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Le HD, Thai TN, Kim JK, Song HS, Her M, Tran XT, Kim JY, Kim HR. An Amplicon-Based Application for the Whole-Genome Sequencing of GI-19 Lineage Infectious Bronchitis Virus Directly from Clinical Samples. Viruses 2024; 16:515. [PMID: 38675858 PMCID: PMC11054852 DOI: 10.3390/v16040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens, leading to significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. IBV exhibits a high mutation rate, resulting in the continuous emergence of new variants and strains. A complete genome analysis of IBV is crucial for understanding its characteristics. However, it is challenging to obtain whole-genome sequences from IBV-infected clinical samples due to the low abundance of IBV relative to the host genome. Here, we present a novel approach employing next-generation sequencing (NGS) to directly sequence the complete genome of IBV. Through in silico analysis, six primer pairs were designed to match various genotypes, including the GI-19 lineage of IBV. The primer sets successfully amplified six overlapping fragments by long-range PCR and the size of the amplicons ranged from 3.7 to 6.4 kb, resulting in full coverage of the IBV genome. Furthermore, utilizing Illumina sequencing, we obtained the complete genome sequences of two strains belonging to the GI-19 lineage (QX genotype) from clinical samples, with 100% coverage rates, over 1000 × mean depth coverage, and a high percentage of mapped reads to the reference genomes (96.63% and 97.66%). The reported method significantly improves the whole-genome sequencing of IBVs from clinical samples; thus, it can improve understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of IBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Duc Le
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11300, Vietnam;
| | - Tuyet Ngan Thai
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Jae-Kyeom Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Hye-Soon Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Moon Her
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Xuan Thach Tran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11300, Vietnam;
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.D.L.); (T.N.T.); (J.-K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (M.H.)
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Vandenbussche F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Metagenomic sequencing determines complete infectious bronchitis virus (avian Gammacoronavirus) vaccine strain genomes and associated viromes in chicken clinical samples. Virus Genes 2021; 57:529-540. [PMID: 34626348 PMCID: PMC8501334 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, genus Gammacoronavirus) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease in chicken. Random primed RNA sequencing was applied to two IBV positive clinical samples and one in ovo-passaged virus. The virome of a cloacal swab pool was dominated by IBV (82% of viral reads) allowing de novo assembly of a GI-13 lineage complete genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain 793B. In addition, substantial read counts (16% of viral reads) allowed the assembly of a near-complete chicken astrovirus genome, while lower read counts identified the presence of chicken calicivirus and avian leucosis virus. Viral reads in a respiratory/intestinal tissue pool were distributed between IBV (22.53%), Sicinivirus (Picornaviridae, 24%), and avian leucosis virus (37.04%). A complete IBV genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain H120 (lineage GI-1), as well as a near-complete avian leucosis virus genome and a partial Sicinivirus genome were assembled from the tissue sample data. Lower read counts identified chicken calicivirus, Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus, assembling to 98.85% of segment A and 69.66% of segment B closely related to D3976/1 from Germany, 2017) and avian orthoreovirus, while three avian orthoavulavirus 1 reads confirmed prior real-time RT-PCR result. IBV sequence variation analysis identified both fixed and minor frequency variations in the tissue sample compared to its in ovo-passaged virus. Metagenomic methods allow the determination of complete coronavirus genomes from clinical chicken samples while providing additional insights in RNA virus sequence diversity and coinfecting viruses potentially contributing to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Lee HC, Jeong S, Cho AY, Kim KJ, Kim JY, Park DH, Kim HJ, Kwon JH, Song CS. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses 2021; 13:v13061045. [PMID: 34072981 PMCID: PMC8228071 DOI: 10.3390/v13061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first identified in the 1930s and it imposes a major economic burden on the poultry industry. In particular, GI-19 lineage has spread globally and has evolved constantly since it was first detected in China. In this study, we analyzed S1 gene sequences from 60 IBVs isolated in South Korea. Two IBV lineages, GI-15 and GI-19, were identified in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there were six distinct subgroups (KM91-like, K40/09-like, and QX-like I to IV) of the South Korean GI-19 IBVs. Among them, QX-type III and IV subgroups, which are phylogenetically different from those reported in South Korea in the past, accounted for more than half of the total. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis of the QX-like subgroups indicated at least four distinct introductions of GI-19 IBVs into South Korea during 2001–2020. The efficacy of commercialized vaccines against the recently introduced QX-like subgroups should be verified, and continuous international surveillance efforts and quarantine procedures should be enhanced to prevent the incursion of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Chae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Andrew Y. Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Kyu-Jik Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Dam-Hee Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (C.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3712 (C.-S.S.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (C.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3712 (C.-S.S.)
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Ren G, Liu F, Huang M, Li L, Shang H, Liang M, Luo Q, Chen R. Pathogenicity of a QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China. Poult Sci 2020; 99:111-118. [PMID: 32416792 PMCID: PMC7111634 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is a serious and highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We isolated a highly virulent IBV strain (CK/CH/JS/TAHY) from kidneys of diseased chickens. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene revealed that CK/CH/JS/TAHY clustered with the QX-like type. The S1 gene has 1,620 nucleotides and encoded a polypeptide of 540 amino acids with typical coronavirus cleavage recognition sites of HRRR. About 1-day-old specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens inoculated with CK/CH/JS/TAHY at 105.5 EID50 exhibited clinical signs including coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and tracheal vocalization accompanied by depression with 84% mortality and 100% morbidity. The kidneys of dead birds were swollen and pale and exhibited severe urate deposition. Histopathological examination revealed kidney hemorrhages, multifocal necrosis of the renal tubules and trachea with cilia loss, sloughing of epithelial cells, and edema of the lamina propria. IBV-specific antibodies appeared at 10 D post-infection. Chickens vaccinated with a CK/CH/JS/TAHY oil-emulsion vaccine showed 26.7% morbidity and 3% mortality indicating a protective effect. In conclusion, the IBV strain is a virulent avian IBV and that exhibited severe pathogenicity in chickens and is a vaccine candidate to prevent infection by Chinese QX-like nephropathogenic IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Miaorong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Huiqin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Meilan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Salarpour A, Toroghi R, Nikbakht GR, Rezai A, Momayez R. Attenuation and amino acid changes in infectious bronchitis virus Iranian 793/B serotype during serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs. Acta Virol 2019; 63:403-414. [PMID: 31802683 DOI: 10.4149/av_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of live attenuated vaccine (LAV) is the main method for controlling infectious bronchitis (IB). It is advisable to develop a LAV using a dominant serotype in the region in the case of vaccine failure. Since 793/B serotype is one of the most predominant circulating IB viruses in Iran, attenuation of three Iranian 793/B isolates (IR/773/2001, IR/794/2002 and IR/520/2002) was done by serial passaging in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs up to 90 passages to assess the degree of their attenuation to achieve a native LAV in the future. Virulence and pathogenicity of passage levels 15 and 90 of isolates 773 and 794 were compared using histopathology, ciliostasis and potency tests. The results showed a decrease in the virulence and pathogenicity of the isolates at passage 90 compared to passage 15, although this decrease in pathogenicity was very mild and viruses after passage 90 were not adequately attenuated. Each isolate underwent some amino acid changes at passage 90. In case of isolate 773 it was 5 aa changes, while in isolate 794 it was 19 aa changes. Some amino acid changes resulted in change into amino acid with different hydrophobicity characteristics. No amino acid change was found at passage level 15 compared to wild type viruses. Interestingly, we did not find previously reported change in amino acid 95 in passage levels 15 and 90. Keywords: infectious bronchitis; live attenuated vaccine; 793/B serotype; pathogenicity; attenuation; nucleotide sequencing.
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Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Hamoud MM, Bazid AHI, Gamal AM, Laban SE, Abdel-Sabour MA, Nasr SAE, Zaki MM, Shabbir MZ, Zahran OK, Munir M. Emergence and genetic analysis of variant pathogenic 4/91 (serotype 793/B) infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt during 2019. Virus Genes 2019; 55:720-725. [PMID: 31372921 PMCID: PMC7088710 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks worldwide, with a significant impact on the poultry industry. The aim of the present study is to characterize an emerging variant pathogenic IBV originating from field outbreaks in vaccinated Egyptian layer flock. Samples were collected from disease-suspected flock with a history of administration of live and inactivated IBV vaccines (Ma5 type). Virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), after three successive passages, revealed typical IBV lesions such as curling and dwarfism. The reported isolate was identified by a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene and, further characterized by full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of the isolated virus within 4/91 genotype of GI-13 lineage. Deduced amino acid sequences identity revealed 75-76% and 88-90% similarity with the currently used classic (H120, Ma5, and M41) and variant vaccine strains (4/91 and CR88) in Egypt, respectively. Recombination analysis gave an evidence for distinct patterns of origin for the studied isolate providing another example of intra-genotypic recombination among IBVs and the first example of recombination within the GI-13 lineage in the Egyptian field. The studied isolate (IBV/CK/EG/Fadllah-10/2019) emerged as a result of recombination between the variant group (Egy/var I genotype, GI-23 lineage) as a major parent and the CR88 variant vaccine strain (4/91 genotype, GI-13 lineage) as minor parent. Our data suggest that both mutation and recombination may be contributing to the emergence of IBV variants which ascertain the importance of disease monitoring in vaccinated flocks as well as re-appropriation for the current vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hamoud
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Abdulrhman M Gamal
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samah E Laban
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa A E Nasr
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Manal M Zaki
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Z Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Osama K Zahran
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
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Chhabra R, Ball C, Chantrey J, Ganapathy K. Differential innate immune responses induced by classical and variant infectious bronchitis viruses in specific pathogen free chicks. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 87:16-23. [PMID: 29751011 PMCID: PMC7173069 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) continues to cause serious economic losses in global chicken production. Concurrent circulation of both classic and variant IBVs have been identified in most parts of the world, raising major challenges to global prevention and control efforts. Therefore, immunopathogenesis, particularly early host responses, needs to be better understood for effective control of diseases caused by different strains of IBVs. We investigated differing immunopathogenesis in chickens following infection with IS/885/00-like (885), QX-like (QX) and M41 IBV strains. We confirmed that the histopathological changes, proinflammatory and innate immune gene responses were induced to different magnitudes, depending on the IBV strain. Results indicated that upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) expression is induced by IBV M41 in the trachea and by IBV 885 and QX in the kidney, which mainly coincides with tracheal and renal histopathological lesions respectively caused by these strains. In addition, elevated levels of TLR3, MDA5 and IFN-β expression occurred concurrently with greater lesion severity in IBV infected trachea and kidney tissues. Overall, this study reports marked differences in the activation of early host responses by pathogenic IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chhabra
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK; College Central Laboratory, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Christopher Ball
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Julian Chantrey
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Amarasinghe A, Popowich S, De Silva Senapathi U, Abdul-Cader MS, Marshall F, van der Meer F, Cork SC, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080437. [PMID: 30126175 PMCID: PMC6116215 DOI: 10.3390/v10080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A disease with a sudden drop in egg production and shell-less eggs called, shell-less egg syndrome (SES) has been observed in Western Canada egg layer flocks since 2010. The etiology of this disease is not known. We hypothesize that SES is caused by an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain since it is known that IBV replicates in the shell gland causing various eggshell abnormalities. In this study, we screened egg layer flocks, in the provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK), with and without a history of SES for the presence of IBV infection. During 2015⁻2016, a total of 27 egg layer flocks were screened in AB (n = 7) and SK (n = 20). Eighty-one percent of the screened flocks (n = 22) were positive for IBV infection. Thirty of these isolates were successfully characterized using molecular tools targeting the most variable spike (S) 1 gene. IBV isolates from this study clustered into three genotypes based on partial S1 gene variability. The majority of the IBV isolates (70%) were Massachusetts (Mass) type, and the rest were either Connecticut (Conn) type or an uncharacterized genotype with genetic characteristics of Mass and Conn types. Since the majority of the IBV isolates included within the Mass type, we used a Mass type IBV isolate to reproduce SES in specific pathogen free (SPF) white leghorn chickens in lay. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether other IBV isolates can cause SES, to clarify the pathogenesis of SES and to develop a vaccine in order to prevent SES as observed in Western Canadian layer flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5, Canada.
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Frank Marshall
- Marshall Swine and Poultry Health Services, 3831-Bay G-44 Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 3T1, Canada.
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Fraga APD, Gräf T, Pereira CS, Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Lunge VR. Phylodynamic analysis and molecular diversity of the avian infectious bronchitis virus of chickens in Brazil. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 61:77-83. [PMID: 29574164 PMCID: PMC7173207 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease, which results in severe economic losses to the poultry industry. The spike protein (S1 subunit) is responsible for the molecular diversity of the virus and many sero/genotypes are described around the world. Recently a new standardized classification of the IBV molecular diversity was conducted, based on phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene sequences sampled worldwide. Brazil is one of the biggest poultry producers in the world and the present study aimed to review the molecular diversity and reconstruct the evolutionary history of IBV in the country. All IBV S1 gene sequences, with local and year of collection information available on GenBank, were retrieved. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on a maximum likelihood method for the classification of genotypes occurring in Brazil, according to the new classification. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed with the Brazilian clade and related international sequences to determine the evolutionary history of IBV in Brazil. A total of 143 Brazilian sequences were classified as GI-11 and 46 as GI-1 (Mass). Within the GI-11 clade, we have identified a potential recombinant strain circulating in Brazil. Phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that IBV GI-11 lineage was introduced in Brazil in the 1950s (1951, 1917-1975 95% HPD) and population dynamics was mostly constant throughout the time. Despite the national vaccination protocols, our results show the widespread dissemination and maintenance of the IBV GI-11 lineage in Brazil and highlight the importance of continuous surveillance to evaluate the impact of currently used vaccine strains on the observed viral diversity of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Gräf
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
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10
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Saraiva GL, Santos MR, Pereira CG, Vidigal PMP, Fietto JLR, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Bressan GC, Soares-Martins JAP, de Almeida MR, Silva-Júnior A. Evaluation of the genetic variability found in Brazilian commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 2018; 54:77-85. [PMID: 29128885 PMCID: PMC7089498 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is currently one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. The H120 and Ma5 are the only viral strains approved by the Brazilian government as the constituent of vaccines. Despite the systematic vaccination in Brazil, IBV has not yet been controlled and diseases associated with this virus have been reported in vaccinated chickens. Here, we investigated the genetic variability of H120 and Ma5 strains present in the IBV vaccines from different Brazilian manufacturers. We performed DNA sequencing analyses of the S1 spike glycoprotein gene to investigate its genetic variability and the presence of viral subpopulations among vaccines, between batches, and also in each vaccine after a single passage was performed in chicken embryonated eggs. Our results revealed up to 13 amino acid substitutions among vaccines and some of them were localized in regions of the S1 glycoprotein that play a role in virus-host interaction. Secondary nucleotide peaks identified in the chromatogram for the S1 gene sequence revealed that all original vaccines (H120 and Ma5) were composed by different subpopulations of IBV. Moreover, new viral subpopulations were also found in vaccines after a single passage in chicken embryonated eggs. These findings indicate that H120 and Ma5 viral strains used in vaccines market in Brazil can still mutate very rapidly during replication, leading to amino acid substitutions in proteins involved in the stimulation of the immune response, such as the S1 glycoprotein. Therefore, our data suggest that the genetic variability of these viral strains should be taken into consideration to ensure an effective immune response against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Loreto Saraiva
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Claiton Gonçalves Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBiomol), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jamária A P Soares-Martins
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Waukesha County Technical College, 800 Main Street, Pewaukee, WI, 53072, USA
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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11
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Jiang L, Zhao W, Han Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Sun J, Li H, Shao Y, Liu L, Liu S. Genome characterization, antigenicity and pathogenicity of a novel infectious bronchitis virus type isolated from south China. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 54:437-446. [PMID: 28800976 PMCID: PMC7106192 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, three infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains, designated as γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14, γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 and γCoV/ck/China/I0118/14, were isolated and identified from chickens suspected to be infected with IBV in Guangxi province, China. Based upon data arising from S1 sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the three IBV isolates were genetically different from other known IBV types, which represented a novel genotype (GI-29). Virus cross-neutralization tests, using γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 as a representative, showed that genotype GI-29 was antigenically different from all other known IBV types, thus representing a novel serotype. Complete genomic analysis showed that GI-29 type viruses were closely related to and might originate from a GX-YL5-like virus by accumulation of substitutions in multiple genes. These GI-29 viral genomes are still evolving and diverging, particularly in the 3′ region, although we cannot rule out the possibility of recombination events occurring. For isolate γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14, we found that recombination events had occurred between nsps 2 and 3 in gene 1 which led to the introduction of a 4/91 gene fragment into the γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 viral genome. In addition, we found that the GI-29 type γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 isolate was a nephropathogenic strain and high pathogenic to 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens although cystic oviducts were not observed in the surviving layer chickens challenged with γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 isolate. A novel infectious bronchitis virus type, GI-29, has been identified in China. Identification of mutations scattered throughout the GI-29 genome. The GI-29 type is nephropathogenic to specific pathogen-free chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Marandino A, Tomás G, Panzera Y, Greif G, Parodi-Talice A, Hernández M, Techera C, Hernández D, Pérez R. Whole-genome characterization of Uruguayan strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus reveals extensive recombination between the two major South American lineages. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 54:245-250. [PMID: 28705717 PMCID: PMC7106025 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus, Coronaviridae) is a genetically variable RNA virus that causes one of the most persistent respiratory diseases in poultry. The virus is classified in genotypes and lineages with different epidemiological relevance. Two lineages of the GI genotype (11 and 16) have been widely circulating for decades in South America. GI-11 is an exclusive South American lineage while the GI-16 lineage is distributed in Asia, Europe and South America. Here, we obtained the whole genome of two Uruguayan strains of the GI-11 and GI-16 lineages using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The strains here sequenced are the first obtained in South America for the infectious bronchitis virus and provide new insights into the origin, spreading and evolution of viral variants. The complete genome of the GI-11 and GI-16 strains have 27,621 and 27,638 nucleotides, respectively, and possess the same genomic organization. Phylogenetic incongruence analysis reveals that both strains have a mosaic genome that arose by recombination between Euro Asiatic strains of the GI-16 lineage and ancestral South American GI-11 viruses. The recombination occurred in South America and produced two viral variants that have retained the full-length S1 sequences of the parental lineages but are extremely similar in the rest of their genomes. These recombinant virus have been extraordinary successful, persisting in the continent for several years with a notorious wide geographic distribution. Our findings reveal a singular viral dynamics and emphasize the importance of complete genomic characterization to understand the emergence and evolutionary history of viral variants. Genomic analysis was performed in two main lineages of Infectious bronchitis virus. Lineages differ in their S1 sequences but are similar in the rest of the genome. Genomic similarity between both lineages arise by inter-lineage recombination. Inter-lineage recombination occurred in South America between European/Asiatic and local strain. Recombinant forms have persisted in the continent for several years with wide geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Parodi-Talice
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad de Biología Molecular, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Ghetas AM, Kutkat MA, Amer MM, Awaad MHH. ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF IBV ISOLATES IN DIFFERENT GOVERNORATES IN EGYPT. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2016; 46:341-346. [PMID: 30152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tracheal swabs and different organs are collected from 17 chicken farms showing respiratory signs and variable mortalities in different governorates. Three successive blind serial passages were performed. Four IBV isolates are detected in vaccinated chickens by RT-PCR and are identified by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of portion of Si gene. Two IBV isolates, IBV S40 and IBV S61 are related to Mass reference strains (Egypt/F/03, M41, H120, Ma5, and M52). However, IBV S78 and IBV S82 are related to Egyptian variant 2 IBV strains Ck/Eg/BSU-2/2011 and Ck/Eg/ BSU-3/201 1.These results indicate the continuous evolution of Egyptian IBV circulating in chickens despite vaccination using H120 live attenuated vaccine.
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Wu X, Pan S, Zhou W, Wu Y, Huang Y, Wu B. [The Isolation and Identification of Infectious Bronchitis Virus PTFY Strain in Muscovy Ducks]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:203-209. [PMID: 27396165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In July 2009, some farms of breeding Muscovy ducks on the peak of egg laying suffered the decrease of hatching rate and the quality of the eggs showing low mortality and no evident respiratory symptoms. The swelling and congestive ovary was visible after autopsy. This study was brought out for the diagnosis of these cases. The virus was isolated and identified by the methods of virus culture in chicken embryo, physical and chemical properties test, hemagglutinin test, NDV (Newcastle diseases Virus) interference test, electron microscope observation, pathogenicity test and the gene sequence analysis. The results indicated the virus showed the characters of inducing dwarf embryo after inocubation, the sensibility to lipid solvent and the hemagglutination capacity after pancreatic enzyme treatment, the typical morphology of coronavirus, the interference to NDV replication and the homology among 84.7% - 99% of the particial N gene sequences to the reference IBV (Avian infectious bronchitis virus) strains. The strain was identified as IBV isolate and this study confirmed the pathogenicity of IBV to Muscovy ducks.
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15
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Zhang L, Wu C, Zhang Z, He Y, Li H, Qin L, Wei T, Mo M, Wei P. [Sequencing and Serologic Identification of S1 Genes of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Isolated during 2012-2013 in Guangxi Province, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:62-69. [PMID: 27295885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We wished to ascertain the prevalence as well as the genetic and antigenic variation of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) circulating in the Guangxi Province of China in recent years. The S1 gene of 15 IBV field isolates during 2012-2013 underwent analyses in terms of the similarity of amino-acid sequences, creation of phylogenetic trees, recombination, and serologic identification. Similarities in amino-acid sequences among the 15 isolates of the S1 gene were 54.3%-99.6%, and 43.3%-99.3% among 15 isolates and reference strains. Compared with the vaccine strain H120, except for GX-YL130025, the other 14 isolates showed a lower similarity of amino-acid sequences of the S1 gene (65.1-81.4%). Phylogenetic analyses of the S1 gene suggested that 15 IBV isolates were classified into eight genotypes, with the predominant genotype being new-type II. Recombination analyses demonstrated that the S1 gene of the GX-NN130048 isolate originated from recombination events between vaccine strain 4/91 and a LX4-like isolate. Serotyping results suggested that seven serotypes prevailed during 2012-2013 in Guangxi Province, and that only one isolate was consistent with the vaccine strain H120 in serotype (which has been used widely in recent years). The serotype of recombinant isolate GX-NN130048 was different from those of its parent strains. These results suggested that not only the genotype, but also the serotype of IBV field isolates in Guangxi Province had distinct variations, and that increasing numbers of genotypes and serotypes are in circulation. We showed that recombination events can lead to the emergence of new serotypes. Our study provides new evidence for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IBV variations, and the development of new vaccines against IBVs.
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Reddy VRAP, Theuns S, Roukaerts IDM, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Genetic Characterization of the Belgian Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus (NIBV) Reference Strain B1648. Viruses 2015; 7:4488-506. [PMID: 26262637 PMCID: PMC4576188 DOI: 10.3390/v7082827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain B1648 was first isolated in 1984, in Flanders, Belgium. Despite intensive vaccination, B1648 and its variants are still circulating in Europe and North Africa. Here, the full-length genome of this Belgian NIBV reference strain was determined by next generation sequencing (NGS) to understand its evolutionary relationship with other IBV strains, and to identify possible genetic factors that may be associated with the nephropathogenicity. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in the B1648 strain (5′UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3′UTR). ORFs 4b, 4c and 6b, which have been rarely reported in literature, were present in B1648 and most of the other IBV complete genomes. According to phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, replicase transcriptase complex, spike protein, partial S1 gene and M protein, B1648 strain clustered with the non-Massachusetts type strains NGA/A116E7/2006, UKr 27-11, QX-like ITA/90254/2005, QX-like CK/SWE/0658946/10, TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05. Based on the partial S1 fragment, B1648 clustered with the strains TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05 and, further designated as B1648 genotype. The full-length genome of B1648 shared the highest sequence homology with UKr 27-11, Gray, JMK, and NGA/A116E7/2006 (91.2% to 91.6%) and was least related with the reference Beaudette and Massachusetts strains (89.7%). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses indicated that B1648 strain may have played an important role in the evolution of IBV in Europe and North Africa. Further, the nephropathogenicity determinants might be located on the 1a, spike, M and accessory proteins (3a, 3b, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b and 6b). Overall, strain B1648 is distinct from all the strains reported so far in Europe and other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Hu BX, Yang SH, Zhang XM, Zhang W, Cao SJ, Xu CT, Huang QH, Zhang L, Huang YY, Wen XT. [Complete genomic analysis of a novel infectious bronchitis virus isolate]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2014; 30:339-345. [PMID: 25272584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of CK/CH/SD09/005, an isolate of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), was characterized to enable the further understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of IBV in China. Twenty-five pairs of primers were designed to amplify the full-length genome of CK/CH/SD09/005. The nucleotide sequence of CK/CH/SD09/005 was compared with reference IBV strains retrieved from GenBank. The phylogenic relationship between CK/CH/SD09/005 and the reference strains was analyzed based on S1 gene sequences. The complete genome of CK/CH/SD09/005 consisted of 27691 nucleotides (nt), excluding the 5' cap and 3' poly A tail. The whole-genome of CK/CH/SD09/005 shared 97 - 99% nucleotide sequence homology with the GX-NN09032 strain, which was the only complete genome that was closely related to CK/CH/SD09/005. When compared with all reference strains except GX-NN09032, CK/CH/SD09/005 showed the highest similarity to ck/CH/LDL/091022 and SDIB821/2012 (QX-like) in the replicase gene (Gene 1) and 3'UTR, with a sequence identity rate of 97% and 98%, respectively. However, CK/CH/SD09/005 exhibited lower levels of similarity with ck/CH/LDL/091022 and SDIB821/2012 in S-3a-3b-3c/ E-M-5a-5b-N with a sequence identity of 72% - 90%. CK/CH/SD09/005 showed the highest level of nucleotide identity with Korean strain 1011, and Chinese strains CK/CH/LXJ/02I, DK/CH/HN/ZZ2004 and YX10, in ORF 3c/E (97%), 5a (96%), 5b (99%) and N (96%), respectively. ORFs 3a, 3b and M of CK/CH/SD09/005 exhibited no more than 90% homology with the reference strains, excluding GX-NN09032. The phylogenic analysis based on the S1 gene revealed that CK/CH/SD09/005 and 39 published strains were classified into seven clades (genotypes). CK/CH/SD09/005 was distributed in clade IV with several isolates collected between 2007 and 2012. CK/CH/SD09/005 showed 66% - 69% and 72% - 81% nucleotide identities with the IBV strains of other six clades in the S1 and S2 subunits, respectively. More over, multiple substitutions were found throughout the entire S gene of CK/CH/SD09/005, while insertions and deletions were located within the S1 gene. These results indicated that CK/CH/SD09/005 is a novel variant that may be derived from the QX-like strains that are prevalent in China. Multiple genetic mechanisms, including recombinations, mutations, insertions and deletions, are likely to have contributed to the emergence of this IBV strain.
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Qin LL, Li M, Sun R, Wu ZJ, He K, Mo ML, Wei TC, Wei P. [Genotypes and serotypes of avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated during 2009-2011 in Guangxi, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2014; 30:162-170. [PMID: 24923170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the prevalence and track genetic and antigenic evolutions of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and their prevalence in Guangxi, China since 1985, gene amplification and sequencing and virus neutralization (VN) test on chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures were used in genotyping and serotyping of 28 IBV isolates during 2009-2011 in Guangxi. The results of N gene sequencing and comparison showed that the 28 isolates and reference strains were classified into three groups, and most isolates belonged to group Ill, while the isolates in 1985-2008 belonged to groups IV and II. The data of VN test indicated that the 28 isolates belonged to 6 serotypes; among them, 71. 4% belonged to serotypes 1, 2, and 3, and 11 (39.3%) shared the same serotype with the current vaccine strains. Given the data of our previous study, it is found that prevalent serotypes and their proportions varied in different areas of Guangxi and during different periods. These data lay a good foundation for developing an oil-emulsified inactivated polyvalent vaccine containing local dominant serotypes for the effective prevention and control of infectious bronchitis.
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Acevedo AM, Perera CL, Vega A, Ríos L, Coronado L, Relova D, Frías MT, Ganges L, Núñez JI, Pérez LJ. A duplex SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Massachusetts and non-Massachusetts serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus. Mol Cell Probes 2013; 27:184-92. [PMID: 23810983 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and is considered one of the most economically important viral diseases of chickens. Control of IBV has been attempted using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines of the Massachusetts (Mass.) serotype are the most commonly used for this purpose. Due to the continuous emergence of new variants of the infectious bronchitis virus, the identification of the type of IBV causing an outbreak in commercial poultry is important in the selection of the appropriate vaccine(s) capable of inducing a protective immune response. The present work was aimed at developing and evaluating a duplex SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Mass. and non-Mass. serotypes of IBV. The duplex rRT-PCR yielded curves of amplification with two specific melting curves (Tm1 = 83 °C ± 0.5 °C and Tm2 = 87 °C ± 0.5 °C) and only one specific melting peak (Tm = 87 °C ± 0.5 °C) when the IBV Mass. serotype and IBV non-Mass. serotype strains were evaluated, respectively. The detection limit of the assay was 8.2 gene copies/μL based on in vitro transcribed RNA and 0.1 EID50/mL. The assay was able to detect all the IBV strains assessed and discriminated well among the IBV Mass. and the IBV non-Mass. serotypes strains. In addition, amplification curves were not obtained with any of the other viruses tested. From the 300 field samples tested, the duplex rRT-PCR yielded a total of 80 samples that were positive for IBV (26.67%), 73 samples identified as the IBV Mass. serotype and seven samples as identified as the IBV non-Mass. serotype. A comparison of the performance of test as assessed with field samples revealed that the duplex rRT-PCR detected a higher number of IBV-positive samples than when conventional RT-PCR or virus isolation tests were used. The duplex rRT-PCR presented here is a useful tool for the rapid identification of outbreaks and for surveillance programmes during IB-suspected cases, particularly in countries with a vaccination control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Acevedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of The Caribean Region, Carretera de Jamaica, San José de las Lajas, La Habana 32700, Cuba
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Li M, Mo ML, Huang BC, Fan WS, Wei ZJ, Wei TC, Li KR, Wei P. Continuous evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting in different variants co-circulating in Southern China. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1783-6. [PMID: 23474985 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sixty field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from chicken flocks in different regions of Guangxi from 1985 to 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of S1 subunit glycoprotein genes revealed that field isolates from 2009-2011 mostly belonged to the LX4 type, while those from 1985-2008 belonged to the HN08 type, and a few others belonged to the 4/91 type, the TW type and the Mass type. In addition, it is noteworthy that no obvious regional differences were found among these 60 strains isolated from six regions in Guangxi, while there was a high degree of sequence identity among the isolates in the same period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
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21
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Mo ML, Hong SM, Kwon HJ, Kim IH, Song CS, Kim JH. Genetic diversity of spike, 3a, 3b and e genes of infectious bronchitis viruses and emergence of new recombinants in Korea. Viruses 2013; 5:550-67. [PMID: 23435235 PMCID: PMC3640513 DOI: 10.3390/v5020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of a region including S1, S2, 3a, 3b and E genes of twenty-seven infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates in Korea between 1990–2011 were determined and phylogenetic and computational recombination analyses were conducted. The sizes of coding regions of some genes varied among IBV isolates due to deletion or insertion of nucleotides; the nucleotide similarities of S1, S2, 3a, 3b and E genes among the 27 isolates were 75.9%–100.0%, 85%–100.0%, 64.0%–100.0%, 60.4%–100.0% and 83.1%–100.0%, respectively. According to phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene, the 27 isolates were divided into five genotypes, Mass, Korean-I (K-I), QX-like, KM91-like and New cluster 1. The phylogenetic trees based on the S2, 3a, 3b, E genes and S1-S2-3a-3b-E (S1-E) region nucleotide sequences did not closely follow the clustering based on the S1 sequence. The New cluster 1 prevalent during 2009 and 2010 was not found in 2011 but QX-like viruses became prevalent in 2011. The recombination analysis revealed two new S gene recombinants, 11036 and 11052 which might have been derived from recombinations between the New cluster 1 and QX-like viruses and between the K-I and H120 (vaccine) viruses, respectively. In conclusion, multiple IBV genotypes have co-circulated; QX-like viruses have recurred and new recombinants have emerged in Korea. This has enriched molecular epidemiology information of IBV and is useful for the control of IB in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lan Mo
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-L.M.); (S.-M.H.); (I.-H.K.)
- BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-L.M.); (S.-M.H.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science , College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-L.M.); (S.-M.H.); (I.-H.K.)
- BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-L.M.); (S.-M.H.); (I.-H.K.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science , College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mail:
- BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-1288; Fax: +82-2-880-1233
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22
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Song JE, Jeong WG, Sung HW, Kwon HM. Sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and potential recombination events of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Korea. Virus Genes 2012. [PMID: 23203570 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The S2 glycoprotein and membrane (M) protein genes and S1 glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N) genes of 11 Korean infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, and sequenced. The resultant nucleotide sequences were compared with the published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains. Korean IBV isolates formed two independent subclusters within the phylogenetic tree based on S2 glycoprotein gene sequences. However, four and two different clusters were formed in the phylogenetic tree based on S1 glycoprotein and M gene sequences, respectively. In particular, Korean IBV K446-01 and K203-02 strains appeared to be the result of recombination between an indigenous Korean IBV strains and a vaccine strain (Massachusetts serotype) currently used in Korea. The recent IBV isolate, K026-10, formed a new subgroup that was closely related to traditional Korean IBV group in a phylogenetic tree based on the S1 and S2 genes, but it was grouped into the traditional Korean IBV cluster in a phylogenetic tree based on the M and N genes. Our data show that field IBVs in Korea are continuing to evolve and that vaccine strains might actually play a critical role in the appearance of new IBV strains via recombination in the field.
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Wang XY, Li M, Wei P, Chen QY, Wei ZJ, Mo ML, Wei TC. [Evaluation of antigenic relationship of Guangxi isolates of infectious bronchitis virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2012; 28:621-627. [PMID: 23367560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monovalent antisera of 3 vaccine strains and 7 representative field isolates were prepared based on the comparison of genetic diversity of the hypervariable region I of S1 gene (HVR I from 3 infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains (H120, Ma5 and 4/91) ,one reference strain M41 and 26 IB field isolates. These 30 strains were classified in 7 different genotypes, respectively. Virus-neutralizing test on tracheal organ cultures (TOC) with chicken embryo were used to evaluate relatedness values of the antigenicity based on the antibody titer, to analyze the antigenic relationships between the isolates and vaccine strains, as well as to determine the serotypes of 26 IB viruses isolated from the field in Guangxi between 1985 and 2008. The results showed 30 strains were classified into 7 distinct serotypes and there were two predominant serotypes within the 26 isolates, serotypes 1 (totally 13 isolates) and serotype 2 (totally 5 isolates), respectively. In addition, there were some differences observed between the results of serotyping and the genotyping (including the S1, N, M and 3'UTR). The results of the study demonstrated that there were different predominant serotypes and multiple serotypes of IBV circulated in Guangxi in recent years, antigenic variation existed between Guangxi field isolates and vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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24
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Phillips JE, Jackwood MW, McKinley ET, Thor SW, Hilt DA, Acevedol ND, Williams SM, Kissinger JC, Paterson AH, Robertson JS, Lemke C. Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 2011; 44:63-74. [PMID: 21909766 PMCID: PMC7089577 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75–43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus type, whereas changes in the spike glycoprotein, thought to be the most variable protein in IBV, ranged from 5.8 to 13.4% of all changes. The attenuated viruses did not cause any clinical signs of disease and had lower replication rates than the pathogenic viruses of the same serotype in chickens. However, both attenuated and pathogenic viruses of the same serotype replicated similarly in embryonated eggs, suggesting that mutations in nsp 3, which is involved in replication of the virus, might play an important role in the reduced replication observed in chickens leading to the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Phillips
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - M. W. Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - E. T. McKinley
- Present Address: Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - S. W. Thor
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - D. A. Hilt
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - N. D. Acevedol
- Present Address: Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island, 75 Sunrise Highway, West Islip, NY 11795 USA
| | - S. M. Williams
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. C. Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - A. H. Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. S. Robertson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - C. Lemke
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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25
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Ji J, Xie J, Chen F, Shu D, Zuo K, Xue C, Qin J, Li H, Bi Y, Ma J, Xie Q. Phylogenetic distribution and predominant genotype of the avian infectious bronchitis virus in China during 2008-2009. Virol J 2011; 8:184. [PMID: 21510909 PMCID: PMC3094301 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis (IB) caused unprecedented economic losses to the commercial chicken industry of China in 2008-2009. To investigate the prevalence of nephropathogenic IB in China, eighty IBV isolates from different provinces during 2008-2009 were identified by dwarf embryo test and RT-PCR. RESULTS The strains were mostly isolated in winter and spring with a wide age range of IB outbreaks, from 4 to 69 days. By the virus recovery trials, 70/80 of the strains resulted in the deaths or distresses of birds from nephritis. To learn more about the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the circulating field strains, the coding region of major spike 1 (S1) protein gene of these strains was RT-PCR amplified and sequenced. Compared to the published representative strains, nucleotides and amino acids sequence analysis indicated that the S1 genes of these strains and the reference strains displayed homologies ranging from 75.1% to 99.8% and from 73.1% to 99.8% respectively. S1 protein of the major pandemic strains contained 540 or 542 amino acids with the cleavage site of HRRRR or RRFRR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that recent field isolates of IBV in China were mostly belonged to A2-branch (QXIBV-branch) and HN08-branch, only one isolate was belonged to Gray-branch and M41-branch respectively. Most of the 80 strains showed evolutionarily distant from vaccine strains. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that nephropathogenic IBVs were mainly A2-like strains in China during 2008-2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingwei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527439, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kejing Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527439, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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26
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Farsang A, Ros C, Renström LHM, Baule C, Soós T, Belák S. Molecular epizootiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden indicating the involvement of a vaccine strain. Avian Pathol 2010; 31:229-36. [PMID: 12396345 PMCID: PMC7154300 DOI: 10.1080/03079450220136530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the detection and molecular identification of infectious bronchitis virus (avian coronavirus), two reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed. As 'diagnostic#10; PCR', a set of consensus nested primers was selected from highly conserved stretches of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. As 'phylogeny' PCR, a fragment of the spike protein gene (S1) was amplified and the PCR products were directly sequenced. To study the phylogenetic relationships of the viruses from various outbreaks, studies of molecular epizootiology were performed in Sweden, a Nordic region, where the occurrence of natural cases of the disease is relatively low and the occasional use of live vaccine(s) is well recorded and monitored. The disease appeared in the region in 1994, associated with production problems among layers of various ages. During outbreaks in 1995 and 1997, both layers and broilers were affected. To reduce losses, a live attenuated vaccine has been applied since 1997. By examining 12 cases between 1994 and 1998, molecular epizootiology revealed that, before 1997, the viruses had gene sequences very similar to strains of the Massachusetts serotype. However, comparative sequence analysis of the S1 gene revealed that the identity was not 100% to any of the strains of this serotype that we analysed. A virus related to the Dutch-type strain, D274, was also identified on one farm. Surprisingly, from 1997, the year that vaccination commenced with a live Massachusetts serotype vaccine, the majority of viruses detected had S1 sequences identical to the live Massachusetts vaccine strain. This genetic relation to the vaccine virus was also confirmed by N gene sequence analysis. The studies of molecular epizootiology reveal a strong probability that the vaccination had lead to the spread of the vaccine virus, causing various disease manifestations and a confusing epizootiological situation in the poultry population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farsang
- Institute for Veterinary Medicinal Products, H-1107, Budapest, Szállás utca 8, Hungary
| | - C. Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freistsrasse 3, 3012 Bern and ZLB Bioplasma AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lena H. M. Renström
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Baule
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Soós
- Institute for Veterinary Medicinal Products, H-1107, Budapest, Szállás utca 8, Hungary
| | - S. Belák
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- To whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail:
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Ren X, Yin J, Ma D, Li G. Characterization and membrane gene-based phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus Chinese strain HH06. Virus Genes 2009; 38:39-45. [PMID: 18792774 PMCID: PMC7089277 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A Chinese isolate of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) designated HH06 was isolated from the kidney tissues of a chicken flock experiencing an outbreak of nephritis. In vivo pathogenicity of the IBV isolate HH06 was determined by inoculating specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The clinical signs and related gross lesions of HH06 infected chickens were similar with those of the field-infected chickens. SPF embryonated eggs were inoculated with virus suspension for serial passage and their genomic RNA was extracted. RT-PCR technique was utilized to amplify the M gene sequence encoding membrane protein of IBV. Recombinant plasmid named T-vector-M was constructed via inserting the M gene into the TA cloning vector, pMD 18-T. The sequenced M gene and its deduced amino acid (aa) sequences were compared with the published sequences of reference strains. The M gene is of 687 bp in length encoding the M protein of 228 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 25.4 kDa. The sequences of the M gene and M protein share 83.9-97.9% and 83.6-96.5% homologous identities, respectively, compared with 29 IBV reference strains derived from different regions or countries, which revealed that there are still significant variations between strains. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree based on these M DNA sequences was generated, and the tree topology suggests that some Chinese IBV strains may have a common ancestor; however, HH06 is a new local IBV isolate that is responsible for the field outbreak of nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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28
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McFarlane R, Verma R. Sequence analysis of the gene coding for the S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains from New Zealand. Virus Genes 2008; 37:351-7. [PMID: 18712588 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains (T6, K32, K43, and K87) were isolated from clinically infected chickens in New Zealand. These strains were compared with four strains (A, B, C, and D), which had circulated 25 years previously, by sequencing the gene coding for the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the eight strains from New Zealand are genetically related and share greater than 82.8% nucleotide and 79% amino acid homology within the S1 region. Strains T6, K43, and K87 were more than 99% homologous to previously described strains C and D. A fourth new strain (K32) was most closely related to the previously described B strain. Phylogenetic analysis of strains revealed that New Zealand strains were more closely related to Australian than European or North American strains. The New Zealand A strain shared 99.5% nucleotide and 98.7% amino acid homology with the Australian Vic S strain. Deduced amino acid sequence of the S1 glycoprotein indicated differences between strains that were, in general, consistent with virus neutralization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin McFarlane
- Cell Biology Group, Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
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29
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Zhagn XN, Wang Y, Li CR, Liu QR, Han ZX, Shao YH, Liu SW, Kong XG. [Evaluation of the protection conferred by several avian infectious bronchitis attenuated vaccines against the field strain CK/CH/LDL/97 I in China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:111-116. [PMID: 18536105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The entire S1 protein gene of five infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains (JAAS, IBN, Jilin, J9, H120) used in China were compared with that of the IB field isolate CK/CH/LDL/97 I present in China. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid similarities between the five IB vaccine strains and the field strain, CK/CH/LDL/97 I, were not more than 76.4% and 78.7%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene showed that the vaccine strains and the field strain belonged to different clusters and had larger evolutionary distances, indicating that they were of different genotypes. The five vaccine strains were used for protection test against challenge of the field isolate CK/CH/LDL/97 I. The chickens inoculated with five vaccine strains showed morbidity as high as 30%-100% after challenged with the CK/CH/ LDL/97 I strain. The organ samples at 5 days post challenge showed that the viral detection rates were 50%-90% and 10%-30% for trachea and kidney, respectively. The live attenuated vaccines only provided partial protection to the vaccinated chickens against heterologous IBV infection, CK/CH/LDL/97 I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Zhagn
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
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30
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Wei ZJ, Wei P, Mo ML, Li M, Wei TC, Li KR. [Genetic variation of S1 gene hypervariable region I of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in different periods in Guangxi]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:126-132. [PMID: 18533344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The S1 gene hypervariable region I (HVR I) of 22 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated in Guangxi during the period of 1985-2007 were sequenced and compared to that of the other IBV reference strains and the pigeon coronavirus isolates. A phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences of HVR I of all the IBV showed that they were classified into 5 distinct Clusters. 16 out of 22 IBV isolates were grouped into Cluster I, and had higher homology with pigeon coronavirus isolates but lower homology with the Massachusetts (Mass) type vaccine strains. There were 4 and 3 amino-acid residues inserted at the sites of 33-34 and 34-35 respectively within HVR I in 15 isolates, except in isolate GX-NN6 there had 4 amino-acid residues inserted at the both sites; isolates GX-YL1 and GX-NN2 had close relationship with Mass type vaccine strains, and they shared Cluster II; isolates GX-G and GX-XD of Cluster III had close relationship with the Japanese strain JP Miyazaki 89 which was isolated at the same period; isolates GX-YL6 and GX-NN7 of Cluster V had close relationship with the European strain 4/91. The results showed that there were high phylogenetic diversity among the IBVs prevailed in the field in Guangxi resulting from the commonly occurred mutation or insertion within the S1 gene HVR I of the viruses, and majority of the isolates had lower homology with the commonly used Mass type vaccine strains. There was much higher homology among viruses isolated in the same period of time, but without distinct difference in geographical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ji Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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31
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Liu S, Han Z, Chen J, Liu X, Shao Y, Kong X, Tong G, Rong J. S1 gene sequence heterogeneity of a pathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain and its embryo-passaged, attenuated derivatives. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:231-4. [PMID: 17497337 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701338730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus CK/CH/LDL/97I was attenuated by serial passage in chicken embryos. Virus of passage 115 was attenuated as determined by clinical response to inoculation to 15-day-old specific pathogen free chickens. The vaccination-challenge test showed that the attenuated passage 115 virus could afford protection against the homologous pathogenic virus, passage 5, by the clinical response. Based on the sequence analysis and comparison of the S1 gene, both the pathogenic and attenuated CK/CH/LDL/97I viruses were populations that each included at least two subpopulations. Also, from analysis of the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of S1 gene, we speculate that recombination between the minor and dominant subpopulations plus accumulation of mutations in the S1 region of pathogenic passage 5 might lead to the formation of the embryo-passaged, attenuated passage 115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in commercial broiler and layer flocks in Pakistan. Serum samples from 16 layers and 9 broiler flocks were screened against M-41, D-274, D-1466, and 4-91 strain antigens using hemagglutination inhibition assay. Overall, 88% of the flocks were seropositive for M-41 antibodies, whereas 40, 52, and 8% of the flocks were positive for D-274, D-1466, and 4-91 IBV strains, respectively. The M-41 antigen was also detected in lungs and tracheal tissues of the clinically positive infectious bronchitis cases. Phospholipase C treatment of the lung and tracheal tissue homogenates from IBV-positive chickens increased the detection limit for M-41 strain from 1.3% positive samples in simple hemagglutination assay to 30.6% positivity when the same samples were treated with phospholipase C. Similarly, reverse transcription-PCR was a much better M-41 detection tool as compared with the classical agar gel precipitation assay utilized to screen tissue homogenates from IBV-positive chickens. In conclusion, this survey clearly demonstrates that several strains of IBV are prevalent in poultry flocks in Pakistan. By utilizing such diagnostic techniques it is possible to conduct a detailed epidemiological study to determine the full economic impact of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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33
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Jackwood MW, Hilt DA, Williams SM, Woolcock P, Cardona C, O'Connor R. Molecular and serologic characterization, pathogenicity, and protection studies with infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from California. Avian Dis 2007; 51:527-33. [PMID: 17626478 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[527:mascpa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized three variant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated in 2003 and 2004 from broiler chickens in California and compared them to previously isolated California variant viruses and to common vaccine serotypes used in the United States. We conducted genetic, serologic, and pathogenicity studies on all three isolates, then tested different vaccines against one of the viruses. Genetically the three variant IBV strains, designated CA557/03, CA706/03, and CA1737/04, were not related to each other. GenBank BLAST database search and phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike gene to determine the most closely related viruses to the three variants showed the CA557/03 variant to be 81.8% similar to the CAV/CA56b/91 whereas the CA706/03 and CA1737/04 variant viruses were only distantly related to Dutch/D1466/81 (72.2%), a vaccine strain used in Europe, and Korea/K142/02 (72.7%), a Korean field isolate, respectively. Cross virus-neutralization testing showed that none of the 2003-04 California IBV variant viruses were serologically related to each other or to Ark, Conn, or Mass vaccine strains. In addition the CA1737/04 isolate was also tested against DE072 and found not to be serologically related. All three variant viruses were pathogenic in 1-wk-old broilers and vaccination with Mass/Conn followed by Holland/Conn provided 80% protection against the CA1737/04 virus. The 2003-04 California variant viruses were not compared with variants isolated in California during 1970s and 1980s because, to our knowledge, no genetic information is available and those viruses are no longer obtainable. This study shows that the CA557/03 virus was distantly related to the CAV-type viruses isolated in California in the early 1990s, but that none of the 2003-04 viruses were similar genetically or serologically to the CAL99-type viruses, indicating that new IBV variants continue to emerge and cause disease in commercial chickens in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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34
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Sun L, Zhang GH, Jiang JW, Fu JD, Ren T, Cao WS, Xin CA, Liao M, Liu WJ. A Massachusetts prototype like coronavirus isolated from wild peafowls is pathogenic to chickens. Virus Res 2007; 130:121-8. [PMID: 17629993 PMCID: PMC7114154 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection was investigated in apparently healthy wild peafowls in Guangdong province of China in 2003, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) broke out there. No SARS-like coronavirus had been isolated but a novel avian coronavirus strain, Peafowl/GD/KQ6/2003 (KQ6), was identified. Sequence analysis revealed that KQ6 was an avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of coronavirus in group 3. The genome sequence of KQ6 had extremely high degree of identity with that of a Massachusetts prototype IBV M41. KQ6 was pathogenic to chickens but non-pathogenic to peafowls under experimental conditions. Seventeen out of fifty-four (31.48%) peafowl serum samples were tested positive for specific antibodies against IBV. Present results indicate that the peafowl isolate KQ6 is a Massachusetts prototype like coronavirus strain which undergoes few genetic changes and peafowl might have acted as a natural reservoir of IBV for very long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
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35
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Nie L, Zhang QX, Han ZX, Shao YH, Rong JG, Liu SW, Kong XG. [Genetic variations of membrane gene of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in China between 1995 and 2004]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2007; 23:298-304. [PMID: 17894233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane (M) protein genes of 20 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated in China between 1995 and 2004 were sequenced and analyzed. The M genes of twenty isolates were composed of 672 to 681 nucleotides, encoding polypeptides of 223 to 226 amino acid residues. Variations of the deduced amino acids of M gene mainly occurred at positions 2 to 17 and 221 to 233, comparing with that of the IBV strain LX4. There were deletions or insertions in the M gene of Chinese isolates at amino acid position 2 to 6, leading to the loss or gain of a glycosylation site. Phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences of M genes from 20 Chinese isolates and 34 reference strains showed that they were classified into five distinct clusters. Most of the Chinese IBV strains were included in clusters II and IV, forming distinct groups. The isolates in cluster II showed a close evolutionary relationship with Taiwan isolates. Furthermore, recombination especially the recombination between field isolates and vaccine strains had been observed while comparing the phylogeny of M genes with those of S1 and N genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology Harbin Veterinary Researoh Institute, CAAS, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
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36
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Abstract
The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain Beaudette is an embryo-adapted virus that has extended species tropism in cell culture. In order to understand the acquired tropism of the Beaudette strain, we compared the S protein sequences of several IBV strains. The Beaudette strain was found to contain a putative heparan sulfate (HS)-binding site, indicating that the Beaudette virus may use HS as a selective receptor. To ascertain the requirements of cell-surface HS for Beaudette infectivity, we assayed for infectivity in the presence of soluble heparin as a competitor and determined infectivity in mutant cell lines with no HS or glycosaminoglycan expression. Our results indicate that HS plays a role as an attachment factor for IBV, working in concert with other factors like sialic acid to mediate virus binding to cells, and may explain in part the extended tropism of IBV Beaudette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna G Madu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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37
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Chousalkar KK, Roberts JR, Reece R. Comparative histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (T and n1/88) in laying hens and cockerels. Poult Sci 2007; 86:50-8. [PMID: 17179415 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative and sequential histopathology of different tissues of unvaccinated laying hens and cockerels were studied in chickens exposed to T and N1/88 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The Harderian gland and trachea of hens and cockerels in both T- and N1/88-infected groups were damaged to a similar extent. The cecum was unaffected for both strains of IBV in both hens and cockerels. The sequential histopathological changes in hens revealed that IBV multiplies initially in the Harderian gland, then in the tracheal mucosa and simultaneously in the kidney and regions of the oviduct such as the magnum, tubular shell gland, and shell gland pouch. In cockerels, IBV multiplies first in the Harderian gland, then simultaneously in the trachea and kidney. Overall, the severity and persistence of lesions were greater in the kidneys of T-infected hens as compared with N1/88-infected hens. However, pathological changes in the kidney were mild in T- and N1/88-infected cockerels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chousalkar
- Animal Science, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
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38
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Chousalkar KK, Roberts JR, Reece R. Histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in laying hens vaccinated in the rearing phase. Poult Sci 2007; 86:59-62. [PMID: 17179416 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative histopathology of 2 different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (T and N1/ 88) in vaccinated hens was studied at 110 wk of age. The Harderian gland showed similar histopathology in T- and N1/88-infected hens. The trachea and kidney of challenged vaccinated hens were protected to a moderate extent, but the oviduct was protected to only a small extent. The severity and persistence of lesions were greater in tubular shell gland, shell gland pouch, and kidney of the T-infected hens, whereas, for the magnum, N1/88 had a greater effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chousalkar
- Animal Science, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
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39
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Mardani K, Noormohammadi AH, Ignatovic J, Browning GF. Typing infectious bronchitis virus strains using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to compare the 3' 7.5 kb of their genomes. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:63-9. [PMID: 16448945 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500465817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Typing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains is useful for implementation of control measures and for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of IBV. The aim of the work reported here was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for typing isolates of IBV, if possible directly from tissues of infected birds. A procedure was developed for differentiation of IBV strains by restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a 7.5 kb DNA fragment amplified from their genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This fragment encompassed all of the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus. Viral RNA was extracted either directly from tissues of diseased birds or from virus propagated in embryonated eggs, and was subjected to RT-PCR. Three different restriction endonucleases, AluI, Sau3AI and MnlI, were used to digest the 7.5 kb PCR product from different IBV strains and the resultant RFLP patterns were compared. Patterns obtained with all three enzymes grouped IBV strains belonging to the same serotype in the same cluster. These results show that the RT-PCR-RFLP system described here can be used as a quick and inexpensive tool for differentiating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mardani
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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40
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Liu S, Chen J, Han Z, Zhang Q, Shao Y, Kong X, Tong G. Infectious bronchitis virus: S1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in China and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from China. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:394-9. [PMID: 16990149 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600920984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entire S1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains used in China were compared with those of the IB virus isolates present in the field in China. The nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight IB vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/CH/LDT3/03, which was isolated from a teal (Anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different clusters and showed larger evolutionary distances, and indicated that they were of different genotypes. Four out of the eight vaccines, in addition to the Massachusetts type vaccine H120, were used for protection tests against challenge by the IB virus isolate tl/CH/LDT3/03. This revealed that each of the five IB vaccines induced poor protection against the teal isolate, as assessed by respiratory protection, clinical signs and mortality, indicating the necessity of developing vaccines from local strains for IB control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Xu C, Zhao J, Hu X, Zhang G. Isolation and identification of four infectious bronchitis virus strains in China and analyses of their S1 glycoprotein gene. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:61-71. [PMID: 17289305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Between 2003 and 2005, four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from the vaccinated chicken flocks in China. The results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that all the four isolates were relative to strain A2 of IBV, which was isolated in 1996 in Beijing and related to strain 4/91. The S1 gene of the spike protein was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the S1 gene had a similar degree of identity (88.98-99.28%) among the four Chinese IBV isolates. The identity of the S1 protein gene between the four Chinese IBV isolates and 14 strains of other IBVs varied from 70.06 to 81.59%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there are at least four groups of IBVs circulating in China and the disease outbreaks might have been caused by infection of multiple strains of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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42
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Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory disease in chickens all over the world. IBV has many serotypes that do not confer cross protection against each other. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has been used to determine the serotypes of IBV as a substitute to the more laborious virus neutralization test and the more sophisticated restriction endonuclease digestion or sequencing of the S1 gene. In Jordan, no previous studies have been carried out to determine the involvement of IBV in respiratory disease in chickens, or the serotypes of IBV that possibly exist. In this study, serum from different chicken flocks (n=20) that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for IBV antibodies using commercial IBV antibody ELISA at time of the initial signs of the respiratory disease and repeated on serum samples from the same flocks 10-14 days later. ELISA titer for IBV increased in 14 out of 20 flocks (70%) after 10-14 days of the initial signs of the respiratory disease and this indicates a recent exposure to IBV. The second serum samples from these 14 flocks were further examined against a panel of five IBV antigens (Ark, Conn, DE-072, JMK, and Mass) by HI test to determine the serotype(s) of IBV they have been exposed to. The HI test results indicated that the exposure of some of these flocks were to Ark, DE-072, and Mass like serotypes. However, the HI titers against the antigens used in this study were relatively similar in 10 out of the 14 flocks (71%) and the serotype of IBV that these flocks were exposed to could not be determined and the possible causes of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Gharaibeh
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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43
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the presence of the Arkansas (Ark) and Massachusetts (Mass) serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the tracheas and cecal tonsils of commercial broilers after vaccination at 1 day of age by coarse spray. When given as a single serotype vaccine, the Mass strain was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) only in the tracheas, whereas the Ark strain was detected in both the tracheas and cecal tonsils. By in situ hybridization, the Mass and Ark nucleocapsid (Nc) genes were detected only at 7 days in the tracheas. When both strains were given in the mixed vaccine, the Mass strain was more consistently detected by RT-PCR-RFLP in the tracheas and cecal tonsils at early stages of infection (up to 14 days) and the Arkansas strain was more consistently detected at late stages of infection (21 and 28 days). By in situ hybridization, the IBV Nc gene was more consistently detected in the trachea at early stages of infection (7, 14, and 21 days) and in the cecal tonsils at late stages of infection (21, 28, and 35 days). In general, the Mass strain was more frequently recovered from the tracheal and cecal tonsil tissues at earlier stages of infection and the Ark strain was recovered at later stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Alvarado
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30605, USA
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44
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Park JY, Pak SI, Sung HW, Kim JH, Song CS, Lee CW, Kwon HM. Variations in the nucleocapsid protein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Korea. Virus Genes 2006; 31:153-62. [PMID: 16025240 PMCID: PMC7088842 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-1788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) were isolated in Korea between 2001 and 2003 from chickens suspected to be infected with IBVs. The nucleocapsid (N) protein genes of the various IBVs were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were cloned and sequenced, and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains. The Korean IBV isolates shared amino acid sequence similarity of between 89.2% (K203-02 and K1255-03) and 98.3% (K434-01 and K281-01) with each other and exhibited amino acid sequence similarity between 57.0% (K774-01 and V18/91) and 96.6% (K507-01 and JP8147) with non-Korean IBV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced N protein amino acid sequences resulted in the segregation of Korean IBV isolates into three different clusters, with cluster assignments differing for some of the isolates from those obtained with analysis of the S1 glycoprotein. Korean IBV isolates K069-01, K281-01, K434-01, K504-01, K774-01, K748-01, K044-02, K058-02, K161-02, K203-02, and K234-02 formed an independent cluster comprised only of Korean IBV isolates. Another Korean IBV isolate, K210-02, belonged to a cluster that included IBV strains isolated in USA, the Netherlands and China. Recent Korean IBV isolates K514-03 and K1255-03 grouped into a third distinct cluster related to a Chinese IBV strain. As deduced from phylogenetic analysis, some IBV isolates appear to have arisen from the recombination of IBV strains with different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701 USA
| | - Son Il Pak
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701 USA
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Anyang, 430-016 USA
| | - Jae Hong Kim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Anyang, 430-016 USA
| | - Chang Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Hyuk Moo Kwon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701 USA
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45
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Ladman BS, Loupos AB, Gelb J. Infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene sequence comparison is a better predictor of challenge of immunity in chickens than serotyping by virus neutralization. Avian Pathol 2006; 35:127-33. [PMID: 16595305 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600597865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Five strains of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial chickens from the state of Pennsylvania, USA during the years 1998 and 1999 were studied. The strains were selected for cross-challenge in specific pathogen free chickens and virus neutralization in chick embryos on the basis of partial S1 sequence amino acid identity values. The partial sequences analysed spanned the hypervariable amino terminus region of S1 from amino acid residues 48 to 219, based on the Beaudette strain. Using their S1 identity values, the strains represented a continuum of genetic, and thus antigenic, relationships. When compared with strain PA/5083/99, strain PA/Wolgemuth/98 had high sequence identity (96%) followed by PA/171/99 (85%), PA/5344/98 (70%) and PA/1220/98 (34%). The method of Archetti and Horsfall was used for calculating antigenic relatedness values of virus neutralization tests. The same formula was also applied to the percentage protection values of cross-challenge tests to derive protective relatedness values among the strains. The antigenic relatedness values, protective relatedness values, and the partial S1 sequence identity values were then analysed. The findings indicated partial S1 sequence identity values were more strongly correlated with protective relatedness values and than antigenic relatedness values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ladman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, Newark, USA
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46
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Dolz R, Pujols J, Ordóñez G, Porta R, Majó N. Antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the Italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus genotype. Avian Pathol 2006; 35:77-85. [PMID: 16595297 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600597295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of an epidemiological surveillance of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Spain, four Spanish field isolates showed high S1 spike sequence similarities with an IBV sequence from the GenBank database named Italy 02. Given that little was known about this new emergent IBV strain we have characterized the four isolates by sequencing the entire S1 part of the spike protein gene and have compared them with many reference IBV serotypes. In addition, cross-virus neutralization assays were conducted with the main IBV serotypes present in Europe. The four Spanish field strains and the Italy 02 S1 sequence from the NCBI database were established as a new genotype that showed maximum amino acid identities with the 4/91 serotype (81.7% to 83.7%), the D274 group that included D207, D274 and D3896 strains (79.8% to 81.7%), and the B1648 serotype (79.3% to 80%). Furthermore, on the basis of these results, it was demonstrated that the Italy 02 genotype had been circulating in Spain since as early as 1997. Based on the average ratio of synonymous:non-synonymous (dS/dN) amino acid substitutions within Italy 02 sequences, no positive selection pressures were related with changes observed in the S1 gene. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene suggested that the Italy 02 genotype has undergone a recombination event. Virus neutralization assays demonstrated that little antigenic relatedness (less than 35%) exists between Italy 02 and some of the reference IBV serotypes, and indicated that Italy 02 is likely to be a new serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Dolz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 43206 Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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47
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Jackwood MW, Hilt DA, Lee CW, Kwon HM, Callison SA, Moore KM, Moscoso H, Sellers H, Thayer S. Data from 11 years of molecular typing infectious bronchitis virus field isolates. Avian Dis 2006; 49:614-8. [PMID: 16405010 DOI: 10.1637/7389-052905r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 1993, a new molecular typing method for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was introduced. This method uses reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the spike gene to obtain RFLP patterns that correlate with serotype. Using that test at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center (PDRC, University of Georgia, Athens, GA), we have identified a total of 1523 IBV isolates in the past 11 yr. The data were obtained from clinical samples submitted to our laboratory from birds with clinical signs characteristic of IBV infection. The samples are primarily from the southeastern United States but are also from many other states as well as from outside the United States. Most of the isolations occurred during July, followed by May, April, November, October, and January. The fewest number of isolates identified on an annual basis was 20 in 2003. An unusually high number of isolations occurred in 1997 (318 isolations) and 1999 (246 isolations), which coincided with the GAV variant virus and GA98 variant virus outbreaks respectively. By far, the Ark-DPI strain was the most frequently identified type of IBV and ranged from 23% to 65% of total isolations per year. Ark-like isolates, defined as having a similar but unique RFLP pattern from the Ark-DPI vaccine strain were identified every year of the study except in 1996. In addition, new Ark-like isolates continued to emerge each year (except in the year 2000) beginning in 1997, reflecting the ability of that IBV type to undergo genetic drift. Eighty-two different variant viruses were identified although only two (GAV and GA98) became persistent and caused widespread disease. Some viruses tended to be geographically restricted to a given area (CAV in California and MX97-8147 in Mexico), whereas others were widespread (Ark-DPI, Conn, DE072, and Mass). The Florida, Gray, Holte, Iowa, and JMK types were not detected during the 11-yr period, and no foreign virus types were detected in the United States. These data show that IBV variant viruses are consistently circulating in commercial poultry and are capable of causing disease outbreaks. Our observations highlight the importance of constantly monitoring IBV as well as other coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus that have the ability to change and emerge to cause disease in a susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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48
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Alvarado IR, Villegas P, Mossos N, Jackwood MW. Molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in Colombia during 2003. Avian Dis 2006; 49:494-9. [PMID: 16404989 DOI: 10.1637/7202-050304r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates were recovered from broilers and layers from five geographic poultry regions in Colombia. The viruses were isolated from tracheas, lungs, and cecal tonsils of birds, previously vaccinated with the Massachusetts strain, that were showing respiratory signs. Further analysis of the IBV isolates was achieved by phylogenetic analysis comparing their deduced amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region 1 of the S1 gene with reference strains. Four unique genotype clusters containing isolates with indigenous genotypes were observed. One isolate was found to be the Connecticut genotype and three isolates were found to be the Massachusetts genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Alvarado
- Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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49
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Ignjatovic J, Gould G, Sapats S. Isolation of a variant infectious bronchitis virus in Australia that further illustrates diversity among emerging strains. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1567-85. [PMID: 16501892 PMCID: PMC7087298 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Australian infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) have undergone a separate evolution due to geographic isolation. Consequently, changes occurring in Australian IBV illustrate, independently from other countries, types of variability that could occur in emerging IBV strains. Previously, we have identified two distinct genetic groups of IBV, designated subgroups 1 and 2. IBV strains of subgroup 1 have S1 and N proteins that share a high degree of amino acid identity, 81 to 98% in S1 and 91 to 99% in N. Subgroup 2 strains possess S1 and N proteins that share a low level of identity with subgroup 1 strains: 54 to 62% in S1 and 60 to 62% in N. This paper describes the isolation and characterisation of a third, previously undetected genetic group of IBV in Australia. The subgroup 3 strains, represented by isolate chicken/Australia/N2/04, had an S1 protein that shared a low level of identity with both subgroups 1 and 2: 61 to 63% and 56 to 59%, respectively. However, the N protein and the 3′ untranslated region were similar to subgroup 1: 90 to 97% identical with the N protein of subgroup 1 strains. This N4/02 subgroup 3 of IBV is reminiscent of two other strains, D1466 and DE072, isolated in the Netherlands and in the USA, respectively. The emergence of the subgroup 3 viruses in Australia, as well as the emergence of subgroup 2 in 1988, could not be explained by any of the mechanisms that are currently considered to be involved in generation of IBV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignjatovic
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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50
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Loa CC, Wu CC, Lin TL. Comparison of 3'-end encoding regions of turkey coronavirus isolates from Indiana, North Carolina, and Minnesota with chicken infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains. Intervirology 2006; 49:230-8. [PMID: 16491018 PMCID: PMC7179528 DOI: 10.1159/000091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the 3′-end structural protein-encoding region of turkey coronavirus (TCoV) isolates associated with outbreaks of acute enteritis in Indiana, North Carolina, or Minnesota. Methods Four isolates of TCoV were sequenced over the entire 3′-end structural protein-encoding region and compared phylogenetically along with the corresponding sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains. Results The sequence similarity between TCoV and IBV was lower than that among TCoV isolates or that among IBV strains. The variation of sequences between TCoV and IBV was mainly contributed by the S protein gene. The sequence similarity of S gene between TCoV and IBV was lower than that among TCoV isolates or that among IBV strains. The phylogenetic tree based on the S protein region was similar to that based on the entire 3′-end structural protein-encoding region with TCoV isolates and IBV strains grouped in two separate clusters. The phylogenetic tree based on other genes had a very different topology with TCoV isolates randomly forming groups with different IBV strains. Conclusions These results suggested that TCoV probably shared the same origin with that of IBV and acquired sequences of S gene for turkey intestine tropism during the process of evolution in a separate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsang Long Lin
- *Tsang Long Lin, Purdue University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, ADDL, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2065 (USA), Tel. +1 765 494 7927, Fax +1 765 494 9181, E-Mail
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