores was affected by an interaction effect with lactation stage and tended to be affected by interaction effects with hoof lesion presence, indicating that cows with a lesion reacted different to the trimming than cows without a lesion did. The results show that the routine hoof trimming affected dairy cow behavior and performance in this farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Van Hertem
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering-Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan IL-50250, Israel; Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Y Parmet
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva IL-10501, Israel
| | - M Steensels
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering-Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan IL-50250, Israel; Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - E Maltz
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering-Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan IL-50250, Israel
| | - A Antler
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering-Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan IL-50250, Israel
| | | | - C Lokhorst
- WageningenUR Livestock Research, PO Box 65, NL-8200AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - C E B Romanini
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - S Viazzi
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - C Bahr
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - D Berckmans
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 - bus 2456, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - I Halachmi
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering-Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan IL-50250, Israel.
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Lardinois A, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B, Steensels M. A model for the transfer of passive immunity against Newcastle disease and avian influenza in specific pathogen free chickens. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:118-24. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.880407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lardinois A, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Desloges N, Rahaus M, Rebeski D, van den Berg T. Potency of a recombinant NDV-H5 vaccine against various HPAI H5N1 virus challenges in SPF chickens. Avian Dis 2013; 56:928-36. [PMID: 23402114 DOI: 10.1637/10173-041012-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For the past decade, several recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDV) have been used as a vector to express native or modified avian influenza (AI) hemagglutinins (HA) in order to give preventive protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Obtained protections were dependent on the age of the chickens, on the constructs and, in particular, on the homology between the HA that was inserted and the challenge strains. The objective of this study was to investigate the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant NDV La Sota-vectored vaccine expressing an Asian clade 1 H5 ectodomain (rNDV-H5) vaccine expressing a modified H5 ectodomain from an HPAI clade 1 H5N1 isolate as vaccine for 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. The inoculation route (oculonasal vs. drinking water), the dose-effect, and the protective range of this rNDV-H5 vaccine were studied. Both routes of vaccination induced an H5 serologic response and afforded a high degree of clinical protection against an Asian clade 1 HPAI H5N1 (AsH5N1) challenge without a significant difference between inoculation routes. A clear dose-effect could be demonstrated. Furthermore, when evaluating the protective range against antigenically divergent descendants of the Asian dade 1 HPAI H5N1 lineage, namely two Egyptian clade 2.2.1 H5N1 strains, the vaccine efficacy was less satisfactory. The rNDV-H5 vaccine provided good clinical protection and reduced viral shedding against Egyptian 2007 challenge but was unable to provide a similar protection against the more antigenically divergent Egyptian 2008 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélyne Lardinois
- Avian Virology and Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Van Borm S, Vangeluwe D, Steensels M, Poncin O, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Genetic characterization of low pathogenic H5N1 and co-circulating avian influenza viruses in wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in Belgium, 2008. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:613-28. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.621410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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De Vriese J, Steensels M, Palya V, Gardin Y, Dorsey KM, Lambrecht B, Van Borm S, van den Berg T. Passive Protection Afforded by Maternally-Derived Antibodies in Chickens and the Antibodies' Interference with the Protection Elicited by Avian Influenza–Inactivated Vaccines in Progeny. Avian Dis 2010; 54:246-52. [DOI: 10.1637/8908-043009-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Most avian influenza (AI) vaccination and field studies have focused on chickens and turkeys because of their high death rates and the large amounts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that they excrete into the environment when infected. Data on vaccination of other species against HPAI remain limited. An increasing number of studies have been conducted to test the efficacy of inactivated vaccines in ducks and geese since it became clear that these species are a source of HPAI H5N1. One problem is the varying susceptibility of waterfowl to H5N1 in general, and to different H5N1 clades in particular. This makes the extrapolation of protection results obtained for a particular waterfowl species against a particular viral strain very difficult. At present, the vaccine industry only produces and licenses products for chickens and turkeys. Since the market for other birds is small, it does not invest heavily in testing products in other species. Most information on vaccination in other birds comes from zoo vaccination, and consists solely of serological data. Whenever experimental challenge was performed in birds other than chickens and turkeys, vaccination using inactivated vaccines always protected against disease and mortality, provided the vaccine was sufficiently matched antigenically with the challenge virus. Inactivated vaccines induce good antibody titres in most species when applied twice and when body weight is taken into account. Until the advent of more specific waterfowl vaccines that can be used in day-old chicks, inactivated vaccines can be applied to protect not only chickens and turkeys but also ducks and other valuable and/or endangered bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koch
- Central Veterinary Institute Central Wageningen UR, Post Box 365, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Steensels M, Bublot M, Van Borm S, De Vriese J, Lambrecht B, Richard-Mazet A, Chanavat-Bizzini S, Duboeuf M, Le Gros FX, van den Berg T. Prime-boost vaccination with a fowlpox vector and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic in Pekin ducks challenged with Asian H5N1 HPAI. Vaccine 2008; 27:646-54. [PMID: 19056442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of different vaccination schedules was evaluated in 17-day-old Pekin ducks using an experimental inactivated whole virus vaccine based on the H5N9 A/chicken/Italy/22A/98 isolate (H5N9-It) and/or a fowlpox recombinant (vFP-H5) expressing a synthetic HA gene from an Asian H5N1 isolate (A/chicken/Indonesia/7/2003). Full protection against clinical signs and shedding was induced by the different vaccination schemes. However, the broadest antibody response and the lowest antibody increase after challenge were observed in the group of ducks whose immune system was primed with the fowlpox vectored vaccine and boosted with the inactivated vaccine, suggesting that this prime-boost strategy induced optimal immunity against H5N1 and minimal viral replication after challenge in ducks. In addition, this prime-boost vaccination scheme was shown to be immunogenic in 1-day-old ducklings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary & Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, B1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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van den Berg T, Lambrecht B, Marché S, Steensels M, Van Borm S, Bublot M. Influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:121-65. [PMID: 17889937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that the present Asian H5N1 panzootic is predominantly an animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have highlighted the need for more information and collaboration in the field of veterinary and human health. H5 and H7 avian influenza (AI) viruses have the unique property of becoming highly pathogenic (HPAI) during circulation in poultry. Therefore, the final objective of poultry vaccination against AI must be eradication of the virus and the disease. Actually, important differences exist in the control of avian and human influenza viruses. Firstly, unlike human vaccines that must be adapted to the circulating strain to provide adequate protection, avian influenza vaccination provides broader protection against HPAI viruses. Secondly, although clinical protection is the primary goal of human vaccines, poultry vaccination must also stop transmission to achieve efficient control of the disease. This paper addresses these differences by reviewing the current and future influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry van den Berg
- Avian Virology & Immunology, Veterinary & Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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Steensels M, Van Borm S, Lambrecht B, De Vriese J, Le Gros FX, Bublot M, van den Berg T. Efficacy of an Inactivated and a Fowlpox-Vectored Vaccine in Muscovy Ducks Against an Asian H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viral Challenge. Avian Dis 2007; 51:325-31. [PMID: 17494576 DOI: 10.1637/7628-042806r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an inactivated vaccine containing the Eurasian isolate A/chicken/Italy/22A/98 H5N9 (H5N9-It) was compared with that of the fowlpox-vectored TROVACTM-AIV H5 (rFP-AIV-H5) vaccine against an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza challenge. Five-week-old Muscovy ducks were vaccinated with either H5N9-It (0.5 ml) or rFP-AIV-H5 (5 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/dose), followed by a boost at 7 wk of age with the same vaccine (1.0 ml of H5N9-It or 5 log10 TCID50/dose rFP-AIV-H5), and a challenge at 9 wk of age with 10(7) egg infectious dose (lethality 50%) of A/crested eagle/ Belgium/01/2004 (H5N1). All unvaccinated challenged birds showed severe nervous signs (loss of balance, torticollis) starting 7 days postinfection (dpi). None of the vaccinated ducks showed these nervous signs. Shedding was measured in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, sampled from 3 to 19 dpi by titration in chicken embryo fibroblasts and by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Virus shedding was significantly higher in oropharyngeal compared to cloacal swabs. Both vaccines reduced the percentage of positive swabs and the viral load in the swabs, but the reduction was higher with the H5N9-It vaccine. The inactivated vaccine induced hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers (5.4 log2) that were boosted after the second administration (7.5 log2). rFP-AIV-H5-induced HI titers were lower (3 log2 only after the second administration), most probably because the fowlpox vector does not replicate in ducks. Altogether, these results indicate that significant protection from clinical signs and reduction in virus shedding may be achieved in ducks with conventional inactivated or fowlpox-vectored vaccine as compared with nonvaccinated challenged control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Ferreira HL, Boschmans M, De Vriese J, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. A Universal Avian Endogenous Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction Control and Its Application to Avian Influenza Diagnosis and Quantification. Avian Dis 2007; 51:213-20. [PMID: 17494556 DOI: 10.1637/7552-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) is becoming an established first-line diagnostic assay as well as a precise quantification tool for avian influenza virus detection. However, there remain some limitations. First, we show that the sensitivity of RRT-PCR influenza detection can be 10- to 100-fold inhibited in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Adding 0.5 U of heat-activated Taq DNA polymerase successfully reverses PCR inhibition. Second, an excellent strategy for detecting false negative samples is the coamplification of an internal control from each sample. We developed a universal avian endogenous internal control (bird beta-actin) and apply it to influenza A diagnosis. Moreover, this internal control proves useful as a normalizer control for virus quantification, because beta-actin gene expression does not change in infected vs. uninfected ducks. A combined panel of wild bird cloacal swabs, wild bird tissue samples, experimental duck swabs, and experimental duck and chicken tissue samples was used to validate the endogenous control. The application of an endogenous internal control proves an excellent strategy both for avoiding false negative diagnostic results and for standardizing virus quantification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Borm
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Steensels M, Van Borm S, Boschmans M, van den Berg T. Lethality and Molecular Characterization of an HPAI H5N1 Virus Isolated from Eagles Smuggled from Thailand into Europe. Avian Dis 2007; 51:401-7. [PMID: 17494594 DOI: 10.1637/7554-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
On October 18, 2004, two crested hawk eagles, Spizaetus nipalensis, smuggled into Europe from Thailand were seized at Brussels International Airport. A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, denominated A/crested eagle/Belgium/01/2004, was isolated from these birds and antigenically characterized as H5N1. Here we report on the molecular characterization of A/crested eagle/Belgium/01/2004 (H5N1). We completely sequenced all eight genome segments. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences clustered within the Z genotype and were closely related to strains circulating in Thailand during 2004, although some mutations in the HA were evident, notably a unique arginine (R) > lysine (K) replacement in the cleaving site. The HA cleavage site contained six basic amino acids, confirming its high pathogenicity (intravenous pathogenicity index = 2.94). The 20-amino acid deletion in the NA stalk region is consistent with its Thai-Viet origin. We further discuss the assembled genetic information in the light of currently known host adaptation, virulence, and antiviral resistance factors. Using infection experiments, we show that pathogenicity in chickens depends on breed, inoculation route (oculonasal vs. intramuscular), and dose. Additionally, in Muscovy ducks, pathogenicity proved to be age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary & Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), 99 Groeselenberg, B1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Lambrecht B, Steensels M, Van Borm S, Meulemans G, van den Berg T. Development of an M2e-Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals. Avian Dis 2007; 51:221-6. [PMID: 17494557 DOI: 10.1637/7589-040206r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination programs for the control of avian influenza (AI) in birds have restrictions because of some limited efficacy and the difficulty of discriminating between vaccinated and virus-infected poultry. We studied M2e, the highly conserved external domain of the influenza A M2 protein, as a potential differential diagnostic marker for influenza virus infection. The M2 protein is an integral membrane protein, scarcely present on virus particles, but abundantly expressed on virus-infected cells. M2e-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for different avian influenza strains were developed by coating the peptides corresponding to the first 18 amino acids, without the first methionine, of the universal human consensus M2e sequence and the specific M2e sequence of two highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) strains, H7N7 and H5N1. Using the M2e ELISAs, M2e-specific antibodies were observed in chickens and ducks experimentally infected with H7 or H5 HPAI, respectively, that correlated well with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. Conversely, sera from chicken and ducks inoculated with inactivated AI vaccines were positive for HI test but negative for the M2e ELISAs. Moreover, ducks inoculated with inactivated vaccine and challenged with a HPAI H5N1 seroconverted for antibodies to the M2e peptide, with significantly different levels from those measured between the vaccinated and infected groups. These results indicate the potential benefit of a simple and specific M2e ELISA in the assessment of the efficacy of vaccination as well as for diagnostic and survey applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lambrecht
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Steensels M, Van Borm S, Van den Berg TP. Avian influenza: mini-review, European control measures and current situation in Asia. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2006; 68:103-20. [PMID: 16800241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease for birds, which can easily take epidemic proportions when appropriate and efficacious measures are not taken immediately. Influenza viruses can vary in pathogenicity from low to medium or highly pathogenic. A low pathogenic strain can become highly pathogenic by introduction of new mutations (insertions, deletions or substitutions) in the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin during circulation in chickens. Up till now only H5 and H7 strains gave rise to highly pathogenic strains in this manner. At present the avian H5N1 influenza virus is endemic in Southeast Asia (47) and is expanding westward. In addition, its virulence is extremely higher than other HPAI, like H7N7. Moreover, the avian host range is expanding, as species previously considered resistant, now get infected and can contribute to the dissemination of the virus. In the context of H5N1, all movements (trade, high international mobility, migration and smuggling) can become high risk factors of spreading the disease. In most European countries eradication measures are applied when an outbreak occurs. But such measures have great economical and social implications, and are no longer generally accepted. The combination of prophylactic measures (vaccination and medicines), hygienic measures and surveillance could offer an acceptable alternative.
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