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Nava-Ramírez MJ, Maguey-González JA, Gómez-Rosales S, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Latorre JD, Du X, López-Coello C, Hargis BM, Téllez-Isaías G, Vázquez-Durán A, Méndez-Albores A. Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B 1 in turkey poults. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:269-277. [PMID: 38421516 PMCID: PMC11043150 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an adsorbent material based on powdered alfalfa leaves added in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet of turkey poults on production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology. For this purpose, three hundred and fifty female Nicholas-700 poults were randomly assigned into five treatments: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g; (3) Alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) AF+alfalfa, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent, and (5) AF+ yeast cell wall (YCW), diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) of yeast cell wall (a commercial mycotoxin binder used as reference material). The in vivo efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves was assessed during a 28-day period. In general, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-free diet gave the best performance results (body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake) and improved the values of total protein, glucose, calcium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Moreover, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-contaminated diet enhanced body weight and body weight gain and significantly reduced the feed intake, compared to the AF and AF+YCW groups. Additionally, significant alterations in serum parameters were observed in poults intoxicated with the AFB1, compared to the Control group. Furthermore, typical histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of the AF group, which were significantly ameliorated with the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves. Conclusively, these results pointed out that low inclusion of powdered alfalfa leaves in the contaminated feed counteracted the adverse effects of AFB1 in turkey poults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - J A Maguey-González
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - S Gómez-Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km 1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, 76280, Mexico
| | - J O Hernández-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Xiangwei Du
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - C López-Coello
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - G Téllez-Isaías
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - A Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico.
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2
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Beterams A, Püning C, Wyink B, Grosse-Kleimann J, Gölz G, Schönknecht A, Alter T, Reich F. Status quo: Levels of Campylobacter spp. and hygiene indicators in German slaughterhouses for broiler and turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110610. [PMID: 38330527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Poultry is a common reservoir for Campylobacter and a main source for human campylobacteriosis. With broiler being the predominant poultry for food production, most food safety related research is conducted for this species, for turkey, few studies are available. Although animals are typically colonized at the farm level, the slaughtering process is considered an important factor in re- and cross-contamination. We examined the development of Campylobacter, E. coli and total colony counts (TCC) after several processing steps in three broiler and one turkey slaughterhouses. Whole carcass rinsing and neck skin sampling was applied for broilers resulting in 486 samples in total, while 126 neck skin samples were collected for turkeys. A decrease in the loads of the different bacterial groups along the broiler slaughtering process was observed. Campylobacter mean counts dropped from 4.5 ± 1.7 log10 CFU/ml after killing to 1.6 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/ml after chilling. However, an increase in Campylobacter counts was evident after evisceration before the values again decreased by the final processing step. Although the Campylobacter prevalence in the turkey samples showed a similar development, the bacterial loads were much lower with 1.7 ± 0.3 log10 CFU/g after killing and 1.7 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/g after chilling compared to those of broilers. The loads of E. coli and total colony count of turkey were higher after killing, were reduced by scalding and remained stable until after chilling. This study highlights trends during the slaughtering process in reducing the levels of Campylobacter, E. coli, and total colony counts for broiler and turkey carcasses, from the initial step to after chilling. These results contribute to our understanding of microbial dynamics during meat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beterams
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Püning
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Wyink
- Frankenförder Forschungsgesellschaft, Potsdamer Straße 18a, 14943 Luckenwalde, Germany
| | - J Grosse-Kleimann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schönknecht
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Abdelrahim A, Harrell E, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Jacob M, Thakur S. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterizations of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Diverse Retail Meat Samples in North Carolina During 2018-2019. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:211-219. [PMID: 38197854 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in U.S. retail meats is conducted to identify potential risks of foodborne illness. In this study, we conducted a phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Escherichia coli recovered from a diverse range of retail meat types during 2018-2019 in North Carolina. The investigation was conducted as part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Retail meat sampling and E. coli isolation were performed in accordance with NARMS retail meat isolation protocols. We used the Sensititre™ broth microdilution system to determine phenotypic resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents and the Illumina next-generation sequencing platform for genotypic resistance profiling. The highest prevalence of E. coli isolates was found in ground turkey (n = 57, 42.9%) and chicken (n = 27, 20.3%), followed by ground beef (n = 25, 18.9%) and pork (n = 24, 18%). The isolates were divided into seven different phylogroups using the Clermont typing tool, with B1 (n = 59, 44.4%) and A (n = 39, 29.3%) being the most dominant, followed by B2 (n = 14, 10.5%), D (n = 7, 5.3%), F (n = 6, 4.5%), E (n = 3, 2.3%), and C (n = 2, 1.5%). Using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 128 Sequence types (STs) were identified indicating high diversity. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was observed toward aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, phenicols, and fluoroquinolones. Ground turkey samples were more resistant to the panel of tested antimicrobials than chicken, beef, or pork (p < 0.05). All isolates were found to be susceptible to meropenem. A high percentage of turkey isolates (n = 16, 28%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) compared with 18.5% of chicken (n = 5), 8.4% of pork (n = 2), and 8% of beef isolates (n = 2). This study highlights the benefit of surveillance to identify MDR E. coli for epidemiologic tracking and is a comprehensive report of the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli isolated from retail meats in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Abdelrahim
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Harrell
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Megan Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Gous RM, Fisher C, Tumová E, Machander V, Chodová D, Tyl J. The response of turkeys to dietary balanced protein during two periods of growth. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:203-212. [PMID: 38353945 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2309289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
1. Two experiments were conducted to measure the response of growing turkeys to dietary protein content. In the first, 960 sexed British United Turkey (BUT 6) poults were used to measure the response to balanced protein from 3 to 6 weeks of age. In the second, 1440 sexed BUT and Hybrid Converter poults were raised from 14 to 17 weeks.2. In both experiments, six levels of dietary protein were fed, with feed intake, body and feather weight gain and changes in body composition measured. The levels of protein chosen ranged from 0.53 to 1.2 of the Aviagen requirements for growing turkeys.3. In the first experiment, six poults were sampled from each sex at the start of the experiment for carcass analysis, and four were sampled from each strain and sex in the second. At the end of each experiment, eight poults from each treatment were sampled. Body composition analyses were made on individual defeathered birds.4. Weight gain increased linearly with protein intake in the early period and exponentially in the later period. In both periods, feed intake decreased as protein content reduced.5. In the early period, body lipid content increased from 20.2 to 41.5 g/kg body weight, as dietary protein content decreased, but there was no change in the later period. Efficiency of utilisation of dietary protein declined linearly with an increase in dietary protein content, from 0.87 to 0.46 g/g in the first, and from 0.43 to 0.27 g/g in the later period.6. The inability of the growing turkey to increase feed intake on marginally limiting feeds may have been due to a genetic constraints to store excess energy consumed as body lipid, resulting in the observed decrease in feed intake as dietary protein content is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C Fisher
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - E Tumová
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Machander
- International Poultry Testing Station Ústrašice, Tabor, Czech Republic
| | - D Chodová
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Tyl
- International Poultry Testing Station Ústrašice, Tabor, Czech Republic
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Criollo V, John FA, Gaghan C, Fletcher OJ, Thachil A, Crespo R, Kulkarni RR. Characterization of immune responses and immunopathology in turkeys experimentally infected with clostridial dermatitis-producing strains of Clostridium septicum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110717. [PMID: 38340537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium septicum is one of the major causative agents of clostridial dermatitis (CD), an emerging disease of turkeys, characterized by sudden deaths and necrotic dermatitis. Despite its economic burden on the poultry industry, the immunopathological changes and pathogen-specific immune responses are poorly characterized. Here, we used three strains of C. septicum, namely Str. A1, Str. B1 and Str. C1, isolated from CD field outbreaks, to experimentally infect turkeys to evaluate local (skin and muscle) and systemic (spleen) pathological and immunological responses. Results showed that while all three strains produced an acute disease, Str. A1 and B1 caused significantly higher mortality when compared to Str. C1. Gross and histopathology evaluation showed that birds infected with Str. A1 and B1 had severe inflammatory, edematous, granulomatous and necrotic lesions in the skin, muscle and spleen, while these lesions produced by Str. C1 were relatively less severe and mostly confined to skin and/or muscle. Immune gene expression in these tissues showed that Str. B1-infected birds had significantly higher expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)γ genes compared to uninfected control, suggesting a robust inflammatory response both locally as well as systemically. The transcription of IL-1β and IFNγ in the muscle or spleen of Str. A1-infected birds and IL-1β in the skin of Str. C1-infected group was also significantly higher than control. Additionally, Str. A1 or B1-infected groups also had significantly higher IL-4 transcription in these tissues, while birds infected with all three strains developed C. septicum-specific serum antibodies. Furthermore, splenic cellular immunophenotyping in the infected turkeys showed a marked reduction in CD4+ cells. Collectively, it can be inferred that host responses against C. septicum involve an acute inflammatory response along with antibody production and that the disease severity seem to depend on the strain of C. septicum involved in CD in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Criollo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Feba Ann John
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Carissa Gaghan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Oscar J Fletcher
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Anil Thachil
- Bacteriology & Mycology Division, Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 4400 Reedy Creek Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States.
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Maguey-González JA, Liu J, Zhang G, Latorre JD, Hernández-Ramírez JO, de Jesús Nava-Ramírez M, Senas-Cuesta R, Gómez-Rosales S, de Lourdes Ángeles M, Stein A, Solís-Cruz B, Hernández-Patlán D, Merino-Guzmán R, Hernandez-Velasco X, Castellanos-Huerta I, Uribe-Diaz S, Vázquez-Durán A, Méndez-Albores A, Petrone-Garcia VM, Tellez Jr. G, Hargis BM, Téllez-Isaías G. Assessment of the Impact of Humic Acids on Intestinal Microbiota, Gut Integrity, Ileum Morphometry, and Cellular Immunity of Turkey Poults Fed an Aflatoxin B 1-Contaminated Diet. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:122. [PMID: 38535788 PMCID: PMC10975313 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent study published data on the growth performance, relative weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, liver histology, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters for turkey poults fed an experimental diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost. The negative effects of AFB1 (250 ng AFB1/g of feed) were significantly reduced by HA supplementation (0.25% w/w), suggesting that HA might be utilized to ameliorate the negative impact of AFB1 from contaminated diets. The present study shows the results of the remaining variables, as an extension of a previously published work which aimed to evaluate the impact of HA on the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an AFB1-contaminated diet. For this objective, five equal groups of 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly assigned to the following treatments: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g), HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA), HA + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% HA + 250 ng AFB1/g), and Zeolite (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). In the experiment, seven replicates of ten poults each were used per treatment (n = 70). In general, HA supplementation with or without the presence of AFB1 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of beneficial butyric acid producers, ileum villi height, and ileum total area, and a significant reduction in serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), a marker of intestinal integrity. In contrast, poults fed with AFB1 showed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and lower numbers of beneficial bacteria, clearly suggesting gut dysbacteriosis. Moreover, poults supplemented with AFB1 displayed the lowest morphometric parameters and the highest intestinal permeability. Furthermore, poults in the negative and positive control treatments had the lowest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response. These findings suggest that HA supplementation enhanced intestinal integrity (shape and permeability), cellular immune response, and healthier gut microbiota composition, even in the presence of dietary exposure to AFB1. These results complement those of the previously published study, suggesting that HA may be a viable dietary intervention to improve gut health and immunity in turkey poults during aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A. Maguey-González
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Juan O. Hernández-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (J.O.H.-R.); (M.d.J.N.-R.); (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - María de Jesús Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (J.O.H.-R.); (M.d.J.N.-R.); (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Roberto Senas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Sergio Gómez-Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro 76280, Mexico; (S.G.-R.); (M.d.L.Á.)
| | - María de Lourdes Ángeles
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro 76280, Mexico; (S.G.-R.); (M.d.L.Á.)
| | - Andressa Stein
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Bruno Solís-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (B.S.-C.); (D.H.-P.)
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlan 54910, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernández-Patlán
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (B.S.-C.); (D.H.-P.)
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlan 54910, Mexico
| | - Rubén Merino-Guzmán
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (R.M.-G.); (X.H.-V.)
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (R.M.-G.); (X.H.-V.)
| | - Inkar Castellanos-Huerta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Santiago Uribe-Diaz
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (J.O.H.-R.); (M.d.J.N.-R.); (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (J.O.H.-R.); (M.d.J.N.-R.); (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | | | - Guillermo Tellez Jr.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Guillermo Téllez-Isaías
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (R.S.-C.); (A.S.); (I.C.-H.); (S.U.-D.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
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7
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Bearson SMD, Monson MS, Bearson BL, Whelan SJ, Byrd JA, Burciaga S. Commercial vaccine provides cross-protection by reducing colonization of Salmonella enterica serovars Infantis and Hadar in turkeys. Vaccine 2024; 42:727-731. [PMID: 38220490 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Human foodborne outbreaks with antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica associated with contaminated poultry products have recently involved serogroup C serovars Infantis and Hadar. The current study evaluated a commercially available Salmonella vaccine for cross-protection against Infantis and Hadar serovars in turkeys. The live, attenuated S. Typhimurium (serogroup B) vaccine significantly reduced colonization of intestinal tissues (cecum, cecal tonsils, and cloaca) by serovars Infantis (C1) and Hadar (C2) and significantly limited systemic dissemination to the spleen. S. Infantis, but not S. Hadar, disseminated to bone marrow in non-vaccinated turkeys, but vaccination prevented S. Infantis dissemination to the bone marrow. The S. Infantis challenge strain contained the pESI megaplasmid, and virulence mechanism(s) residing on this plasmid may support dissemination and/or colonization of systemic niches such as myeloid tissue. Collectively, the data indicate that vaccinating turkeys with the serogroup B S. Typhimurium vaccine limited intestinal colonization and systemic dissemination by serogroup C serovars Infantis and Hadar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Melissa S Monson
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bradley L Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Samuel J Whelan
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James A Byrd
- USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Selma Burciaga
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
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8
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Trintinaglia M, de Brito KCT, Kobayashi RKT, Otutumi LK, Nakazato G, de Souza Gazal LE, Cruz VD, de Brito BG. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of bacteria isolated from the respiratory microbiota of healthy turkeys with potential for probiotic composition. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:381-390. [PMID: 37707656 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Desirable characteristics of Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes isolated from the trachea of healthy turkeys were evaluated as probiotic candidates in the search for new alternatives to solve antimicrobial resistance issues in poultry. In current study phenotypic and genotypic capacity to produce bacteriocin-like substances, efficacy to inhibit the growth of avian pathogens, susceptibility to antimicrobials of bacteria isolated from the respiratory microbiota of healthy turkeys, and the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) predictors of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were evaluated. Nine E. coli and one Klebsiella sp. strains produced bacteriocin-like substances, and all harbored the cvaA gene. Some strains also showed antagonistic activity against APEC. Multidrug-resistant profile was found in 54% of the strains. Six strains of bacteriocin-like substances producing E. coli also harbored 3-5 VAGs. The study showed that two bacterial genuses (Klebsiella sp. and E. coli) present desirable probiotic characteristics. Our results identified strains with potential for poultry's respiratory probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Trintinaglia
- Secretariat of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Diagnosis and Research - Postgraduate Program in Animal Health of the Institute for Veterinary Research Desidério Finamor, Livestock and Rural Development of Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, (RS), Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristina Tagliari de Brito
- Secretariat of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Diagnosis and Research - Postgraduate Program in Animal Health of the Institute for Veterinary Research Desidério Finamor, Livestock and Rural Development of Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, (RS), Brazil.
| | | | - Luciana Kazue Otutumi
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products), Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Benito Guimarães de Brito
- Secretariat of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Diagnosis and Research - Postgraduate Program in Animal Health of the Institute for Veterinary Research Desidério Finamor, Livestock and Rural Development of Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, (RS), Brazil
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9
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Menon I, Sych T, Son Y, Morizumi T, Lee J, Ernst OP, Khelashvili G, Sezgin E, Levitz J, Menon AK. A cholesterol switch controls phospholipid scrambling by G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105649. [PMID: 38237683 PMCID: PMC10874734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of cell membrane signaling receptors, moonlight as constitutively active phospholipid scramblases. The plasma membrane of metazoan cells is replete with GPCRs yet has a strong resting trans-bilayer phospholipid asymmetry, with the signaling lipid phosphatidylserine confined to the cytoplasmic leaflet. To account for the persistence of this lipid asymmetry in the presence of GPCR scramblases, we hypothesized that GPCR-mediated lipid scrambling is regulated by cholesterol, a major constituent of the plasma membrane. We now present a technique whereby synthetic vesicles reconstituted with GPCRs can be supplemented with cholesterol to a level similar to that of the plasma membrane and show that the scramblase activity of two prototypical GPCRs, opsin and the β1-adrenergic receptor, is impaired upon cholesterol loading. Our data suggest that cholesterol acts as a switch, inhibiting scrambling above a receptor-specific threshold concentration to disable GPCR scramblases at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taras Sych
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yeeun Son
- Graduate program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, New York, USA; Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Takefumi Morizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Graduate program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anant K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
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10
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Guo Z, Lu Q, Jin Q, Li P, Xing G, Zhang G. Phylogenetically evolutionary analysis provides insights into the genetic diversity and adaptive evolution of porcine deltacoronavirus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:22. [PMID: 38200538 PMCID: PMC10782762 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the emerging swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), which has been widely prevalent in the North America and Asia. In addition to causing severe diarrhea in piglets, PDCoV also shows the potential to infect diverse host species, including calves, chickens, turkey poults, and humans. However, the clinical pathogenicity and genetic evolution of PDCoV is still not fully understood. RESULTS Here, we recorded an outbreak of a novel recombinant PDCoV strain (CHN-HeN06-2022) in a large nursery fattening pig farm. Genomic analysis showed that the CHN-HeN06-2022 strain shared 98.3-98.7% sequence identities with the Chinese and American reference strains. To clarify the evolutionary relationships, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the PDCoV genome sequences available in the GenBank database. Based on genetic distance and geographical distribution, the phylogenetic tree clearly showed that all the PDCoV sequences could be divided into lineage 1 and lineage 2, which were further classified into sublineage 1.1 (Chinese strains), 1.2 (the North American strains), 2.1 (the Southeast Asian strains), and 2.2 (Chinese strains). Corresponding to the evolutionary tree, we found that, compared to lineage 1, lineage 2 strains usually contain a continuous 6-nt deletion in Nsp2 and a 9-nt deletion in Nsp3, respectively. Furthermore, recombination analysis suggested that the CHN-HeN06-2022 occurred segments exchange crossed Nsp2 and Nsp3 region between sublineage 1.1 and sublineage 2.1. Combined with previously reported recombinant strains, the highest recombination frequency occurred in Nsp2, Nsp3, and S gene. Additionally, we identified a total of 14 amino acid sites under positive selection in spike protein, most of which are located in the regions related with the viral attachment, receptor binding, and membrane fusion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our studies provide novel insights into the genetic diversity and adaptive evolution of PDCoV. It would be helpful to the development of vaccine and potential antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Peng Li
- Vet Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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11
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Sampedro F, Garcés-Vega F, Strickland AJ, Hedberg CW. Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating and serotyping Salmonella in ground turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e12. [PMID: 38185825 PMCID: PMC10804136 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica continues to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration and serotyping strategies on public health after consumption of undercooked contaminated ground turkey in the USA. The risk assessment model predicted more than 20,000 human illnesses annually that would result in ~700 annual reported cases. Removing ground turkey lots contaminated with Salmonella exceeding 10 MPN/g, 1 MPN/g, and 1 MPN/25 g would decrease the mean number of illnesses by 38.2, 73.1, and 95.0%, respectively. A three-class mixed sampling plan was tested to allow the detection of positive lots above threshold levels with 2-6 (c = 1) and 3-8 samples per lot (c = 2) using 25-g and 325-g sample sizes for a 95% probability of rejecting a contaminated lot. Removal of positive lots with the presence of highly virulent serotypes would decrease the number of illnesses by 44.2-87.0%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration and/or serotyping. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives, at the cost of diverting production lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ali J. Strickland
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig W. Hedberg
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Stefania C, Alessio M, Paolo M, Tiziano D, Favretto AR, Francesca Z, Giulia M, Giandomenico P. The application of biosecurity practices for preventing avian influenza in North-Eastern Italy turkey farms: An analysis of the point of view and perception of farmers. Prev Vet Med 2024; 222:106084. [PMID: 38064904 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Italian and international outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), particularly in densely populated poultry areas (DPPAs), have increased over the past few decades. These emerging risks, which endanger both human and animal health and the entire poultry industry, can be effectively limited by biosecurity measures implemented at human-animal food chain interfaces. Some problems, however, persist in the application of these measures on the part of poultry farmers, prompting the need to explore those aspects and causes that limit their implementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A qualitative approach was selected for the study and a semi-structured interview technique was applied to collect data among turkey farmers (n = 29) working in the north-east of Italy. The aim of this technique was to gather data on farms in order to understand the biosecurity practices adopted and the reasons for and impediments to farmer implementation, or lack thereof. This article presents and discusses the main data collected. RESULTS The study revealed that farmers were familiar with the biosecurity measures necessary to contain avian influenza (AI) and other poultry diseases; personal disinfection and animal isolation practices were particularly prominent. Based on the reported procedures, managerial, economic, and psychosocial factors were among the barriers behind the failure to implement biosecurity measures. These obstacles were variously intertwined and associated with the different action settings. In particular management factors, such as lack of time to apply the rules and difficulties contingent on the farm's structural characteristics, mediate the application of biosecurity measures. In terms of communication channels, the company, particularly its technicians, proved to be the primary source of information for farmers in case of emergencies, as well as the primary source of information on the application of biosecurity measures. However, other sources of information were indicated, such as word of mouth among farmers or other non-institutional figures (relatives and acquaintances). CONCLUSIONS What emerged, was the need to improve not only the biosecurity management skills, but also to implement forms of cooperation among the various key stakeholders in the poultry sector. The information presented in this pilot study needs to be discussed among competent authorities, public and company veterinarians, company technicians, and farmers. Furthermore, this information will help in participatory co-planning of risk prevention and communication strategies to implement a long-term, sustainable, effective approach to address future epidemic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crovato Stefania
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Menini Alessio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, currently at Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Changes (CMCC), via Enrico de Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mulatti Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Dorotea Tiziano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, currently at Servizio Veterinario di Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale e loro derivati, Dipartimento funzionale di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, AULSS6 Euganea, Via Frà Paolo Sarpi, 76, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Favretto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli studi di Torino, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Zaltron Francesca
- Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza e Scienze Politiche, Economiche e Sociali, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Camillo Cavour, 84, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mascarello Giulia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Pozza Giandomenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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13
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Mousa-Balabel TM, Abouel-Enein FA, Eldeen MSS, Sabek AA, ALgazzar EA. Slatted floor reduces the welfare and increases the foot pad dermatitis and growth performance of Turkeys under Egyptian conditions. Open Vet J 2024; 14:46-52. [PMID: 38633194 PMCID: PMC11018450 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background When Turkeys' legscome in contact with their dropping during the growing stage results in footpad dermatitis condition which affects the poult's welfare and productivity. Aim Our experiment aimed to detect the impact of various bedding substrates on the wellbeing, and performance of growing Turkey under Egyptian conditions. Methods 180-day-old Turkey poults were allocated into three treatments. In treatment I, the poults [60 each with three replicates (n = 20 birds)] were kept on wood shavings (WS); in the second treatment, the poults were housed on chopped wheat straw (CWS). However, in the third treatment, they kept on a plastic slatted floor (PSF). Results The greater feed intake and body weight were recorded in poults reared in PSF compared with those kept in other treatments (WS and CWS). Feed conversion ratio did not show any significant difference. The mortality percentage was higher in the PSF group than in the WS one. The frequency of feeding and drinking behavior was higher in poults reared on WS treatment compared with other treatments CWS and PSF. On the other hand, resting behavior showed the highest frequency in poults kept in PSF. Contrary, the lowest frequency of walking behavior was recorded in poults reared in PSF treatment. In addition, the poults kept in WS had a longer tonic immobility reaction period followed by those kept in PSF and CWS. Concerning foot-pad dermatitis, the highest score of 0 was observed in the CWS group, while the highest score of 1 was recorded among poults kept in the WS group. On the other side, the highest score 2, 3, and 4 was observed in the poults reared in the PSF group. Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio of Turkey poults was higher in PSF. While T3 and T4 concentrations in blood were not affected by using different bedding materials. Conclusion It is concluded that the slatted floor was good for Turkey producers from the point of performance but, it is the worst from the point of welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M. Mousa-Balabel
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Fatma A. Abouel-Enein
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Shams Eldeen
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Sabek
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Eman A. ALgazzar
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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14
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Flores K, Krafka K, Hyda J, Grimes JL. Chromium propionate in turkeys: effect on performance and animal safety. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103195. [PMID: 38039937 PMCID: PMC10698664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hundred eighty-eight male Nicholas Large White turkey poults were used to determine the effect of supplementing turkeys with chromium propionate (Cr Prop) from 1 to 84 d of age on performance and animal safety. Treatments consisted of Cr prop supplemented to provide 0, 0.2, or 1.0 mg Cr/kg diet. One mg of supplemental Cr is 5 times (x) the minimal concentration of Cr Prop that enhanced insulin sensitivity in turkeys. Each treatment consisted of 8 floor pens with 12 poults per pen. Turkeys were individually weighed initially, and at the end of the starter 1 (d 21), starter 2 (d 42), grower 1 (d 63), and grower 2 phase (d 84). On d 85, blood was collected from the wing vein in heparinized tubes from 2 turkeys per pen for plasma chemistry measurements. A separate blood sample was collected from the same turkeys in tubes containing K2EDTA for hematology measurements. Turkey performance was not affected by treatment during the starter 1 phase. Gain was greater (P = 0.024) and feed/gain lower (P = 0.030) for turkeys supplemented with Cr compared with controls during the starter 2 phase. Over the entire 84-d study turkeys supplemented with Cr had greater (P = 0.005) ADG and tended (P = 0.074) to gain more efficiently than controls. Gain (P = 0.180) and feed/gain (P = 0.511) of turkeys supplemented with 0.2 mg Cr/kg did not differ from those receiving 1.0 mg Cr/kg over the entire 84-d study. Feed intake was not affected by treatment. Body weights of turkeys supplemented with Cr were heavier (P = 0.005) than controls by d 84. Chromium supplementation did not affect hematological measurements and had minimal effect on plasma chemistry variables. Results of this study indicates that Cr Prop supplementation can improve turkey performance, and is safe when supplemented to turkey diets at 5x the minimal concentration that enhanced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K Flores
- Prestage Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - K Krafka
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J Hyda
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
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15
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Krafka K, Hyda J, Grimes JL. Research Note: Chromium propionate for turkeys: effect on tissue chromium concentrations and human food safety. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103196. [PMID: 37980756 PMCID: PMC10665900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing turkey diets with chromium propionate (Cr Prop) on Cr concentrations in tissues consumed by humans. Nicholas White male day-old poults were used in this study. Treatments consisted of 0, 0.20, or 1.0 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet. Each treatment consisted of 8 replicate floor pens with 12 poults housed per pen. Diets were fed ad libitum for 84 d. At the end of the study, 2 turkeys per pen were euthanized and samples of liver, breast muscle, kidney, and skin with adhering fat were collected from a similar location in each bird for Cr analysis. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare the 2 Cr supplemented treatments to the control (0 added Cr) and 0.20 mg Cr to 1.0 mg Cr/kg diet. When expressed on a DM or wet tissue basis, liver (P = 0.001) and muscle (P = 0.015) Cr concentrations were greater in turkeys supplemented with Cr compared with controls. Chromium concentrations in liver were also greater (P = 0.001) in turkeys supplemented with 1.0 mg Cr/kg than those receiving 0.20 mg Cr/kg. Concentrations of Cr in kidney and skin + fat were not affected by treatment. Considering the adequate intake of Cr established for humans, supplementation of Cr Prop at up to 1.0 mg Cr/kg diet would have minimal effect on total Cr intake by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K Krafka
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J Hyda
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
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16
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Adcock KG, Berghaus RD, Goodwin CC, Ruder MG, Yabsley MJ, Mead DG, Nemeth NM. Lymphoproliferative Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Detection and Disease in Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:139-150. [PMID: 37972643 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are oncogenic retroviruses that can cause disease in wild and domestic fowl. Lymphoproliferative disease virus infections are common and widespread in Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the US and east-central Canada, while REV has been detected worldwide in numerous avian host species. We tested tissues (spleen, liver, and/or bone marrow, plus neoplastic tissue, if present) from 172 Wild Turkeys that underwent necropsy from December 2018 through October 2021 for both viruses using PCR. We evaluated demographic, geographic, temporal, and seasonal data by chi-square test of independence and logistic regression for turkeys infected with LPDV and/or REV. At least one of these retroviruses was detected in 80.8% (139/172) of Wild Turkeys from 15 US states, with significantly more turkeys being positive for LPDV (72.1%, 124/172) versus REV (43.6%, 75/172; P<0.001). Both viruses (coinfections) were detected in 34.9% (60/172) of turkeys. Among LPDV-infected turkeys (including coinfections), bone marrow had the highest detection rate (38/58, 65.5%), significantly higher than spleen (30/58, 51.7%) and liver (20/58, 34.5%; P<0.001). In REV-infected turkeys, bone marrow had the highest detection rate (24/58, 41.4%). All three tissues (spleen, liver, bone marrow) concurrently tested positive in most (15/25, 60%) REV-infected turkeys. These results suggest LPDV tissue tropism for bone marrow, whereas REV may have broader tissue tropism. Histopathology consistent with lymphoid proliferation and/or neoplasia characteristic of lymphoproliferative disease was evident in 29/172 (16.9%) turkeys assessed, including two REV-only-infected turkeys. Season was significantly associated with LPDV prevalence (highest in winter); year and season were both significantly associated with REV prevalence (highest in 2020 and winter). These data contribute to optimizing diagnostic strategies that may aid in pathogen monitoring and improve detections to increase our understanding of the potential impacts of these viruses on Wild Turkey populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla G Adcock
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Chloe C Goodwin
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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17
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Krafka K, Hyda J, Grimes JL. Chromium propionate in turkeys: effects on insulin sensitivity. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103215. [PMID: 37992621 PMCID: PMC10700384 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), as Cr propionate (Cr Prop), on measures of insulin sensitivity in turkeys. Plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and liver glycogen concentrations were used as indicators of insulin sensitivity. One-day-old Nicholas Large White female poults (n = 336) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicate cages with 7 turkeys per cage. Final BW were taken on d 34, and on d 35 two birds from each cage were sampled for plasma glucose and NEFA, and liver glycogen determination at the initiation (fed state) and termination (fasted state) of a 24-h fast. Following a 24-h fast, 2 turkeys per cage were refed (refed state) their treatment diet for 4 h, and then harvested. Feed/gain and ADG did not differ between control and Cr-supplemented turkeys over the 34-d study, but feed intake tended (P = 0.071) to be greater for controls than turkeys receiving 0.4 mg Cr/kg diet. Fed turkeys had greater plasma glucose (P = 0.002) and liver glycogen (P = 0.001) concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) NEFA concentrations than fasted birds. Turkeys refed after fasting had greater (P = 0.001) plasma glucose and liver glycogen concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) plasma NEFA levels than fed turkeys. Liver glycogen and plasma NEFA concentrations did not differ among control and Cr-supplemented birds in the fed, fasted, or refed state. Plasma glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment in fed or fasted turkeys. Turkeys supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 mg Cr/kg and refed after fasting had lower (quadratic, P = 0.038) plasma glucose concentrations than controls. Plasma glucose concentrations in refed birds did not differ among Cr-supplemented turkeys. The lower plasma glucose concentration in Cr-supplemented turkeys following refeeding is consistent with Cr enhancing insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K Krafka
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J Hyda
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
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18
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Durairaj V, Barber E, Veen RV. Early Detection of Histomoniasis in Blood Samples by PCR and Sequencing. Avian Dis 2024; 67:340-344. [PMID: 38300655 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Histomoniasis is a deadly disease of turkeys causing devastating economic losses to the poultry industry. In field outbreaks, a presumptive diagnosis is made based on gross pathology lesions and confirmed by histopathology. An early detection tool with quick turnaround time is needed to prevent the spread of histomoniasis. With this objective, two studies were conducted in turkeys. In Study 1, 40 poults were housed in two pens (20 poults/pen) and challenged at 14 days of age with Histomonas meleagridis by intracloacal route. Blood samples were collected 4 days postchallenge. Fifty-five percent (22/40) of the blood samples tested positive for H. meleagridis based on PCR using primers targeted against the 18S rRNA gene and confirmed by sequencing. In Study 2, 40 poults were housed in two groups and raised in floor pens. Groups 1 and 2 served as negative and challenge controls, respectively. At 14 days of age, the birds in Group 2 were challenged with H. meleagridis by intracloacal route. Blood samples were collected 2 days postchallenge. Five percent (1/20) of the blood samples tested positive for H. meleagridis, based on PCR and confirmed by sequencing. The results from both studies indicate that H. meleagridis DNA can be detected in the blood samples by PCR and confirmed by sequencing as early as 4 days postchallenge. This early detection method could be applied in field outbreaks to detect and confirm histomoniasis as early as possible.
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19
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Quaglia G, Di Francesco A, Catelli E, Mescolini G, Lupini C. Turkey adenovirus 3: ORF1 gene sequence comparison between vaccine-like and field strains. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2307-2313. [PMID: 37289400 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically significant disease reported in the majority of the countries where turkeys are raised intensively; it is caused by Turkey adenovirus 3 (TAdV-3). The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the ORF1 gene 3' region from turkey haemorrhagic enteritis virus (THEV) vaccine-like and field strains in order to develop a molecular diagnostic method to differentiate the strains from each other. Eighty samples were analysed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses using a new set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeting a genomic region spanning the partial ORF1, hyd and partial IVa2 gene sequences. A commercial live vaccine was also included in the analysis. The results showed that 56 of the 80 sequences obtained in this study showed ≥99.8% nucleotide identity with the homologous vaccine strain sequence. Three non-synonymous mutations - ntA1274G (aaI425V), ntA1420C (aaQ473H) and ntG1485A (aaR495Q) - were detected in the THEV field strains but not in the vaccine strain. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the clustering of the field and vaccine-like strains in different phylogenetic branches. In conclusion, the method employed in this study could be a useful tool towards making a correct diagnosis. The data could contribute to the knowledge of field distribution of THEV strains and increase the limited existing information available on native isolates around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
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20
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Pawar SD, Tare DS, Kode SS, Keng SS. Utility of glutaraldehyde-fixed turkey red blood cells for influenza virus detection after 18 months of storage. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114830. [PMID: 37783397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Turkey red blood cells (tRBCs) are an essential reagent used in the laboratory diagnosis of influenza viruses. Fresh tRBCs when stored at 4 °C have a shelf life of less than a week. Previous studies have shown the utility of glutaraldehyde-fixed tRBCs, with an increased shelf life, for use in hemagglutination (HA) assays. In the present study, we report their functionality after storage for 18 months, at -80 °C. Three influenza A subtypes, namely, H3N2, H1N1 and H5N1, were used in the study. Hemagglutination assay was performed using freshly prepared 0.5 % tRBCs suspension and stored 1 % glutaraldehyde-fixed tRBCs. There was no significant difference in the HA titers obtained using fresh and stored tRBCs. The validation of the HA assay was carried out, to determine the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness of the assay. All of the titers were within the acceptable range, indicating the validity of the HA assay using stored tRBCs. Hemagglutination inhibition assay was also performed to compare the antibody titers obtained using stored and fresh tRBCs. The stored RBCs also gave equivalent antibody titers, as compared to the fresh tRBCs. Thus, the present study demonstrates the utility of glutaraldehyde-fixed tRBCs after one and a half years of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India.
| | - Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
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21
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Omidi S, Bouyeh M, Seidavi A. The effect of vitamin C and aspirin supplementation on the performance of turkeys under normal conditions. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3395-3403. [PMID: 36448699 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2152037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin C and aspirin on the growth performance of turkeys under normal conditions. For this purpose, 288 male turkeys, BUT6 strain, were used from 1-day-old to 12 weeks of age in nine treatments with four replications and eight birds per replication, as a 3 × 3 factorial experiment [three levels of vitamin C (V; 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg feed), and three levels of aspirin (A; 0, 75, and 150 mg/kg feed)] in a completely randomized design. Our results demonstrated that supplementing with vitamin C and aspirin had no effect on plasma total protein and albumin levels, but the data revealed significant effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the supplemental groups. Also, the interaction of vitamin C and aspirin significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and abdominal fat pad. The results of this study indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin C and aspirin supplements may be related to changes in plasma lipids and body fat under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Omidi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bouyeh
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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22
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Li W, Meng H, Liang X, Peng J, Irwin DM, Shen X, Shen Y. The genome evolution of Marek's disease viruses in chickens and turkeys in China. Virus Genes 2023; 59:845-851. [PMID: 37851282 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The virus that causes Marek's disease (MD) is globally ubiquitous in chickens, continuously evolving, and poses a significant threat to the poultry industry. Although vaccines are extensively used, MD still occurs frequently and the virus has evolved increased virulence in China. Here, we report an outbreak of MD in vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated turkeys in a backyard farm in Guangdong province, China, in 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two lineages of MDVs at this farm, with one lineage, containing isolates from two turkeys and five chickens, clustering with virulent Chinese strains and displays a relatively high genetic divergence from the vaccine strains. These new isolates appear to have broken through vaccine immunity, yielding this outbreak of MD in chickens and turkeys. The second lineage included four chicken isolates that clustered with the CVI988 and 814 vaccine strains. The large diversity of MDVs in this single outbreak reveals a complex circulation of MDVs in China. Poor breeding conditions and the weak application of disease prevention and control measures make backyard farms a hotbed for the evolution of viruses that cause infectious diseases. This is especially important in MDV as the MD vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity, which allows the replication and shedding of virulent field viruses by vaccinated individuals and supporting the continuous evolution of MDVs. Hence, constant monitoring of the evolution of MDVs is necessary to understand the evolution of these field viruses and potential expansions of their host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Meng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Leyson C, Youk S, Lee SA, Moon LM, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Lenoch JB, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 38005949 PMCID: PMC10674317 DOI: 10.3390/v15112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A. Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Linda M. Moon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
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24
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Hernandez-Patlan D, Solis-Cruz B, Latorre JD, Maguey-Gonzalez JA, Castellanos-Huerta I, Beyssac E, Garrait G, Vázquez-Durán A, López-Arellano R, Méndez-Albores A, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of a Formulation Containing Ascorbic Acid and Eudragit FS 30D Microparticles for the Controlled Release of a Curcumin-Boric Acid Solid Dispersion in Turkey Poults Infected with Salmonella enteritidis: A Therapeutic Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16186. [PMID: 38003375 PMCID: PMC10671343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of components within a formulation or for treatment must stop being arbitrary and must be focused on scientific evidence that supports the inclusion of each one. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to obtain a formulation based on ascorbic acid (AA) and Eudragit FS 30D microparticles containing curcumin-boric acid (CUR-BA) considering interaction studies between the active components carried out via Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to minimize antagonistic effects, and comprehensively and effectively treat turkey poults infected with Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis). The DSC and FTIR studies clearly demonstrated the interactions between AA, BA, and CUR. Consequently, the combination of AA with CUR and/or BA should be avoided, but not CUR and BA. Furthermore, the Eudragit FS 30D microparticles containing CUR-BA (SD CUR-BA MP) showed a limited release of CUR-BA in an acidic medium, but they were released at a pH 6.8-7.0, which reduced the interactions between CUR-BA and AA. Finally, in the S. enteritidis infection model, turkey poults treated with the combination of AA and SD CUR-BA MP presented lower counts of S. enteritidis in cecal tonsils after 10 days of treatment. These results pointed out that the use of an adequate combination of AA and CUR-BA as an integral treatment of S. enteritidis infections could be a viable option to replace the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hernandez-Patlan
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (FESC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
- Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, Mexico
| | - Bruno Solis-Cruz
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (FESC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
- Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, Mexico
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (J.A.M.-G.); (I.C.-H.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Jesus A. Maguey-Gonzalez
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (J.A.M.-G.); (I.C.-H.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Inkar Castellanos-Huerta
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (J.A.M.-G.); (I.C.-H.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Eric Beyssac
- UFR Pharmacie, UMR MEDIS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Ghislain Garrait
- UFR Pharmacie, UMR MEDIS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (FESC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (A.V.-D.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (J.A.M.-G.); (I.C.-H.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (J.A.M.-G.); (I.C.-H.); (B.M.H.); (G.T.-I.)
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Petukhova T, Spinato M, Rossi T, Guerin MT, Kelton D, Nelson-Smikle P, Barham M, Ojkic D, Poljak Z. Development of interactive dashboards for monitoring endemic animal pathogens in Ontario, Canada: Ontario interactive animal pathogen dashboards. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:727-736. [PMID: 37542384 PMCID: PMC10621539 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231190076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement of web-based technologies makes it possible to build user interfaces or web pages that present and summarize complex data in easy-to-read graphical formats that emphasize key information. Taking advantage of this technologic progress, we addressed the need for real-time visualizations of trends for major pathogens in the largest livestock industries in Ontario: poultry, swine, and cattle. These visualizations were built using test data from the laboratory information management system of the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph, a large veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Ontario. The data were processed using R software and used to construct interactive and dynamic visualizations using Tableau Desktop v.2021.4 (Tableau Software). We designed 12 dashboards: in chickens-influenza A virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and infectious laryngotracheitis virus; in turkeys-influenza A virus; in swine, influenza A virus, rotavirus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; in cattle-bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycoplasma bovis, Salmonella Dublin in individual samples, and Salmonella Dublin in bulk tank milk samples. Data for each pathogen are presented in 2 dashboards. One shows the data of the last 10 y (general view) and the other the data of the last 3 y, but in more detail (comprehensive view). Information on gaining access to all dashboards is available at https://iapd.lsd.uoguelph.ca/. The visualizations provide near-real-time access to aggregated assay results for selected pathogens for veterinarians, animal health regulatory agencies, researchers, and other users who are interested in livestock pathogen surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Petukhova
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Spinato
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Rossi
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Melanie Barham
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Ulrey EE, Wightman PH, Bakner NW, Buckley BR, Fyffe N, Oleson B, Smallwood A, Heffelfinger JR, Chamberlain MJ, Collier BA. Habitat selection of Gould's wild turkeys in southeastern Arizona. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18639. [PMID: 37903898 PMCID: PMC10616159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In semi-arid environments, resources necessary for survival may be unevenly distributed across the landscape. Gould's wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo mexicana) are spatially restricted to mountainous semi-arid areas of southwestern United States and Mexico, and information on their distribution and habitat use is limited. We described how landcover type and topographical features influenced space use and habitat selection by Gould's wild turkeys in southeastern Arizona. We used GPS data from 51 Gould's wild turkeys to describe resource selection during 2016-2017 in southeastern Arizona, USA. We estimated home ranges and calculated resource selection functions using distance from landcover types, slope, aspect, and elevation at used locations and random locations within individual home ranges. Gould's wild turkeys selected areas closer to pine forest and water. Likewise, Gould's wild turkeys selected locations with moderate elevations of 1641 ± 235 m (range = 1223-2971 m), and on north and west facing slopes with a 10° ± 8.5 (range = 0.0-67.4°) incline. Our findings suggest that conserving portions of the landscape with appropriate topography and landcover types as described above will promote habitat availability for Gould's wild turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Ulrey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Patrick H Wightman
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nicholas W Bakner
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Byron R Buckley
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nathan Fyffe
- Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Brittany Oleson
- Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Alex Smallwood
- Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - James R Heffelfinger
- Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Michael J Chamberlain
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bret A Collier
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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27
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Gaghan C, Browning M, Fares AM, Abdul-Careem MF, Gimeno IM, Kulkarni RR. In Ovo Vaccination with Recombinant Herpes Virus of the Turkey-Laryngotracheitis Vaccine Adjuvanted with CpG-Oligonucleotide Provides Protection against a Viral Challenge in Broiler Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:2103. [PMID: 37896880 PMCID: PMC10612038 DOI: 10.3390/v15102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease in chickens. We previously showed that an in ovo adjuvantation of recombinant herpesvirus of the turkey-Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccine with CpG-oligonucleotides (ODN) can boost vaccine-induced responses in one-day-old broiler chickens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of in ovo administered rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN vaccination against a wild-type ILT virus (ILTV) challenge at 28 days of age and assessed splenic immune gene expression as well as cellular responses. A chicken-embryo-origin (CEO)-ILT vaccine administered in water at 14 days of age was also used as a comparative control for the protection assessment. The results showed that the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or the CEO vaccinations provided significant protection against the ILTV challenge and that the level of protection induced by both the vaccines was statistically similar. The protected birds had a significantly upregulated expression of interferon (IFN)γ or interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine genes. Furthermore, the chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or CEO vaccine had a significantly higher frequency of γδ T cells and activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, compared to the unvaccinated-ILTV challenge control. Collectively, our findings suggest that CpG-ODN can be used as an effective adjuvant for rHVT-LT in ovo vaccination to induce protective immunity against ILT in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Gaghan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (A.M.F.)
| | - Matthew Browning
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (A.M.F.)
| | - Abdelhamid M. Fares
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (A.M.F.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Isabel M. Gimeno
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (A.M.F.)
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (A.M.F.)
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28
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Bakner NW, Collier BA, Chamberlain MJ. Behavioral-dependent recursive movements and implications for resource selection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16632. [PMID: 37789205 PMCID: PMC10547709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within home ranges, animals repeatedly visit certain areas. Recursive movement patterns are widespread throughout the animal kingdom, but are rarely considered when developing resource selection models. We examined how behavioral state-dependent recursive movements influenced reource selection of eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) broods as they aged from day 1 to 28. Because broods become more plastic in behaviors once they begin roosting off the ground, we separated data into broods that were ground roosting (1-13 days) and tree roosting (14-28 days). We used Hidden Markov Models to identify 2 behavioral states (restricted and mobile). We extracted state-specific recursive movements based on states and specific step lengths, which we integrated into a step selection analysis to evaluate resource selection. We found that in a restricted state, ground roosting broods spent less time in areas of mixed pine-hardwoods and more time in areas with greater vegetation density. Tree roosting broods revisited areas closer to shrub/scrub landcover types, and areas with greater vegetation density. Tree roosting broods also spent less time near mixed pine-hardwoods, while spending more time in areas with greater vegetation density. We found that in a mobile state, ground roosting broods revisited areas closer to secondary roads and mixed pine-hardwoods, but farther from hardwoods. Tree roosting broods revisited areas farther from secondary roads and with greater vegetation density. Tree roosting broods also spent more time in areas closer to pine. Resource selection varied depending on behavioral state and recursive movements. However, revisitation and residence time impacted selection in both ground and tree roosting broods. Our findings highlight the need to consider how behaviors can influence movement decisions and ultimately resource selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Bakner
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Bret A Collier
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Michael J Chamberlain
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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29
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Malmberg JL, Miller M, Jennings-Gaines J, Allen SE. Mortality in Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Associated with Natural Infection with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) Subclade 2.3.4.4. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:767-773. [PMID: 37486883 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A Eurasian strain of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was first detected in North America in December 2021 and has since been confirmed in numerous wild and domestic avian species. In April 2022, 41 Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were found dead in Johnson County, Wyoming, USA adjacent to a property with confirmed HPAIV in a backyard poultry flock. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 11 of the 41 turkeys and necropsy was performed on seven. Avian influenza virus RNA was detected in all 11 turkeys by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Acute, multiorgan necrosis was observed grossly and identified in all seven turkeys evaluated by histopathology, most consistently in the lung, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and gonads. Lesions indicate high virulence of subclade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV in Wild Turkeys, with infections presenting as clusters of acute mortality. Although documented cases of HPAIV in Wild Turkeys are rare, these findings signify a risk of spillback from domestic poultry, which may be heightened by the recent rise in backyard poultry ownership and the use of peridomestic habitat by wild birds. Additional research is needed to better understand the risk of disease transmission at the interface of Wild Turkeys and backyard poultry and the potential conservation and management implications of HPAIV in wild gallinaceous birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Current affiliation and address: National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Myrna Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Jessica Jennings-Gaines
- Veterinary Services, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Samantha E Allen
- Veterinary Services, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 South Adams Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
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30
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Gray LS, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Patlan D, Solis-Cruz B, Petrone-Garcia VM, Hernandez-Velasco X, Robbins KM, Moore RW, Vuong CN, Stein A, Laverty L, Martin K, Coles ME, Señas-Cuesta R, Diaz-Gomez JM, Loeza I, Castellanos-Huerta I, Maguey-Gonzalez JA, Graham BD, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Isolation, characterization, and experimental infection of Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies pasteurianus from commercial turkeys with acute septicemia: a pilot study. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102950. [PMID: 37540949 PMCID: PMC10407896 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus (SG) is a Gram-positive cocci found as commensal gut flora in animals and humans. SG has emerged as a cause of disease in young poults between 1 and 3 wk of age. SG is associated with septicemia resulting in acute mortality with no premonitory signs in turkeys. Three SG isolates were obtained from clinical field cases of acute septicemia of commercial turkeys and used in three independent experiments. In Experiment 1, embryos were inoculated 25 d of embryogenesis with varying concentrations of SG1, SG2, or SG3. In Experiment 2, day of hatch, poults were inoculated with varying concentrations using different routes of administration of SG1, SG2, or SG3. In Experiment 3, day of hatch, poults were inoculated with only isolate SG1 using different paths. Poults were randomly selected for necropsy on d 8 and d 15 and sampled to collect spleen, heart, and liver for SG on d 21, the remaining poults were necropsied and cultured. Samples were plated on Columbia nalidixic acid and colistin agar (CNA) (40°C, 18-24 h). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) confirmed suspect colonies. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test of independence, testing all possible combinations to determine significance (P < 0.05). Weight data were subjected to ANOVA using JMP with significance (P < 0.05). No differences were found in BW or BWG on d 0, 8, 15, or 22. Splenomegaly, focal heart necrosis, and pericarditis were observed in all groups in experiments 1 through 3. In Experiment 3, only airsacculitis was observed in a negative control in separate isolation (P > 0.05). On d 21 of Experiment 3, increased (P < 0.05) recovery of SG from spleens were observed in co-housed negative controls, as well as poults challenged by oral gavage (P > 0.05 for d 7 and d 14). These results confirm numerous previous studies indicating that SG subsp. pasteurianus is a primary infectious microorganism that causes septicemia in young poults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Gray
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - D Hernandez-Patlan
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State 54714, Mexico; Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan, Mexico State 54910, Mexico
| | - B Solis-Cruz
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State 54714, Mexico; Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan, Mexico State 54910, Mexico
| | - V M Petrone-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, UNAM-FESC, Cuautitlán, Estado de Mexico 54714, Mexico
| | - X Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Cd. de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - R W Moore
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72703, USA
| | - C N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - A Stein
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L Laverty
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - K Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - M E Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - R Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - I Loeza
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - I Castellanos-Huerta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - J A Maguey-Gonzalez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B D Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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31
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Shrestha RD, Agunos A, Gow SP, Varga C. Assessing antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and its association with antimicrobial use in Canadian turkey flocks. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e152. [PMID: 37667888 PMCID: PMC10548540 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Turkeys are important sources of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter. A total of 1063 isolates were obtained from 293 turkey flocks across Canada between 2016 and 2021 to evaluate their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) prevalence, patterns, distribution, and association with antimicrobial use (AMU). A high proportion of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, despite the very low use of these drugs. C. jejuni isolates had a higher probability of being resistant to tetracyclines than C. coli isolates. The chance of C. jejuni isolates being resistant to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and lincosamides was lower compared to C. coli. Isolates from the western region had a higher probability of being resistant to fluoroquinolones than isolates from Ontario. Isolates from Ontario had higher odds of being resistant to tetracyclines than isolates from Quebec. No associations were noted between the resistance and use of the same antimicrobial, but the use of certain antimicrobial classes may have played a role in the maintenance of resistance in Campylobacter (fluoroquinolone resistance - bacitracin and streptogramin use, tetracycline resistance - flavophospholipids and streptogramins use, macrolide resistance - flavophospholipid use). Low-level multidrug-resistant Campylobacter was observed indicating a stable AMR in turkeys. This study provided insights aiding future AMU and AMR surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima D. Shrestha
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sheryl P. Gow
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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32
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Lee J, Choi W, Lee K. Research Note: Distribution of nanospheres in the cuticle layer of the eggshell in major poultry species. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102882. [PMID: 37406431 PMCID: PMC10466291 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralized eggshell is a unique and protective structure in an avian egg. Among different eggshell layers, the cuticle layer is an outermost layer and plays a critical role in protection against bacterial infection. Although the importance of nanosphere in the cuticle layer on the antimicrobial function has been widely accepted, the detailed nanostructure of the cuticle layer in the major poultry species has not been investigated. In the current study, eggs from Japanese quail, commercial layer chickens, mixed breed turkeys, and White Pekin ducks were collected. To investigate the nanostructure throughout the cuticle layer, images of the cross-sectional cuticle layer were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Unlike the cuticle layer in ducks showing deformed bunched nanospheres, clearly separated nanospheres were present throughout the cuticle layer in quail, chickens, and turkeys. The average size of the nanosphere was the biggest in turkeys and similar between quail and chickens. Most importantly, the size of nanospheres was increased as they ascended from the bottom of the cuticle layer in quail, showing a positive correlation between the size and distance of the nanospheres. However, different sizes of nanospheres were randomly distributed throughout the cuticle layer in chickens and turkeys, showing a weak correlation in chickens and no correlation in turkeys between the size and distance of nanospheres. These new findings in different nanostructures of the cuticle layers in quail, chickens, turkeys, and ducks will serve as a new foundation to better relate their structures with functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wonjun Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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33
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Hashemian SMM, Madani SA, Allymehr M, Talebi A. A molecular survey of Chlamydia spp. infection in commercial poultry and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a commercial turkey flock in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2168-2175. [PMID: 37602896 PMCID: PMC10508571 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydiaceae are a group of gram-negative intracellular bacteria which can infect a wide variety of hosts. Some chlamydial agents are capable of crossing the host barrier and though they are potentially a risk to very different species. They also pose a zoonotic risk for human and different chlamydial agents are linked to several medical maladies. OBJECTIVES In this study, the presence of chlamydial agents in different commercial poultry flocks in Iran was investigated. METHODS Swab and tissue samples were collected from 435 birds in 24 different commercial poultry flocks. These samples were examined using a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time PCR assay targeting 23S rRNA gene. Positive samples then were subjected to intergenic spacer rRNA (IGS) gene and major outer membrane protein gene (ompA) PCRs. Finally, positive PCR products were sequenced and analysed. RESULTS Only one flock of commercial turkey became positive. Partial DNA sequencing of IGS gene revealed that all positive samples from the infected flock were Chlamydia pneumoniae and were identical to previously studied isolates from koala (LPCoLN) and frog (DC9). Further investigations showed slight dissimilarity in ompA gene of C. pneumoniae from different hosts. The detected turkey isolates were located in a different clade of phylogenetic tree, close to Western barred bandicoot and koala isolates. CONCLUSION C. pneumoniae has passed the cross-species barrier in the past and therefor it could potentially be zoonotic. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first report of C. pneumoniae infection in commercial turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Ahmad Madani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Manoochehr Allymehr
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of UrmiaUrmiaIran
| | - Alireza Talebi
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of UrmiaUrmiaIran
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Smagieł R, Ognik K, Cholewińska E, Stępniowska A, Listos P, Tykałowski B, Mikulski D, Koncicki A, Jankowski J. The effect of early administration of antibiotics or feeding a diet containing a coccidiostat on inflammatory responses and the morphological structure of selected organs of the immune system in young meat-type turkeys. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102876. [PMID: 37390558 PMCID: PMC10466230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It was assumed that early administration of enrofloxacin or doxycycline may impair immune function and alter the morphology of organs of the immune system in turkeys, and that diets containing the coccidiostat monensin, an ionophore antibiotic, can exert similar effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether early antibiotic administration or feeding a diet containing a coccidiostat affect immune function in young turkeys. The experiment had a completely randomized design, with 8 groups (a total of 3,080 one-day-old turkeys), 7 replicate pens per group and 55 birds per pen. The experiment had a 2-factorial design, with 4 treatments (C-control, M-monensin, E-enrofloxacin, and D-doxycycline) and 2 groups of birds (vaccinated and unvaccinated) per treatment. Control group birds did not receive the coccidiostat or antibiotics. Group M was administered monensin at 90 mg/kg feed for the first 5 d of life, group E received enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg BW, added to drinking water, for the first 5 d of life, and group D received doxycycline at 50 mg/kg BW, added to drinking water, for the first 5 d of life. One-day old turkeys from groups C+, M+, E+, and D+ were administered live-attenuated vaccines against turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) (Poulvac TRT; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) and Newcastle disease (ND) (Nobilis ND clone 30; Merck, Rahway, NJ) by coarse spray; 28-day-old birds were administered a subcutaneously injected inactivated vaccine against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (Ornitin, Phibro, Poland). Turkeys from groups C-, M-, E-, and D- were not vaccinated. It was found that early administration of enrofloxacin or doxycycline, or feeding a diet containing monensin, did not weaken the immune system of turkeys. The administration of monensin, in particular when combined with vaccination, was least effective in inhibiting inflammatory responses. Histological changes in immunocompetent organs (fatty degeneration) were also most severe in birds receiving monensin, followed by those administered doxycycline and enrofloxacin. The observed changes were exacerbated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Smagieł
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Cholewińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Stępniowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Listos
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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35
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Swelum AA, Ba-Awadh HA, Olarinre IO, Saadeldin IM, Alowaimer AN. Correlation between fatty acids levels in chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail and turkey egg yolks and post-thawed quality of ram semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1298-1310. [PMID: 37475183 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The comparison between adding egg yolks (EY) of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, Japanese quail or turkey to the Tris glycerol extender on the quality of ram semen before freezing and post-thawing was evaluated. The correlation between fatty acids levels in egg yolks of different avian species and the post-thawed quality of ram semen was studied. The pooled ejaculates collected from five rams were extended with Tris EY glycerol extenders containing the EY of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail or turkey and cryopreserved at -196°C. The straws were evaluated before freezing and post-thawing for sperm motility using a sperm cell analyser, vitality using a FluoVit kit and abnormality using a SpermBlue stain besides plasma-membrane and DNA integrities using a hypo-osmotic swelling test and a Halomax kit, respectively. The moisture, ash, protein and fatty acid (FA) contents of EY of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail and turkey were analysed using a gas chromatograph. The chicken and quail EY extenders significantly improved the total progressive motility (32.05 ± 1.41 and 31.68 ± 1.43, respectively), vitality, plasma membrane and DNA integrities and abnormalities of post-thawing ram semen in comparison with other EY extenders. Pigeon EY had the lowest saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in comparison with the other types of EYs. The chicken and turkey EYs had the lowest percentage of (monounsaturated fatty acids) MUFAs in comparison with the other types of EYs. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was observed in the turkey, pigeon and chicken EYs which were considered double or triple their percentage in duck and goose EYs, respectively. Significant positive correlations existed between SFAs levels and total motility, vitality, plasma membrane functionality and DNA integrity (0.77, 0.80, 0.67, 0.52, respectively). Significant negative correlations existed between gondoic EY levels and total motility, vitality, plasma membrane functionality and DNA integrity. In conclusion, the EYs of duck, goose, pigeon or turkey cannot substitute the chicken EY in ram semen extenders as they gave lower post-thawing quality. The quail EY can be used as a good replacer for chicken EY in the extender used for cryopreservation of ram semen. The EY composition of FAs can significantly affect the quality of ram semen post-thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka O Olarinre
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Alowaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Forga A, Robbins K, Smith A, Coles M, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong CN, Hargis B, Graham D. Evaluation of Clostridium septicum hemolytic activity, administration route, and dosage volume of a clostridial dermatitis (cellulitis) bacterin-toxoid on humoral immune response in commercial turkeys. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102873. [PMID: 37390548 PMCID: PMC10466222 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridial cellulitis or dermatitis affects commercial turkey flocks, primarily as they approach market age. In the field, this disease has been effectively controlled with antibiotics, but alternatives to antibiotics are needed. Bacterin-toxoid vaccination programs have been shown to prevent clostridial diseases in other species, including humans. Results from previous field studies indicate that vaccination with an experimental whole-cell Clostridium septicum (CS) bacterin-toxoid oil emulsion vaccine reduced clostridial dermatitis-associated mortality and antibiotic usage for some commercial turkey flocks, but vaccination was not always efficacious. To improve vaccine efficacy, studies were conducted to optimize the antigenic component of the experimental vaccine and to determine the appropriate antigen to adjuvant ratio, route, and volume for vaccine administration. It was determined that the phase of culture at time of formalin inactivation played a key role in serum antibody titer and larger volume vaccine doses produced higher serum antibody immune response regardless of antigen:adjuvant formulation ratio or route of injection. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between formulation ratios or between the subcutaneous and tail head injection sites. Based on these results, we propose to look further into the relationship between culture phase and antigenic components produced by CS under different culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Forga
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | | | - Makenly Coles
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Christine N Vuong
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Billy Hargis
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Danielle Graham
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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37
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Johnson A, Miller EA, Weber B, Figueroa CF, Aguayo JM, Johny AK, Noll S, Brannon J, Kozlowicz B, Johnson TJ. Evidence of host specificity in Lactobacillus johnsonii genomes and its influence on probiotic potential in poultry. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102858. [PMID: 37390550 PMCID: PMC10331464 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the selection of candidate strains for probiotic development in production animals has been largely based upon screens for desired phenotypic traits. However, increasing evidence indicates that the use of host-specific strains may be important, because coevolution with the animal host better prepares a bacterial strain to colonize and succeed in its respective host animal species. This concept was applied to Lactobacillus johnsonii in commercial poultry production because of its previous correlation with enhanced bird performance. Using 204 naturally isolated chicken- and turkey-source L. johnsonii, we demonstrate that there is a strong phylogenetic signal for coevolution with the animal host. These isolates differ phenotypically, even within host source, and these differences can be correlated with certain L. johnsonii phylogenetic clades. In commercial turkey poults, turkey-specific strains with strong in vitro phenotypes performed better early in life than strains lacking those phenotypes. A follow-up performance trial in broiler chickens demonstrated that chicken-specific strains result in better overall bird performance than nonchicken-specific strains. Collectively, this work provides evidence for the impact of host adaptation on a probiotic strain's potential. Furthermore, this top-down approach is useful for screening larger numbers of isolates for probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bonnie Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sally Noll
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeanine Brannon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, MN, USA.
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38
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Pirgozliev V, Mansbridge SC, Abdulla JM, Whiting IM, Mirza MW, Yang Z, Rose SP. Refining the metabolisable energy value of field beans for turkeys. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:491-496. [PMID: 36930955 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2192337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
1. This study examined the feeding value of ten UK grown field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) cultivar samples from the same harvest year on nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) and nutrient retention coefficients when fed to young female turkeys.2. A balancer feed (BF) was formulated to contain 12.39 MJ/kg ME and 269 g/kg crude protein. Ten nutritionally complete, mash diets were prepared by mixing 200 g/kg of each ground field bean cultivar with 800 g/kg of the BF, totalling eleven diets. Diets were fed to female BUT Premium turkeys from 40 to 50 d of age. Each diet was fed to eight raised floor pens, housing two birds, following randomisation. The AMEn was determined by the total collection technique over the last 4 d of the study. Relationships were examined between AMEn, chemical composition and quality variables of the field bean samples.3. The overall determined AMEn value of the beans ranged from 7.72 MJ/kg DM to 9.87 MJ/kg DM, giving an average AMEn of 8.80 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). The soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of the beans negatively correlated with their determined AMEn (r = -0.730; P < 0.05). Bean flour lightness-darkness degree (L*) correlated positively with the AMEn (r = -0.643; P < 0.05)4. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of yellowness-blueness of bean flour and condensed tannins content (r = 0.696; P < 0.05). Step-wise regression indicated that soluble NSP + L* of field beans provided explanatory variables suitable for estimating the AMEn value for turkeys (r2 = 0.737; P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - S C Mansbridge
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - J M Abdulla
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
- Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - I M Whiting
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - M W Mirza
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - Z Yang
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
- Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - S P Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
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Ripplinger EN, Gruber EJ, Correa MT, Martin MP, Crespo R. Evaluation and establishment of reference intervals using the i-STAT1 blood chemistry analyzer in turkeys. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102806. [PMID: 37327747 PMCID: PMC10404726 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, point-of-care testing techniques have become popular, since they provide immediate results and only small amounts of blood are needed. The handheld i-STAT1 blood analyzer is used by poultry researchers and veterinarians; however, no studies have evaluated the accuracy of this analyzer determined reference intervals in turkey blood. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of storage time on turkey blood analytes, 2) compare the results obtained by the i-STAT1 analyzer to those obtained by the GEM Premier 3000, a conventional laboratory analyzer, and 3) establish reference intervals for blood gases and chemistry analytes in growing turkeys using the i-Stat. For the first and second objectives, we used the CG8+ i-STAT1 cartridges to test blood from 30 healthy turkeys in triplicate and once with the conventional analyzer. To establish the reference intervals, we tested a total 330 blood samples from healthy turkeys from 6 independent flocks during a 3-yr period. Blood samples were then divided into brooder (<1 wk) and growing (1-12 wk of age). Friedman's test demonstrated significant time-dependent changes in blood gas analytes, but not for electrolytes. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that there was agreement between the i-STAT1 and the GEM Premier 300 for most of the analytes. However, Passing-Bablok regression analysis identified constant and proportional biases in the measurement of multiple analytes. Tukey's test revealed significant differences in the whole blood analytes between the means of brooding and growing birds. The data presented in the present study provide a basis for measuring and interpreting blood analytes in the brooding and growing stages of the turkey lifecycle, offering a new approach to health monitoring in growing turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza N Ripplinger
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erika J Gruber
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maria T Correa
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael P Martin
- North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Veterinary Division, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Trujillo-Peralta C, Ashcraft A, Señas-Cuesta R, Coles M, Hernandez-Velasco X, Selby C, Forga A, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong C, Bielke L, Barta J, Hargis B, Graham D. Research Note: Isolation, speciation, and anticoccidial sensitivity of Eimeria spp. recovered from wild turkey feces in the United States. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102819. [PMID: 37331218 PMCID: PMC10404749 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2020, over 100 wild turkey fecal samples were collected from the Eastern and Central thirds of the United States, where commercial turkey production is uncommon. We hypothesized that anticoccidial-sensitive Eimeria spp. would be present in wild turkey fecal samples. Samples containing Eimeria spp. oocysts were amplified in vivo. If propagation was successful, the samples were PCR-speciated and subjected to anticoccidial sensitivity testing (AST) for key members of both ionophore and chemical categories of anticoccidial drugs. The purpose of this study was to isolate Eimeria spp. relevant to commercial turkey production that possessed sensitivity to monensin, zoalene, and amprolium. Future research would evaluate the efficacy of wild turkey Eimeria spp. as vaccine candidates for reducing coccidiosis in commercial turkey flocks utilizing single oocyst-derived stocks obtained in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Trujillo-Peralta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Ashcraft
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Roberto Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Makenly Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Callie Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Billy Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Danielle Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA.
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Haug D, Schreiter R, Thesing B, Rathmann L, Lambertz C, Hofmann P, Erhard M, Bellof G, Schmidt E. Injurious pecking in organic turkey fattening-effects of husbandry and feeding on injuries and plumage damage of a slow- (Auburn) and a fast-growing (B.U.T.6) genotype. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102746. [PMID: 37327745 PMCID: PMC10404662 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and plumage damage (PD) are important indicators of welfare. First priority in turkey fattening is to reduce injurious pecking, which includes aggressive pecking (agonistic behavior) and additionally severe feather pecking (SFP) and cannibalism with their multifactorial reasons. Still, there are few studies available evaluating different genotypes for their welfare status under organic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of genotype and husbandry with 100% organic feeding (2 variants with different riboflavin content: V1 and V2) on injuries and PD. During rearing nonbeaktrimmed male turkeys of a slow- (Auburn, n = 256) and fast-growing (B.U.T.6, n = 128) genotype were kept in 2 indoor housing systems (without environmental enrichment (EE) = H1-, n = 144 and with EE = H2+, n = 240). During fattening 13 animals per pen of H2+ were relocated to a free-range system (H3 MS, n = 104). EE included pecking stones, elevated seating platforms and silage feeding. The study included five 4-wk feeding phases. At the end of each phase, injuries and PD were scored to assess animal welfare. Injury scores ranged from 0 (=no damage) to 3 (=severe damage) and PD from 0 to 4. Injurious pecking was observed from the 8th week onward (injuries: 16.5% and PD: 31.4%). Binary logistic regression models showed that both indicators were affected by genotype (each P < 0.001), husbandry (each P < 0.001), feeding (injuries P = 0.004; PD P = 0.003), and age (each P < 0.001). Auburn showed less injuries and PD than B.U.T.6. H1- had the fewest injuries and PD for Auburn animals compared to H2+ or H3 MS. In summary, the use of alternative genotypes (Auburn) in organic fattening improved welfare, but keeping them in free-range systems or in husbandry with EE, does not lead to a reduction of injurious pecking. Therefore, further studies are needed with more and changing enrichment materials, further management measures, changes in housing structure, and even more intensive animal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haug
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - R Schreiter
- Centre for Applied Research and Technology e.V. at the Dresden University of Applied Sciences, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - B Thesing
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - L Rathmann
- Bavarian State Estates, Kitzingen, Germany
| | - C Lambertz
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - P Hofmann
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Kitzingen, Germany
| | - M Erhard
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - G Bellof
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - E Schmidt
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Becerra R, Maekawa D, García M. Protection Efficacy of Recombinant HVT-ND-LT and the Live Attenuated Tissue Culture Origin Vaccines Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus When Administered Individually or in Combination. Avian Dis 2023; 67:145-152. [PMID: 37556293 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Control of the disease is achieved by vaccination and implementation of biosecurity measures. The use of bivalent and trivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT) vaccines expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) genes has increased worldwide. In the United States, vaccination programs of long-lived birds (broiler breeders and commercial layers) against ILT include immunizations with either HVT recombinant vector vaccines, in ovo or at hatch, or live attenuated vaccines administered via drinking water (chicken embryo origin [CEO]) or eye drop (tissue culture origin [TCO]). The efficacy of bivalent rHVT-LT at hatch followed by drinking water or eye-drop CEO vaccination has been shown to provide more robust protection than rHVT-LT alone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protection efficacy of a commercial trivalent rHVT-ND-LT when administered at 1 day of age followed by TCO vaccination via eye drop at 10 wk of age. Groups vaccinated with only rHVT-ND-LT or TCO, the combination of rHVT-ND-LT + TCO, and one nonvaccinated group of chickens were challenged with a virulent ILTV strain at 15 wk of age. After challenge, mortalities were prevented only in the group of chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO. Clinical signs of the disease and challenge virus replication in the trachea were significantly reduced for both the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO- and TCO-vaccinated groups of chickens. To assess challenge virus transmission, contact-naive chickens were introduced to all vaccinated groups immediately after challenge. At 8 days postintroduction, infection of contact-naive chickens was evidenced in those introduced to the rHVT-ND-LT and TCO group but prevented in the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO group. Overall, these results indicated that compared to rHVT-ND-LT or TCO when administered alone, the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO vaccination strategy improved protection against disease and reduced shedding of the challenge virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Becerra
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Daniel Maekawa
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS 66018
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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Dong Y, Fraley GS, Siegford JM, Zhu F, Erasmus MA. Comparing different environmental enrichments for improving the welfare and walking ability of male turkeys. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285347. [PMID: 37159459 PMCID: PMC10168550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated age-related changes in turkey welfare measures (wounds, feather quality (FQ), feather cleanliness, and footpad condition (FCON)) and walking ability (gait) as influenced by different types of environmental enrichment (EE). Tom turkeys (n = 420) were randomly assigned to: straw bale (S), platform (P), platform + straw bale (PS), pecking block (B), tunnel (T) or control (C; no enrichment) group. Welfare measures and gait were assessed at 8, 12, 16 and 19 wk and analyzed using PROC LOGISTIC with Firth bias-correction. Better wing FQ with age was observed in turkeys in S and T groups. Turkeys in the S group had better wing FQ at 16 (P = 0.028) and 19 wk (P = 0.011) vs. 8 wk. Wing FQ (P = 0.008) was better at 19 vs. 8 wk for T turkeys. FCON worsened over time for turkeys in all treatment groups except for the S group. FCON was worse at 19 vs.8 wk for P (P = 0.024), PS (P = 0.039), B (P = 0.011), T (P = 0.004) and C (P = 0.014) turkeys and was worse at 19 vs. 12 wk for B (P = 0.038), T (P = 0.015) and C (P = 0.045) turkeys. FCON was worse at 19 vs. 16 wk for T (P = 0.007) and C (P = 0.048) turkeys. FCON was also worse at 16 vs. 8 wk for B (P = 0.046) turkeys. Gait worsened with increasing age in all treatment groups. Gait was worse at 19 wk for S (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.001), PS (P < 0.001) and B turkeys (P < 0.001) vs. earlier ages, while gait in T (P < 0.001) and C turkeys (P < 0.001) worsened starting at 16 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Dong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Fraley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Siegford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Fengqing Zhu
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Marisa A. Erasmus
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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44
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Ramsubeik S, Jerry C, Uzal FA, Stoute S. Necrotic enteritis in a commercial turkey flock coinfected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:317-321. [PMID: 36840379 PMCID: PMC10186000 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231157711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Four turkeys from a commercial flock with acutely elevated mortality levels were submitted for postmortem examination and diagnostic workup. No clinical signs had been observed before death. On gross examination, hemorrhage and necrosis were present throughout the intestinal tracts, and the spleens were markedly enlarged and speckled. Microscopically, numerous, large basophilic-to-amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in mononuclear cells of the spleen and the lamina propria of the small intestine. In addition, there were lesions of diffuse villus blunting and necrosis of the small intestine, with large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria adhered to the epithelium and in the intestinal lumen. Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) infection was confirmed via PCR on the spleen. Clostridium perfringens was demonstrated in the small intestine by anaerobic culture and immunohistochemistry. The C. perfringens isolate was type F by PCR and, to our knowledge, necrotic enteritis in turkeys has not been described in association with C. perfringens type F infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Ramsubeik
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carmen Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- San Bernardino branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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45
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Criado MF, Kassa A, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Sá E Silva M, Killmaster L, Ross TM, Mebatsion T, Swayne DE. Efficacy of multivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey vaccines against high pathogenicity avian influenza, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses. Vaccine 2023; 41:2893-2904. [PMID: 37012117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are an essential tool for the control of viral infections in domestic animals. We generated recombinant vector herpesvirus of turkeys (vHVT) vaccines expressing computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) H5 of avian influenza virus (AIV) alone (vHVT-AI) or in combination with virus protein 2 (VP2) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (vHVT-IBD-AI) or fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (vHVT-ND-AI). In vaccinated chickens, all three vHVT vaccines provided 90-100% clinical protection against three divergent clades of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), and significantly decreased number of birds and oral viral shedding titers at 2 days post-challenge compared to shams. Four weeks after vaccination, most vaccinated birds had H5 hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers, which significantly increased post-challenge. The vHVT-IBD-AI and vHVT-ND-AI vaccines provided 100% clinical protection against IBDVs and NDV, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that multivalent HVT vector vaccines were efficacious for simultaneous control of HPAIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mariana Sá E Silva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Teshome Mebatsion
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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46
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Aziz UR, Shabbir MAB, Iqbal MZ, Yasin R, Ishaq HM, Mehmood A, Yousaf F, Rasheed M, Rasul S, Usman M, Raza MA. Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus in poultry and captive wild birds in poultry-dense regions of Pakistan. Vet Ital 2023; 59:1-10. [PMID: 37994641 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2449.17415.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) are causing contagious diseases in chickens and wild birds worldwide; however, there is a paucity of information on the current status of seropositivity of Newcastle and avian influenza diseases in chickens and wild birds of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the serological evidence of both diseases in commercial poultry (broiler, layer chickens), backyard poultry, and captive wild birds in poultry‑dense regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were performed for the determination of antibodies against NDV and AIV and their genotyping and subtyping, respectively. Overall, 47.5% and 67.4% seroprevalence of NDV and AIV, respectively, was observed in both poultry and wild birds. Based on bird's category, layer chickens had the highest seroprevalence of NDV (60.8%, 95% CI: 52.95‑68.22, OR: 0.71) followed by backyard poultry (56.8%, 95% CI: 47.92‑65.32, OR: 0.82), broilers (52.7%, 95% CI: 46.84‑58.64), pigeons (41.3%, 95% CI: 30.53‑52.81, OR: 1.59), peafowls (26.1%, 95% CI: 11.09‑48.69, OR: 3.16), ducks (23.8%, 95% CI: 12.59‑39.8, OR: 3.57), turkeys (16.7%, 95% CI: 4.41‑42.27, OR: 5.58), parrots (14.3%, 95% CI: 2.52‑43.85, OR: 6.70) and quails (2.3%, 95% CI: 0.2‑13.51, OR: 4.8). Comparatively, backyard chickens had the highest seroprevalence of AIV (78.8%, 95% CI: 70.64‑85.22, OR: 0.63) followed by ducks (73.8%, 95% CI: 57.68‑85.6, OR: 0.83), layers (73.5%, 95% CI: 65.98‑79.89, OR: 0.84), pigeons (72.5%, 95% CI: 61.2‑81.61, OR: 0.89), broilers (70.1%, 95% CI: 64.44‑75.29), turkeys (55.5%, 95% CI: 31.35‑77.6, OR: 1.87), peafowls (47.8%, 95% CI: 27.42‑68.9, OR: 2.56) and parrots (42.8%, 95% CI: 18.8‑70.3, OR: 3.1). Overall, 40.1%, 34.2%, 31.3%, and 25.1% sera were positive for H9 AIV, G‑VII NDV, H7 AIV, and G‑VI NDV, respectively. The current study revealed a widespread exposure to NDV and AIV in poultry and captive wild birds. Therefore, it is crucial to include captive wild birds in NDV and AIV surveillance programs to further strengthen disease control measures, particularly in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ul-Rahman Aziz
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Yasin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mehmood
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarar Shaheed Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Farooq Yousaf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarar Shaheed Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Majeeda Rasheed
- Department of Life Sciences, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Rasul
- Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
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47
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Kirchner M, Everhart S, Doring L, Smits C, Faircloth J, Duong M, Goulter RM, Goodson L, Shelley L, Shumaker ET, Cates S, Bernstein C, Lavallee A, Jaykus LA, Chapman B, Schaffner D. Cross-Contamination to Surfaces in Consumer Kitchens with MS2 as a Tracer Organism in Ground Turkey Patties. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1594-1603. [PMID: 36084112 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is estimated that one in five cases of foodborne illnesses is acquired in the home. However, how pathogens move throughout a kitchen environment when consumers are preparing food is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and degree of cross-contamination across a variety of kitchen surfaces during a consumer meal preparation event. Consumers (n = 371) prepared a meal consisting of turkey patties containing the bacteriophage MS2 as a tracer organism and a ready-to-eat lettuce salad. Half were shown a video on proper thermometer use before the trial. After meal preparation, environmental sampling and detection were performed to assess cross-contamination with MS2. For most surfaces, positivity did not exceed 20%, with the exception of spice containers, for which 48% of the samples showed evidence of MS2 cross-contamination. Spice containers also had the highest MS2 concentrations, at a mean exceeding 6 log viral genome equivalent copies per surface. The high level of MS2 on spice containers drove the significant differences between surfaces, suggesting the significance of spice containers as a vehicle for cross-contamination, despite the absence of previous reports to this effect. The thermometer safety intervention did not affect cross-contamination. The efficiency of MS2 transfer, when expressed as a percentage, was relatively low, ranging from an average of 0.002 to 0.07%. Quantitative risk assessment work using these data would aid in further understanding the significance of cross-contamination frequency and efficiency. Overall, these data will help create more targeted consumer messaging to better influence consumer cross-contamination behaviors. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Savana Everhart
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Lindsey Doring
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Caitlin Smits
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Minh Duong
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Rebecca M Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Lydia Goodson
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Lisa Shelley
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Ellen Thomas Shumaker
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sheryl Cates
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Aaron Lavallee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Don Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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48
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Mróz E, Murawska D, Naczmański J, Konstantynowicz M. The effects of hen's age and egg storage duration on selected growth parameters of turkey embryos. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102301. [PMID: 36442304 PMCID: PMC9706640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hen's age (A) and egg storage duration (T) on selected growth parameters of turkey embryos. At 32, 38, 46, and 51 wk of hen's age, 1,512 eggs laid on one or 2 consecutive days were collected randomly and marked. At each sampling date, the eggs were randomly divided into 4 groups and were stored for various periods of time, that is, 7, 10, 13, and 17 d. All eggs were stored at a temperature of 15°C and relative air humidity of 76%. On d 9, 15, 21, and 24 of incubation, 5 eggs containing live embryos were randomly selected from each group for analysis of the following parameters: relative body weight (RBW) of embryos, relative weight of the yolk sac (RWY), relative weight of unused albumen (RWA). The effects of hen's age and egg storage duration on the RBW of embryos were observed on d 15, 21, and 24 of incubation (P < 0.05). The effects of hen's age and egg storage duration on RWY were noted on all analyzed days of incubation (P < 0.05). Embryos in eggs laid by younger hens (aged 32 and 38 wk) and stored for a shorter period were characterized by a faster rate of albumen utilization than embryos in eggs laid by older hens (aged 46 and 51 wk). The largest amount of unused albumen was found in eggs laid by hens in wk 51 of the laying season (P < 0.05), and stored for 17 d (P < 0.05). In conclusion, numerous interactions (AxT) between selected growth parameters of turkey embryos indicate that the quality of hatching eggs changes with hen's age, affecting their suitability for long-term storage under standard conditions. Therefore, eggs laid by younger breeders should not be stored for longer periods due to undesirable changes in RWY and RWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mróz
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daria Murawska
- Department of Commodity Science and Animal Improvement, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jakub Naczmański
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Konstantynowicz
- Department of Fur-bearing Animal Breeding and Game Management, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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49
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Lachheb J, Bouslama Z, Nsiri J, Badr C, Al Gallas N, Souissi N, Khazri I, Larbi I, Kaboudi K, Ghram A. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of subtype-B metapneumovirus from chickens in Tunisia. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102253. [PMID: 36455491 PMCID: PMC9712995 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) is an economically important viral disease of chickens caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The virus comprises 6 different subtypes (A,B,C,D, New-1 and New-2). To date, no information was available on the presence of the virus in Tunisian poultry. The present work aims to detect the presence of (aMPV) in broiler chicken in Tunisia, then to characterise the isolates in order to determine their subtype and to estimate their geographic origin of introduction. A total of 289 samples were collected, aMPV detection was detected by real time RT-PCR and molecular characterization was warried out by Sanger sequencing on the glycoprotein (G) gene. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Beast 2 software. Out of the 289 samples, 21 were revealed positive to aMPV. Only 2 isolates have been confirmed by sequencing analysis ; one isolate sampled in 2015 and another in 2019. Based on the partial G gene sequence, analysis of these 2 Tunisian isolates showed that they belong to subtype B. The isolate sampled in 2015, appeared to be phylogenetically related to derived vaccine strain. However, the one sampled in 2019 appeared to be a field strain. Phylodynamic analysis provided evidence that this field strain derived from a Spanish strain and probably the virus has been introduced from Spain to North Africa back in 2016. This study is the first that highlighted the circulation of (aMPV) in Tunisia. It is possible that aMPV has been circulating in Tunisia and neighboring countries without being detected. Also, multiple strains could be present and therefore multiple introductions have happened. Through this study, we shed the light on the importance of reinforcing farms biosecurity as well as virological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia.
| | - Zied Bouslama
- Laboratory of Viruses, Vectors and Hosts, LR20 IPT 02 Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Nazek Al Gallas
- Food and Water Control Laboratory, National Center for Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibriospp. Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nada Souissi
- Veterinary Research Institute of Tunis (IRVT), Tunisia
| | - Imed Khazri
- Veterinary Research Institute of Tunis (IRVT), Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Khaled Kaboudi
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary Medicine School, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
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50
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Raeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, Akbari A. Determination of some heavy metals levels in the meat of animal species (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:62248-62258. [PMID: 35277826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals accumulation in food products as a result of industrialization is one of the main potential threats to public health. This study was aimed to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in the meat of some prevalent farm animal species including sheep, beef, turkeys, and ostriches in Sanandaj (one of the strategic cities in Kurdistan province, Iran). In this study, the contents of some heavy metals (selenium, lead, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, and chromium) were assessed in 170 meat samples collected from meat distribution centers in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province. The ICP-MS method was used to assess the levels of these elements in the meat of beef, sheep, turkey, and ostrich as the main consumed meats in this region. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and one-sample t-test, and the correlation coefficient of the concentrations of metals was also calculated. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the average contents of selenium, nickel, cobalt, and chromium among various meats (P > 0.05). However, the amounts of lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, copper, chromium, and nickel were meaningfully different to maximum permissible limits (MPL) (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between arsenic and selenium in meats. Except for cobalt, the concentrations of other metals were higher than MPL in the evaluated meats. Despite the target hazard quotient (THQ) for cadmium in sheep and beef meats being higher than their MPL (> 1), its target risk of cancer (TR) was acceptable. It can be concluded that monitoring and elimination of heavy metals pollution are essential because of their high accumulation in the meat of main farm animal species in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Gravandi
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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