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Nazki S, Reddy VRAP, Kamble N, Sadeyen JR, Iqbal M, Behboudi S, Shelton H, Broadbent AJ. CD4 +TGFβ + cells infiltrated the bursa of Fabricius following IBDV infection, and correlated with a delayed viral clearance, but did not correlate with disease severity, or immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197746. [PMID: 37744374 PMCID: PMC10515216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression in chickens. While B-cell destruction is the main cause of humoral immunosuppression, bursal T cells from IBDV-infected birds have been reported to inhibit the mitogenic response of splenocytes, indicating that some T cell subsets in the infected bursa have immunomodulatory activities. CD4+CD25+TGFβ+ cells have been recently described in chickens that have immunoregulatory properties and play a role in the pathogenesis of Marek's Disease Virus. Methods To evaluate if CD4+CD25+TGFβ+ cells infiltrated the bursa of Fabricius (BF) following IBDV infection, and influenced the outcome of infection, birds were inoculated at either 2 days or 2 weeks of age with vaccine strain (228E), classic field strain (F52/70), or PBS (mock), and bursal cell populations were quantified by flow cytometry. Results Both 228E and F52/70 led to atrophy of the BF, a significant reduction of Bu1+-B cells, and a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in the BF, but only F52/70 caused suppression of immune responses to a test antigen in younger birds, and clinical signs in older birds. Virus was cleared from the BF more rapidly in younger birds than older birds. An infiltration of CD4+CD25+T cells into the BF, and elevated expression of bursal TGFβ-1+ mRNA was observed at all time points following infection, irrespective of the strain or age of the birds, but CD4+TGFβ+cells and CD4+CD25+TGFβ+ cells only appeared in the BF at 28 dpi in younger birds. In older birds, CD4+TGFβ+ cells and CD4+CD25+TGFβ+ cells were present at earlier time points, from 7dpi following 228E infection, and from 14 and 28 dpi following F52/70 infection, respectively. Discussion Our data suggest that an earlier infiltration of CD4+TGFβ+ cells into the BF correlated with a delayed clearance of virus. However, the influx of CD4+TGFβ+ cells and CD4+CD25+TGFβ+ into the BF did not correlate with increased pathogenicity, or immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Nazki
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew J. Broadbent
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Kamble N, Reddy VRAP, Jackson B, Anjum FR, Ubachukwu CC, Patil A, Behboudi S. Inhibition of Marek's Disease Virus Replication and Spread by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1652. [PMID: 37631994 PMCID: PMC10457855 DOI: 10.3390/v15081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes a deadly lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, resulting in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. It has been suggested that MDV suppresses the induction of type I interferons and thus escapes immune control. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyses cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), is an interferon-stimulating gene (ISG) known to exert antiviral activities. Other oxysterols, such as 27-hydroxycholesterols (27-HC), have also been shown to exert antiviral activities, and 27-HC is synthesised by the catalysis of cholesterol via the cytochrome P450 enzyme oxidase sterol 27-hydroxylase A1 (CYP27A1). At 24 h post infection (hpi), MDV stimulated a type I interferon (IFN-α) response, which was significantly reduced at 48 and 72 hpi, as detected using the luciferase assay for chicken type I IFNs. Then, using RT-PCR, we demonstrated that chicken type I IFN (IFN-α) upregulates chicken CH25H and CYP27A1 genes in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. In parallel, our results demonstrate a moderate and transient upregulation of CH25H at 48 hpi and CYP27A1 at 72hpi in MDV-infected CEF cells. A significant reduction in MDV titer and plaque sizes was observed in CEFs treated with 25-HC or 27-HC in vitro, as demonstrated using a standard plaque assay for MDV. Taken together, our results suggest that 25-HC and 27-HC may be useful antiviral agents to control MDV replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shahriar Behboudi
- Avian Immunology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NE, UK (V.R.A.P.R.); (F.R.A.); (C.C.U.); (A.P.)
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Reddy VRAP, Nazki S, Asfor A, Broadbent AJ. An Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Reverse Genetics Rescue System and Neutralization Assay in Chicken B Cells. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e639. [PMID: 36622206 PMCID: PMC10108048 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a major threat to the productivity of the poultry industry due to morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression that exacerbates secondary infections and reduces the efficacy of vaccination programs. Field strains of IBDV have a preferred tropism for chicken B cells, the majority of which reside in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). IBDV adaptation to adherent cell culture is associated with mutations altering amino acids in the hypervariable region (HVR) of the capsid protein, which affects immunogenicity and virulence. Until recently, this has limited both the application of reverse genetics systems for engineering molecular clones, and the use of in vitro neutralization assays, to cell-culture-adapted strains of IBDV. Here, we describe the rescue of molecular clones of IBDV containing the HVR from diverse field strains, along with a neutralization assay to quantify antibody responses against the rescued viruses, both using chicken B cells. These methods are readily adaptable to any laboratory with molecular biology expertise and negate the need to obtain wild-type strains. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: A chicken B-cell rescue system for IBDV Basic Protocol 2: A chicken B-cell neutralization assay for IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amin Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Section Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
| | - Andrew J Broadbent
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Asfor AS, Reddy VRAP, Nazki S, Urbaniec J, Brodrick AJ, Broadbent AJ. Modeling Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Antigenic Drift In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 15:130. [PMID: 36680169 PMCID: PMC9867341 DOI: 10.3390/v15010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity, and vaccinated birds can become infected with field strains. Vaccine-induced immune selection pressure drives the evolution of antigenic drift variants that accumulate amino acid changes in the hypervariable region (HVR) of the VP2 capsid, which may lead to vaccine failures. However, there is a lack of information regarding how quickly mutations arise, and the relative contribution different residues make to immune escape. To model IBDV antigenic drift in vitro, we serially passaged a classical field strain belonging to genogroup A1 (F52/70) ten times, in triplicate, in the immortalized chicken B cell line, DT40, in the presence of sub-neutralizing concentrations of sera from birds inoculated with IBDV vaccine strain 2512, to generate escape mutants. This assay simulated a situation where classical strains may infect birds that have suboptimal vaccine-induced antibody responses. We then sequenced the HVR of the VP2 capsid at passage (P) 5 and 10 and compared the sequences to the parental virus (P0), and to the virus passaged in the presence of negative control chicken serum that lacked IBDV antibodies. Two escape mutants at P10 had the same mutations, D279Y and G281R, and a third had mutations S251I and D279N. Furthermore, at P5, the D279Y mutation was detectable, but the G281R mutation was not, indicating the mutations arose with different kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin S. Asfor
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Section Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7AL, UK
| | | | - Salik Nazki
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joanna Urbaniec
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Section Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew J. Brodrick
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Andrew J. Broadbent
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Apinda N, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Reddy VRAP, Chang P, Nair V, Sthitmatee N. CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Duck Enteritis Virus Genome for the Construction of a Recombinant Vaccine Vector Expressing ompH Gene of Pasteurella multocida in Two Novel Insertion Sites. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050686. [PMID: 35632442 PMCID: PMC9147145 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) and Pasteurella multocida, the causative agent of duck plague and fowl cholera, are acute contagious diseases and leading causes of morbidity and mortality in duck. The NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing strategy, accompanied with the Cre–Lox system, have been employed in the present study to show that two new sites at UL55-LORF11 and UL44-44.5 loci in the genome of the attenuated Jansen strain of DEV can be used for the stable expression of the outer membrane protein H (ompH) gene of P. multocida that could be used as a bivalent vaccine candidate with the potential of protecting ducks simultaneously against major viral and bacterial pathogens. The two recombinant viruses, DEV-OmpH-V5-UL55-LORF11 and DEV-OmpH-V5-UL44-44.5, with the insertion of ompH-V5 gene at the UL55-LORF11 and UL44-44.5 loci respectively, showed similar growth kinetics and plaque size, compared to the wildtype virus, confirming that the insertion of the foreign gene into these did not have any detrimental effects on DEV. This is the first time the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied to insert a highly immunogenic gene from bacteria into the DEV genome rapidly and efficiently. This approach offers an efficient way to introduce other antigens into the DEV genome for multivalent vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachon Apinda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | | | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-017; Fax: +66-53-948-041
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Luo J, Teng M, Zai X, Tang N, Zhang Y, Mandviwala A, Reddy VRAP, Baigent S, Yao Y, Nair V. Efficient Mutagenesis of Marek's Disease Virus-Encoded microRNAs Using a CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene Editing System. Viruses 2020; 12:E466. [PMID: 32325942 PMCID: PMC7232411 DOI: 10.3390/v12040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to have important regulatory roles in herpesvirus biology, including virus replication, latency, pathogenesis and/or tumorigenesis. As an emerging efficient tool for gene editing, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been successfully applied in manipulating the genomes of large DNA viruses. Herein, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system with a double-guide RNAs transfection/virus infection strategy, we have established a new platform for mutagenesis of viral miRNAs encoded by the Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1), an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that can induce rapid-onset T-cell lymphomas in chickens. A series of miRNA-knocked out (miR-KO) mutants with deletions of the Meq- or the mid-clustered miRNAs, namely RB-1B∆Meq-miRs, RB-1B∆M9-M2, RB-1B∆M4, RB-1B∆M9 and RB-1B∆M11, were generated from vvMDV strain RB-1B virus. Interestingly, mutagenesis of the targeted miRNAs showed changes in the in vitro virus growth kinetics, which is consistent with that of the in vivo proliferation curves of our previously reported GX0101 mutants produced by the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone and Rec E/T homologous recombination techniques. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing is a simple, efficient and relatively nondisruptive approach for manipulating the small non-coding genes from the genome of herpesvirus and will undoubtedly contribute significantly to the future progress in herpesvirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Man Teng
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xusheng Zai
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Na Tang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ahmedali Mandviwala
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Susan Baigent
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (M.T.); (X.Z.); (N.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.M.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (S.B.); (Y.Y.)
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Reddy VRAP, Mwangi W, Sadigh Y, Nair V. In vitro Interactions of Chicken Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 Ligand-1 (PD-L1). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:436. [PMID: 31921710 PMCID: PMC6930881 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the in vitro characteristics and binding interactions of chicken PD-1 (chPD-1) and PD-L1 (chPD-L1) and developed a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies against the two proteins. ChPD-1 and chPD-L1 sequence identities and similarities were lower compared with those of humans and other mammalian species. Furthermore, in phylogenetic analysis, chPD-1 and chPD-L1 were grouped separately from the mammalian PD-1 and PD-L1 sequences. As in other species, chPD-1 and chPD-L1 sequences showed signal peptide, extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and intracellular domain. Based on the three dimensional (3D) structural homology, chPD-1, and chPD-L1 were similar to 3D structures of mammalian PD-1 and PD-L1. Further, Ig V domain of chPD-1 and the Ig V and Ig C domains of chPD-L1 were highly conserved with the mammalian counterparts. In vitro binding interaction studies using Superparamagnetic Dynabeads® confirmed that recombinant soluble chPD-1/PD-L1 fusion proteins and surface chPD-1/PD-L1 proteins interacted with each other on COS cells. Two monoclonal antibodies specific against chPD-1 and five antibodies against chPD-L1 were developed and their specific binding characteristics confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Mwangi
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Yashar Sadigh
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Luo J, Tang N, Teng M, Reddy VRAP, Moffat K, Shen Z, Nair V, Yao Y. Targeted Editing of the pp38 Gene in Marek's Disease Virus-Transformed Cell Lines Using CRISPR/Cas9 System. Viruses 2019; 11:E391. [PMID: 31027375 PMCID: PMC6563304 DOI: 10.3390/v11050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a lymphotropic α-herpesvirus associated with T-cell lymphomas in chickens, is an excellent model for herpesvirus biology and virus-induced oncogenesis. Marek's disease (MD) is also one of the cancers against which a vaccine was first used. In the lymphomas and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from them, MDV establishes latent infection with limited gene expression. Although LCLs are valuable for interrogating viral and host gene functions, molecular determinants associated with the maintenance of MDV latency and lytic switch remain largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of tools for in situ manipulation of the genomes in these cell lines. Here we describe the first application of CRISPR/Cas9 editing approach for precise editing of the viral gene phosphoprotein 38 (pp38), a biomarker for latent/lytic switch in MDV-transformed LCLs MDCC-MSB-1 (Marek's disease cell line MSB-1) and MDCC-HP8. Contradictory to the previous reports suggesting that pp38 is involved in the maintenance of transformation of LCL MSB-1 cells, we show that pp38-deleted cells proliferated at a significant higher rate, suggesting that pp38 is dispensable for the transformed state of these cell lines. Application of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing of MDV-transformed cell lines in situ opens up further opportunities towards a better understanding of MDV pathogenesis and virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Na Tang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, China.
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, China.
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Brown AC, Reddy VRAP, Lee J, Nair V. Marek's disease virus oncoprotein Meq physically interacts with the chicken infectious anemia virus-encoded apoptotic protein apoptin. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28910-28920. [PMID: 29988968 PMCID: PMC6034753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a neoplastic disease of poultry caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus. Meq, the major MDV oncoprotein, induces neoplastic transformation of T-cells through several mechanisms, including inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, the chicken anemia virus (CAV)-encoded protein apoptin (VP3) is a powerful inducer of apoptosis of tumor cells, a property that is exploited for anticancer therapeutics. Although the molecular mechanisms of selective induction of tumor cell apoptosis by apoptin are not fully understood, its tumor cell–restricted nuclear translocation is thought to be important. Co-infection with MDV and CAV is common in many countries, CAV antigens are readily detectable in MD lymphomas, and the MDV-transformed T-lymphoblastoid cell lines such as MSB-1 is widely used for propagating CAV for vaccine production. As MDV-transformed cell lines express high levels of Meq, we examined here whether CAV-encoded apoptin interacts with Meq in these cells. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that apoptin and Meq co-localize to the nucleus, and biochemical analysis indicated that the two proteins do physically interact. Using a combination of Meq mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that apoptin interacts with Meq within a region between amino acids 130 and 140. Results from the IncuCyte assay suggested that Meq inhibits apoptin-induced apoptosis activity. In summary, our findings indicate that Meq interacts with and inhibits apoptin. Insights into this novel interaction between Meq and apoptin will relevance for pathogenesis of coinfections of the two viruses and in CAV vaccine production using MDV-transformed cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Joshua Lee
- Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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Watteyn A, Devreese M, Plessers E, Wyns H, Garmyn A, Reddy VRAP, Pasmans F, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, De Backer P, Croubels S. Efficacy of gamithromycin against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in turkey poults pre-infected with avian metapneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2018; 45:545-51. [PMID: 27171615 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is an avian respiratory pathogen that affects turkeys. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of gamithromycin (GAM) against O. rhinotracheale in turkeys. The birds were inoculated oculonasally with 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of O. rhinotracheale, preceded by infection with avian metapneumovirus. In addition to a negative (CONTR-) and a positive control group (CONTR+) there were two treated groups administered GAM (6 mg/kg) either subcutaneously (GAM SC) or orally (GAM PO) by administration as a single bolus at one-day post-bacterial infection (p.b.i.). From the start of the avian metapneumovirus infection until the end of the experiment, the turkeys were examined clinically and scored daily. In addition, tracheal swabs were collected at several days p.b.i. Necropsy was performed at 4, 8 and 12 days p.b.i. to evaluate the presence of gross lesions, and to collect trachea and lung tissue samples and air sac swabs for O. rhinotracheale quantification. The clinical score of the GAM SC group showed slightly lower values and birds recovered earlier than those in the GAM PO and CONTR+ groups. O. rhinotracheale cfus were significantly reduced in tracheal swabs of the SC group between 2 and 4 days p.b.i. At necropsy, CONTR+ showed higher O. rhinotracheale cfu in lung tissues compared to the treated groups. Moreover, at 8 days p.b.i. only the lung samples of CONTR+ were positive. In conclusion, the efficacy of GAM against O. rhinotracheale was demonstrated, especially in the lung tissue. However, the PO bolus administration of the commercially available product was not as efficacious as the SC bolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Watteyn
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Elke Plessers
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Heidi Wyns
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - An Garmyn
- b Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- c Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- b Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - An Martel
- b Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- b Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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Reddy VRAP, Trus I, Nauwynck HJ. Presence of DNA extracellular traps but not MUC5AC and MUC5B mucin in mucoid plugs/casts of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infected tracheas of chickens. Virus Res 2016; 227:135-142. [PMID: 27756631 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been speculated that the tracheal obstructions and asphyxiation during acute infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) are due to mucoid plugs/casts formed by mucus hypersecretion, there are no reports demonstrating this. Hence, in the present study, we first examined if the main respiratory mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B, are expressed in the mucosae of larynx, trachea and bronchi of mock-inoculated and ILTV infected chickens. Second, the tracheas with plugs/casts were stained for mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) and nuclear material (traps). MUC5AC and MUC5B were produced by the mucosae of larynx, trachea and bronchi of mock-inoculated chickens. Interestingly, MUC5AC and MUC5B were exclusively present in the dorsal tracheal region of the cranial and middle part of trachea of mock-inoculated chickens. In ILTV infected chickens, the tracheal lumen diameter was almost 40% reduced and was associated with a strongly increased tracheal mucosal thickness. MUC5AC and MUC5B were scarcely observed in larynx, trachea and bronchi, and in tracheal plugs/casts of ILTV infected birds. Surprisingly, DNA fibrous structures were observed in connection with nuclei of 10.0±7.3% cells, present in tracheal plugs/casts. Upon inoculation of isolated blood heterophils with ILTV, DNA fibrous structures were observed in 2.0±0.1% nuclei of ILTV inoculated blood heterophils at 24hours post inoculation (hpi). In conclusion, the tracheal obstructions and suffocation of ILTV infected chickens are due to a strong thickening of the mucosa (inflammation) resulting in a reduced tracheal lumen diameter and the presence of mucoid plugs/casts containing stretched long DNA-fibrous structures (traps) but not MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Reddy VRAP, Trus I, Desmarets LMB, Li Y, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens. Vet Res 2016; 47:70. [PMID: 27412035 PMCID: PMC4944500 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the replication kinetics of nephropathogenic (B1648) and respiratory (Massachusetts-M41) IBV strains were compared in vitro in respiratory mucosa explants and blood monocytes (KUL01+ cells), and in vivo in chickens to understand why some IBV strains have a kidney tropism. B1648 was replicating somewhat better than M41 in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa explants and used more KUL01+ cells to penetrate the deeper layers of the respiratory tract. B1648 was productively replicating in KUL01+ monocytic cells in contrast with M41. In B1648 inoculated animals, 102.7–6.8 viral RNA copies/100 mg were detected in tracheal secretions at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days post inoculation (dpi), 102.4–4.5 viral RNA copies/mL in plasma at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 dpi and 101.8–4.4 viral RNA copies/106 mononuclear cells in blood at 2, 4, 6 and 8 dpi. In M41 inoculated animals, 102.6–7.0 viral RNA copies/100 mg were detected in tracheal secretions at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dpi, but viral RNA was not demonstrated in plasma and mononuclear cells (except in one chicken at 6 dpi). Infectious virus was detected only in plasma and mononuclear cells of the B1648 group. At euthanasia (12 dpi), viral RNA and antigen positive cells were detected in lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys of only the B1648 group and in tracheas of both the B1648 and M41 group. In conclusion, only B1648 can easily disseminate to internal organs via a cell-free and -associated viremia with KUL01+ cells as important carrier cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yewei Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Trus I, Frydas IS, Reddy VRAP, Bonckaert C, Li Y, Kvisgaard LK, Larsen LE, Nauwynck HJ. Immunity raised by recent European subtype 1 PRRSV strains allows better replication of East European subtype 3 PRRSV strain Lena than that raised by an older strain. Vet Res 2016; 47:15. [PMID: 26742636 PMCID: PMC4705580 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable spatial distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV)-1 subtypes in Europe is accompanied by a strong population immunity induced by local PRRSV strains. In the present study, it was examined if the immunity induced by three West European subtype 1 PRRSV strains (2007 isolate 07V063 and 2013 isolates 13V091 and 13V117) offers protection against the highly virulent East European subtype 3 PRRSV strain Lena. The number of fever days was greater (p < 0.05) in the control group (7.6 ± 1.7 days) compared to the immune groups (07V063-immune: 4.0 ± 1.2 days, 13V091-immune: 4.6 ± 1.1 days, 13V117-immune: 4.0 ± 2.9 days). In all groups, protection was characterized by reduction (p < 0.05) of AUC values of nasal shedding (control: 14.6, 07V063-immune: 3.4, 13V091-immune: 8.9, 13V117-immune: 8.0) and viremia (control: 28.1, 07V063-immune: 5.4, 13V091-immune: 9.0, 13V117-immune: 8.3). Reduction of respiratory disease, nasal shedding (mean AUC and mean peak values) and viremia (mean AUC and mean peak values) was more pronounced in 07V063-immune (p < 0.05) than in 13V091-immune and 13V117-immune animals. Inoculation with subtype 1 PRRSV strains caused priming of the Lena-specific virus neutralization antibody response. Upon challenge with Lena, we observed a very strong serological booster effect for neutralizing antibodies against strains used for the first inoculation. Our results indicate that inoculation with subtype 1 PRRSV strains can partially protect against antigenically divergent subtype 3 strains. The lower protection level elicited by recently isolated subtype 1 PRRSV strains may impair the outcome of the spatial expansion of subtype 3 strains from East Europe to West Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ilias S Frydas
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Yewei Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lise K Kvisgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Li Y, Van Cleemput J, Qiu Y, Reddy VRAP, Mateusen B, Nauwynck HJ. Ex vivo modeling of feline herpesvirus replication in ocular and respiratory mucosae, the primary targets of infection. Virus Res 2015; 210:227-31. [PMID: 26277778 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is a major cause of rhinotracheitis and ocular diseases in cats. In the present study, the viral replication at the primary infection sites was studied using feline respiratory and ocular mucosa explants. The explants of three cats were maintained in an air-liquid culture up to 96 hours without loss of viability. After inoculation with FeHV-1 (C27), no evidence of infection was noted in corneal epithelium, while plaque-wise replication was observed in conjunctival and tracheal mucosae beginning from 24 h post inoculation (hpi). The viral plaque diameters increased over time in trachea and conjunctiva and were larger in tracheal explants than in conjunctival explants at 48 hpi. FeHV-1 penetrated the basement membrane in conjunctival and tracheal explants between 24 and 48 hpi. At 48 and 72 hpi, viral invasion was going deeper in tracheal explants than in conjunctival explants. Our study indicates that FeHV-1 has a better capacity to invade the respiratory mucosa than the conjunctival mucosa, and prefers the conjunctiva, but not the cornea as a portal of entry during ocular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Li
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Mateusen
- Dierenartsencentrum Vaccavet, Gravin Madeleine d'Alcantaralaan 41, 9971 Lembeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Reddy VRAP, Theuns S, Roukaerts IDM, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Genetic Characterization of the Belgian Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus (NIBV) Reference Strain B1648. Viruses 2015; 7:4488-506. [PMID: 26262637 PMCID: PMC4576188 DOI: 10.3390/v7082827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain B1648 was first isolated in 1984, in Flanders, Belgium. Despite intensive vaccination, B1648 and its variants are still circulating in Europe and North Africa. Here, the full-length genome of this Belgian NIBV reference strain was determined by next generation sequencing (NGS) to understand its evolutionary relationship with other IBV strains, and to identify possible genetic factors that may be associated with the nephropathogenicity. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in the B1648 strain (5′UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3′UTR). ORFs 4b, 4c and 6b, which have been rarely reported in literature, were present in B1648 and most of the other IBV complete genomes. According to phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, replicase transcriptase complex, spike protein, partial S1 gene and M protein, B1648 strain clustered with the non-Massachusetts type strains NGA/A116E7/2006, UKr 27-11, QX-like ITA/90254/2005, QX-like CK/SWE/0658946/10, TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05. Based on the partial S1 fragment, B1648 clustered with the strains TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05 and, further designated as B1648 genotype. The full-length genome of B1648 shared the highest sequence homology with UKr 27-11, Gray, JMK, and NGA/A116E7/2006 (91.2% to 91.6%) and was least related with the reference Beaudette and Massachusetts strains (89.7%). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses indicated that B1648 strain may have played an important role in the evolution of IBV in Europe and North Africa. Further, the nephropathogenicity determinants might be located on the 1a, spike, M and accessory proteins (3a, 3b, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b and 6b). Overall, strain B1648 is distinct from all the strains reported so far in Europe and other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Gowda TKGM, Reddy VRAP, Devleesschauwer B, Zade NN, Chaudhari SP, Khan WA, Shinde SV, Patil AR. Isolation and Seroprevalence of Aeromonas spp. Among Common Food Animals Slaughtered in Nagpur, Central India. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:626-30. [PMID: 25946095 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonads are ubiquitous foodborne pathogens with a global distribution. Animal-origin foods and contaminated animals are the main sources of Aeromonas infection to humans. So far little is known about the occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in food-producing animals in India. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and seroprevalence of Aeromonas species from 50 each of meat, blood, and sera samples collected from cattle, buffaloes, goats, and pigs slaughtered in and around Nagpur, Central India. Alkaline peptone water and ampicillin dextrin agar were used to isolate Aeromonas spp. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized by use of whole-cell antigen (WC) and outer membrane protein (OMP) of Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC 646). Aeromonads were isolated from 44 (22%) of the meat samples, and 1 (0.5%) from the blood samples. Seroprevalence by indirect ELISA-based WC antigen was estimated as 68% in cattle, 44% in buffaloes, 60% in goats, and 30% in pigs. OMP-based ELISA yielded a seroprevalence of 56%, 48%, 52%, and 22% in cattle, buffaloes, goats, and pigs, respectively. The results revealed that OMP-based ELISA and WC-based ELISA were in agreement with one another. Isolation along with high seropositivity demonstrates the presence of foodborne Aeromonas spp. in the Nagpur city of Central India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja K G M Gowda
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- 3 Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium .,4 Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Faculty of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nandkishor N Zade
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Sandeep P Chaudhari
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Waqar A Khan
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Shilpa V Shinde
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Archana R Patil
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University , Seminary Hills, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
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Reddy VRAP, Steukers L, Li Y, Fuchs W, Vanderplasschen A, Nauwynck HJ. Replication characteristics of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in the respiratory and conjunctival mucosa. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:450-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.956285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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