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Faircloth J, Goulter RM, Manuel CS, Arbogast JW, Escudero-Abarca B, Jaykus LA. Erratum for Faircloth et al., "The Efficacy of Commercial Surface Sanitizers against Norovirus on Formica Surfaces with and without Inclusion of a Wiping Step". Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0177223. [PMID: 38014950 PMCID: PMC10734428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01772-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
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2
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Kirchner M, Goulter RM, Bernstein C, Lavallee A, Schaffner D, Chapman B, Jaykus LA. The role of hands in cross-contamination of kitchen surfaces during meal preparation. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A44-A57. [PMID: 37890953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne pathogen transmission during food preparation is a common occurrence, and cross-contamination can be a contributing factor. Behaviors that lead to cross-contamination during meal preparation have not been well characterized. The study objective was to determine how hands and food handling behaviors (with a focus on handwashing and touch-based events) affect the risk of cross-contamination of kitchen surfaces and foods during meal preparation. METHODS Data from a prior study in which participants were observed preparing turkey burgers inoculated with bacteriophage MS2 and a salad provided the data for analysis. Cross-contamination was assessed using environmental sampling data. Behavioral coding was performed for handwashing and touch-based behaviors. Cross-contamination risk was defined as the likelihood (number of contaminated surfaces) and degree (contaminant concentration) of MS2 on surfaces. Statistical analyses were performed in R, SPSS, and SigmaPlot. RESULTS The significantly reduced risk of cross-contamination (P.ß<.ß.0001) was observed for participants who attempted handwashing or completed more handwashing steps. Scrubbing hands for 5.ßseconds, on average, reduced the risk of cross-contamination (P.ß<.ß.05). Cross-contamination regression models created using the most significant predictor variables showed that increased handwashing attempts, completion of more handwashing steps, and average scrub times>5.ßseconds all decreased the risk of cross-contamination (P.ß<.ß.05). CONCLUSIONS This analysis can be used in future risk assessment modeling and for informing education and outreach to reduce pathogen transmission during food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kirchner
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC
| | - Rebecca M Goulter
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC.
| | | | - Aaron Lavallee
- US Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, Washington, DC
| | - Don Schaffner
- Rutgers ... The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Brunswick, NJ
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC
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Cooper DK, Sobolik JS, Kovacevic J, Rock CM, Sajewski ET, Guest JL, Lopman BA, Jaykus LA, Leon JS. Combined Infection Control Interventions Protect Essential Food Workers from Occupational Exposures to SARS-CoV-2 in the Agricultural Environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0012823. [PMID: 37310232 PMCID: PMC10370312 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00128-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential food workers experience elevated risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to prolonged occupational exposures in food production and processing areas, shared transportation (car or bus), and employer-provided shared housing. Our goal was to quantify the daily cumulative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for healthy susceptible produce workers and to evaluate the relative reduction in risk attributable to food industry interventions and vaccination. We simulated daily SARS-CoV-2 exposures of indoor and outdoor produce workers through six linked quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model scenarios. For each scenario, the infectious viral dose emitted by a symptomatic worker was calculated across aerosol, droplet, and fomite-mediated transmission pathways. Standard industry interventions (2-m physical distancing, handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, ventilation) were simulated to assess relative risk reductions from baseline risk (no interventions, 1-m distance). Implementation of industry interventions reduced an indoor worker's relative infection risk by 98.0% (0.020; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 0.005 to 0.104) from baseline risk (1.00; 95% UI, 0.995 to 1.00) and an outdoor worker's relative infection risk by 94.5% (0.027; 95% UI, 0.013 to 0.055) from baseline risk (0.487; 95% UI, 0.257 to 0.825). Integrating these interventions with two-dose mRNA vaccinations (86 to 99% efficacy), representing a worker's protective immunity to infection, reduced the relative infection risk from baseline for indoor workers by 99.9% (0.001; 95% UI, 0.0002 to 0.005) and outdoor workers by 99.6% (0.002; 95% UI, 0.0003 to 0.005). Consistent implementation of combined industry interventions, paired with vaccination, effectively mitigates the elevated risks from occupationally acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection faced by produce workers. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to estimate the daily risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across a variety of indoor and outdoor environmental settings relevant to food workers (e.g., shared transportation [car or bus], enclosed produce processing facility and accompanying breakroom, outdoor produce harvesting field, shared housing facility) through a linked quantitative microbial risk assessment framework. Our model has demonstrated that the elevated daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk experienced by indoor and outdoor produce workers can be reduced below 1% when vaccinations (optimal vaccine efficacy, 86 to 99%) are implemented with recommended infection control strategies (e.g., handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, physical distancing, and increased ventilation). Our novel findings provide scenario-specific infection risk estimates that can be utilized by food industry managers to target high-risk scenarios with effective infection mitigation strategies, which was informed through more realistic and context-driven modeling estimates of the infection risk faced by essential food workers daily. Bundled interventions, particularly if they include vaccination, yield significant reductions (>99%) in daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for essential food workers in enclosed and open-air environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Channah M. Rock
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jodie L. Guest
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kirchner M, Everhart S, Doring L, Smits C, Faircloth J, Duong M, Goulter RM, Goodson L, Shelley L, Shumaker ET, Cates S, Bernstein C, Lavallee A, Jaykus LA, Chapman B, Schaffner D. Cross-Contamination to Surfaces in Consumer Kitchens with MS2 as a Tracer Organism in Ground Turkey Patties. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1594-1603. [PMID: 36084112 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is estimated that one in five cases of foodborne illnesses is acquired in the home. However, how pathogens move throughout a kitchen environment when consumers are preparing food is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and degree of cross-contamination across a variety of kitchen surfaces during a consumer meal preparation event. Consumers (n = 371) prepared a meal consisting of turkey patties containing the bacteriophage MS2 as a tracer organism and a ready-to-eat lettuce salad. Half were shown a video on proper thermometer use before the trial. After meal preparation, environmental sampling and detection were performed to assess cross-contamination with MS2. For most surfaces, positivity did not exceed 20%, with the exception of spice containers, for which 48% of the samples showed evidence of MS2 cross-contamination. Spice containers also had the highest MS2 concentrations, at a mean exceeding 6 log viral genome equivalent copies per surface. The high level of MS2 on spice containers drove the significant differences between surfaces, suggesting the significance of spice containers as a vehicle for cross-contamination, despite the absence of previous reports to this effect. The thermometer safety intervention did not affect cross-contamination. The efficiency of MS2 transfer, when expressed as a percentage, was relatively low, ranging from an average of 0.002 to 0.07%. Quantitative risk assessment work using these data would aid in further understanding the significance of cross-contamination frequency and efficiency. Overall, these data will help create more targeted consumer messaging to better influence consumer cross-contamination behaviors. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Savana Everhart
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Lindsey Doring
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Caitlin Smits
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Minh Duong
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Rebecca M Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Lydia Goodson
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Lisa Shelley
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Ellen Thomas Shumaker
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sheryl Cates
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Aaron Lavallee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4101 Beryl Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Don Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Faircloth J, Goulter RM, Manuel CS, Arbogast JW, Escudero-Abarca B, Jaykus LA. The Efficacy of Commercial Surface Sanitizers against Norovirus on Formica Surfaces with and without Inclusion of a Wiping Step. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0080722. [PMID: 36005755 PMCID: PMC9469706 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly used surface sanitizers often lack activity against human noroviruses (hNoVs). The impact of inactivation versus removal when these products are applied via wiping is poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to assess the anti-hNoV efficacy of various surface sanitizer chemistries, as applied to a laminate material commonly used for restaurant tabletops, using standard surface assays (ASTM E1053-11) and a newly developed wiping protocol. Four commercially available products with different active ingredient(s) (i.e., ethanol [EtOH], acid + anionic surfactant [AAS], quaternary ammonium compound [QAC], and sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) and a water control were evaluated against hNoV GII.4 Sydney, hNoV GI.6, and the cultivable surrogate Tulane virus (TuV). Virus concentration was evaluated using RNase-reverse transcriptase (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) (hNoV) and infectivity assay (TuV). Only the EtOH-based product significantly reduced virus concentration (>3.5 log10 reduction [LR]) by surface assay, with all other products producing ≤0.5 LR. The inclusion of a wiping step enhanced the efficacy of all products, producing complete virus elimination for the EtOH-based product and 1.6 to 3.8 LR for the other chemistries. For hNoVs, no detectable residual virus could be recovered from paper towels used to wipe the EtOH-based product, while high concentrations of virus could be recovered from the used paper towel and the wiped coupon (1.5 to 2.5 log10 lower genome equivalent copies [GEC] compared to control) for the QAC- and AAS-based products and for water. These results illustrate the variability in anti-hNoV activity of representative surface sanitizers and highlights the value of wiping, the efficacy of which appears to be driven by a combination of virus inactivation and removal. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (hNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food-borne disease worldwide. Noroviruses are difficult to inactivate, being recalcitrant to sanitizers and disinfectants commonly used by the retail food sector. This comparative study demonstrates the variability in anti-hNoV activity of representative surface sanitizers, even those allowed to make label claims based on the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV). It also highlights the importance of wiping in the process of sanitization, which significantly improves product efficacy through the action of physical removal of surface microbes. There is a need for more and better product formulations with demonstrated efficacy against hNoVs, which will likely necessitate the use of alternative cultivable surrogates, such as Tulane virus (TuV). These findings help food safety professionals make informed decisions on sanitizing product selection and application methods in order to reduce the risk of hNoV contamination and transmission in their facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Blanca Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay AN, Ryan PB, Guest JL, Webb-Girard A, Leon JS. Decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 from cold-chain food packaging provides no marginal benefit in risk reduction to food workers. Food Control 2022; 136:108845. [PMID: 35075333 PMCID: PMC8770992 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Countries continue to debate the need for decontamination of cold-chain food packaging to reduce possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fomite transmission among frontline workers. While laboratory-based studies demonstrate persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, the likelihood of fomite-mediated transmission under real-life conditions is uncertain. Using a quantitative microbial risk assessment model of a frozen food packaging facility, we simulated 1) SARS-CoV-2 fomite-mediated infection risks following worker exposure to contaminated plastic packaging; and 2) reductions in these risks from masking, handwashing, and vaccination. In a frozen food facility without interventions, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to a susceptible worker from contact with contaminated packaging was 1.5 × 10-3 per 1h-period (5th - 95th percentile: 9.2 × 10-6, 1.2 × 10-2). Standard food industry infection control interventions, handwashing and masking, reduced risk (99.4%) to 8.5 × 10-6 risk per 1h-period (5th - 95th percentile: 2.8 × 10-8, 6.6 × 10-5). Vaccination of the susceptible worker (two doses Pfizer/Moderna, vaccine effectiveness: 86-99%) with handwashing and masking reduced risk to 5.2 × 10-7 risk per 1h-period (5th - 95th percentile: 1.8 × 10-9, 5.4 × 10-6). Simulating increased transmissibility of current and future variants (Delta, Omicron), (2-, 10-fold viral shedding) among a fully vaccinated workforce, handwashing and masking continued to mitigate risk (1.4 × 10-6 - 8.8 × 10-6 risk per 1h-period). Additional decontamination of frozen food plastic packaging reduced infection risks to 1.2 × 10-8 risk per 1h-period (5th - 95th percentile: 1.9 × 10-11, 9.5 × 10-8). Given that standard infection control interventions reduced risks well below 1 × 10-4 (World Health Organization water quality risk thresholds), additional packaging decontamination suggest no marginal benefit in risk reduction. Consequences of this decontamination may include increased chemical exposures to workers, food quality and hazard risks to consumers, and unnecessary added costs to governments and the global food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Corresponding author. 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alicia N.M. Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jodie L. Guest
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Amy Webb-Girard
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Abstract
![]()
The antinoroviral
effect of copper ions is well known, yet most
of this work has previously been conducted in copper and copper alloy
surfaces, not copper ions in solution. In this work, we characterized
the effects that Cu ions have on human norovirus capsids’ and
surrogates’ integrity to explain empirical data, indicating
virus inactivation by copper alloy surfaces, and as means of developing
novel metal ion-based virucides. Comparatively high concentrations
of Cu(II) ions (>10 mM) had little effect on the infectivity of
human
norovirus surrogates, so we used sodium ascorbate as a reducing agent
to generate unstable Cu(I) ions from solutions of copper bromide.
We found that significantly lower concentrations of monovalent copper
ions (∼0.1 mM) compared to divalent copper ions cause capsid
protein damage that prevents human norovirus capsids from binding
to cell receptors in vitro and induce a greater than
4-log reduction in infectivity of Tulane virus, a human norovirus
surrogate. Further, these Cu(I) solutions caused reduction of GII.4
norovirus from stool in suspension, producing about a 2-log reduction
of virus as measured by a reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase
chain reaction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) data indicate substantial major capsid protein cleavage
of both GI.7 and GII.4 norovirus capsids, and TEM images show the
complete loss of capsid integrity of GI.7 norovirus. GII.4 virus-like
particles (VLPs) were less susceptible to inactivation by copper ion
treatments than GI.7 VLPs based upon receptor binding and SDS-PAGE
analysis of viral capsids. The combined data demonstrate that stabilized
Cu(I) ion solutions show promise as highly effective noroviral disinfectants
in solution that can potentially be utilized at low concentrations
for inactivation of human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S. Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Orlin D. Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Escudero-Abarca BI, Goulter RM, Manuel CS, Leslie RA, Green K, Arbogast JW, Jaykus LA. Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercial Hand Sanitizers Against Human Norovirus Evaluated by an in vivo Fingerpad Method. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869087. [PMID: 35464915 PMCID: PMC9021954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (hNoV) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and contaminated hands play a significant role in the spread of disease. Some hand sanitizers claim to interrupt hNoV transmission, but their antiviral efficacy on human hands is poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to characterize the efficacy of representative commercial hand sanitizers against hNoV using an in vivo fingerpad method (ASTM E1838-17). Eight products [seven ethanol-based and one benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-based], and a benchmark 60% ethanol solution, were each evaluated on 10 human volunteers using the epidemic GII.4 hNoV strain. Virus titers before and after treatment were evaluated by RT-qPCR preceded by RNase treatment; product efficacy was characterized by log10 reduction (LR) in hNoV genome equivalent copies after treatment. The benchmark treatment produced a 1.7 ± 0.5 LR, compared with Product A (containing 85% ethanol) which produced a 3.3 ± 0.3 LR and was the most efficacious (p < 0.05). Product B (containing 70% ethanol), while less efficacious than Product A (p < 0.05), performed better than the benchmark with a LR of 2.4 ± 0.4. Five of the other ethanol-based products (labeled ethanol concentration ranges of 62–80%) showed similar efficacy to the 60% ethanol benchmark with LR ranging from 1.3 to 2.0 (p > 0.05). Product H (0.1% BAK) was less effective than the benchmark with a LR of 0.3 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05). None of the products screened were able to completely eliminate hNoV (maximum assay resolution 5.0 LR). Product performance was variable and appears driven by overall formulation. There remains a need for more hand sanitizer formulations having greater activity against hNoV, a virus that is comparatively recalcitrant relative to other pathogens of concern in community, healthcare, and food preparation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca I. Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebecca M. Goulter,
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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9
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Luisana E, Saker K, Jaykus LA, Getty C. Survey evaluation of dog owners’ feeding practices and dog bowls’ hygiene assessment in domestic settings. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259478. [PMID: 35385485 PMCID: PMC8986020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In-home pet food handling and food dish hygiene practices can have adverse health impacts for both humans and pets. Safe food and dish handling guidelines are not easily evidenced for pet owners. The study was designed to investigate dog owners’ feeding habits and evaluate the impact of the Food and Drug Association (FDA) hygiene protocols on dog food dish contamination. Procedures and surveys were approved by North Carolina State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and Institutional Review Board. Pet feeding and food dish hygiene data were collected from 417 dog owner surveys and 68 food dish swabs. Total aerobic plate counts (APC) were performed on 68 dishes and randomly assigned into Group A (FDA pet food handling and dish hygiene guidelines), Group B (FDA pet and human food handling and dish hygiene guidelines), or Group C (no guidelines). Hygiene protocols were instituted in-home for 1 week, followed by a second APC and follow-up survey. Survey from dog owners-households indicated: 4.7% were aware of FDA pet food handling and dish hygiene guidelines; 36% have individuals ≤ 13 years old and/or immunocompromised; 43% stored dog food 0–5 feet from human food; 34% washed their hands after feeding; and 33% prepared their dog food on human food preparation surfaces. The hygiene protocols followed by Groups A and B resulted in significant decreases in food dish APC (p<0.001; 1.4; (0.9, 2.0); p<0.05; 0.604 (0.02, 1.2), respectively), as compared to Group C (p≥0.05). Hot water (>160° F or 71.1°C) washing decreased APC (p<0.01; 1.5 (0.4, 2.6)) over cold/lukewarm water. In the follow-up survey, 8% of Group A and B respondents reported likely to adhere to protocols long-term. This study suggests a need for pet food handling and dish hygiene guideline education to minimize bacterial contamination of dishes, especially for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Luisana
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Korinn Saker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn Getty
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Shumaker ET, Kirchner M, Cates SC, Shelley L, Goulter R, Goodson L, Bernstein C, Lavallee A, Jaykus LA, Chapman B. Observational Study of the Impact of a Food Safety Intervention on Consumer Poultry Washing. J Food Prot 2022; 85:615-625. [PMID: 35051277 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a consumer poultry washing educational intervention that included video observation of meal preparation with participants who self-reported washing poultry. Treatment group participants received three e-mail messages containing information that the U.S. Department of Agriculture has used on social media sites (video and infographics) related to poultry preparation, including advising against washing chicken. Participants were observed cooking chicken thighs (inoculated with traceable nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain DH5α) and preparing a salad to determine whether they washed the chicken and the extent of cross-contamination to the salad and areas of the kitchen. After meal preparation, participants responded to an interview about food handling behaviors, including questions about the intervention for treatment group participants. Three hundred people participated in the study (158 control, 142 treatment). The intervention effectively encouraged participants not to wash chicken before cooking; 93% of treatment group participants but only 39% of control group participants did not wash the chicken (P < 0.0001). The high levels of E. coli DH5α detected in the sink and on the salad lettuce suggest that microbes transferred to the sink from the chicken, packaging, or contaminated hands are a larger cause for concern than is splashing contaminated chicken fluids onto the counter. Among chicken washers, 26 and 30% of the lettuce from the prepared salad was contaminated for the control and treatment groups, respectively. For nonwashers, 31 and 15% of the lettuce was contaminated for the control and treatment groups, respectively. Hand-facilitated cross-contamination is suspected to be a factor in explaining this resulting lettuce cross-contamination. This study demonstrates the need to change the frame of "don't wash your poultry" messaging to instead focus on preventing contamination of sinks and continuing to emphasize the importance of hand washing and cleaning and sanitizing surfaces. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Thomas Shumaker
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 512 Brickhaven Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Sheryl C Cates
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Lisa Shelley
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 512 Brickhaven Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Rebecca Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Lydia Goodson
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 512 Brickhaven Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Christopher Bernstein
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 1700 G Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20552
| | - Aaron Lavallee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, 1400 Independence Avenue Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Schaub Hall #339E, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, 512 Brickhaven Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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11
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Escudero-Abarca BI, Goulter RM, Bradshaw J, Faircloth J, Leslie RA, Manuel CS, Arbogast JW, Jaykus LA. Efficacy of an alcohol-based surface disinfectant formulation against human norovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3590-3600. [PMID: 35137492 PMCID: PMC9306916 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the anti‐noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol‐based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney [hNoV, by RT‐qPCR and human intestinal enteroid (HIE) infectivity assay] and its cultivable surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV, infectivity assay), compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions. Methods and Results PSS efficacy was evaluated in suspension and on surfaces [stainless steel (SS)] using ASTM methods. Results were expressed as log10 reduction (LR) of genome equivalent copy number (GEC, for hNoV, assayed by RT‐qPCR) and plaque forming units (PFU, for TuV, per infectivity assay). In suspension, PSS achieved a 2.9 ± 0.04 LR hNoV GEC irrespective of contact time (30 or 60 s) and soil load (2.5% or 5%). Under all treatment conditions, infectious TuV could not be recovered following exposure to PSS, corresponding to the assay limit of detection (3.1–5.2 log10 PFU). Infectious hNoV could not be detected in the HIE model after exposure to PSS. On SS and 2.5% soil, PSS produced a 3.1 ± 0.1 LR hNoV GEC, comparable to 500 ppm NaOCl for 60 s. With 5.0% soil, PSS produced a 2.5 ± 0.2 LR hNoV GEC, which was similar to 1000–5000 ppm NaOCl for 60 s. Conclusions PSS showed high anti‐hNoV efficacy by RT‐qPCR and in in vitro (TuV) and ex vivo (HIE) infectivity assays and performed similar to 1000–5000 ppm NaOCl for a 60‐s contact time on SS with added soil. Significance and Impact of Study hNoV remains a significant cause of morbidity globally, partly due to its resistance to numerous surface disinfectants. RT‐qPCR results from this study indicate PSS efficacy against hNoV is comparable to NaOCl efficacy. Infectivity assays leveraging TuV and the HIE model for hNoV support and confirm loss of virus infectivity. Collectively, these results indicate the product’s ability to inactivate hNoV quickly, which could be beneficial in settings having elevated risk for hNoV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca I Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Rebecca M Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Justin Bradshaw
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Current Affiliation: Johnston Community College, Smithfield, NC
| | - Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | | | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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12
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Sobolik JS, Newman KL, Jaykus LA, Bihn EA, Leon JS. Norovirus transmission mitigation strategies during simulated produce harvest and packing. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109365. [PMID: 34488004 PMCID: PMC8510003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the agricultural setting, core global food safety elements, such as hand hygiene and worker furlough, should reduce the risk of norovirus contamination on fresh produce. However, the effect of these practices has not been characterized. Using a quantitative microbial risk model, we evaluated the individual and combined effect of farm-based hand hygiene and worker furlough practices on the maximum risk of norovirus infection from three produce commodities (open leaf lettuce, vine tomatoes, and raspberries). Specifically, we tested two scenarios where a harvester's and packer's norovirus infection status was: 1) assumed positive; or 2) assigned based on community norovirus prevalence estimates. In the first scenario with a norovirus-positive harvester and packer, none of the individual interventions modeled reduced produce contamination to below the norovirus infectious dose. However, combined interventions, particularly high handwashing compliance (100%) and efficacy (6 log10 virus removal achieved using soap and water for 30 s), reduced produce contamination to <1-82 residual virus. Translating produce contamination to maximum consumer infection risk, 100% handwashing with a 5 log10 virus removal was necessary to achieve an infection risk below the threshold of 0.032 infections per consumption event. When community-based norovirus prevalence estimates were applied to the harvester and packer, the single interventions of 100% handwashing with 3 log10 virus removal (average 0.02 infection risk per consumption event) or furlough of the packer (average 0.03 infection risk per consumption event) reduced maximum infection risk to below the 0.032 threshold for all commodities. Bundled interventions (worker furlough, 100% glove compliance, and 100% handwashing with 1-log10 virus reduction) resulted in a maximum risk of 0.02 per consumption event across all commodities. These results advance the evidence-base for global produce safety standards as effective norovirus contamination and risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Sobolik
- Emory University, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kira L Newman
- Emory University, Hubert Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- North Carolina State University, Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bihn
- Cornell University, Department of Food Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- Emory University, Hubert Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay ANM, Ryan PB, Leon JS. Controlling risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers of enclosed food manufacturing facilities. Food Control 2021; 133:108632. [PMID: 34703082 PMCID: PMC8532033 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic poses significant health risks to workers who are essential to maintaining the food supply chain. Using a quantitative risk assessment model, this study characterized the impact of risk reduction strategies for controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission (droplet, aerosol, fomite-mediated) among front-line workers in a representative indoor fresh fruit and vegetable manufacturing facility. We simulated: 1) individual and cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection risks from close contact (droplet and aerosols at 1–3 m), aerosol, and fomite-mediated exposures to a susceptible worker following exposure to an infected worker during an 8 h-shift; and 2) the relative reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk attributed to infection control interventions (physical distancing, mask use, ventilation, surface disinfection, hand hygiene, vaccination). Without mitigation measures, the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was largest for close contact (droplet and aerosol) at 1 m (0.96, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.67–1.0). In comparison, risk associated with fomite (0.26, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.10–0.56) or aerosol exposure alone (0.05, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.01–0.13) at 1 m distance was substantially lower (73–95%). At 1 m, droplet transmission predominated over aerosol and fomite-mediated transmission, however, this changed by 3 m, with aerosols comprising the majority of the exposure dose. Increasing physical distancing reduced risk by 84% (1–2 m) and 91% (1–3 m). Universal mask use reduced infection risk by 52–88%, depending on mask type. Increasing ventilation (from 0.1 to 2–8 air changes/hour) resulted in risk reductions of 14–54% (1 m) and 55–85% (2 m). Combining these strategies, together with handwashing and surface disinfection, resulted in <1% infection risk. Partial or full vaccination of the susceptible worker resulted in risk reductions of 73–92% (1 m risk range: 0.08–0.26). However, vaccination paired with other interventions (ACH 2, mask use, or distancing) was necessary to achieve infection risks <1%. Current industry SARS-CoV-2 risk reduction strategies, particularly when bundled, provide significant protection to essential food workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - D Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ben A Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alicia N M Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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14
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Brown P, Chen Y, Siletzky R, Parsons C, Jaykus LA, Eifert J, Ryser E, Logue CM, Stam C, Brown E, Kathariou S. Harnessing Whole Genome Sequence Data for Facility-Specific Signatures for Listeria monocytogenes: A Case Study With Turkey Processing Plants in the United States. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.742353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive foodborne pathogen responsible for the severe disease listeriosis and notorious for its ability to persist in food processing plants, leading to contamination of processed, ready-to-eat foods. L. monocytogenes persistence in various food processing environments (FPEs) has been extensively investigated by various subtyping tools, with increasing use of whole genome sequencing (WGS). However, major knowledge gaps remain. There is a need for facility-specific molecular signatures not only for adequate attribution of L. monocytogenes to a specific FPE but also for improved understanding of the ecology and evolution of L. monocytogenes in the food processing ecosystem. Furthermore, multiple strains can be recovered from a single FPE sample, but their diversity can be underestimated with common molecular subtyping tools. In this study we investigated a panel of 54 L. monocytogenes strains from four turkey processing plants in the United States. A combination of WGS and phenotypic assays was employed to assess strain persistence as well as identify facility-specific molecular signatures. Comparative analysis of allelic variation across the whole genome revealed that allelic profiles have the potential to be specific to individual processing plants. Certain allelic profiles remained associated with individual plants even when closely-related strains from other sources were included in the analysis. Furthermore, for certain sequence types (STs) based on the seven-locus multilocus sequence typing scheme, presence and location of premature stop codons in inlA, inlB length, prophage sequences, and the sequence content of a genomic hotspot could serve as plant-specific signatures. Interestingly, the analysis of different isolates from the same environmental sample revealed major differences not only in serotype and ST, but even in the sequence content of strains of the same ST. This study highlights the potential for WGS data to be deployed for identification of facility-specific signatures, thus facilitating the tracking of strain movement through the food chain. Furthermore, deployment of WGS for intra-sample strain analysis allows for a more complete environmental surveillance of L. monocytogenes in food processing facilities, reducing the risk of failing to detect strains that may be clinically relevant and potentially novel.
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15
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Franco-Frías E, Mercado-Guajardo V, Merino-Mascorro A, Pérez-Garza J, Heredia N, León JS, Jaykus LA, Dávila-Aviña J, García S. Analysis of Bacterial Communities by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing in a Melon-Producing Agro-environment. Microb Ecol 2021; 82:613-622. [PMID: 33570667 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cantaloupe melons, which have been responsible of an increasing number of foodborne disease outbreaks, may become contaminated with microbial pathogens during production. However, little information is available on the microbial populations in the cantaloupe farm environment. The purpose of this work was to characterize the bacterial communities present on cantaloupe farms. Fruit, soil, and harvester hand rinsates were collected from two Mexican cantaloupe farms, each visited three times. Microbiome analysis was performed by sequencing 16sRNA and analyzed using qiime2 software. Correlations were determined between sample type and microbial populations. The α and β diversity analysis identified 2777 sequences across all samples. The soil samples had the highest number and diversity of unique species (from 130 to 1329 OTUs); cantaloupe (from 112 to 205 OTUs), and hands (from 67 to 151 OTUs) had similar diversity. Collectively, Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla (from 42 to 95%), followed by Firmicutes (1-47%), Actinobacteria (< 1 to 23%), and Bacteroidetes (< 1 to 4.8%). The most abundant genera were Acinetobacter (20-58%), Pseudomonas (14.5%), Erwinia (13%), and Exiguobacterium (6.3%). Genera with potential to be pathogenic included Bacillus (4%), Salmonella (0.85%), Escherichia-Shigella (0.38%), Staphylococcus (0.32%), Listeria (0.29%), Clostridium (0.28%), and Cronobacter (0.27%), which were found at lower frequencies. This study provides information on the cantaloupe production microbiome, which can inform future research into critical food safety issues such as antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and genomic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Franco-Frías
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Victor Mercado-Guajardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Angel Merino-Mascorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Janeth Pérez-Garza
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Norma Heredia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Juan S León
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jorge Dávila-Aviña
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México
| | - Santos García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N.L., 66451, México.
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Faircloth J, Moore MD, Stoufer S, Kim M, Jaykus LA. Generation of Nucleic Acid Aptamer Candidates against a Novel Calicivirus Protein Target. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091716. [PMID: 34578297 PMCID: PMC8473235 DOI: 10.3390/v13091716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness globally. One of the challenges in detecting noroviruses is the identification of a completely broadly reactive ligand; however, all detection ligands generated to date target the viral capsid, the outermost of which is the most variable region of the genome. The VPg is a protein covalently linked to the viral genome that is necessary for replication but hitherto remains underexplored as a target for detection or therapeutics. The purpose of this work was to generate nucleic acid aptamers against human norovirus (Norwalk) and cultivable surrogate (Tulane) VPgs for future use in detection and therapeutics. Eight rounds of positive-SELEX and two rounds of counter-SELEX were performed. Five and eight unique aptamer sequences were identified for Norwalk and Tulane VPg, respectively, all of which were predicted to be stable (∆G < −5.0) and one of which occurred in both pools. All candidates displayed binding to both Tulane and Norwalk VPg (positive:negative > 5.0), and all but two of the candidates displayed very strong binding (positive:negative > 10.0), significantly higher than binding to the negative control protein (p < 0.05). Overall, this work reports a number of aptamer candidates found to be broadly reactive and specific for in vitro-expressed VPgs across genus that could be used for future application in detection or therapeutics. Future work characterizing binding of the aptamer candidates against native VPgs and in therapeutic applications is needed to further evaluate their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.F.); (L.-A.J.)
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.F.); (L.-A.J.)
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (S.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-413-545-1019
| | - Sloane Stoufer
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.F.); (L.-A.J.)
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17
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay ANM, Ryan PB, Guest JL, Webb-Girard A, Leon JS. Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fomite, even in cold-chain. medRxiv 2021:2021.08.23.21262477. [PMID: 34462753 PMCID: PMC8404890 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.23.21262477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries continue to debate the need for decontamination of cold-chain food packaging to reduce possible SARS-CoV-2 fomite transmission among workers. While laboratory-based studies demonstrate persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, the likelihood of fomite-mediated transmission under real-life conditions is uncertain. METHODS Using a quantitative risk assessment model, we simulated in a frozen food packaging facility 1) SARS-CoV-2 fomite-mediated infection risks following worker exposure to contaminated plastic packaging; and 2) reductions in these risks attributed to masking, handwashing, and vaccination. FINDINGS In a representative facility with no specific interventions, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to a susceptible worker from contact with contaminated packaging was 2·8 × 10 -3 per 1h-period (95%CI: 6·9 × 10 -6 , 2·4 × 10 -2 ). Implementation of standard infection control measures, handwashing and masks (9·4 × 10 -6 risk per 1h-period, 95%CI: 2·3 × 10 -8 , 8·1 × 10 -5 ), substantially reduced risk (99·7%). Vaccination of the susceptible worker (two doses Pfizer/Moderna, vaccine effectiveness: 86-99%) combined with handwashing and masking reduced risk to less than 1·0 × 10 -6 . Simulating increased infectiousness/transmissibility of new variants (2-, 10-fold viral shedding) among a fully vaccinated workforce, handwashing and masks continued to mitigate risk (2·0 × 10 -6 -1·1 × 10 -5 risk per 1h-period). Decontamination of packaging in addition to these interventions reduced infection risks to below the 1·0 × 10 -6 risk threshold. INTERPRETATION Fomite-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection risks were very low under cold-chain conditions. Handwashing and masking provide significant protection to workers, especially when paired with vaccination. FUNDING U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 27695
| | - D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Alicia NM. Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Jodie L. Guest
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Amy Webb-Girard
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
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Kirchner M, Goulter RM, Chapman BJ, Clayton J, Jaykus LA. Cross-Contamination on Atypical Surfaces and Venues in Food Service Environments. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1239-1251. [PMID: 33545714 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cross-contamination of raw food to other surfaces, hands, and foods is a serious issue in food service. With individuals eating more meals away from home, contracting a foodborne illness from a food service establishment is an increasing concern. However, most studies have concentrated on hands or food contact surfaces and neglected atypical and unusual surfaces (surfaces that are not typically identified as a source of cross-contamination) and venues. This review was conducted to identify atypically cross-contaminated surfaces and atypical venues where cross-contamination could occur that have not been examined thoroughly in the literature. Most surfaces that could be at risk for cross-contamination are frequently touched, are rarely cleaned and sanitized, and can support the persistence and/or growth of foodborne pathogens. These surfaces include menus, spice and condiment containers, aprons and coveralls, mobile devices and tablets, and money. Venues that are explored, such as temporary events, mobile vendors, and markets, are usually limited in space or infrastructure, have low compliance with proper hand washing, and provide the opportunity for raw and ready-to-eat foods to come into contact with one another. These factors create an environment in which cross-contamination can occur and potentially impact food safety. A more comprehensive cleaning and sanitizing regime encompassing these surfaces and venues could help mitigate cross-contamination. This review highlights key surfaces and venues that have the potential to be cross-contaminated and have been underestimated or not fully investigated. These knowledge gaps indicate where further work is needed to fully understand the role of these surfaces and venues in cross-contamination and how it can be prevented. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Rebecca M Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Benjamin J Chapman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Murphy MM, Scrafford CG, Barraj LM, Bi X, Higgins KA, Jaykus LA, Tran NL. Potassium chloride-based replacers: modeling effects on sodium and potassium intakes of the US population with cross-sectional data from NHANES 2015-2016 and 2009-2010. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:220-230. [PMID: 33755042 PMCID: PMC8246601 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium intake in the USA exceeds recommendations. The replacement of added sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) provides a potential strategy to reduce sodium intake. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate changes in intakes of sodium and potassium by the US population assuming use of potassium-based NaCl replacers in top dietary sodium sources. METHODS Data collected in the What We Eat in America (WWEIA) component of the 2015-2016 and 2009-2010 NHANES were used to identify top-ranking sources of dietary sodium among the population aged 2 y and older based on contributions from food categories aligning with the FDA draft guidance for voluntary sodium reduction. Predicted nutrient intakes were estimated in models assuming total and feasible and practical (F&P) replacement of added NaCl with KCl in foods and ingredients within the top food sources of sodium. An expert elicitation was conducted to collect information on the F&P KCl replacement of added NaCl. RESULTS Using 2015-2016 consumption data, the total replacement of added NaCl with KCl in the 18 top-ranking sources of dietary sodium results in a predicted sodium intake of 2004 mg/d from the replacement of 1406 mg/d sodium with 1870 mg/d potassium as KCl. Modeled F&P replacement predicted sodium intakes of 3117 mg/d (range of 2953 to 3255 mg/d) from the replacement of 294 mg/d sodium (155 to 457 mg/d) with 390 mg/d potassium (206 to 608 mg/d). Similar results are seen with 2009-2010 data. CONCLUSIONS The F&P replacement of NaCl with KCl in top-ranking sources of dietary sodium modeled in this study can result in decreased sodium to a level consistent with the short-term intake goal targeted by the FDA of 3000 mg/d, with the mean potassium intake remaining in the range recommended for the apparently healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Murphy
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carolyn G Scrafford
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Leila M Barraj
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Bi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nga L Tran
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay ANM, Ryan PB, Leon JS. Controlling risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers of enclosed food manufacturing facilities. medRxiv 2021:2021.05.14.21257244. [PMID: 34031667 PMCID: PMC8142669 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.14.21257244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic poses significant health risks to workers who are essential to maintaining the food supply chain. Using a quantitative risk assessment model, this study characterized the impact of risk reduction strategies for controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission (droplet, aerosol, fomite-mediated) among front-line workers in a representative enclosed food manufacturing facility. We simulated: 1) individual and cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection risks from close contact (droplet and aerosols at 1-3m), aerosol, and fomite-mediated exposures to a susceptible worker following exposure to an infected worker during an 8h-shift; and 2) the relative reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk attributed to infection control interventions (physical distancing, mask use, ventilation, surface disinfection, hand hygiene). Without mitigation measures, the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was largest for close contact (droplet and aerosol) at 1m (0.96, 95%CI: 0.67-1.0). In comparison, risk associated with fomite (0.26, 95%CI: 0.10-0.56) or aerosol exposure alone (0.05, 95%CI: 0.01-0.13) at 1m distance was substantially lower (73-95%). At 1m, droplet transmission predominated over aerosol and fomite-mediated transmission, however, this changed by 3m, with aerosols comprising the majority of the exposure dose. Increasing physical distancing reduced risk by 84% (1 to 2m) and 91% (1 to 3m). Universal mask use reduced infection risk by 52-88%, depending on mask type. Increasing ventilation (from 0.1 to 2-8 air changes/hour) resulted in risk reductions of 14-54% (1m) and 55-85% (2m). Combining these strategies, together with handwashing and surface disinfection, resulted in <1% infection risk. Current industry SARS-CoV-2 risk reduction strategies, particularly when bundled, provide significant protection to essential food workers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Using mathematical modeling, we find that workers in enclosed food manufacturing facilities are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection from close contact transmission (exposure to large droplets and small aerosol particles) than fomite transmission. Thus, strategies protecting workers should prioritize close contact transmission pathways, such as physical distancing, universal mask use, and room air changes, with surface disinfection (reducing fomite transmission) and handwashing of secondary importance. Our work supports current international (EU-OSHA), domestic (FDA, OSHA), and food industry-standard guidance for managing COVID-19 transmission in essential workers in the food manufacturing sector. Although our model was designed for an indoor food manufacturing setting, it can be readily adapted to other indoor environments and infectious respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | - D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alicia NM. Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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21
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Pérez-Garza J, Franco-Frías E, García-Heredia A, García S, Leon JS, Jaykus LA, Heredia N. The Cantaloupe Farm Environment Has a Diverse Genetic Pool of Antibiotic-Resistance and Virulence Genes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:469-476. [PMID: 33900863 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantaloupes contaminated with pathogens have led to many high-profile outbreaks and illnesses. Since bacterial virulence genes (VGs) can act in tandem with antibiotic-resistance and mobile genetic elements, there is a need to evaluate these gene reservoirs in fresh produce, such as cantaloupes. The goal of this study was to assess the distribution of antibiotic-resistance, virulence, and mobile genetic elements genes (MGEGs) in cantaloupe farm environments. A total of 200 samples from cantaloupe melons (n = 99), farm workers' hands (n = 66), and production water (n = 35) were collected in México. Each sample was assayed for the presence of 14 antibiotic-resistance genes, 15 VGs, and 5 MGEGs by polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicated that tetracycline (tetA and tetB) (18% of cantaloupe, 45% of hand samples) and sulfonamide (sul1) (30% of cantaloupe, 71% of hand samples) resistance genes were frequently detected. The colistin resistance gene (mcr1) was detected in 10% of cantaloupe and 23% of farm workers' hands. Among VGs, Salmonella genes invA and spiA were the most abundant. There was a significantly higher likelihood of detecting antibiotic-resistance, virulence, and MGEGs on hands compared with water samples. These results demonstrate a diverse pool of antibiotic-resistance and VGs in cantaloupe production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Pérez-Garza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Eduardo Franco-Frías
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Santos García
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Juan S Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norma Heredia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
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22
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Manuel CS, Suther C, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Comparison of a one-step real-time RT-PCR and a nested real-time RT-PCR for a genogroup II norovirus reveals differences in sensitivity depending upon assay design and visualization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248581. [PMID: 33831019 PMCID: PMC8031402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis and a major source of foodborne illness. Detection of NoV in food and environmental samples is typically performed using molecular techniques, including real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and less frequently, nested real-time PCR. In this study, we conducted a controlled comparison of two published NoV detection assays: a broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR and a two-step nested real-time PCR assay. A 20% human fecal suspension containing a genogroup II human NoV was serially diluted, genome extracted, and subjected to amplification using the two assays compared via PCR Units. Additional amplicon confirmation was performed by dot blot hybridization using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Both assays displayed similar amplification standard curves/amplification efficiencies; however, the nested assay consistently detected one log10 lower virus. Dot blot hybridization improved the detection limit of the nested real-time PCR by one log10 NoV genome copies but impaired the detection limit of the one-step real-time RT-PCR by one log10 NoV genome copies. These results illustrate the complexities in designing and interpreting molecular techniques having a sufficient detection limit to detect low levels of viruses that might be anticipated in contaminated food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde S. Manuel
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Suther
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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23
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Tijerina-RodrÍguez LE, SolÍs-Soto L, Heredia N, LeÓn JS, Jaykus LA, GarcÍa S. In-House Validation of a Rinse-Membrane Filtration Method for Processing Fresh Produce Samples for Downstream Cultural Detection of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1592-1597. [PMID: 32421788 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
More efficient sampling and detection methods of pathogens on fresh produce are needed. The purpose of this study was to compare a novel rinse-membrane filtration method (RMFM) to a more traditional sponge rubbing or stomaching method in processing jalapeño peppers and cantaloupe samples for detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes. For jalapeño peppers inoculated with 106, 104, and 102 CFU of each pathogen and cantaloupes inoculated at 106 and 104 CFU, all pathogens were detected in all (100%) samples by RMFM at a 10-mL filtration volume, as well as by the stomacher and sponge rubbing methods. However, for cantaloupe inoculated at 102 CFU, detection differed by pathogen: S. enterica (20% RMFM, 60% stomacher, and 20% sponge), L. monocytogenes (40% RMFM, 60% stomacher, and 20% sponge), and E. coli O157:H7 (100% RMFM, 75% stomacher, and 75% sponge). When RMFM was compared with the other methods, in accordance with guidelines in the International Organization for Standardization 16140:2003 protocol, it produced values >95% in relative accuracy, relative specificity, and relative sensitivity. Overall, the RMFM performed similar to or better than the homogenization and sponge surface rubbing methods and is a good alternative for processing large numbers of produce samples for bacterial pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Tijerina-RodrÍguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N. L. 66455 México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-7763 [N.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-5504 [S.G.])
| | - Luisa SolÍs-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N. L. 66455 México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-7763 [N.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-5504 [S.G.])
| | - Norma Heredia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N. L. 66455 México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-7763 [N.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-5504 [S.G.])
| | - Juan S LeÓn
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Santos GarcÍa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apdo. Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, N. L. 66455 México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-7763 [N.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-5504 [S.G.])
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24
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Cable J, Jaykus LA, Hoelzer K, Newton J, Torero M. The impact of COVID-19 on food systems, safety, and security-a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1484:3-8. [PMID: 32860255 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our food systems depend on complex interactions between farmers and food producers, local and federal governments, and consumers. Underlying these interactions are economic, environmental, and societal factors that can impact the types of food available, access to food, affordability, and food safety. The recent SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has affected multiple aspects of our food systems, from federal governments' decisions to limit food exports, to the ability of government agencies to inspect food and facilities to the ability of consumers to dine at restaurants. It has also provided opportunities for societies to take a close look at the vulnerabilities in our food systems and reinvent them to be more robust and resilient. For the most part, how these changes ultimately affect the safety and accessibility of food around the world remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - John Newton
- American Farm Bureau Federation, Washington, DC
| | - Maximo Torero
- Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Rome, Italy
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25
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown E, Bell RL. Salmonella enterica colonization and fitness in pre-harvest cantaloupe production. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103612. [PMID: 32912584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cantaloupes have emerged as significant vehicles of widespread foodborne illness outbreaks caused by bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Salmonella colonization and internalization in cantaloupes by relevant routes of contamination. Cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo 'reticulatus') from two cultivars 'Athena' (Eastern) and 'Primo' (Western) were grown from commercial seed. Plants were maintained in the NCSU BSL-3P phytotron greenhouse. Salmonella enterica (a cocktail of cantaloupe-associated outbreak serovars Javiana, Newport, Panama, Poona and Typhimurium) contamination was introduced via blossoms or soil at ca. 4.4 log10 CFU/blossom or 8.4 log10 CFU/root zone, respectively. Cantaloupes were analyzed for Salmonella by enrichment in accordance with modified FDA-BAM methods. Five randomly chosen colonies from each Salmonella-positive sample were typed using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer following multiplex PCR. Data were analyzed for prevalence of contamination and serovar predominance in fruit, stems and soil. Of the total cantaloupe fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (n = 63), 89% (56/63) were externally contaminated and 73% (46/63) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit. Serovar Panama was the most commonly isolated from the surface of fruit while S. Panama and S. Poona were the most prevalent inside the fruit. When soil was inoculated with Salmonella at one day post-transplant, 13% (8/60) of the plants were shown to translocate the organism to the lower stem (ca. 4 cm) by 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). We observed Salmonella persistence in the soil up to 60 dpi with S. Newport being the predominant serovar at 10 and 20 dpi. These data demonstrate that contaminated soil and blossoms can lead to Salmonella internalization into the plant or fruit at a relatively high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric Brown
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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26
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Duong M, Shumaker ET, Cates SC, Shelley L, Goodson L, Bernstein C, Lavallee A, Kirchner M, Goulter R, Jaykus LA, Chapman B. An Observational Study of Thermometer Use by Consumers When Preparing Ground Turkey Patties. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1167-1174. [PMID: 32083679 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of an intervention for consumer thermometer use by using a randomized experimental design and direct observation of meal preparation. The study was conducted in test kitchen facilities in two locations in North Carolina (one urban and one rural). Cameras recorded participants' actions at various locations throughout the kitchen and recorded the meal preparation from beginning to end. Before preparing the meal, a randomized treatment group watched a 3-min U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food safety video "The Importance of Cooking to a Safe Internal Temperature and How to Use a Food Thermometer." Participants in the control and treatment groups were observed while cooking turkey burgers and preparing a salad to determine whether a thermometer was used to check the doneness of the turkey patties. Following meal preparation, all participants responded to a postobservation interview about food handling behaviors. Treatment group participants were also asked about the intervention. A total of 383 people participated in the study (201 in the control group and 182 in the treatment group). Participants who viewed the video were twice as likely to use a thermometer to check the doneness of the turkey patties compared with the participants who were not exposed to the video (75 versus 34%) and twice as likely to place the thermometer in the correct location (52 versus 23%). Sixty-seven percent of participants who watched the video reported that it influenced their behavior in the kitchen. This study demonstrates the importance of timing and framing of a behavioral intervention for thermometer use and highlights considerations for the development of additional messages (e.g., proper insertion). HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Duong
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Ellen Thomas Shumaker
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0113-4321 [E.T.S.])
| | - Sheryl C Cates
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0113-4321 [E.T.S.])
| | - Lisa Shelley
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Lydia Goodson
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Christopher Bernstein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | - Aaron Lavallee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Education, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | - Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Rebecca Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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27
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Deese LM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown EW, Bell RL. Colonization and Internalization of Salmonella enterica and Its Prevalence in Cucumber Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32547530 PMCID: PMC7273826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus var. sativus) has been linked to several foodborne outbreaks involving Salmonella enterica. The purpose of this work was to investigate the efficiency of colonization and internalization of S. enterica into cucumber plants by various routes of contamination. Produce-associated outbreak strains of Salmonella (a cocktail of serovars Javiana, Montevideo, Newport, Poona, and Typhimurium) were introduced to three cultivars of cucumber plants (two slicing cultivars and one pickling) via blossoms (ca. 6.4 log10 CFU/blossom, 4.5 log10 CFU/blossom, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom) or soil (ca. 8.3 log10 CFU/root zone) and were analyzed for prevalence of Salmonella contamination (internal and external) and serovar predominance in fruit and stems. Of the total slicing fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (ca. 6.4, 4.5, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom), 83.9% (47/56), 81.4% (48/59) or 71.2% (84/118) were found colonized and 67.9% (38/56), 35.6% (21/59) or 22.0% (26/118) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit, respectively. S. Poona was the most prevalent serovar isolated on or in cucumber fruits at all inoculation levels. When soil was inoculated at 1 day post-transplant (dpt), 8% (10/120) of the plants were shown to translocate Salmonella to the lower stem 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Results identified blossoms as an important route by which Salmonella internalized at a high percentage into cucumbers, and S. Poona, the same strain isolated from the 2015 outbreak of cucumbers imported from Mexico, was shown to be well-adapted to the blossom niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren M Deese
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Wilson AM, Reynolds KA, Jaykus LA, Escudero-Abarca B, Gerba CP. Comparison of estimated norovirus infection risk reductions for a single fomite contact scenario with residual and nonresidual hand sanitizers. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:538-544. [PMID: 31676157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to relate experimentally measured log10 human norovirus reductions for a nonresidual (60% ethanol) and a residual (quaternary ammonium-based) hand sanitizer to infection risk reductions. METHODS Human norovirus log10 reductions on hands for both sanitizers were experimentally measured using the ASTM International Standard E1838-10 method, with modification. Scenarios included product application to: (1) inoculated fingerpads with 30- and 60-second contact times, and (2) hands followed by inoculation with human norovirus immediately and 4 hours later. Hand sanitizer efficacies were used in a mathematical model estimating norovirus infection risk from a single hand-to-fomite contact under low and high environmental contamination conditions. RESULTS The largest log10 reductions for the residual and nonresidual hand sanitizers were for a 60-second contact time, reducing infection risk by approximately 99% and 85%, respectively. Four hours after application, the residual hand sanitizer reduced infection risks by 78.5% under high contamination conditions, whereas the nonresidual hand sanitizer offered no reduction. DISCUSSION Log10 virus and infection risk reductions were consistently greater for the residual hand sanitizer under all scenarios. Further data describing residual hand sanitizer efficacy with additional contamination or tactile events are needed. CONCLUSIONS Residual antinoroviral hand sanitizers may reduce infection risks for up to 4 hours.
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Corzo-Ariyama HA, García-Heredia A, Heredia N, García S, León J, Jaykus L, Solís-Soto L. Phylogroups, pathotypes, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in farms and packing facilities of tomato, jalapeño pepper and cantaloupe from Northern Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Manuel CS, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Predicting human norovirus infectivity - Recent advances and continued challenges. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:337-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Suh SH, Choi SJ, Dwivedi HP, Moore MD, Escudero-Abarca BI, Jaykus LA. Use of DNA aptamer for sandwich type detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Anal Biochem 2018; 557:27-33. [PMID: 29649475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A single stranded (ss) DNA aptamer, specific to members of Listeria genus, was used to develop a two-site binding sandwich assay for capture and detection of L. monocytogenes. Antibody-immobilized immunomagnetic beads were used to capture L. monocytogenes, followed by their exposure to the aptamer detector. Detection was achieved by amplification of cell-bound aptamers by qPCR. The lower limit of detection for the combined assay was 2.5 CFU L. monocytogenes in 500 μl buffer. This is juxtaposed to a detection limit of 2.4 log10 CFU in 500 μl buffer for immunomagnetic separation coupled with qPCR detection of L. monocytogenes targeting the hly gene. When applied to turkey deli meat, subjected to 24 h of non-selective enrichment, the two-site binding sandwich assay showed positive results at initial inoculum levels of 1-2 log10 CFU per 25 g sample. Because of its lower limit of detection, the assay reported here could be useful for detection of L. monocytogenes in foods and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hwan Suh
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Soo Jung Choi
- Functional Food Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hari P Dwivedi
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Blanca I Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are a class of alternative ligands increasingly growing in importance in the face of contemporary detection challenges. Aptamers offer multiple advantages over traditional ligands like antibodies; however, their ability to specifically bind target molecules must first be confirmed after their generation. Use of a plate-based enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) is a generally rapid way to screen and characterize aptamer binding to protein targets. ELASA involves directly plating a protein target onto a nonspecific (polystyrene) surface and assessing binding of functionalized (biotinylated) aptamers to those plated proteins using an enzyme conjugate that recognizes the aptamers. Here, we describe an ELASA that was designed and used to evaluate and compare binding of ssDNA aptamers against the capsids of different strains of human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Blanca I Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: Implications and Potential for the Applied and Agricultural Sciences. Viruses 2018; 10:E61. [PMID: 29393885 PMCID: PMC5850368 DOI: 10.3390/v10020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic virus-bacteria interactions have recently become an emerging topic of study due to multiple significant examples related to human pathogens of clinical interest. However, such omnipresent and likely important interactions for viruses and bacteria relevant to the applied and agricultural sciences have not been reviewed or compiled. The fundamental basis of this review is that these interactions have importance and deserve more investigation, as numerous potential consequences and applications arising from their discovery are relevant to the applied sciences. The purpose of this review is to highlight and summarize eukaryotic virus-bacteria findings in the food/water, horticultural, and animal sciences. In many cases in the agricultural sciences, mechanistic understandings of the effects of virus-bacteria interactions remain unstudied, and many studies solely focus on co-infections of bacterial and viral pathogens. Given recent findings relative to human viral pathogens, further research related to virus-bacteria interactions would likely result in numerous discoveries and beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly accepted as the cellular receptors for human norovirus. However, some human noroviruses have been found not to bind any HBGA ligand, suggesting potential additional co-factors. Some ligands have been found to bind noroviruses and have the potential to be additional cellular receptors/attachment factors for human norovirus or inhibitors of the HBGA interaction. The studies identifying these mostly characterize different chemical, human, food, or bacterial components and their effect on norovirus binding and infection, although the mechanism of interaction is unknown in many cases. This review seeks to supplement the already well-covered HBGA-norovirus literature by covering non-HBGA human norovirus ligands and inhibitors to provide investigators with a more comprehensive view of norovirus ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Abstract
Human norovirus exacts considerable public health and economic losses worldwide. Emerging in vitro cultivation advances are not yet applicable for routine detection of the virus. The current detection and quantification techniques, which rely primarily on nucleic acid amplification, do not discriminate infectious from non-infectious viral particles. The purpose of this article is to present specific details on recent advances in techniques used together in order to acquire further information on the infectivity status of viral particles. One technique involves assessing binding of a norovirus ssDNA aptamer to capsids. Aptamers have the advantage of being easily synthesized and modified, and are inexpensive and stable. Another technique, dynamic light scattering (DLS), has the advantage of observing capsid behavior in solution. Electron microscopy allows for visualization of the structural integrity of the viral capsids. Although promising, there are some drawbacks to each technique, such as non-specific aptamer binding to positively-charged molecules from sample matrices, requirement of purified capsid for DLS, and poor sensitivity for electron microscopy. Nonetheless, when these techniques are used in combination, the body of data produced provides more comprehensive information on norovirus capsid integrity that can be used to infer infectivity, information which is essential for accurate evaluation of inactivation methods or interpretation of virus detection. This article provides protocols for using these methods to discriminate infectious human norovirus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University;
| | - Brittany S Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University
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Moore MD, Jaykus LA. A plate-based histo-blood group antigen binding assay for evaluation of human norovirus receptor binding ability. Anal Biochem 2017; 533:56-59. [PMID: 28663001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although two in vitro cultivation methods have been reported, they cannot provide mechanistic insights into viral inactivation. Receptor-binding assays supplement these assays and give insight into capsid integrity. We present a streamlined version of a receptor-binding assay with minimal time-to-result while maintaining accuracy and high throughput. We validate assay performance for physical and chemical inactivation treatments of a norovirus GII.4 capsid. The assay produces a high positive/negative ratio (25.3 ± 4.9) in <2.5 h and has a limit of detection of 0.1 μg/ml capsid. This method is a valuable additional tool for understanding human norovirus inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Abstract
This article covers the current published literature related to the use of social media in food safety and infectious disease communication. The aim was to analyze literature recommendations and draw conclusions about how best to utilize social media for food safety risk communication going forward. A systematic literature review was conducted, and 24 articles were included for analysis. The inclusion criteria were (i) original peer-reviewed articles and (ii) primary focus on communication through social media about food safety and/or infectious diseases. Studies were coded for themes about social media applications, benefits, limitations, and best practices. Trust and personal beliefs were important drivers of social media use. The wide reach, immediacy, and information gathering capacities of social media were frequently cited benefits. Suggestions for social media best practices were inconsistent among studies, and study designs were highly variable. More evidence-based suggestions are needed to better establish guidelines for social media use in food safety and infectious disease risk communication. The information gleaned from this review can be used to create effective messages for shaping food safety behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Overbey
- 1 Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- 1 Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Benjamin J Chapman
- 2 Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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38
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Moorman E, Montazeri N, Jaykus LA. Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Inactivation of Human Norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00653-17. [PMID: 28600317 PMCID: PMC5541222 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00653-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Persistence on surfaces and resistance to many conventional disinfectants contribute to widespread transmission of norovirus. We examined the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; pH 7) for inactivation of human NoV GII.4 Sydney in suspension (ASTM method 1052-11) and on stainless steel surfaces (ASTM method 1053-11) with and without an additional soil load. The impact of the disinfectant on viral capsid was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR; with an RNase pretreatment), SDS-PAGE, transmission electron microscopy, and a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor-binding assay. These studies were done in parallel with those using Tulane virus (TuV), a cultivable human NoV surrogate. Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm free available chlorine produced a 4.8- and 0.4-log10 reduction in NoV genome copy number after 1 min in suspension and on stainless steel, respectively. Increasing the contact time on surfaces to 5, 10, 15, and 30 min reduced human NoV genomic copies by 0.5, 1.6, 2.4, and 5.0 log10 and TuV infectious titers by 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, and 4.1 log10 PFU, respectively. Increased soil load effectively eliminated antiviral efficacy regardless of testing method and virus. Exposure to NEW induced a near complete loss of receptor binding (5 ppm, 30 s), degradation of VP1 major capsid protein (250 ppm, 5 min), and increased virus particle aggregation (150 ppm, 30 min). Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm shows promise as an antinoroviral disinfectant when used on precleaned stainless steel surfaces.IMPORTANCE Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission occurs by fecal-oral or vomitus-oral routes. The persistence of norovirus on contaminated environmental surfaces exacerbates its spread, as does its resistance to many conventional disinfectants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antinoroviral efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), a novel chlorine-based disinfectant that can be used at reduced concentrations, making it more environmentally friendly and less corrosive than bleach. An industrial-scale electrochemical activation device capable of producing relatively stable electrolyzed water at a wide pH range was used in this study. Experiments showed that 250 ppm NEW effectively eliminated (defined as a 5-log10 reduction) human norovirus GII.4 Sydney (epidemic strain) on clean stainless steel surfaces after a 30-min exposure. Supporting studies showed that, like bleach, NEW causes inactivation by disrupting the virus capsid. This product shows promise as a bleach alternative with antinoroviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Moorman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naim Montazeri
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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39
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Abstract
Viral enteric disease imposes a considerable public health and economic burden globally in both humans and livestock. Because enteric viruses are highly transmissible and resistant to numerous control strategies, making early in-field or point-of-care detection is important. There are problems with ligand-based detection strategies (e.g., sensitivity, false positive/negatives) for virus detection. Traditional amplification-based strategies are sensitive, but not as portable or rapid. Recombinase polymerase amplification is a new isothermal technique that utilizes bacterial genome repair enzymes to rapidly amplify target sequences. This report reviews the use of recombinase polymerase amplification for virus detection, showing that the method has favorable fundamental properties supporting its promise for rapid point-of-care detection of enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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40
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Montazeri N, Manuel C, Moorman E, Khatiwada JR, Williams LL, Jaykus LA. Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide- and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642746 PMCID: PMC5462988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log10 reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Montazeri
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Clyde Manuel
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Eric Moorman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Janak R Khatiwada
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Leonard L Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
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Wang Z, Lapinski M, Quilliam E, Jaykus LA, Fraser A. The effect of hand-hygiene interventions on infectious disease-associated absenteeism in elementary schools: A systematic literature review. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:682-689. [PMID: 28242074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand-hygiene interventions are widely used in schools but their effect on reducing absenteeism is not well known. METHODS The aim of our literature review was to determine whether implementation of a hand-hygiene intervention reduced infectious disease-associated absenteeism in elementary schools. The eligible studies (N = 19), published between 1996 and 2014, were summarized and the methodologic quality of each was assessed. RESULTS Our review indicated evidence is available to show hand-hygiene interventions had an effect on reducing acute gastrointestinal illness-associated absenteeism but inadequate evidence is available to show an effect on respiratory illness-associated absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS The methodologic quality assessment of eligible studies revealed common design flaws, such as lack of randomization, blinding, and attrition, which must be addressed in future studies to strengthen the evidence base on the effect of hand-hygiene interventions on school absenteeism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqi Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Maria Lapinski
- Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Elizabeth Quilliam
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, and Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Angela Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
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Newman KL, Bartz FE, Johnston L, Moe CL, Jaykus LA, Leon JS. Microbial Load of Fresh Produce and Paired Equipment Surfaces in Packing Facilities Near the U.S. and Mexico Border. J Food Prot 2017; 80:582-589. [PMID: 28271928 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several produce-associated outbreaks have been linked to the packing facility. Equipment surfaces may be an important source of contamination. The goal was to assess whether the microbial load of packing facility surfaces is associated with the microbial load of produce. From November 2000 to December 2003, 487 matched produce (14 types) and equipment surfaces (six production steps) were sampled from eight packing facilities in the United States near the border with Mexico and enumerated for aerobic plate counts (APC), Escherichia coli , Enterococcus, and coliforms. Bivariate correlations were assessed by Spearman's ρ, and adjusted associations were assessed by multilevel mixed linear regression models. In general, the microbial load both increased and decreased on produce (0.2 to 1.0 log CFU/g) and equipment surfaces (0.5 to 3.0 log CFU/cm2) across production steps. Equipment surface and produce microbial loads were correlated, but correlations varied from none to high depending on the equipment surface. For example, significant correlations (P < 0.01) included APC (ρ = 0.386) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.562) with the harvest bin, E. coli (ρ = 0.372) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.355) with the merry-go-round, Enterococcus (ρ = 0.679) with rinse cycle equipment, APC (ρ = 0.542) with the conveyer belt, and for all indicators with the packing box (ρ = 0.310 to 0.657). After controlling for crop type, sample replicate group, and sample location, there were significant positive associations between the log concentration of Enterococcus on produce and the harvest bin (β = 0.259, P < 0.01) and the rinse cycle (β = 0.010, P = 0.01), and between the log concentration of all indicators on produce and the packing box (β = 0.155 to 0.500, all P < 0.01). These statistically significant associations between microbial loads on packing facility surfaces and fresh produce confirm the importance of packing facility sanitation to protect produce quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Newman
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Faith E Bartz
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Lynette Johnston
- 2 North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
| | - Christine L Moe
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- 2 North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
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Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030058. [PMID: 28335562 PMCID: PMC5371813 DOI: 10.3390/v9030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses often occupy the same niches, however, interest in their potential collaboration in promoting wellness or disease states has only recently gained traction. While the interaction of some bacteria and viruses is well characterized (e.g., influenza virus), researchers are typically more interested in the location of the infection than the manner of cooperation. There are two overarching types of bacterial-virus disease causing interactions: direct interactions that in some way aid the viruses, and indirect interactions aiding bacteria. The virus-promoting direct interactions occur when the virus exploits a bacterial component to facilitate penetration into the host cell. Conversely, indirect interactions result in increased bacterial pathogenesis as a consequence of viral infection. Enteric viruses mainly utilize the direct pathway, while respiratory viruses largely affect bacteria in an indirect fashion. This review focuses on some key examples of how virus-bacteria interactions impact the infection process across the two organ systems, and provides evidence supporting this as an emerging theme in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA..
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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44
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Tung-Thompson G, Escudero-Abarca BI, Outlaw J, Ganee A, Cassard S, Mabilat C, Jaykus LA. Evaluation of a Surface Sampling Method for Recovery of Human Noroviruses Prior to Detection Using Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR. J Food Prot 2017; 80:231-236. [PMID: 28221974 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, and the environmental persistence of these viruses contributes to their transmissibility. Environmental sampling is thus an important tool for investigating norovirus outbreaks and for assessing the effectiveness of cleaning and decontamination regimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a sampling material (wipes) for their efficacy at recovering human norovirus from hard surfaces and foods. Dilutions of a human norovirus GII.4 stool specimen derived from an outbreak were applied to hard surfaces (stainless steel and ceramic) and the surfaces of representative foods (green pepper, apple, tomato, and cheese). The viruses were recovered at various times postinoculation using the wipes, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Recovery efficiency ranged from 74% to almost 100% for all artificially inoculated hard surfaces and for most fresh produce surfaces. Less efficient recovery was observed for cheese. Viral RNA could be recovered from select surfaces for up to 7 days postinoculation, with a <1 log reduction in genome copy number. In field tests, 24 (11%) of 210 environmental samples collected during winter 2012 from restrooms in North Carolina were presumptively positive for human norovirus, and six of these samples were confirmed as GII.4 by sequencing. These wipes may be a valuable tool for investigations of norovirus outbreaks and studies of norovirus prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tung-Thompson
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Blanca I Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Janie Outlaw
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Arnaud Ganee
- bioMerieux S.A., 5 rue des berges, 30024 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Claude Mabilat
- bioMerieux S.A., 5 rue des berges, 30024 Grenoble, France
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Thomas EM, Binder AR, McLAUGHLIN A, Jaykus LA, Hanson D, Powell D, Chapman B. Assessment of Risk Communication about Undercooked Hamburgers by Restaurant Servers. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2113-2118. [PMID: 28221967 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 Model Food Code, it is the duty of a food establishment to disclose and remind consumers of risk when ordering undercooked food such as ground beef. The purpose of this study was to explore actual risk communication behaviors of food establishment servers. Secret shoppers visited 265 restaurants in seven geographic locations across the United States, ordered medium rare burgers, and collected and coded risk information from chain and independent restaurant menus and from server responses. The majority of servers reported an unreliable method of doneness (77%) or other incorrect information (66%) related to burger doneness and safety. These results indicate major gaps in server knowledge and risk communication, and the current risk communication language in the Model Food Code does not sufficiently fill these gaps. The question is "should servers even be acting as risk communicators?" There are numerous challenges associated with this practice, including high turnover rates, limited education, and the high stress environment based on pleasing a customer. If servers are designated as risk communicators, food establishment staff should be adequately trained and provided with consumer advisory messages that are accurate, audience appropriate, and delivered in a professional manner so that customers can make informed food safety decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Andrew R Binder
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Anne McLAUGHLIN
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Dana Hanson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Douglas Powell
- Powell Food Safety, 2-59 Clive Street, Annerley, Queensland 4103, Australia
| | - Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Youth, Family, and Community Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
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Bartz FE, Hodge DW, Heredia N, de Aceituno AF, Solís L, Jaykus LA, Garcia S, Leon JS. Somatic Coliphage Profiles of Produce and Environmental Samples from Farms in Northern México. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:221-226. [PMID: 27153836 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatic coliphages were quantified in 459 produce and environmental samples from 11 farms in Northern Mexico to compare amounts of somatic coliphages among different types of fresh produce and environmental samples across the production steps on farms. Rinsates from cantaloupe melons, jalapeño peppers, tomatoes, and the hands of workers, soil, and water were collected during 2011-2012 at four successive steps on each farm, from the field before harvest through the packing facility, and assayed by FastPhage MPN Quanti-tray method. Cantaloupe farm samples contained more coliphages than jalapeño or tomato (p range <0.01-0.03). Across production steps, jalapeños had higher coliphage percentages before harvest than during packing (p = 0.03), while tomatoes had higher coliphage concentrations at packing than all preceding production steps (p range <0.01-0.02). These findings support the use of targeted produce-specific interventions at multiple points in the process of growing and packing produce to reduce the risk of enteric virus contamination and improve food safety during fruit and vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith E Bartz
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Domonique Watson Hodge
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, Manuel Barragan y Pedro de Alba, 66451, San Nicolás, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Anna Fabiszewski de Aceituno
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Luisa Solís
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, Manuel Barragan y Pedro de Alba, 66451, San Nicolás, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 339-A Schaub Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Santos Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, Manuel Barragan y Pedro de Alba, 66451, San Nicolás, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Juan S Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Heredia N, Caballero C, Cárdenas C, Molina K, García R, Solís L, Burrowes V, Bartz FE, de Aceituno AF, Jaykus LA, García S, Leon J. Microbial Indicator Profiling of Fresh Produce and Environmental Samples from Farms and Packing Facilities in Northern Mexico. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1197-209. [PMID: 27357040 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To compare microbiological indicator and pathogen contamination among different types of fresh produce and environmental samples along the production chain, 636 samples of produce (rinsates from cantaloupe melons, jalapeño peppers, and tomatoes) and environmental samples (rinsates from hands of workers, soil, and water) were collected at four successive steps in the production process (from the field before harvest through the packing facility) on 11 farms in northern Mexico during 2011 and 2012. Samples were assayed for enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, other Shiga toxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes) and microbial indicators (coliforms, other E. coli strains, and Enterococcus spp.). Salmonella was the only pathogen detected; it was found in one preharvest jalapeño sample (detection limits: 0.0033 CFU/ml in produce and hand samples, 0.0013 CFU/ml in water, and 0.04 CFU/g in soil). Microbial indicator profiles for produce, worker hands, and soil from jalapeño and tomato farms were similar, but cantaloupe farm samples had higher indicator levels (P < 0.05 for all comparisons) on fruit (6.5, 2.8, and 7.2 log CFU per fruit) and hands (6.6, 3.1, and 7.1 log CFU per hand) for coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus, respectively, and lower E. coli levels in soil (<1 CFU/g). In water from tomato farms, E. coli indicators were significantly more prevalent (70 to 89% of samples were positive; P = 0.01 to 0.02), and geometric mean levels were higher (0.3 to 0.6 log CFU/100 ml) than those in cantaloupe farm water (32 to 38% of samples were positive, geometric mean <1 CFU/100 ml). Microbial indicators were present during all production steps, but prevalence and levels were generally highest at the final on-farm production step (the packing facility) (P < 0.03 for significant comparisons). The finding that microbial contamination on produce farms is influenced by produce type and production step can inform the design of effective approaches to mitigate microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo Léon 66451, México
| | - Cindy Caballero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo Léon 66451, México
| | - Carmen Cárdenas
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Karina Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Rafael García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Luisa Solís
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Vanessa Burrowes
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Faith E Bartz
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
| | - Anna Fabiszewski de Aceituno
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 339-A Schaub Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Santos García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Juan Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Leone CM, Jaykus LA, Cates SM, Fraser AM. A Review of State Licensing Regulations to Determine Alignment with Best Practices to Prevent Human Norovirus Infections in Child-Care Centers. Public Health Rep 2016; 131:449-60. [PMID: 27252565 PMCID: PMC4869080 DOI: 10.1177/003335491613100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Close, frequent contact between children and care providers in child-care centers presents many opportunities to spread human noroviruses. We compared state licensing regulations for child-care centers with national guidelines written to prevent human noroviruses. METHODS We reviewed child-care licensing regulations for all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia in effect in June 2015 to determine if these regulations fully, partially, or did not address 14 prevention practices in four topic areas: (1) hand hygiene, (2) exclusion of ill people, (3) environmental sanitation, and (4) diapering. RESULTS Approximately two-thirds (8.9) of the 14 practices across all state regulations were partially or fully addressed, with few (2.6) fully addressed. Practices related to exclusion of ill people and diapering were fully addressed most often, while practices related to hand hygiene and environmental sanitation were fully addressed least often. CONCLUSION Regulations based on guidelines for best practices are one way to prevent the spread of human noroviruses in child-care facilities, if the regulations are enforced. Our findings show that, in mid-2015, many state child-care regulations did not fully address these guidelines, suggesting the need to review these regulations to be sure they are based on best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney M. Leone
- Clemson University, Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson, SC
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Angela M. Fraser
- Clemson University, Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson, SC
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49
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Knight A, Haines J, Stals A, Li D, Uyttendaele M, Knight A, Jaykus LA. A systematic review of human norovirus survival reveals a greater persistence of human norovirus RT-qPCR signals compared to those of cultivable surrogate viruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 216:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and they exact a considerable human and economic burden worldwide. In fact, the many challenging aspects of human NoV have caused some to call it the nearly perfect foodborne pathogen. In this review, a brief overview of NoVs and their genetic structure is provided. Additionally, the challenges and recent developments related to human NoVs regarding viral evolution, transmission, epidemiology, outbreak identification, cultivation, animal and human models, and detection are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;
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