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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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Bordes L, Gonzales JL, Vreman S, Venema S, Portier N, Germeraad EA, van der Poel WHM, Beerens N. In Ovo Models to Predict Virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5-Viruses for Chickens and Ducks. Viruses 2024; 16:563. [PMID: 38675905 PMCID: PMC11053719 DOI: 10.3390/v16040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-viruses are circulating in wild birds and are repeatedly introduced to poultry causing outbreaks in the Netherlands since 2014. The largest epizootic ever recorded in Europe was caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in the period 2021-2022. The recent H5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were found to differ in their virulence for chickens and ducks. Viruses causing only mild disease may remain undetected, increasing the risk of virus spread to other farms, wild birds and mammals. We developed in ovo models to determine the virulence of HPAI viruses for chickens and ducks, which are fast and have low costs. The virulence of five contemporary H5-viruses was compared studying replication rate, average time to death and virus spread in the embryo. Remarkable differences in virulence were observed between H5-viruses and between poultry species. The H5N1-2021 virus was found to have a fast replication rate in both the chicken and duck in ovo models, but a slower systemic virus dissemination compared to three other H5-clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. The results show the potential of in ovo models to quickly determine the virulence of novel HPAI viruses, and study potential virulence factors which can help to better guide the surveillance in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bordes
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - José L. Gonzales
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics & Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Sandra Venema
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Nadia Portier
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Evelien A. Germeraad
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (S.V.); (S.V.); (N.P.); (N.B.)
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Caliendo V, Kleyheeg E, Beerens N, Camphuysen KCJ, Cazemier R, Elbers ARW, Fouchier RAM, Kelder L, Kuiken T, Leopold M, Slaterus R, Spierenburg MAH, van der Jeugd H, Verdaat H, Rijks JM. Effect of 2020-21 and 2021-22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:50-57. [PMID: 38040665 PMCID: PMC10756359 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.230970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-related infections and deaths of wild birds in Europe was high during October 1, 2020-September 30, 2022. To quantify deaths among wild species groups with known susceptibility for HPAI H5 during those epidemics, we collected and recorded mortality data of wild birds in the Netherlands. HPAI virus infection was reported in 51 bird species. The species with the highest numbers of reported dead and infected birds varied per epidemic year; in 2020-21, they were within the Anatidae family, in particular barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and in 2021-22, they were within the sea bird group, particularly Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) and northern gannet (Morus bassanus). Because of the difficulty of anticipating and modeling the future trends of HPAI among wild birds, we recommend monitoring live and dead wild birds as a tool for surveillance of the changing dynamics of HPAI.
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Pan X, Liu Q, de Jong MCM, Forlenza M, Niu S, Yan D, Teng Q, Li X, Beerens N, Li Z. Immunoadjuvant efficacy of CpG plasmids for H9N2 avian influenza inactivated vaccine in chickens with maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110590. [PMID: 36990004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal-derived antibodies (MDAs) are one of reasons why vaccination with the H9N2 inactivated whole virus (IWV) vaccine failed in poultry. Unmethylated CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) shows great potential to overcome MDAs interference in mammals, but whether it has similar characteristics in poultry is still unknown. In the present study, different classes and various copies of CpG ODN motifs were cloned into two different plasmids (pCDNA3.1 or T vector). Immunomodulatory activities and immunoadjuvant efficacy of these CpG ODN plasmids were tested in vitro and in vivo in the presence of passively transferred antibodies (PTAs) that were used to mimic MDAs. Results showed that the T vector enriched with 30 copies of CpG-A ODN and 20 copies of CpG-B ODN (T-CpG-AB) significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of chicken-interferon-α (ch-IFN-α), chicken-interferon-β (ch-IFN-β) and chicken-interleukin-12 protein 40 (ch-IL-12p40). When administered as adjuvant of the H9N2 IWV vaccine, the minimal dose of T-CpG-AB plasmid was 30 µg per one-day-old chicken, which could induce strong humoral immune responses in the presence of PTAs. Furthermore, T-CpG-AB plasmid-based vaccine triggered both strong humoral immune responses and cytokines expression in the presence of PTAs in chickens. Overall, our findings suggest that T-CpG-AB plasmid can be an excellent adjuvant candidate for the H9N2 IWV vaccine to overcome MDAs interference in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China; Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Shiqi Niu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Bordes L, Vreman S, Heutink R, Roose M, Venema S, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Rijks JM, Gonzales JL, Germeraad EA, Engelsma M, Beerens N. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Infections in Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Show Neurotropism and Adaptive Virus Mutations. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0286722. [PMID: 36688676 PMCID: PMC9927208 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02867-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2020 to 2022 epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), several infections of mammalian species were reported in Europe. In the Netherlands, HPAI H5N1 virus infections were detected in three wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that were submitted with neurological symptoms between December of 2021 and February of 2022. A histopathological analysis demonstrated that the virus was mainly present in the brain, with limited or no detection in the respiratory tract or other organs. Limited or no virus shedding was observed in throat and rectal swabs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the three fox viruses were not closely related, but they were related to HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that are found in wild birds. This suggests that the virus was not transmitted between the foxes. A genetic analysis demonstrated the presence of the mammalian adaptation E627K in the polymerase basic two (PB2) protein of the two fox viruses. In both foxes, the avian (PB2-627E) and the mammalian (PB2-627K) variants were present as a mixture in the virus population, which suggests that the mutation emerged in these specific animals. The two variant viruses were isolated, and virus replication and passaging experiments were performed. These experiments showed that the mutation PB2-627K increases the replication of the virus in mammalian cell lines, compared to the chicken cell line, and at the lower temperatures of the mammalian upper respiratory tract. This study showed that the HPAI H5N1 virus is capable of adaptation to mammals; however, more adaptive mutations are required to allow for efficient transmission between mammals. Therefore, surveillance in mammals should be expanded to closely monitor the emergence of zoonotic mutations for pandemic preparedness. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused high mortality among wild birds from 2021 to 2022 in the Netherlands. Recently, three wild foxes were found to be infected with HPAI H5N1 viruses, likely due to the foxes feeding on infected birds. Although HPAI is a respiratory virus, in these foxes, the viruses were mostly detected in the brain. Two viruses isolated from the foxes contained a mutation that is associated with adaptation to mammals. We show that the mutant virus replicates better in mammalian cells than in avian cells and at the lower body temperature of mammals. More mutations are required before viruses can transmit between mammals or can be transmitted to humans. However, infections in mammalian species should be closely monitored to swiftly detect mutations that may increase the zoonotic potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses, as these may threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bordes
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Roose
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Venema
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jolianne M. Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Pan X, Liu Q, Niu S, Huang D, Yan D, Teng Q, Li X, Beerens N, Forlenza M, de Jong MCM, Li Z. Efficacy of a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (H9) vaccine against H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens with maternal-derived antibodies. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1107975. [PMID: 36777028 PMCID: PMC9909025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines have been widely used for many years, they have failed to control H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in the field in China. The high level of maternal-derived antibodies (MDAs) against H9N2 virus contributes to the H9N2 influenza vaccine failure in poultry. The study aimed to generate a new vaccine to overcome MDAs interference in H9N2 vaccination in chickens. We used turkey herpesvirus (HVT) as a vaccine vector to express H9 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. The recombinant HVT expressing H9 HA proteins (rHVT-H9) was successfully generated and characterized in primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs). Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) showed that the rHVT-H9 consistently expressed HA proteins. In addition, the rHVT-H9 had similar growth kinetics to the parent HVT. Preliminary animal experiments showed that compared to the conventional inactivated whole virus (IWV) vaccine, the rHVT-H9 stimulated robust humoral immunity in chickens with passively transferred antibodies (PTAs) that were used to mimic MDAs. Transmission experiments showed that the rHVT-H9 induced both humoral and cellular immunity in chickens with PTAs. Furthermore, we used mathematical models to quantify the vaccine's efficacy in preventing the transmission of H9N2 AIV. The results showed that the rHVT-H9 reduced the virus shedding period and decreased the reproduction ratio (R) value in chickens with PTAs after homologous challenge. However, the vaccination in this trial did not yet bring R < 1. In summary, we generated a new rHVT-H9 vaccine, which stimulated strong humoral and cellular immunity, reducing virus shedding and transmission of H9N2 AIV even in the presence of PTAs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqi Niu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mart C. M. de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Mart C. M. de Jong, ✉
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Zejun Li, ✉
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7
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Vreman S, Kik M, Germeraad E, Heutink R, Harders F, Spierenburg M, Engelsma M, Rijks J, van den Brand J, Beerens N. Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species. Pathogens 2023; 12:168. [PMID: 36839440 PMCID: PMC9961074 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild carnivore species infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 during the 2021-2022 outbreak in the Netherlands included red fox (Vulpes vulpes), polecat (Mustela putorius), otter (Lutra lutra), and badger (Meles meles). Most of the animals were submitted for testing because they showed neurological signs. In this study, the HPAI H5N1 virus was detected by PCR and/or immunohistochemistry in 11 animals and was primarily present in brain tissue, often associated with a (meningo) encephalitis in the cerebrum. In contrast, the virus was rarely detected in the respiratory tract and intestinal tract and associated lesions were minimal. Full genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these carnivore viruses were related to viruses detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. The carnivore viruses themselves were not closely related, and the infected carnivores did not cluster geographically, suggesting that they were infected separately. The mutation PB2-E627K was identified in most carnivore virus genomes, providing evidence for mammalian adaptation. This study showed that brain samples should be included in wild life surveillance programs for the reliable detection of the HPAI H5N1 virus in mammals. Surveillance of the wild carnivore population and notification to the Veterinary Authority are important from a one-heath perspective, and instrumental to pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Marja Kik
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.B.)
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Germeraad
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Rene Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Frank Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Marcel Spierenburg
- NVWA Incident- and Crisiscentre (NVIC), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Jolianne Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.B.)
| | - Judith van den Brand
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.B.)
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (R.H.); (F.H.); (M.E.)
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8
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Rijks JM, Leopold MF, Kühn S, in ‘t Veld R, Schenk F, Brenninkmeijer A, Lilipaly SJ, Ballmann MZ, Kelder L, de Jong JW, Courtens W, Slaterus R, Kleyheeg E, Vreman S, Kik MJ, Gröne A, Fouchier RA, Engelsma M, de Jong MC, Kuiken T, Beerens N. Mass Mortality Caused by Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Sandwich Terns, the Netherlands, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2538-2542. [PMID: 36418000 PMCID: PMC9707584 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.221292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We collected data on mass mortality in Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) during the 2022 breeding season in the Netherlands. Mortality was associated with at least 2 variants of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b. We report on carcass removal efforts relative to survival in colonies. Mitigation strategies urgently require structured research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne Kühn
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Ronald in ‘t Veld
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Fred Schenk
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Allix Brenninkmeijer
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Sander J. Lilipaly
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Mónika Z. Ballmann
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Leon Kelder
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Job W. de Jong
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Wouter Courtens
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Roy Slaterus
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Marja J.L. Kik
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Ron A.M. Fouchier
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Mart C.M. de Jong
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M. Rijks, M.J.L. Kik, A. Gröne)
- Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands (M.F. Leopold, S. Kühn)
- Staatsbosbeheer Zuid-Hollandse Delta, Numansdorp, the Netherlands (R. in ’t Veld)
- Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap, Wilhelminadorp, the Netherlands (F. Schenk)
- Province of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A. Brenninkmeijer)
- Deltamilieu Projecten, Vlissingen, the Netherlands (S.J. Lilipaly, M.Z. Ballmann)
- Staatsbosbeheer Beheereenheid de Kop, Schoorl, the Netherlands (L. Kelder)
- Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, the Netherlands (J.W. de Jong)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium (W. Courtens)
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (E. Kleyheeg, R. Slaterus)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (S. Vreman, M. Engelsma,, N. Beerens)
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.A.M. Fouchier, T. Kuiken)
- Wageningen University and Research, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen, the Netherlands (M.C.M. de Jong)
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Vreman S, Bergervoet SA, Zwart R, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Beerens N. Tissue tropism and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus in chickens and Pekin ducks. Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pan X, Su X, Ding P, Zhao J, Cui H, Yan D, Teng Q, Li X, Beerens N, Zhang H, Liu Q, de Jong MCM, Li Z. Maternal-derived antibodies hinder the antibody response to H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine in the field. Animal Diseases 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms, but it often fails to stimulate a sufficiently high immune response in poultry in the field, although it works well in laboratory experiments; hence, the virus still causes economic damage every year and poses a potential threat to public health. Based on surveillance data collected in the field, we found that broilers with high levels of maternal-derived antibodies (MDAs) against H9N2 virus did not produce high levels of antibodies after vaccination with a commercial H9N2 inactivated vaccine. In contrast, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens without MDAs responded efficiently to that vaccination. When MDAs were mimicked by administering passively transferred antibodies (PTAs) into SPF chickens in the laboratory, similar results were observed: H9N2-specific PTAs inhibited humoral immunity against the H9N2 inactivated vaccine, suggesting that H9N2-specific MDAs might hinder the generation of antibodies when H9N2 inactivated vaccine was used. After challenge with homologous H9N2 virus, the virus was detected in oropharyngeal swabs of the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens with PTAs but not in the vaccinated chickens without PTAs, indicating that H9N2-specific MDAs were indeed one of the reasons for H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field. When different titers of PTAs were used to mimic MDAs in SPF chickens, high (HI = 12 log2) and medium (HI = log 9 log2) titers of PTAs reduced the generation of H9N2-specific antibodies after the first vaccination, but a booster dose would induce a high and faster humoral immune response even of PTA interference. This study strongly suggested that high or medium titers of MDAs might explain H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, van de Bildt M, Germeraad E, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Tropism of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Viruses from the 2020/2021 Epizootic in Wild Ducks and Geese. Viruses 2022; 14:280. [PMID: 35215873 PMCID: PMC8880460 DOI: 10.3390/v14020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks have become increasingly frequent in wild bird populations and have caused mass mortality in many wild bird species. The 2020/2021 epizootic was the largest and most deadly ever reported in Europe, and many new bird species tested positive for HPAI virus for the first time. This study investigated the tropism of HPAI virus in wild birds. We tested the pattern of virus attachment of 2020 H5N8 virus to intestinal and respiratory tissues of key bird species; and characterized pathology of naturally infected Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope) and barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis). This study determined that 2020 H5N8 virus had a high level of attachment to the intestinal epithelium (enterotropism) of dabbling ducks and geese and retained attachment to airway epithelium (respirotropism). Natural HPAI 2020 H5 virus infection in Eurasian wigeons and barnacle geese also showed a high level of neurotropism, as both species presented with brain lesions that co-localized with virus antigen expression. We concluded that the combination of respirotropism, neurotropism, and possibly enterotropism, contributed to the successful adaptation of 2020/2021 HPAI H5 viruses to wild waterbird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Marco van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Evelien Germeraad
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
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12
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Cui H, Che G, de Jong MCM, Li X, Liu Q, Yang J, Teng Q, Li Z, Beerens N. The PB1 gene from H9N2 avian influenza virus showed high compatibility and increased mutation rate after reassorting with a human H1N1 influenza virus. Virol J 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35078489 PMCID: PMC8788113 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses (AIV) may result in novel viruses with new characteristics that may threaten human health when causing the next flu pandemic. A particular risk may be posed by avian influenza viruses of subtype H9N2 that are currently massively circulating in domestic poultry in Asia and have been shown to infect humans. In this study, we investigate the characteristics and compatibility of a human H1N1 virus with avian H9N2 derived genes. Methods The polymerase activity of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex as combinations of polymerase-related gene segments derived from different reassortment events was tested in luciferase reporter assays. Reassortant viruses were generated by reverse genetics. Gene segments of the human WSN-H1N1 virus (A/WSN/1933) were replaced by gene segments of the avian A2093-H9N2 virus (A/chicken/Jiangsu/A2093/2011), which were both the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) gene segments in combination with one of the genes involved in the RNP complex (either PB2, PB1, PA or NP). The growth kinetics and virulence of reassortant viruses were tested on cell lines and mice. The reassortant viruses were then passaged for five generations in MDCK cells and mice lungs. The HA gene of progeny viruses from different passaging paths was analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Results We discovered that the avian PB1 gene of H9N2 increased the polymerase activity of the RNP complex in backbone of H1N1. Reassortant viruses were able to replicate in MDCK and DF1 cells and mice. Analysis of the NGS data showed a higher substitution rate for the PB1-reassortant virus. In particular, for the PB1-reassortant virus, increased virulence for mice was measured by increased body weight loss after infection in mice. Conclusions The higher polymerase activity and increased mutation frequency measured for the PB1-reassortant virus suggests that the avian PB1 gene of H9N2 may drive the evolution and adaptation of reassortant viruses to the human host. This study provides novel insights in the characteristics of viruses that may arise by reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses. Surveillance for infections with H9N2 viruses and the emergence of the reassortant viruses in humans is important for pandemic preparedness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01745-x.
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Rijks JM, Hesselink H, Lollinga P, Wesselman R, Prins P, Weesendorp E, Engelsma M, Heutink R, Harders F, Kik M, Rozendaal H, van den Kerkhof H, Beerens N. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2960-2962. [PMID: 34670656 PMCID: PMC8544991 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.211281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We detected infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade
2.3.4.4b in 2 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) cubs found in the wild
with neurologic signs in the Netherlands. The virus is related to avian
influenza viruses found in wild birds in the same area.
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14
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Cui H, de Jong MC, Beerens N, van Oers MM, Teng Q, Li L, Li X, Liu Q, Li Z. Vaccination with inactivated virus against low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 does not prevent virus transmission in chickens. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100055. [PMID: 34621531 PMCID: PMC8481976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza has spread dramatically in China ever since first reported in the 1990s. A national vaccination program for poultry was initiated in 1998. Field isolation data show that the widely used inactivated H9N2 vaccine does not provide effective control of the transmission of this low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus in poultry. Current research has focused on two reasons: (i) insufficient immune response triggered by the vaccination with the inactivated virus, (ii) the occurrence of escape mutants selected by vaccine-induced immune pressure. However, the lack of effectivity of the inactivated virus vaccine to sufficiently reduce transmission has been noticed. We mimicked the natural infection and transmission process of the H9N2 virus in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens. A statistical model was used to estimate the transmission rate parameters among vaccinated chickens, varying in serum hemagglutinin inhibition titers (HIT) and non-vaccinated chickens. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the transmission is not sufficiently reduced by the H9N2 vaccine, even when vaccinated chickens have an IgG serum titer (HIT>23), which is considered protective for vaccination against homologous highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Our study does, on the other hand, cast new light on virus transmission and immune escape of LPAI H9N2 virus in vaccinated chickens populations, and shows that new mitigation strategies against LPAI viruses in poultry are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Mart Cm de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luzhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Beerens N, Germeraad EA, Venema S, Verheij E, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Gonzales JL. Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:97-108. [PMID: 33350337 PMCID: PMC7832006 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1868274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. In this study we characterize three recent H5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the H5N8-2014 group A virus and the H5N8-2016 and H5N6-2017 group B viruses. The pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, Pekin ducks and Eurasian wigeons was compared. The three viruses were highly pathogenic for chickens, but the two H5N8 viruses caused no to mild clinical symptoms in both duck species. The highest pathogenicity for duck species was observed for the most recent H5N6-2017 virus. For both duck species, virus shedding from the cloaca was higher after infection with group B viruses compared to the H5N8-2014 group A virus. Higher cloacal virus shedding of wild ducks may increase transmission between wild birds and poultry. Environmental transmission of H5N8-2016 virus to chickens was studied, which showed that chickens are efficiently infected by (fecal) contaminated water. These results suggest that pathogenicity of HPAI H5 viruses and virus shedding for ducks is evolving, which may have implications for the risk of introduction of these viruses into the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien A Germeraad
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Venema
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Verheij
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Beerens N, Heutink R, Harders F, Roose M, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Germeraad EA, Engelsma M. Incursion of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, the Netherlands, October 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1750-1753. [PMID: 34013854 PMCID: PMC8153856 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus was detected in mute swans in the Netherlands during October 2020. The virus shares a common ancestor with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses detected in Egypt during 2018–2019 and has similar genetic composition. The virus is not directly related to H5N8 viruses from Europe detected in the first half of 2020.
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17
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Steensels M, Van Borm S, Mertens I, Houdart P, Rauw F, Roupie V, Snoeck CJ, Bourg M, Losch S, Beerens N, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Molecular and virological characterization of the first poultry outbreaks of Genotype VII.2 velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 (NDV) in North-West Europe, BeNeLux, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2147-2160. [PMID: 33012090 PMCID: PMC8359175 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After two decades free of Newcastle disease, Belgium encountered a velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 epizootic in 2018. In Belgium, 20 cases were diagnosed, of which 15 occurred in hobby flocks, 2 in professional poultry flocks and 3 in poultry retailers. The disease also disseminated from Belgium towards the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by trade. Independently, the virus was detected once in the Netherlands, almost simultaneously to the first Belgian detection. As such Newcastle disease emerged in the entire BeNeLux region. Both the polybasic sequence of the fusion gene cleavage site and the intracerebral pathotyping assay demonstrated the high pathogenicity of the strain. This paper represents the first notification of this specific VII.2 subgenotype in the North-West of Europe. Time-calibrated full genome phylogenetic analysis indicated the silent or unreported circulation of the virus prior to the emergence of three genetic clusters in the BeNeLux region without clear geographical or other epidemiological correlation. The Dutch strain appeared as an outgroup to the Belgian and Luxembourgian strains in the time-correlated genetic analysis and no epidemiological link could be identified between the Belgian and Dutch outbreaks. In contrast, both genetic and epidemiological outbreak investigation data linked the G.D. Luxembourg case to the Belgian outbreak. The genetic links between Belgian viruses from retailers and hobby flocks only partially correlated with epidemiological data. Two independent introductions into the professional poultry sector were identified, although their origin could not be determined. Animal experiments using 6-week- old specific pathogen-free chickens indicated a systemic infection and efficient transmission of the virus. The implementation of re-vaccination in the professional sector, affected hobby and retailers, as well as the restriction on assembly and increased biosecurity measures, possibly limited the epizootic and resulted in the disappearance of the virus. These findings emphasize the constant need for awareness and monitoring of notifiable viruses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Steensels
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Mertens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, General Direction Control Policy, The Belgian Federal Government, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Houdart
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, General Direction Control Policy, The Belgian Federal Government, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Roupie
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manon Bourg
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Services Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and rural Development, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Services Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and rural Development, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Division of Virology, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for the Netherlands, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Sciensano, Avian Virology and Immunology Service, AI/ND Reference Laboratory for Belgium and GD Luxembourg, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, Begeman L, Poen MJ, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. Vet Res 2020; 51:117. [PMID: 32928280 PMCID: PMC7491185 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016/2017, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage spread from Asia to Europe, causing the biggest and most widespread HPAI epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in Europe. We hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 H5N8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older HPAIV viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, allowing more efficient faecal-oral transmission. Therefore, we determined the tissue tropism and associated lesions in wild birds found dead during the 2016 H5N8 epidemic, as well as the pattern of attachment of 2016 H5N8 virus to respiratory and intestinal tissues of four key wild duck species. We found that, out of 39 H5N8-infected wild birds of 12 species, four species expressed virus antigen in both respiratory and intestinal epithelium, one species only in respiratory epithelium, and one species only in intestinal epithelium. Virus antigen expression was association with inflammation and necrosis in multiple tissues. The level of attachment to wild duck intestinal epithelia of 2016 H5N8 virus was comparable to that of LPAI H4N5 virus, and higher than that of 2005 H5N1 virus for two of the four duck species and chicken tested. Overall, these results indicate that 2016 H5N8 may have acquired a similar enterotropism to LPAI viruses, without having lost the respirotropism of older HPAI viruses of the Goose/Guangdong lineage. The increased enterotropism of 2016 H5N8 implies that this virus had an increased chance to persist long term in the wild waterbird reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schreuder J, Velkers FC, Bouwstra RJ, Beerens N, Stegeman JA, de Boer WF, van Hooft P, Elbers ARW, Bossers A, Jurburg SD. An observational field study of the cloacal microbiota in adult laying hens with and without access to an outdoor range. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:28. [PMID: 33499947 PMCID: PMC7807755 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laying hens with access to outdoor ranges are exposed to additional environmental factors and microorganisms, including potential pathogens. Differences in composition of the cloacal microbial community between indoor- and outdoor-housed layers may serve as an indicator for exposure to the outdoor environment, including its pathogens, and may yield insights into factors affecting the chickens' microbiota community dynamics. However, little is known about the influence of outdoor housing on microbiota community composition in commercial layer flocks. We performed a cross-sectional field study to evaluate differences in the cloacal microbiota of indoor- vs outdoor-layers across farms. Eight layer flocks (four indoor, four outdoor) from five commercial poultry farms were sampled. Indoor and outdoor flocks with the same rearing flock of origin, age, and breed were selected. In each flock, cloacal swabs were taken from ten layers, and microbiota were analysed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Housing type (indoor vs outdoor), rearing farm, farm and poultry house within the farm all significantly contributed to bacterial community composition. Poultry house explained most of the variation (20.9%), while housing type only explained 0.2% of the variation in community composition. Bacterial diversity was higher in indoor-layers than in outdoor-layers, and indoor-layers also had more variation in their bacterial community composition. No phyla or genera were found to be differentially abundant between indoor and outdoor poultry houses. One amplicon sequence variant was exclusively present in outdoor-layers across all outdoor poultry houses, and was identified as Dietzia maris. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that exposure to an outdoor environment is responsible for a relatively small proportion of the community variation in the microbiota of layers. The poultry house, farm, and rearing flock play a much greater role in determining the cloacal microbiota composition of adult laying hens. Overall, measuring differences in cloacal microbiota of layers as an indicator for the level of exposure to potential pathogens and biosecurity seems of limited practical use. To gain more insight into environmental drivers of the gut microbiota, future research should aim at investigating community composition of commercial layer flocks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Schreuder
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca C. Velkers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J. Arjan Stegeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem F. de Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P. van Hooft
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Armin R. W. Elbers
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie D. Jurburg
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Gonzales JL, Pritz-Verschuren S, Bouwstra R, Wiegel J, Elbers ARW, Beerens N. Seasonal risk of low pathogenic avian influenza virus introductions into free-range layer farms in the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:127-136. [PMID: 32506770 PMCID: PMC8048991 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poultry can become infected with avian influenza viruses (AIV) via (in) direct contact with infected wild birds. Free‐range chicken farms in the Netherlands were shown to have a higher risk for introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus than indoor chicken farms. Therefore, during outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), free‐range layers are confined indoors as a risk mitigation measure. In this study, we characterized the seasonal patterns of AIV introductions into free‐range layer farms, to determine the high‐risk period. Data from the LPAI serological surveillance programme for the period 2013–2016 were used to first estimate the time of virus introduction into affected farms and then assess seasonal patterns in the risk of introduction. Time of introduction was estimated by fitting a mathematical model to seroprevalence data collected longitudinally from infected farms. For the period 2015–2016, longitudinal follow‐up included monthly collections of eggs for serological testing from a cohort of 261 farms. Information on the time of introduction was then used to estimate the monthly incidence and seasonality by fitting harmonic and Poisson regression models. A significant yearly seasonal risk of introduction that lasted around 4 months (November to February) was identified with the highest risk observed in January. The risk for introduction of LPAI viruses in this period was on average four times significantly higher than the period of low risk around the summer months. Although the data for HPAI infections were limited in the period 2014–2018, a similar risk period for introduction of HPAI viruses was observed. The results of this study can be used to optimize risk‐based surveillance and inform decisions on timing and duration of indoor confinement when HPAI viruses are known to circulate in the wild bird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Armin R W Elbers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
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21
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Germeraad EA, Elbers ARW, de Bruijn ND, Heutink R, van Voorst W, Hakze-van der Honing R, Bergervoet SA, Engelsma MY, van der Poel WHM, Beerens N. Detection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H10N7 in Poultry and Environmental Water Samples During a Clinical Outbreak in Commercial Free-Range Layers, Netherlands 2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:237. [PMID: 32478107 PMCID: PMC7232570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are the natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus (AIV) and may transmit AIV to poultry via direct contact or indirectly through the environment. In the Netherlands, a clinically suspected free-range layer flock was reported to the veterinary authorities by the farmer. Increased mortality, a decreased feed intake, and a drop in egg production were observed. Subsequently, an infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected. This study describes the diagnostic procedures used for detection and subtyping of the virus. In addition to routine diagnostics, the potential of two different environmental diagnostic methods was investigated for detecting AIV in surface water. AIV was first detected using rRT-PCR and isolated from tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from the hens. The virus was subtyped as H10N7. Antibodies against the virus were detected in 28 of the 31 sera tested. An intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) experiment was performed, but no clinical signs (IVPI = 0) were observed. Post-mortem examination and histology confirmed the AIV infection. Multiple water samples were collected longitudinally from the free-range area and waterway near the farm. Both environmental diagnostic methods allowed the detection of the H10N7 virus, demonstrating the potential of these methods in detection of AIV. The described methods could be a useful additional procedure for AIV surveillance in water-rich areas with large concentrations of wild birds or in areas around poultry farms. In addition, these methods could be used as a tool to test if the environment or free-range area is virus-free again, at the end of an AIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A. Germeraad
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Armin R. W. Elbers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Rene Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Wendy van Voorst
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
- Poultry Department, GD-Animal Health, Deventer, Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia A. Bergervoet
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Marc Y. Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, Netherlands
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22
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Schreuder J, Velkers FC, Bouwstra RJ, Beerens N, Stegeman JA, de Boer WF, Elbers ARW, van Hooft P, Feberwee A, Bossers A, Jurburg SD. Limited changes in the fecal microbiome composition of laying hens after oral inoculation with wild duck feces. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6542-6551. [PMID: 31541252 PMCID: PMC8913958 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of fecal microbiota can serve as an indicator for (indirect) contact between domestic and wild animals to assess risks of pathogen transmission, e.g., avian influenza. Here, we investigated whether oral inoculation of laying hens with feces of wild ducks (mallards, Anas platyrhynchos) resulted in a hen fecal microbiome that was detectably altered on community parameters or relative abundances of individual genera. To distinguish between effects of the duck inoculum and effects of the inoculation procedure, we compared the fecal microbiomes of adult laying hens resulting from 3 treatments: inoculation with wild duck feces (duck), inoculation with chicken feces (auto), and a negative control group with no treatment. We collected cloacal swabs from 7 hens per treatment before (day 0), and 2 and 7 D after inoculation, and performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. No distinguishable effect of inoculation with duck feces on microbiome community (alpha and beta diversity) was found compared to auto or control treatments. At the individual taxonomic level, the relative abundance of the genus Alistipes (phylum Bacteroidetes) was significantly higher in the inoculated treatments (auto and duck) compared to the control 2 D after inoculation. Seven days after inoculation, the relative abundance of Alistipes had increased in the control and no effect was found anymore across treatments. These effects might be explained by the perturbation of the hen's microbiome caused by the inoculation procedure itself, or by intrinsic temporal variation in the hen's microbiome. This experiment shows that a single inoculation of fecal microbiota from duck feces to laying hens did not cause a measurable alteration of the gut microbiome community. Furthermore, the temporary change in relative abundance forAlistipes could not be attributed to the duck feces inoculation. These outcomes suggest that the fecal microbiome of adult laying hens may not be a useful indicator for detection of single oral exposure to wild duck feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Schreuder
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Francisca C Velkers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Willem F de Boer
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Armin R W Elbers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van Hooft
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie D Jurburg
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221RA Lelystad, the Netherlands.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103, Germany
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23
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Bergervoet S, Vreman S, Zwart R, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Beerens N. More Pronounced Infection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N6 Virus in Chickens Compared with Pekin Ducks. J Comp Pathol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Bergervoet SA, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Gonzales JL, Bossers A, Poen MJ, Dutta J, Khan Z, Kriti D, van Bakel H, Bouwstra R, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N. Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006-2016. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13681. [PMID: 31548582 PMCID: PMC6757041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Department of Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Zenab Khan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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25
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Germeraad EA, Sanders P, Hagenaars TJ, Jong MCMD, Beerens N, Gonzales JL. Virus Shedding of Avian Influenza in Poultry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090812. [PMID: 31480744 PMCID: PMC6784017 DOI: 10.3390/v11090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding virus shedding patterns of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry is important for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing effective control strategies. Many AIV strains were studied in challenge experiments in poultry, but no study has combined data from those studies to identify general AIV shedding patterns. These systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to summarize qualitative and quantitative information on virus shedding levels and duration for different AIV strains in experimentally infected poultry species. Methods were designed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases were used to collect literature. A total of 1155 abstract were screened, with 117 studies selected for the qualitative analysis and 71 studies for the meta-analysis. A large heterogeneity in experimental methods was observed and the quantitative analysis showed that experimental variables such as species, virus origin, age, inoculation route and dose, affect virus shedding (mean, peak and duration) for highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV), low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) or both. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to standardize experimental procedures, it provides a comprehensive summary of the shedding patterns of AIV strains by infected poultry and identifies the variables that influence the level and duration of AIV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A Germeraad
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim Sanders
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Hagenaars
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L Gonzales
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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26
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Bergervoet SA, Ho CKY, Heutink R, Bossers A, Beerens N. Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N5 Viruses in Europe in 2016-2017 Appears Related to the Timing of Reassortment Events. Viruses 2019; 11:E501. [PMID: 31159210 PMCID: PMC6631432 DOI: 10.3390/v11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Europe in 2016-2017, HPAI viruses of subtype H5N5 were also isolated. However, the detection of H5N5 viruses was limited compared to H5N8. In this study, we show that the genetic constellation of a newly isolated H5N5 virus is different from two genotypes previously identified in the Netherlands. The introduction and spread of the three H5N5 genotypes in Europe was studied using spatiotemporal and genetic analysis. This demonstrated that the genotypes were isolated in distinguishable phases of the epizootic, and suggested multiple introductions of H5N5 viruses into Europe followed by local spread. We estimated the timing of the reassortment events, which suggested that the genotypes emerged after the start of autumn migration. This may have prevented large-scale spread of the H5N5 viruses on wild bird breeding sites before introduction into Europe. Experiments in primary chicken and duck cells revealed only minor differences in cytopathogenicity and replication kinetics between H5N5 genotypes and H5N8. These results suggest that the limited spread of HPAI H5N5 viruses is related to the timing of the reassortment events rather than changes in virus pathogenicity or replication kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia K Y Ho
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene Heutink
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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27
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Bergervoet SA, Heutink R, Bouwstra R, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N. Genetic analysis identifies potential transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses between poultry farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1653-1664. [PMID: 30964232 PMCID: PMC6850361 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poultry can become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses via (in)direct contact with infected wild birds or by transmission of the virus between farms. This study combines routinely collected surveillance data with genetic analysis to assess the contribution of between‐farm transmission to the overall incidence of LPAI virus infections in poultry. Over a 10‐year surveillance period, we identified 35 potential cases of between‐farm transmission in the Netherlands, of which 10 formed geographical clusters. A total of 21 LPAI viruses were isolated from nine potential between‐farm transmission cases, which were further studied by genetic and epidemiological analysis. Whole genome sequence analysis identified close genetic links between infected farms in seven cases. The presence of identical deletions in the neuraminidase stalk region and minority variants provided additional indications of between‐farm transmission. Spatiotemporal analysis demonstrated that genetically closely related viruses were detected within a median time interval of 8 days, and the median distance between the infected farms was significantly shorter compared to farms infected with genetically distinct viruses (6.3 versus 69.0 km; p < 0.05). The results further suggest that between‐farm transmission was not restricted to holdings of the same poultry type and not related to the housing system. Although separate introductions from the wild bird reservoir cannot be excluded, our study indicates that between‐farm transmission occurred in seven of nine virologically analysed cases. Based on these findings, it is likely that between‐farm transmission contributes considerably to the incidence of LPAI virus infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlandss
| | - Rene Heutink
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlandss
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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28
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Beerens N, Heutink R, Pritz-Verschuren S, Germeraad EA, Bergervoet SA, Harders F, Bossers A, Koch G. Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1370-1378. [PMID: 30874364 PMCID: PMC6849594 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, three commercial poultry farms and two hobby holdings were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 virus in the winter of 2017-2018. This H5N6 virus is a reassortant of HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B viruses detected in Eurasia in 2016. H5N6 viruses were also detected in several dead wild birds during the winter. However, wild bird mortality was limited compared to the caused by the H5N8 group B virus in 2016-2017. H5N6 virus was not detected in wild birds after March, but in late summer infected wild birds were found again. In this study, the complete genome sequences of poultry and wild bird viruses were determined to study their genetic relationship. Genetic analysis showed that the outbreaks in poultry were not the result of farm-to-farm transmissions, but rather resulted from separate introductions from wild birds. Wild birds infected with viruses related to the first outbreak in poultry were found at short distances from the farm, within a short time frame. However, no wild bird viruses related to outbreaks 2 and 3 were detected. The H5N6 virus isolated in summer shares a common ancestor with the virus detected in outbreak 1. This suggests long-term circulation of H5N6 virus in the local wild bird population. In addition, the pathogenicity of H5N6 virus in ducks was determined, and compared to that of H5N8 viruses detected in 2014 and 2016. A similar high pathogenicity was measured for H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses, suggesting that biological or ecological factors in the wild bird population may have affected the mortality rates during the H5N6 epidemic. These observations suggest different infection dynamics for the H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses in the wild bird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - R Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - E A Germeraad
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - S A Bergervoet
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - F Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - A Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - G Koch
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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29
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Beerens N, Heutink R, Bergervoet SA, Harders F, Bossers A, Koch G. Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1974-1981. [PMID: 29148396 PMCID: PMC5708218 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N8 in the Netherlands caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected. We performed complete genome sequencing to study the relationship between the wild bird and poultry viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses are related to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses detected in Russia in May 2016 but contained novel polymerase basic 2 and nucleoprotein gene segments and 2 different variants of the polymerase acidic segment. Molecular dating suggests that the reassortment events most likely occurred in wild birds in Russia or Mongolia. Furthermore, 2 genetically distinct H5N5 reassortant viruses were detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. Our study provides evidence for fast and continuing reassortment of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, which might lead to rapid changes in virus characteristics, such as pathogenicity, infectivity, transmission, and zoonotic potential.
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Kleyheeg E, Slaterus R, Bodewes R, Rijks JM, Spierenburg MA, Beerens N, Kelder L, Poen MJ, Stegeman JA, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, van der Jeugd HP. Deaths among Wild Birds during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Outbreak, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2050-2054. [PMID: 29148372 PMCID: PMC5708256 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During autumn-winter 2016-2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses caused mass die-offs among wild birds in the Netherlands. Among the ≈13,600 birds reported dead, most were tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and Eurasian wigeons (Anas penelope). Recurrence of avian influenza outbreaks might alter wild bird population dynamics.
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Beerens N, Koch G, Heutink R, Harders F, Vries DPE, Ho C, Bossers A, Elbers A. Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in the Netherlands, December 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:770-773. [PMID: 29381134 PMCID: PMC5875252 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.172124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus affecting wild birds and commercial poultry was detected in the Netherlands in December 2017. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus is a reassortant of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses and not related to the Asian H5N6 viruses that caused human infections.
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Bergervoet SA, Heutink R, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Poen MJ, Bouwstra RJ, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N. A41 Diversity and evolution of avian influenza (AI) viruses in poultry and wild birds. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vew036.040. [PMID: 28845284 PMCID: PMC5566070 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew036.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S A Bergervoet
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - R Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - M J Poen
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J Bouwstra
- GD Animal Health Service, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - N Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Fraaij PLA, Wildschut ED, Houmes RJ, Swaan CM, Hoebe CJ, de Jonge HCC, Tolsma P, de Kleer I, Pas SD, Oude Munnink BB, Phan MVT, Bestebroer TM, Roosenhoff RS, van Kampen JJA, Cotten M, Beerens N, Fouchier RAM, van den Kerkhof JH, Timen A, Koopmans MP. Severe acute respiratory infection caused by swine influenza virus in a child necessitating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the Netherlands, October 2016. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30416. [PMID: 27934581 PMCID: PMC5388114 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.48.30416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2016, a severe infection with swine influenza A(H1N1) virus of the Eurasian avian lineage occurred in a child with a previous history of eczema in the Netherlands, following contact to pigs. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly and required life support through extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. After start of oseltamivir treatment and removal of mucus plugs, the patient fully recovered. Monitoring of more than 80 close unprotected contacts revealed no secondary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter L A Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision Infectious diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC - Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno D Wildschut
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Houmes
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corien M Swaan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J Hoebe
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Public Health Service South Limburg, Geleen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht Infection Center (MINC),School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI),Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H C C de Jonge
- Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Tolsma
- Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst Brabant zuidoost, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Isme de Kleer
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of pulmonary medicine, Erasmus MC - Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan D Pas
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary reseach- Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H van den Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aura Timen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Cunyat F, Beerens N, García E, Clotet B, Kjems J, Cabrera C. Functional analyses reveal extensive RRE plasticity in primary HIV-1 sequences selected under selective pressure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106299. [PMID: 25170621 PMCID: PMC4149556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a functional region of viral RNA lying immediately downstream to the junction of gp120 and gp41 in the env coding sequence. The RRE is essential for HIV replication and binds with the Rev protein to facilitate the export of viral mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. It has been suggested that changes in the predicted secondary structure of primary RRE sequences impact the function of the RREs; however, functional assays have not yet been performed. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic, structural and functional variation in the RRE primary sequences selected in vivo by Enfuvirtide pressure. RESULTS Multiple RRE variants were obtained from viruses isolated from patients who failed an Enfuvirtide-containing regimen. Different alterations were observed in the predicted RRE secondary structures, with the abrogation of the primary Rev binding site in one of the variants. In spite of this, most of the RRE variants were able to bind Rev and promote the cytoplasmic export of the viral mRNAs with equivalent efficiency in a cell-based assay. Only RRE45 and RRE40-45 showed an impaired ability to bind Rev in a gel-shift binding assay. Unexpectedly, this impairment was not reflected in functional capacity when RNA export was evaluated using a reporter assay, or during virus replication in lymphoid cells, suggesting that in vivo the RRE would be highly malleable. CONCLUSIONS The Rev-RRE functionality is unaffected in RRE variants selected in patients failing an ENF-containing regimen. Our data show that the current understanding of the Rev-RRE complex structure does not suffice and fails to rationally predict the function of naturally occurring RRE mutants. Therefore, this data should be taken into account in the development of antiviral agents that target the RRE-Rev complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Cunyat
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elisabet García
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Nawroth I, Mueller F, Basyuk E, Beerens N, Rahbek UL, Darzacq X, Bertrand E, Kjems J, Schmidt U. Stable assembly of HIV-1 export complexes occurs cotranscriptionally. RNA 2014; 20:1-8. [PMID: 24255166 PMCID: PMC3866638 DOI: 10.1261/rna.038182.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Rev protein mediates export of unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts by binding to the Rev response element (RRE) and recruiting the cellular export factor CRM1. Here, we investigated the recruitment of Rev to the transcription sites of HIV-1 reporters that splice either post- or cotranscriptionally. In both cases, we observed that Rev localized to the transcription sites of the reporters and recruited CRM1. Rev and CRM1 remained at the reporter transcription sites when cells were treated with the splicing inhibitor Spliceostatin A (SSA), showing that the proteins associate with RNA prior to or during early spliceosome assembly. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) revealed that Rev and CRM1 have similar kinetics as the HIV-1 RNA, indicating that Rev, CRM1, and RRE-containing RNAs are released from the site of transcription in one single export complex. These results suggest that cotranscriptional formation of a stable export complex serves as a means to ensure efficient export of unspliced viral RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Nawroth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier?CNRS UMR 5535, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Florian Mueller
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
- Institut Pasteur, Imaging and Modeling Unit, CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier?CNRS UMR 5535, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulrik L. Rahbek
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier?CNRS UMR 5535, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ute Schmidt
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier?CNRS UMR 5535, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Wright DW, Deuzing IP, Flandre P, van den Eede P, Govaert M, Setiawan L, Coveney PV, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Boucher CAB, Beerens N. A polymorphism at position 400 in the connection subdomain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase affects sensitivity to NNRTIs and RNaseH activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74078. [PMID: 24098331 PMCID: PMC3788777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in HIV-1 replication, and inhibition of this enzyme is a key component of HIV-treatment. However, the use of RT inhibitors can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Until recently, most clinically relevant resistance mutations were found in the polymerase domain of RT. Lately, an increasing number of resistance mutations has been identified in the connection and RNaseH domain. To further explore the role of these domains we analyzed the complete RT sequence of HIV-1 subtype B patients failing therapy. Position A/T400 in the connection subdomain is polymorphic, but the proportion of T400 increases from 41% in naïve patients to 72% in patients failing therapy. Previous studies suggested a role for threonine in conferring resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors. Here we report that T400 also mediates resistance to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. The susceptibility to NVP and EFV was reduced 5-fold and 2-fold, respectively, in the wild-type subtype B NL4.3 background. We show that substitution A400T reduces the RNaseH activity. The changes in enzyme activity are remarkable given the distance to both the polymerase and RNaseH active sites. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed, which provide a novel atomistic mechanism for the reduction in RNaseH activity induced by T400. Substitution A400T was found to change the conformation of the RNaseH primer grip region. Formation of an additional hydrogen bond between residue T400 and E396 may play a role in this structural change. The slower degradation of the viral RNA genome may provide more time for dissociation of the bound NNRTI from the stalled RT-template/primer complex, after which reverse transcription can resume.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Wright
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona P. Deuzing
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Flandre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurentia Setiawan
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter V. Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Beerens N, Jepsen MD, Nechyporuk-Zloy V, Krüger AC, Darlix JL, Kjems J, Birkedal V. Role of the primer activation signal in tRNA annealing onto the HIV-1 genome studied by single-molecule FRET microscopy. RNA 2013; 19:517-526. [PMID: 23404895 PMCID: PMC3677262 DOI: 10.1261/rna.035733.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcription is primed by a cellular tRNAlys3 molecule that binds to the primer binding site (PBS) in the genomic RNA. An additional interaction between the tRNA molecule and the primer activation signal (PAS) is thought to regulate the initiation of reverse transcription. The mechanism of tRNA annealing onto the HIV-1 genome was examined using ensemble and single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assays, in which fluorescent donor and acceptor molecules were covalently attached to an RNA template mimicking the PBS region. The role of the viral nucleocapsid (NC) protein in tRNA annealing was studied. Both heat annealing and NC-mediated annealing of tRNAlys3 were found to change the FRET efficiency, and thus the conformation of the HIV-1 RNA template. The results are consistent with a model for tRNA annealing that involves an interaction between the tRNAlys3 molecule and the PAS sequence in the HIV-1 genome. The NC protein may stimulate the interaction of the tRNA molecule with the PAS, thereby regulating the initiation of reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Mette D.E. Jepsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Asger C. Krüger
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- UMR 7213 CNRS, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch 67401, France
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Victoria Birkedal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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Jepsen M, Beerens N, Krüger AC, Kjems J, Birkedal V. tRNA Annealing onto the HIV-1 Genome Studied by FRET Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Beerens N, Kjems J. Circularization of the HIV-1 genome facilitates strand transfer during reverse transcription. RNA 2010; 16:1226-35. [PMID: 20430859 PMCID: PMC2874174 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2039610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two obligatory DNA strand transfers take place during reverse transcription of a retroviral RNA genome. The first strand transfer involves a jump from the 5' to the 3' terminal repeat (R) region positioned at each end of the viral genome. The process depends on base pairing between the cDNA synthesized from the 5' R region and the 3' R RNA. The tertiary conformation of the viral RNA genome may facilitate strand transfer by juxtaposing the 5' R and 3' R sequences that are 9 kb apart in the linear sequence. In this study, RNA sequences involved in an interaction between the 5' and 3' ends of the HIV-1 genome were mapped by mutational analysis. This interaction appears to be mediated mainly by a sequence in the extreme 3' end of the viral genome and in the gag open reading frame. Mutation of 3' R sequences was found to inhibit the 5'-3' interaction, which could be restored by a complementary mutation in the 5' gag region. Furthermore, we find that circularization of the HIV-1 genome does not affect the initiation of reverse transcription, but stimulates the first strand transfer during reverse transcription in vitro, underscoring the functional importance of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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40
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Beerens N, Snijder EJ. An RNA pseudoknot in the 3' end of the arterivirus genome has a critical role in regulating viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 2007; 81:9426-36. [PMID: 17581985 PMCID: PMC1951461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00747-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the life cycle of plus-strand RNA viruses, the genome initially serves as the template for both translation of the viral replicase gene and synthesis of minus-strand RNA and is ultimately packaged into progeny virions. These various processes must be properly balanced to ensure efficient viral proliferation. To achieve this, higher-order RNA structures near the termini of a variety of RNA virus genomes are thought to play a key role in regulating the specificity and efficiency of viral RNA synthesis. In this study, we have analyzed the signals for minus-strand RNA synthesis in the prototype of the arterivirus family, equine arteritis virus (EAV). Using site-directed mutagenesis and an EAV reverse genetics system, we have demonstrated that a stem-loop structure near the 3' terminus of the EAV genome is required for RNA synthesis. We have also obtained evidence for an essential pseudoknot interaction between the loop region of this stem-loop structure and an upstream hairpin residing in the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein. We propose that the formation of this pseudoknot interaction may constitute a molecular switch that could regulate the specificity or timing of viral RNA synthesis. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that phylogenetic analysis predicted the formation of similar pseudoknot interactions near the 3' end of all known arterivirus genomes, suggesting that this interaction has been conserved in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Beerens N, Selisko B, Ricagno S, Imbert I, van der Zanden L, Snijder EJ, Canard B. De novo initiation of RNA synthesis by the arterivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol 2007; 81:8384-95. [PMID: 17537850 PMCID: PMC1951334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00564-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All plus-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that functions as the catalytic subunit of the viral replication/transcription complex, directing viral RNA synthesis in concert with other viral proteins and, sometimes, host proteins. RNA synthesis essentially can be initiated by two different mechanisms, de novo initiation and primer-dependent initiation. Most viral RdRps have been identified solely on the basis of comparative sequence analysis, and for many viruses the mechanism of initiation is unknown. In this study, using the family prototype equine arteritis virus (EAV), we address the mechanism of initiation of RNA synthesis in arteriviruses. The RdRp domains of the members of the arterivirus family, which are part of replicase subunit nsp9, were compared to coronavirus RdRps that belong to the same order of Nidovirales, as well as to other RdRps with known initiation mechanisms and three-dimensional structures. We report here the first successful expression and purification of an arterivirus RdRp that is catalytically active in the absence of other viral or cellular proteins. The EAV nsp9/RdRp initiates RNA synthesis by a de novo mechanism on homopolymeric templates in a template-specific manner. In addition, the requirements for initiation of RNA synthesis from the 3' end of the viral genome were studied in vivo using a reverse genetics approach. These studies suggest that the 3'-terminal nucleotides of the EAV genome play a critical role in viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
RNA virus genomes contain cis-acting sequences and structural elements involved in virus replication. Both full-length and subgenomic negative-strand RNA synthesis are initiated at the 3' terminus of the positive-strand genomic RNA of Equine arteritis virus (EAV). To investigate the molecular mechanism of EAV RNA synthesis, the RNA secondary structure of the 3'-proximal region of the genome was analysed by chemical and enzymic probing. Based on the RNA secondary structure model derived from this analysis, several deletions were engineered in a full-length cDNA copy of the viral genome. Two RNA domains were identified that are essential for virus replication and most likely play a key role in viral RNA synthesis. The first domain, located directly upstream of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) (nt 12610-12654 of the genome), is mainly single-stranded but contains one small stem-loop structure. The second domain is located within the 3' UTR (nt 12661-12690) and folds into a prominent stem-loop structure with a large loop region. The location of this stem-loop structure near the 3' terminus of the genome suggests that it may act as a recognition signal during the initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The CSB protein is a member of the SWI2/SNF2 family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors and is essential for transcription-coupled DNA repair. The role of CSB in this DNA repair process is unclear, but the protein was found to remodel nucleosomes and alter DNA double helix conformation upon binding. Elucidating the nature of the change in DNA structure induced by CSB is of great interest for understanding the CSB mechanism of action. We analyzed the CSB.DNA complex by scanning force microscopy and measured a shortening of DNA contour length upon CSB binding in the presence of ATP. This DNA length reduction most likely results from DNA wrapping around the protein. Shorter DNA molecules were observed more frequently in the presence of non-hydrolyzable ATP analogues. These results suggest that DNA wrapping depends on ATP binding, whereas ATP hydrolysis results in unwrapping. We also provide evidence suggesting that CSB binds DNA as a dimer. DNA wrapping and unwrapping allows CSB to actively alter the DNA double helix conformation, which could influence nucleosomes and other protein-DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, P. O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Abbink TEM, Beerens N, Berkhout B. Forced selection of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant that uses a non-self tRNA primer for reverse transcription: involvement of viral RNA sequences and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. J Virol 2004; 78:10706-14. [PMID: 15367637 PMCID: PMC516392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10706-10714.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 uses the tRNA(3)(Lys) molecule as a selective primer for reverse transcription. This primer specificity is imposed by sequence complementarity between the tRNA primer and two motifs in the viral RNA genome: the primer-binding site (PBS) and the primer activation signal (PAS). In addition, there may be specific interactions between the tRNA primer and viral proteins, such as the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. We constructed viruses with mutations in the PAS and PBS that were designed to employ the nonself primer tRNA(Pro) or tRNA(1,2)(Lys). These mutants exhibited a severe replication defect, indicating that additional adaptation of the mutant virus is required to accommodate the new tRNA primer. Multiple independent virus evolution experiments were performed to select for fast-replicating variants. Reversion to the wild-type PBS-lys3 sequence was the most frequent escape route. However, we identified one culture in which the virus gained replication capacity without reversion of the PBS. This revertant virus eventually optimized the PAS motif for interaction with the nonself primer. Interestingly, earlier evolution samples revealed a single amino acid change of an otherwise well-conserved residue in the RNase H domain of the RT enzyme, implicating this domain in selective primer usage. We demonstrate that both the PAS and RT mutations improve the replication capacity of the tRNA(1,2)(Lys)-using virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Base Sequence
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- HIV Long Terminal Repeat
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/growth & development
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Mutation, Missense
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Pro/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribonuclease H/genetics
- Ribonuclease H/physiology
- Selection, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pereira CF, Paridaen JTML, Rutten K, Huigen MCDG, van de Bovenkamp M, Middel J, Beerens N, Berkhout B, Schuurman R, Marnett LJ, Verhoef J, Nottet HSLM. Aspirin-like molecules that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:253-63. [PMID: 12767473 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(03)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some anti-inflammatory molecules are also known to possess anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. We found that o-(acetoxyphenyl)hept-2-ynyl sulfide (APHS), a recently synthesized non-steroidal anti-inflammatory molecule can inhibit HIV-1 replication. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of action of APHS. When administered during the first steps of the infection, APHS was capable of inhibiting the replication of several HIV-1 strains (macrophage-tropic and/or lymphocytotropic) in a dose-dependent manner in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocyte-derived macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes with 50% inhibitory concentration values of approximately 10 microM. The 50% toxic concentration of APHS varied between 100 and 200 microM in the different primary cells tested. APHS did not affect HIV-1 replication once the provirus was already inserted into the cellular genome. APHS also did not inhibit HIV-1 entry into the host cells as determined by quantification of gag RNA inside PBMC 2h after infection. However, APHS did inhibit gag DNA synthesis during reverse transcription in primary cells, which indicates that APHS may target the reverse transcription process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida F Pereira
- Eijkman-Winkler Center, HpG04.614, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, NL-3584, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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46
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Brasey A, Lopez-Lastra M, Ohlmann T, Beerens N, Berkhout B, Darlix JL, Sonenberg N. The leader of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA harbors an internal ribosome entry segment that is active during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. J Virol 2003; 77:3939-49. [PMID: 12634354 PMCID: PMC150645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.3939-3949.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5' leader of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA contains highly structured domains involved in key steps of the viral life cycle. These RNA domains inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis. Here we report that the HIV-1 5' leader harbors an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) capable of driving protein synthesis during the G(2)/M cell cycle phase in which cap-dependent initiation is inhibited. The HIV-1 IRES was delineated with bicistronic mRNAs in in vitro and ex vivo assays. The HIV-1 leader IRES spans nucleotides 104 to 336 and partially overlaps the major determinants of genomic RNA packaging. These data strongly suggest that, as for HIV-1 transcription, IRES-mediated translation initiation could play an important role in virus replication during virus-induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Brasey
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, H3G 1Y6 Montréal, Canada
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Berkhout B, Ooms M, Beerens N, Huthoff H, Southern E, Verhoef K. In vitro evidence that the untranslated leader of the HIV-1 genome is an RNA checkpoint that regulates multiple functions through conformational changes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19967-75. [PMID: 11896057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200950200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 RNA genome forms dimers through base pairing of a palindromic 6-mer sequence that is exposed in the loop of the dimer initiation signal (DIS) hairpin structure (loop-loop kissing). The HIV-1 leader RNA can adopt a secondary structure conformation that is not able to dimerize because the DIS hairpin is not folded. Instead, this DIS motif is base-paired in a long distance interaction (LDI) that extends the stem of the primer-binding site domain. In this study, we show that targeting of the LDI by either antisense oligonucleotides or specific mutations can induce the conformational switch to a branched multiple hairpin (BMH) structure, and this LDI-to-BMH switch coincides with increased RNA dimerization. Another interesting finding is that the extended LDI stem can resist a certain level of destabilization, indicating that a buffer is created to prevent a premature conformational switch and early dimerization. Because the tRNA(Lys3) primer for reverse transcription anneals to multiple sequence elements of the HIV-1 leader RNA, including sequences in the LDI stem, we tested whether tRNA-annealing can destabilize the LDI stem such that RNA dimerization is triggered. Using a combination of stem-destabilizing approaches, we indeed measured a small but significant effect of tRNA-annealing on the ability of the RNA template to form dimers. This observation suggests that HIV-1 RNA can act as a checkpoint to control and coordinate different leader functions through conformational switches. This in vitro result should be verified in subsequent in vivo studies with HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Abstract
Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 RNA genome is primed by the cellular tRNA(lys3) molecule that anneals to a complementary sequence in the viral genome, the primer-binding site (PBS). Additional interactions between the tRNA primer and the viral RNA were proposed to play a role in reverse transcription. We recently identified an 8-nt element in the U5 region upstream of the PBS that is critical for initiation and processive elongation of reverse transcription. This motif was termed the primer activation signal (PAS), and is proposed to interact with the "antiPAS sequence" in the TphiC arm of tRNA(lys3). In this study, we demonstrate that the efficiency of initiation of reverse transcription can be modulated by PAS mutations that strengthen or weaken the interaction with antiPAS. These results provide further evidence for a direct base-pairing interaction between the PAS in the viral RNA and the antiPAS in the tRNA(lys3) molecule. A broad phylogenetic survey indicated that a PAS element is present in all retroviral RNA genomes, suggesting that the process of reverse transcription is regulated by a common mechanism in all retroviridae. It has proven very difficult to change the identity of the tRNA primer for HIV-1 reverse transcription by changing the PBS sequence. Using in vitro reverse transcription assays, we demonstrate that the identity of the priming tRNA species can be switched by simultaneous alteration of the PBS and PAS motifs to accommodate a new tRNA primer. These results indicate that the PAS-antiPAS interaction is important for both primer selection and efficient reverse transcription.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/chemistry
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- 5' Untranslated Regions/metabolism
- Base Pairing
- Base Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- RNA
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Templates, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transfection
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Beerens N, Berkhout B. The tRNA primer activation signal in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome is important for initiation and processive elongation of reverse transcription. J Virol 2002; 76:2329-39. [PMID: 11836411 PMCID: PMC153804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.5.2329-2339.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription is primed by the cellular tRNA(3)(Lys) molecule, which binds, with its 3"-terminal 18 nucleotides (nt), to a complementary sequence in the viral genome, the primer-binding site (PBS). Besides PBS-anti-PBS pairing, additional interactions between viral RNA sequences and the tRNA primer are thought to regulate the process of reverse transcription. We previously identified a novel 8-nt sequence motif in the U5 region of the HIV-1 RNA genome that is critical for tRNA(3)(Lys)-mediated initiation of reverse transcription in vitro. This motif activates initiation from the natural tRNA(3)(Lys) primer but is not involved in tRNA placement and was therefore termed primer activation signal (PAS). It was proposed that the PAS interacts with the anti-PAS motif in the TphiC arm of tRNA(3)(Lys). In this study, we analyzed several PAS-mutated viruses and performed reverse transcription assays with virion-extracted RNA-tRNA complexes. Mutation of the PAS reduced the efficiency of tRNA-primed reverse transcription. In contrast, mutations in the opposing leader sequence that trigger release of the PAS from base pairing stimulated reverse transcription. These results are similar to the reverse transcription effects observed in vitro. We also selected revertant viruses that partially overcome the reverse transcription defect of the PAS deletion mutant. Remarkably, all revertants acquired a single nucleotide substitution that does not restore the PAS sequence but that stimulates elongation of reverse transcription. These combined results indicate that the additional PAS-anti-PAS interaction is needed to assemble an initiation-competent and processive reverse transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Abstract
Reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA genome appears to be strictly regulated at the level of initiation. The primer binding site (PBS), at which the tRNA(3)(Lys) molecule anneals and reverse transcription is initiated, is present in a highly structured region of the untranslated leader RNA. Detailed mutational analysis of the U5 leader stem identified a sequence motif in the U5 region that is critical for activation of the PBS-bound tRNA(3)(Lys) primer. This U5 motif, termed the primer activation signal (PAS), may interact with the TPsiC arm of the tRNA(3)(Lys) primer, similar to the additional interaction proposed for the genome of Rous sarcoma virus and its tRNA(Trp) primer. This suggests that reverse transcription is regulated by a common mechanism in all retroviruses. In HIV-1, the PAS is masked through base pairing in the U5 leader stem. This provides a mechanism for positive and negative regulation of reverse transcription. Based on structure probing of the mutant and wild-type RNAs, an RNA secondary structure model is proposed that juxtaposes the critical PAS and PBS motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beerens
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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