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Nayak M, Patel CB, Mishra A, Singh R, Singh RK. Unveiling the Influence of Glutathione in Suppressing the Conversion of Aspirin to Salicylic Acid: A Fluorescence and DFT Study. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1441-1451. [PMID: 38530561 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aspirin is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, associated with many adverse effects. The adverse effects of aspirin such as tinnitus, Reye's syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding are caused due to conversion of aspirin into its active metabolite salicylic acid after oral intake. Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant produced by the liver and nerve cells in the central nervous system. It helps to metabolize toxins, break down free radicles, and support immune function. This study aims to investigate and explore the possibility of inhibiting aspirin to salicylic acid conversion in presence of glutathione at a molecular level using spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Visible absorption, time-Resolved and time-dependent fluorescence and theoretical DFT/ TD-DFT calculations. The results of steady state fluorescence spectroscopy and time-dependent fluorescence indicated that the aspirin to salicylic acid conversion is considerably inhibited in presence of glutathione. Further, the results presented here might have significant clinical implications for individuals with variations in glutathione level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Nayak
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chandan Bhai Patel
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ranjana Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- Government Polytecnic Rajgrah, Mirzapur, Bathua, 231001, India.
| | - Ranjan K Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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2
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Peng B, Shu J, Hou Z, Qian S, Yan B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Su B, Zhang C. Vibrational spectroscopic detection and analysis of salicylic acid and aspirin binary cocrystal. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123767. [PMID: 38199448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid is a raw material for preparing aspirin and holds an important position in medical history. Studying the crystallization of these two drugs is of great significance in improving their dissolution rate, bioavailability, and physical stability. Although various techniques have been used for structural characterization, there is still a lack of information on the collective vibrational behavior of aspirin and salicylic acid eutectic compounds. Firstly, two starting materials (salicylic acid and aspirin) were ground in a 1:1 M ratio to prepare eutectic compounds. The eutectic composition was studied using vibrational spectroscopy techniques, such as X-ray powder diffusion (XRPD), terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, the structure of the aspirin and salicylic acid eutectic was simulated and optimized using density functional theory. It was found that the eutectic type II was the most consistent with the experiment, and the corresponding vibration modes of each peak were provided. These results offer a unique method for characterizing the structural composition of eutectic crystals, which can be utilized to enhance the physical and chemical properties, as well as the pharmacological activity, of specific drugs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingyi Shu
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zeyu Hou
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Siyu Qian
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bingxin Yan
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Cunlin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
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3
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Cucchiaro A, Scherfler A, Corinti D, Berden G, Oomens J, Wurst K, Gust R, Crestoni ME, Kircher B, Cziferszky M. Amino Acids as Chelating Ligands for Platinum: Enhanced Stability in an Aqueous Environment Promoted by Biocompatible Molecules. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15256-15268. [PMID: 37937969 PMCID: PMC10683014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutics are a cornerstone in the treatment of many malignancies. However, their dose-limiting side effects have rooted efforts to develop new drug candidates with higher selectivity for tumor tissues and less problematic side effects. Here, we developed a cytotoxic platinum(II) complex based on Zeise's salt, containing the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug acetylsalicylic acid and alanine as ligands (4). The previously developed complex (5) displayed high reactivity against sulfur-containing biomolecules; therefore, we put the focus on the optimization of the structure regarding its stability. Different amino acids were used as biocompatible chelating ligands to achieve this aim. Differences in the coordination sphere caused pronounced changes in the stability of Zeise-type precursors 1-3. Coordination with l-Ala through N in the trans position to ethylene showed the most promising results and was employed to stabilize 5. As a result, complex 4 showed improved stability and cytotoxicity, outperforming both 5 and 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cucchiaro
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Amelie Scherfler
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università
di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry
and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università
di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Tyrolean
Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Immunobiology
and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology
and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Danil de Namor AF, Cambanis A, Al Hakawati N, Khalife R. From Solution Studies of Pharmaceuticals (Aspirin and Related Compounds) to the Thermodynamics of Aspirin-β-Cyclodextrin Interaction in water and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911750. [PMID: 36233049 PMCID: PMC9569790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution behavior of pharmaceuticals (acetylsalicylic acid, 4-acetoxybenzoic acid and 5-acetylsalicylic acid) in water and N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) at 298.15 K were investigated through solubility, conductance and calorimetric measurements. Taking into account the formation of ion pairs of these pharmaceuticals in water, the solution Gibbs energies of the dissociated electrolytes in this solvent were calculated. Thus, the solution thermodynamics of these compounds in water are reported using enthalpy data obtained by calorimetry. These pharmaceuticals undergo solvation when exposed to a saturated atmosphere of DMF. As the composition of the solid is not the same as that in solution, the Gibbs energy of the solutions of these compounds could not be obtained; only enthalpy data are reported. The thermodynamics of the interaction of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) with β-cyclodextrin in water and DMF is fully discussed, emphasizing the two different processes that take place in water at the two different pHs. In all cases, the favorable Gibbs energies for these processes are entropically controlled, mainly resulting from the higher dehydration/desolvation that the receptor undergoes upon interaction with the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F. Danil de Namor
- Laboratory of Thermochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandros Cambanis
- Laboratory of Thermochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Nawal Al Hakawati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Khalife
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall 105 SW 26th Sr, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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5
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Hussain A, Naughton DP, Barker J. Development and Validation of a Novel HPLC Method to Analyse Metabolic Reaction Products Catalysed by the CYP3A2 Isoform: In Vitro Inhibition of CYP3A2 Enzyme Activity by Aspirin (Drugs Often Used Together in COVID-19 Treatment). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030927. [PMID: 35164195 PMCID: PMC8838585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin (also known as acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug intended to treat fever, pain, or inflammation. Treatment of moderate to severe cases of COVID-19 using aspirin along with dexamethasone has gained major attention globally in recent times. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the in vitro inhibition of CYP3A2 enzyme activity using aspirin in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). In this study, an efficient and sensitive HPLC method was developed using a reversed phase C18 column (X Bridge 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 µm) at 243 nm using acetonitrile and water (70:30 v/v). The linearity (r2 > 0.999), precision (<15%), accuracy and recovery (80–120%), limit of detection (5.60 µM and 0.06 µM), limit of quantification (16.98 µM and 0.19 µM), and stability of the newly developed method were validated for dexamethasone and 6β-hydroxydexamethasone, respectively, following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. This method was applied in vitro to measure CYP3A2 activity. The results showed that aspirin competitively inhibits 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A2 activity) with an inhibition constant (Ki) = 95.46 µM and the concentration of the inhibitor causing 50% inhibition of original enzyme activity (IC50) = 190.92 µM. This indicated that there is a minimal risk of toxicity when dexamethasone and aspirin are co-administrated and a very low risk of toxicity and drug interaction with drugs that are a substrate for CYP3A2 in healthcare settings.
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6
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Duan Y, Glazier R, Bazrafshan A, Hu Y, Rashid SA, Petrich BG, Ke Y, Salaita K. Mechanically Triggered Hybridization Chain Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19974-19981. [PMID: 34242462 PMCID: PMC8390435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells transmit piconewton forces to receptors to mediate processes such as migration and immune recognition. A major challenge in quantifying such forces is the sparsity of cell mechanical events. Accordingly, molecular tension is typically quantified with high resolution fluorescence microscopy, which hinders widespread adoption and application. Here, we report a mechanically triggered hybridization chain reaction (mechano-HCR) that allows chemical amplification of mechanical events. The amplification is triggered when a cell receptor mechanically denatures a duplex revealing a cryptic initiator to activate the HCR reaction in situ. Importantly, mechano-HCR enables direct readout of pN forces using a plate reader. We leverage this capability and measured mechano-IC50 for aspirin, Y-27632, and eptifibatide. Given that cell mechanical phenotypes are of clinical importance, mechano-HCR may offer a convenient route for drug discovery, personalized medicine, and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Roxanne Glazier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sk Aysha Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brian G Petrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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7
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Harris N, Benedict J, Dickie DA, Pagola S. Mechanochemical synthesis insights and solid-state characterization of quininium aspirinate, a glass-forming drug-drug salt. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2021; 77:566-576. [PMID: 34482301 PMCID: PMC8418670 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621008275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinine (an antimalarial) and aspirin (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) were combined into a new drug-drug salt, quininium aspirinate, C20H25N2O2+·C9H7O4-, by liquid-assisted grinding using stoichiometric amounts of the reactants in a 1:1 molar ratio, and water, EtOH, toluene, or heptane as additives. A tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of the mechanochemical product prepared using EtOH as additive led to a single crystal of the same material obtained by mechanochemistry, which was used for crystal structure determination at 100 K. Powder X-ray diffraction ruled out crystallographic phase transitions in the 100-295 K interval. Neat mechanical treatment (in a mortar and pestle, or in a ball mill at 20 or 30 Hz milling frequencies) gave rise to an amorphous phase, as shown by powder X-ray diffraction; however, FT-IR spectroscopy unambiguously indicates that a mechanochemical reaction has occurred. Neat milling the reactants at 10 and 15 Hz led to incomplete reactions. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry indicate that the amorphous and crystalline mechanochemical products form glasses/supercooled liquids before melting, and do not recrystallize upon cooling. However, the amorphous material obtained by neat grinding crystallizes upon storage into the salt reported. The mechanochemical synthesis, crystal structure analysis, Hirshfeld surfaces, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and aqueous solubility of quininium aspirinate are herein reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4402 Elkhorn Ave., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jubilee Benedict
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4402 Elkhorn Ave., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Silvina Pagola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4402 Elkhorn Ave., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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8
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Thrivikraman Nair S, Kamalasanan K, Moidu A, Shyamsundar P, Nair LJ, P V. Ethyl cellulose coated sustained release aspirin spherules for treating COVID-19: DOE led rapid optimization using arbitrary interface; applicable for emergency situations. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1769-1784. [PMID: 34051259 PMCID: PMC8152213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This work attempts to resolve one of the key issues related to the design and development of sustained-release spherule of aspirin for oral formulations, tailored to treat COVID-19. For that, in the Design of Experiments (DOE) an arbitrary interface, "coating efficiency" (CE) is introduced and scaled the cumulative percentage coating (CPC) to get predictable control over drug release (DR). Subsequently, the granules containing ASP are converted to spherules and then to Ethyl cellulose (EC) Coated spherules (CS) by a novel bed coating during the rolling (BCDR) process. Among spherules, one with 0.35 mm than 0.71 mm shows required properties. The CS has a low 1200 angle by Optical Microscopy (OM), smooth surface without cracks by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and better flow properties (Angle of repose 29.69 ± 0.780, Carr's index 6.73 ± 2.24%, Hausner's Ratio 1.07 ± 0.03) than granules and spherules. Once certain structure-dependent control over release is attained (EC coated spherules shows 10% reduction in burst release (BR) than uncoated spherules showing a release of 80-91%) the predictability is achieved and Design of space (DOS) by DOE (CE-70.14%and CPC-200% and DR-61.54%) is established. The results of DOE to experimentally validated results were within 20% deviation. The aspirin is changing its crystal structure by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from Form-I to Form-II showing polymorphism inside the drug reservoir with respect to the process. This CE and CPC approach in DOE can be used for delivery system design of other labile drugs similar to aspirin in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Thrivikraman Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Kaladhar Kamalasanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - Ashna Moidu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Pooja Shyamsundar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Lakshmi J Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Venkatesan P
- Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Xu X, Zhang J, Filion TM, Akalin A, Song J. Modulating Mechanical and Shape-Memory Properties while Mitigating Degradation-Induced Inflammation of Polylactides by Pendant Aspirin Incorporation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22271-22281. [PMID: 33956420 PMCID: PMC8151694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Synergistically modulating mechanical properties and improving shape-memory performance while mitigating degradation-induced chronic inflammation of polylactide (PLA)-based implants for biomedical applications remain elusive. We test the hypothesis that copolymerizing aspirin-functionalized glycolide with d,l-lactide could enhance the thermal processing, toughness, and shape-memory efficiency of the copolymer while mitigating local inflammatory responses upon its degradation. The content of pendant aspirin was readily modulated by monomer feeds during ring-opening polymerization, and the copolymers with ∼10% or less aspirin pendants exhibited gigapascal-tensile moduli at body temperature and significantly improved fracture toughness and energy dissipation that positively correlated with the aspirin pendant content. The copolymers also exhibited excellent thermal-healing and shape-memory efficacy, achieving a >97% temporary shape fixing ratio at room temperature and facile shape recovery at 50-65 °C. These drastic improvements were attributed to the dynamic hydrophobic aggregations among aspirin pendants that strengthen glassy-state physical entanglement of PLA while readily dissociating under stress/thermal activation. When subcutaneously implanted, the copolymers mitigated degradation-induced inflammation due to concomitant hydrolytic release of aspirin without suppressing early acute inflammatory responses. The incorporation of aspirin pendants in PLA represents a straightforward and innovative strategy to enhance the toughness, shape-memory performance, and in vivo safety of this important class of thermoplastics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Tera M. Filion
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ali Akalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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10
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Karelia DN, Kim S, K. Pandey M, Plano D, Amin S, Lu J, Sharma AK. Novel Seleno-Aspirinyl Compound AS-10 Induces Apoptosis, G1 Arrest of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells, Inhibits Their NF-κB Signaling, and Synergizes with Gemcitabine Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4966. [PMID: 34067020 PMCID: PMC8124556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current available therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) provide minimal overall survival benefits and cause severe adverse effects. We have identified a novel molecule AS-10, a selenazolidine-bis-aspirinyl derivative, that was two to three orders of magnitude more potent than aspirin and at least one to two orders of magnitude more potent than gemcitabine in inhibiting PDAC cancer cell growth/viability against three PDAC cell lines while sparing mouse embryonic fibroblasts in the same exposure range. In Panc-1 cells, AS-10 induced apoptosis without necrosis, principally through caspase-3/7 cascade and reactive oxygen species, in addition to an induction of G1 cell cycle block. Transcriptomic profiling with RNA-seq indicated the top responses to AS-10 exposure as CDKN1A (P21Cip1), CCND1, and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) complex and the top functions as cell cycle, cell death, and survival without inducing the DNA damage gene signature. AS-10 pretreatment (6 h) decreased cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated NF-κB nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity, and degradation of cytosolic inhibitor of κB (IκB) protein. As NF-κB activation in PDAC cells confers resistance to gemcitabine, the AS-10 combination with gemcitabine increased the in vitro cytotoxicity more than the additivity of both compounds. Overall, our results suggest AS-10 may be a promising drug lead for PDAC, both as a single agent and in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepkamal N. Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Sangyub Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Manoj K. Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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11
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Daescu M, Iota M, Serbschi C, Ion AC, Baibarac M. The Influence of UV Light on Photodegradation of Acetylsalicylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4046. [PMID: 33919943 PMCID: PMC8070936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodegradation of the aqueous solutions of acetylsalicylic acid, in the absence (ASA) and the presence of excipients (ASE), is demonstrated by the photoluminescence (PL). A shift of the PL bands from 342 and 338 nm to 358 and 361-397 nm for ASA and ASE in solid state and as aqueous solutions was reported. By exposure of the solution of ASA 0.3 M to UV light, a decrease in the PL band intensity was highlighted. This behavior was revealed for ASA in the presence of phosphate buffer (PB) having the pH equal to 6.4, 7, and 8 or by the interaction with NaOH 0.3 M. A different behavior was reported in the case of ASE. In the presence of PB, an increase in the intensity of the PL band of ASE simultaneously with a change of the ratio between the intensities of the bands at 361-364 and 394-397 nm was highlighted. The differences between PL spectra of ASA and ASE have their origin in the presence of salicylic acid (SAL). The interaction of ASE with NaOH induces a shift of the PL band at 405-407 nm. Arguments for the reaction of ASA with NaOH are shown by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Daescu
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, POB MG 7, 077125 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.); (M.I.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry & Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Miruna Iota
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, POB MG 7, 077125 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.); (M.I.)
| | | | - Alina C. Ion
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry & Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Baibarac
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, POB MG 7, 077125 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.); (M.I.)
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12
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Artusio F, Fumagalli F, Valsesia A, Ceccone G, Pisano R. Role of Self-Assembled Surface Functionalization on Nucleation Kinetics and Oriented Crystallization of a Small-Molecule Drug: Batch and Thin-Film Growth of Aspirin as a Case Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:15847-15856. [PMID: 33759495 PMCID: PMC8041258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present paper assesses the heterogeneous nucleation of a small-molecule drug and its relationship with the surface chemistry of engineered heteronucleants. The nucleation of aspirin (ASA) was tuned by different functional groups exposed by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) immobilized on glass surfaces. Smooth topographies and defect-free surface modification allowed the deconvolution of chemical and topographical effects on nucleation. The nucleation induction time of ASA in batch crystallization was mostly enhanced by methacrylate and amino groups, whereas it was repressed by thiol groups. In this perspective, we also present a novel strategy for the evaluation of surface-drug interactions by confining drug crystallization to thin films and studying the preferential growth of crystal planes on different surfaces. Crystallization by spin coating improved the study of oriented crystallization, enabling reproducible sample preparation, minimal amounts of drug required, and short processing time. Overall, the acid surface tension of SAMs dictated the nucleation kinetics and the extent of relative growth of the ASA crystal planes. Moreover, the face-selective action of monolayers was investigated by force spectroscopy and attributed to the preferential interaction of exposed groups with the (100) crystal plane of ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiora Artusio
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Fumagalli
- European
Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrea Valsesia
- European
Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European
Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Van Meter MI, Khan SM, Taulbee-Cotton BV, Dimmitt NH, Hubbard ND, Green AM, Webster GK, McVey PA. Diagnosis of Agglomeration and Crystallinity of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Over the Counter Headache Medication by Electrospray Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030610. [PMID: 33503894 PMCID: PMC7865442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agglomeration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in tablets can lead to decreased bioavailability in some enabling formulations. In a previous study, we determined that crystalline APIs can be detected as agglomeration in tablets formulated with amorphous acetaminophen tablets. Multiple method advancements are presented to better resolve agglomeration caused by crystallinity in standard tablets. In this study, we also evaluate three “budget” over-the-counter headache medications (subsequently labeled as brands A, B, and C) for agglomeration of the three APIs in the formulation: Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ELDI-MSI) was used to diagnose agglomeration in the tablets by creating molecular images and observing the spatial distributions of the APIs. Brand A had virtually no agglomeration or clustering of the active ingredients. Brand B had extensive clustering of aspirin and caffeine, but acetaminophen was observed in near equal abundance across the tablet. Brand C also had extensive clustering of aspirin and caffeine, and minor clustering of acetaminophen. These results show that agglomeration with active ingredients in over-the-counter tablets can be simultaneously detected using ELDI-MS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Inga Van Meter
- Department of Chemistry, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (M.I.V.M.); (B.V.T.-C.); (N.H.D.); (N.D.H.)
| | - Salah M. Khan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (S.M.K.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Brynne V. Taulbee-Cotton
- Department of Chemistry, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (M.I.V.M.); (B.V.T.-C.); (N.H.D.); (N.D.H.)
| | - Nathan H. Dimmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (M.I.V.M.); (B.V.T.-C.); (N.H.D.); (N.D.H.)
| | - Nathan D. Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (M.I.V.M.); (B.V.T.-C.); (N.H.D.); (N.D.H.)
| | - Adam M. Green
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (S.M.K.); (A.M.G.)
| | | | - Patrick A. McVey
- Department of Chemistry, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (M.I.V.M.); (B.V.T.-C.); (N.H.D.); (N.D.H.)
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (S.M.K.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-955-6481
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14
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Kudelin AI, Papathanasiou K, Isaeva V, Caro J, Salmi T, Kustov LM. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Modeling of CPO-27-Mg Metal-Organic Framework for Drug Delivery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020426. [PMID: 33467467 PMCID: PMC7830474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination polymer CPO-27-Mg was rapidly synthesized under microwave irradiation. This material exhibits a sufficiently high drug loading towards aspirin (~8% wt.) and paracetamol (~14% wt.). The binding of these two molecules with the inner surface of the metal-organic framework was studied employing the Gaussian and Plane Wave approach of the Density Functional Theory. The structure of CPO-27-Mg persists after the adsorption of aspirin or paracetamol and their desorption energies, being quite high, decrease under solvent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton I. Kudelin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Federation, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.)
| | - Konstantinos Papathanasiou
- International Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Leninsky Prosp. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vera Isaeva
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Federation, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.)
- International Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Leninsky Prosp. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Juergen Caro
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hanover, Germany;
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademy University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Leonid M. Kustov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Federation, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.)
- International Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Leninsky Prosp. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Salla M, Pandya V, Bhullar KS, Kerek E, Wong YF, Losch R, Ou J, Aldawsari FS, Velazquez-Martinez C, Thiesen A, Dyck JRB, Hubbard BP, Baksh S. Resveratrol and Resveratrol-Aspirin Hybrid Compounds as Potent Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tumor Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173849. [PMID: 32847114 PMCID: PMC7503224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4,5-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenol that exhibits beneficial pleiotropic health effects. It is one of the most promising natural molecules in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and autoimmune disorders. One of the key limitations in the clinical use of resveratrol is its extensive metabolic processing to its glucuronides and sulfates. It has been estimated that around 75% of this polyphenol is excreted via feces and urine. To possibly alleviate the extensive metabolic processing and improve bioavailability, we have added segments of acetylsalicylic acid to resveratrol in an attempt to maintain the functional properties of both. We initially characterized resveratrol-aspirin derivatives as products that can inhibit cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) activity, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity, and cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of how resveratrol and its aspirin derivatives can inhibit nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation, cytokine production, the growth rate of cancer cells, and in vivo alleviate intestinal inflammation and tumor growth. We identified resveratrol derivatives C3 and C11 as closely preserving resveratrol bioactivities of growth inhibition of cancer cells, inhibition of NFκB activation, activation of sirtuin, and 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. We speculate that the aspirin derivatives of resveratrol would be more metabolically stable, resulting in increased efficacy for treating immune disorders and as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.S.); (V.P.); (R.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Vrajesh Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.S.); (V.P.); (R.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (K.S.B.); (E.K.); (J.R.B.D.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Evan Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (K.S.B.); (E.K.); (J.R.B.D.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Yoke Fuan Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Robyn Losch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.S.); (V.P.); (R.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Joe Ou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.S.); (V.P.); (R.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Fahad S. Aldawsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada or (F.S.A.); (C.V.-M.)
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority Laboratories, 3292 Northern Ring Road, Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos Velazquez-Martinez
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada or (F.S.A.); (C.V.-M.)
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Jason R. B. Dyck
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (K.S.B.); (E.K.); (J.R.B.D.); (B.P.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Basil P. Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (K.S.B.); (E.K.); (J.R.B.D.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.S.); (V.P.); (R.L.); (J.O.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
- Departments of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Member, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta and Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- BioImmuno Designs, Inc., 4560 TEC Centre, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-239-0518
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16
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Zhang Q, Zhu Z, Ni Y. Interaction between aspirin and vitamin C with human serum albumin as binary and ternary systems. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 236:118356. [PMID: 32325408 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Foods generally contain special ingredients which easily to interact with drugs human intaking, thus affecting drug efficacy and excretion, and even cause adverse reactions. Vitamin C (Vit. C) is abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables. It plays a regulatory role in redox metabolism, and its absence can cause scurvy. Aspirin (ASP) can be used to treat many diseases, is the earliest, common and widely used as antipyretic, analgesic and antirheumatic medicine. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in vertebrate plasma and has the property of combining and transporting endogenous and exogenous substances. In this paper, the effects of Vit. C on the combination of ASP and HSA were studied by multi-spectra and voltammetric approaches. Fluorescence spectra showed that the quenching mode between Vit. C and HSA is dynamic, and the main binding force is hydrophobic force. The quenching mode between ASP and HSA is static one, and the main binding force is hydrogen bond and van der Waals force. For ternary biological system of (HSA-ASP)-Vit. C, the binding constant decreases compared with HSA-Vit. C system. However, for (HSA-Vit. C)-ASP system, the binding constant does not change when compared with binary system of HSA-ASP. Based on the technology combination of voltammetry, infrared, three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD), it is proved that the existence of ASP will influence the binding process of Vit. C to HSA. It could be concluded that taking Vit. C first doesn't affect the absorption of ASP and may be good for health; in contrast, it is not good to take Vit. C immediately as one have just taken ASP, because the existence of ASP reduce the absorption of Vit. C for human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Zhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- School of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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17
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Cziferszky M, Gust R. Top-down mass spectrometry reveals multiple interactions of an acetylsalicylic acid bearing Zeise's salt derivative with peptides. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:285-293. [PMID: 32060649 PMCID: PMC7082381 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effects and promising anticancer activities encourage the combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with metallodrugs. Here, we discuss the interactions of an organometallic complex consisting of an acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) moiety attached to a PtII center via an alkenol linker in a Zeise's salt-type coordination (ASA-buten-PtCl3) with model peptides angiotensin 1 (AT), substance P (Sub P), and ubiquitin (UQ). Top-down mass spectrometry experiments show that the amino acid involved in the initial binding to the metal complex controls the coordination sphere of PtII in the adducts. The strong trans labilizing effect of the coordinating sulfur atom in Met causes fast release of the organic moiety and leads to the formation of dimers and oligomers in the case of Sub P. In contrast, interactions with nitrogen donors in AT result in stable adducts containing the intact ASA-buten-PtII complex. UQ forms two sets of PtII adducts, only one of them retains the ASA moiety, which is presumably the result of an unexpected binding geometry. Importantly, UQ is additionally acetylated at various Ser and Lys residues by the ASA-buten-PtCl3 complex. Control experiments with ASA are negative. This is the first example of concomitant platination and acetylation of a peptide with an ASA metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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Lotfy HM, Saleh SS, El-Maraghy CM. Advanced approaches for the treatment and amplification of weak spectral signals produced by critical concentrations in white multicomponent systems. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 224:117339. [PMID: 31344573 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An analytical investigation was carried out to study the treatment and amplification of the spectral signals produced by critical concentrations with high accuracy and precision using two advanced approaches. The factorized-spectrum approach was applied through two novel methods which were: absorptivity centering technique via both: factorized zero order absorption spectrum (ACT-FSD0ΔA) and factorized ratio spectrum (ACT-FSRΔP). The proposed methods were found to be linear in the ranges of (15-100 μg/mL) and (3-40 μg/mL) for ASP and MTO, respectively. Those methods were compared to the methods following the geometrical standard addition approach: ratio H-point standard addition method (RHPSAM) and geometrical induced amplitude modulation (GIAM). The approaches were applied for the determination of the minor component metoclopramide in its mixture with the major component aspirin in the challengeable ratio of (1,90) respectively in a white multicomponent system. The results obtained from the proposed approaches were statistically compared with each other. The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines where the results were found to be within the acceptable limits. The methods were found to be accurate and reliable for the determination of metoclopramide critical concentration besides aspirin concentration. The results of single factor ANOVA analysis indicated that there is no significant difference among the developed methods. These methods provided simple resolution of this binary combination from synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical preparation and can be conveniently adopted for routine quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam M Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, 12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah S Saleh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6(th) October, Egypt.
| | - Christine M El-Maraghy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6(th) October, Egypt
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19
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Hussain MN, Jordens J, John JJ, Braeken L, Van Gerven T. Enhancing pharmaceutical crystallization in a flow crystallizer with ultrasound: Anti-solvent crystallization. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 59:104743. [PMID: 31479884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuous crystallization is a fast growing application domain in the pharmaceutical industry. Application of ultrasound has been proven to have positive effects like reduction in induction time and Metastable Zone Width (MSZW) in both batch and flow systems. Further understanding of flow-based sonocrystallization is required to achieve industrial level scale up. This work investigates the sonocrystallization of pharmaceutical compounds in a tubular flow crystallizer. Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA-Aspirin) is used as a model compound with ethanol and water as solvent and anti-solvent, respectively. Experiments were conducted in silent and sonicated conditions to study the MSZW. Ultrasound made it possible to achieve crystallization within the crystallizer which was not possible in silent conditions, under the tested conditions. Continuous crystallization was achieved at as low as 48 wt% of anti-solvent and crystallization was already seen at a supersaturation of 1.02. In some experiments, temperature rise with ultrasound caused the crystals to re-dissolve within the channels. Better crystallization - no re-dissolution - was achieved by using low ultrasonic power without any loss in the yield. Particle sizes of product crystals were in the range of 4-46 µm. In conclusion, ultrasound was highly effective in enabling anti-solvent crystallization of a pharmaceutical compound in a tubular flow crystallizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Jordens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J J John
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Braeken
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Agoralaan Building B Box 8, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - T Van Gerven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Frosch T, Wyrwich E, Yan D, Popp J, Frosch T. Fiber-Array-Based Raman Hyperspectral Imaging for Simultaneous, Chemically-Selective Monitoring of Particle Size and Shape of Active Ingredients in Analgesic Tablets. Molecules 2019; 24:E4381. [PMID: 31801249 PMCID: PMC6930444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The particle shape, size and distribution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are relevant quality indicators of pharmaceutical tablets due to their high impact on the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the bioavailability of the APIs from the dosage form depends largely on these characteristics. Routinely, particle size and shape are only analyzed in the powder form, without regard to the effect of the formulation procedure on the particle characteristics. The monitoring of these parameters improves the understanding of the process; therefore, higher quality and better control over the biopharmaceutical profile can be ensured. A new fiber-array-based Raman hyperspectral imaging technique is presented for direct simultaneous in-situ monitoring of three different active pharmaceutical ingredients- acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen and caffeine- in analgesic tablets. This novel method enables a chemically selective, noninvasive assessment of the distribution of the active ingredients down to 1 µm spatial resolution. The occurrence of spherical and needle-like particles, as well as agglomerations and the respective particle size ranges, were rapidly determined for two commercially available analgesic tablet types. Subtle differences were observed in comparison between these two tablets. Higher amounts of acetaminophen were visible, more needle-shaped and bigger acetylsalicylic acid particles, and a higher incidence of bigger agglomerations were found in one of the analgesic tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Wyrwich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Di Yan
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 code Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 code Jena, Germany
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21
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Tran PHL, Wang T, Yin W, Tran TTD, Nguyen TNG, Lee BJ, Duan W. Aspirin-loaded nanoexosomes as cancer therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118786. [PMID: 31669214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The long history of discovery and recently encouraging studies of the anti-cancer effect of aspirin promise a closer step to widely used aspirin-based medication in cancer therapy. To resolve the poor water-solubility of aspirin and low encapsulation efficiency of exosomes for further developing a new delivery of aspirin as anti-cancer treatment, our nanoamorphous exosomal delivery platform was established. In this study, the anti-tumour effects of nanoamorphous aspirin-loaded exosomes with exosomes derived from breast and colorectal cancer cells, were comprehensively studied using both in vitro and in vivo models. These exosomes displayed enhanced cellular uptake via both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis pathways, and significantly improved cytotoxicity of aspirin to breast and colorectal cancer cells, accompanied by the enhanced apoptosis and autophagy. Remarkably, this nanoamorphous exosomal platform endowed aspirin with the unprecedented cancer stem cell eradication capacity. Further animal study demonstrated that this developed exosomal system was able to efficiently deliver aspirin to in vivo tumours. The active targeting of these exosomes to tumour was further improved by conjugating an aptamer specifically targeting EpCAM protein. Hence, this nanoamorphous structured exosome system effectively transformed aspirin into a potential cancer stem cell killer with distinguished properties for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H L Tran
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Wang Yin
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, VietNam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, VietNam
| | - Tuong N G Nguyen
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
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22
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Bó LG, Almeida RM, Cardoso CMM, Zavarize DG, Brum SS, Mendonça ARV. Acetylsalicylic acid biosorption onto fungal-bacterial biofilm supported on activated carbons: an investigation via batch and fixed-bed experiments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:28962-28976. [PMID: 31388951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) biosorption onto fungal-bacterial biofilm supported on two types of activated carbons (one commercial type made of coconut fibers, CAC, and one other manufactured from fruit rinds of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart., HYAC, which after biofilm inoculation, they were named CAC-b and HYAC-b), via batch and fixed-bed experiments. These materials were characterized by BET Specific Surface Area and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Biosorption onto HYAC-b was 57.2% higher than HYAC. Despite presenting the highest biosorption capacity over time (qt = 85.4 ± 0.82 mg g-1), CAC-b had a lower increase in efficiency (32.4%) compared to CAC. Kinetic data from the biosorption experiments responded well to the pseudo-first-order model thus suggests the predominance of physisorption, while without biofilm presence, there was a better agreement with the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption. The possible interaction mechanism of ASA to biofilm was attributed to ionic forces between the drug in anionic form and eventual presence of cationic by-products of the biologically active surface metabolism. Biosorption equilibrium data responded better to the Sips model and CAC-b presented the highest biosorption capacity (qe = 292.4 ± 2.01 mg g-1). A combination of faster volumetric flow rates, higher inlet concentrations and shorter beds accelerated the breakthrough time of ASA biosorption in the fixed-bed experiments. These operational conditions affected C/Co ratio in the following magnitude order: volumetric flow rate < inlet concentration < bed height. Breakthrough data responded better to the modified dose-response model compared to Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luma Gomes Bó
- Chemistry Institute, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danilo Gualberto Zavarize
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, 77001-090, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Silva Brum
- Chemistry Institute, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
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23
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Tarlovskaya EI. [Dosage forms and doses of acetylsalicylic acid: significance for clinical practice]. Kardiologiia 2019:4-12. [PMID: 29894671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) dosage forms. The review showed that efficacy and safety of ASA are determined by its systemic effects and do not depend on the dosage form. Issues of ASA resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Tarlovskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, "Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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24
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Talik P, Piotrowska J, Hubicka U. The Influence of Viscosity and Non-freezing Water Contents Bounded to Different Hydroxypropyl Celluloses (HPC) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcelluloses (HPMC) on Stability of Acetylsalicylic Acid. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31093776 PMCID: PMC6520314 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of non-freezing water (NFW) contents bound to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) binary mixtures using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a model moisture-sensitive ingredient. Polysaccharides with significantly different physicochemical properties were mixed with acetylsalicylic acid at a ratio 1:1 (w/w). The measurements of NFW contents of hydrated samples were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the method used, the dry mass normalized dependency of melting enthalpy (ΔH) and respective contents of water was found to be linear. NFW values were calculated after extrapolation ΔH to 0. For stability studies, HPC/ASA and HPMC/ASA mixtures were stored at 40°C and 75% RH for 5 weeks in the climatic chamber. The ASA hydrolysis was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The amounts of NFW calculated for raw HPMC 3 cP and 100,000 cP were 0.49 and 0.42 g g-1, while for polymer and ASA mixtures, prepared from HPC type LF (126 cP) and MF (6300 cP) as well as from HPMC 3 cP and 100,000 cP were 0.23, 0.28 g g-1, 0.21 g g-1, and 0.33 g g-1 respectively. The measured NFW values were connected with appropriate concentrations of unhydrolyzed ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Talik
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Piotrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Hubicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
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25
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Gomes A, Correia AT, Nunes B. Worms on drugs: ecotoxicological effects of acetylsalicylic acid on the Polychaeta species Hediste diversicolor in terms of biochemical and histological alterations. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:13619-13629. [PMID: 30919192 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are important environmental stressors since they have a worldwide use; they are usually released in the aquatic compartment without adequate treatment, and because of their intrinsic properties, they may affect several non-target organisms. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active substance of aspirin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, being one of the most widely prescribed analgesics in human medical care. Consequently, this compound is systematically reported to occur in the wild, where it may exert toxic effects on non-target species, which are mostly uncharacterized so far. The objective of the present work was to assess the acute and chronic effects of ASA on selected oxidative stress biomarkers [catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GRed), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST)], lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance), and histological alterations in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta). The obtained data showed that ASA is not exempt of toxicity, since it was responsible for significant, albeit transient, changes in biomarkers related to the redox status of the organisms, occurring as an increase in the activity of catalase in the individuals exposed acutely to ASA. Chronic exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of this drug showed to be mostly ineffective in promoting any significant biochemical alteration in H. diversicolor. However, histochemical observations revealed proliferation of mucous cells in the tegument of chronically exposed individuals to ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro (UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS), Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro (UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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26
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Ghazanfari-Sarabi S, Habibi-Rezaei M, Eshraghi-Naeeni R, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Prevention of haemoglobin glycation by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA): A new view on old mechanism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214725. [PMID: 30986221 PMCID: PMC6464172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic hyperglycemia provokes glycation of haemoglobin (Hb), an abundant protein in red blood cells (RBCs), by increasing its exposure to carbohydrates. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; Aspirin) is one of the first agents, which its antiglycation effect was witnessed. Although the precise molecular mechanism of action of ASA on protein glycation is not indisputably perceived, acetylation as its main molecular mechanism has been proposed. This report aims to unravel the meticulous mechanism of action of ASA by using two ASA analogues; benzoic acid (BA) and para-nitrobenzoic acid (NBA), despite their lack of acetyl group. In this regard, the inhibitory effect of these two chemicals in comparison with ASA on Hb fructation is reported. UV-visible spectroscopy, intrinsic advanced glycation end products (AGE) fluorescence spectroscopy, extrinsic thioflavin T (ThT) binding fluorescence spectroscopy, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBSA) assay, and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) were used to explore the effects of BA and NBA in comparison with aforementioned chemicals in the context of protein glycation. In spite of the lack of acetyl substitution, NBA is reported as a novel agent with prominent inhibitory efficacy than ASA on the protein glycation. This fact brings up a possible new mechanism of action of ASA and reconsiders acetylation as the sole mechanism of inhibition of protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehran Habibi-Rezaei
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano-Biomedicine Center of Excellence, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Höhl M, Zeilinger C, Roth B, Meinhardt-Wollweber M, Morgner U. Multivariate discrimination of heat shock proteins using a fiber optic Raman setup for in situ analysis of human perilymph. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:043110. [PMID: 31043005 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an effective tool for molecular analysis in different applications. In clinical diagnostics, its application has enabled nondestructive investigation of biological tissues and liquids. The human perilymph, for example, is an inner ear liquid, essential for the hearing sensation. The composition of this liquid is correlated with pathophysiological parameters and was analyzed by extraction and mass spectrometry so far. In this work, we present a fiber optic probe setup for the Raman spectroscopic sampling of inner ear proteins in solution. Multivariate data analysis is applied for the discrimination of individual proteins (heat shock proteins) linked to a specific type of hearing impairment. This proof-of-principle is a first step toward a system for sensitive and continuous in vivo perilymph investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Höhl
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Carsten Zeilinger
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Morgner
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
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28
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Lv F, Li C, Ma Y, Sun Z, Li R, Zhao Z. Fabrication of step-by-step drug release system both sensitive to magnetic field and temperature based on layered double hydroxides and PNIPAM. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:055103. [PMID: 30520421 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of environmental sensitive and controllable drug release systems is urgently needed. In this paper, thermosensitive and magnetic response drug release systems were fabricated via layer-by-layer technique using acetylsalicylic acid (AA) intercalated ZnAl-LDH as core, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and AA micelles as well as small size ZnAl-LDH sheets as building blocks of the shell. By forming anionic micelles, cationic PNIPAM macromolecules were sandwiched in the LDH sheets with cationic charges which provided a novel way of fabrication of drug release systems. The characteristics of the building blocks, the fabrication process and the release behaviors of the as-prepared drug release systems were characterized in detail. Due to the micro-environmental difference of AA in the core and shell of the systems, step-by-step release behaviors were observed. Also the drug release systems showed obvious temperature and magnetic field dependent responsibility. The obtained assembly is a potential drug release system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Lv
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Gomes AA, Cavalcante WLG, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Search for efficient inhibitors of myotoxic activity induced by ophidian phospholipase A 2-like proteins using functional, structural and bioinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:510. [PMID: 30679550 PMCID: PMC6346006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidian accidents are considered an important neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Particularly in Latin America, Bothrops snakes are responsible for the majority of the snakebite envenomings that are not efficiently treated by conventional serum therapy. Thus, the search for simple and efficient inhibitors to complement this therapy is a promising research area, and a combination of functional and structural assays have been used to test candidate ligands against specific ophidian venom compounds. Herein, we tested a commercial drug (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) and a plant compound with antiophidian properties (rosmarinic acid, RA) using myographic, crystallographic and bioinformatics experiments with a phospholipase A2-like toxin, MjTX-II. MjTX-II/RA and MjTX-II/ASA crystal structures were solved at high resolution and revealed the presence of ligands bound to different regions of the toxin. However, in vitro myographic assays showed that only RA is able to prevent the myotoxic effects of MjTX-II. In agreement with functional results, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the RA molecule remains tightly bound to the toxin throughout the calculations, whereas ASA molecules tend to dissociate. This approach aids the design of effective inhibitors of PLA2-like toxins and, eventually, may complement serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A Gomes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Abstract
Milling is an important process for tailoring the particle size distribution for enhanced dissolution, content uniformity, tableting, etc., specially for active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipient in pharmaceutical industries. Milling performance of particulate solids depends on the equipment operating conditions (geometry, process conditions and input energy etc.) as well as material properties (particle size, shape, and mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness). In this work, a newly developed approach to assess the breakability of pharmaceutical materials using an aerodynamic dispersion method has been combined with the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a number of pharmaceutical materials in a pin mill. A sensitivity analysis is carried out addressing the effect of the milling conditions (rotational speed of the mill and feed particle flow rate) and feed properties on the milled products in terms of the shift in the specific surface area of the milled particles. The outcome of the work is used as a method to predict the breakage of the particles for the milling conditions where chipping takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bonakdar
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mojtaba Ghadiri
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Yang H, Zhou M, Yang W, Ren G, Ma L. Rolling-made gas diffusion electrode with carbon nanotube for electro-Fenton degradation of acetylsalicylic acid. Chemosphere 2018; 206:439-446. [PMID: 29758501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
H2O2 production plays an important role in electro-Fenton process for pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) degradation. In this work, carbon nanotube (CNT) was attempted to make a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) by rolling method to achieve a high H2O2 production and current efficiency, and it was further used as electro-Fenton cathode for the degradation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as one kind of PPCPs. The optimal amount of catalyst layer was 0.15 g CNT and 93.75 μL PTFE, obtaining the production of H2O2 of 805 mg L-1 in 0.05 mM Na2SO4 solution at 100 mA after 180 min. The degradation of ASA by electro-Fenton on such a CNT-GDE cathode was studied, and some important parameters such as current, pH as well as the dosage of Fe2+ were optimized. The degradation ratio of ASA could achieve almost 100% after 10 min and the TOC removal ratio was 62% at 1 h under the condition of 100 mA and pH 3, showing a great potential for the treatment of PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Weilu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Gengbo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Bianchi CL, Sacchi B, Capelli S, Pirola C, Cerrato G, Morandi S, Capucci V. Micro-sized TiO 2 as photoactive catalyst coated on industrial porcelain grès tiles to photodegrade drugs in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:20348-20353. [PMID: 28452026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites raise worrying questions because of their continuous release and lack of efficient removal by conventional wastewater treatments; therefore, they are being detected in groundwater, surface water and drinking water in increasing concentrations. Paracetamol and aspirin are two of the most commonly used drugs employed as fever reducer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. They and their metabolites are very often found in river water, so their degradation is necessary in order to render water suitable for human consumption. The present work is focused on the comparison of the photocatalytic performance of industrial active grés porcelain tiles covered with a commercial micro-sized TiO2 by industrial process using either conventional spray deposition or innovative digital printing methods. The photodegradation of two commonly used drugs, namely aspirin and paracetamol, was investigated both individually and as a mixture, in both deionized and tap water. The results reveal the full conversion of the drugs and the significant role of the photocatalytic tiles in the mineralization processes leading to harmless inorganic species. In particular, the digitally printed tiles exhibited better photodegradation performance for both drugs compared to the spray deposited tiles. No deactivation was observed on both photocatalytic tiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia Capelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pirola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cerrato
- Consorzio INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica & NIS, Inter-departmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Morandi
- Consorzio INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica & NIS, Inter-departmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Huang XB, Wu GS, Ke LY, Zhou XG, Wang YH, Luo HR. Aspirin Derivative 5-(Bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)amino)-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid Improves Thermotolerance via Stress Response Proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061359. [PMID: 29874836 PMCID: PMC6099645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many prevalent diseases. Pharmacological intervention to improve the health span and extend the lifespan could be a preventive elixir for aging and age-related diseases. The non-steroid anti-inflammation medicine aspirin was reported to delay aging in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and mice. We are wondering if the analogues of aspirin could also present antiaging activity. Here, we synthesized several aspirin derivatives and investigated their thermotolerance and antiaging effect in C. elegans. One of the compounds, 5-(bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, moderately increased the survival of C. elegans under heat stress, but could not extend the lifespan under optimum conditions. This compound could increase the mRNA level of stress response gene gst-4, and the mRNA and protein expression level of heat shock protein hsp-16.2 under heat stress. The failure of activating the transcription factor DAF-16 might explain why this compound could not act as aspirin to extend the lifespan of C. elegans. Our results would help further the investigation of the pharmacological activity of aspirin analogues and the relationship between structures and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Gui-Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Lei-Yu Ke
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yue-Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Weninger A, Baecker D, Obermoser V, Egger D, Wurst K, Gust R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Zeise's Salt Derivatives with Acetylsalicylic Acid Substructure. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1612. [PMID: 29848978 PMCID: PMC6032411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel biologically active organometallic compounds bearing an acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) substructure led to the synthesis of analogical Zeise-type salts that accordingly inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. In order to determine the influence of the length of the alkyl chain between the platinum(II) center and the ASA moiety, compounds with varying methylene groups (n = 1⁻4) were synthesized and characterized. For the propene derivative structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was possible. Prior to evaluation of biological activity, the complexes were investigated regarding their stability in different media, such as water, physiological sodium chloride, and phosphate buffered saline. Therefore, an analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis was established. All of the compounds were tested for their COX inhibitory potential. In general, complexes with longer alkyl chains caused higher inhibition of COX enzymes and the inhibitory potential towards COX enzymes was enhanced when compared to Zeise's salt. The growth inhibitory effects of the synthesized substances were investigated in vitro against colon carcinoma (HT-29) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The IC50 values of the new derivatives ranged from 30 to 50 µM, whereas neither Zeise's salt itself nor ASA showed any antiproliferative activity at the used concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weninger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Victoria Obermoser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dorothea Egger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Patel VB, Patel AD, Shah DA. Stability Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2018; 15:351-360. [PMID: 29065836 DOI: 10.2174/1570163814666171023144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin combination is prescribed for its thrombolytic activity where gastric ulceration is the major side effect of aspirin which can be prevented by combining it with proton pump inhibitor omeprazole. Present study describes development of analytical method for the estimation of aspirin and omeprazole in combination. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop and validate chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of aspirin and omeprazole. METHODS Isocratic, reversed phase stability indicating liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole in combination. The separation was achieved on a Thermo Scientific Hypersil ODS (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column, kept at ambient temperature, using acetonitrile: methanol: 0.05 M phosphate buffer (40:5:55; pH 4 adjusted with 0.1% tri ethyl amine) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection was performed at 225 nm. RESULTS The retention time was found to be 3.9 min for aspirin and 5.3 min for omeprazole. The method was observed to be linear in the range of 2 - 80 µg/mL for aspirin and 1 - 40 µg/mL for omeprazole, respectively. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). The developed RP- HPLC method was successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of aspirin and omeprazole in the presence of degradation products of both the drugs. CONCLUSION The present study describes liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of aspirin and omeprzole in combination. The method can be used for the analysis of stability samples and routine quality control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana B Patel
- Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Vadodara - Mumbai National Highway 8, Varnama, Vadodara- 391240, Gujarat, India
| | - Aishwarya D Patel
- Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Vadodara - Mumbai National Highway 8, Varnama, Vadodara- 391240, Gujarat, India
| | - Dimal A Shah
- Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Vadodara - Mumbai National Highway 8, Varnama, Vadodara- 391240, Gujarat, India
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Chiplunkar PP, Zhao X, Tomke PD, Noro J, Xu B, Wang Q, Silva C, Pratap AP, Cavaco-Paulo A. Ultrasound-assisted lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of aspirin methyl ester. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 40:587-593. [PMID: 28946463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis of aspirin methyl ester (AME) was investigated using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) (1%) in the presence of solvents like triolein, chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (DCM). The effect of ultrasound and the role of water on the conversion rates have also been investigated. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic (1H NMR) was chosen to calculate hydrolysis convertion rates. We observed that lipase-ultrasound assisted hydrolysis of AME in the presence of triolein and water showed the highest hydrolysis conversion rate (65.3%). Herein low water amount played an important role as a nucleophile being crucial for the hydrolysis yields obtained. Lipase activity was affected by the conjugated action of ultrasound and solvents (35.75% of decrease), however not disturbing its hydrolytic efficiency. It was demonstrated that lipase is able to hydrolyse AME to methyl 2-hydroxy benzoate (methyl salicylate), which applications include fragrance agents in food, beverages and cosmetics, or analgesic agent in liniments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali P Chiplunkar
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Xiaoman Zhao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Textiles, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India; Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Prerana D Tomke
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bo Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Amit P Pratap
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Abstract
SummarySystemic inflammation has been shown to be a contributing factor to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). VX-702, a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, is currently under investigation in ACS patients with unstable angina to evaluate its safety and efficacy during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).The role of p38 MAPK in platelet aggregation of normal individuals was examined using the selective second generation p38 MAPK inhibitor VX-702. Treatment of platelets with thrombin (activates PAR1 and PAR4 thrombin receptors), SFLLRN (PAR1), AYPGKF (PAR4), collagen (α2β1 and GPVI/FCγIIR receptors) and U46619 (TXA2) resulted in strong activation of p38 MAPK. Activation of the GPIb von Willebrand factor receptor with ristocetin did not stimulate p38 MAPK. Pre-treatment of platelets with 1 μM VX-702 completely inhibited activation of p38 MAPK by thrombin, SFLLRN, AYPGKF, U46619, and collagen. There was no effect of VX-702 on platelet aggregation induced by any of the agonists in the presence or absence of aspirin, heparin or apyrase. It has been postulated that a potential role of p38 MAPK is to activate phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) which catalyses formation of arachidonic acid leading to production of thromboxane. Interestingly, we show contrasting effects of p38 MAPK inhibition as compared to aspirin inhibition on platelet aggregation in response to collagen. Blockade of TXA2 production by aspirin results in significant inhibition of collagen activation. However, VX-702 has no effect on collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, suggesting that blocking p38 MAPK does not effect thromboxane production in human platelets. Therefore, unlike aspirin blockade of thromboxane production in platelets, p38 MAPK inhibitors such as VX-702 do not significantly affect platelet function and would not be expected to contribute to an elevated risk of bleeding side-effects in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Kuliopulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Binsaleh NK, Wigley CA, Whitehead KA, van Rensburg M, Reynisson J, Pilkington LI, Barker D, Jones S, Dempsey-Hibbert NC. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives are potent anti-platelet drugs, inhibiting platelet activation, aggregation and showing synergy with aspirin. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1997-2004. [PMID: 29129512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drugs which inhibit platelet function are commonly used to prevent blood clot formation in patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) or those at risk of stroke. The thieno[3,2-c]pyridine class of therapeutic agents, of which clopidogrel is the most commonly used, target the P2Y12 receptor, and are often used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Six thieno[2,3-b]pyridine were assessed for in vitro anti-platelet activity; all derivatives showed effects on both platelet activation and aggregation, and showed synergy with ASA. Some compounds demonstrated greater activity when compared to clopidogrel. These compounds, therefore, represent potential novel P2Y12 inhibitors for improved treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif K Binsaleh
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Catherine A Wigley
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | | | | | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina C Dempsey-Hibbert
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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Kulkarni CV, Vishwapathi VK, Quarshie A, Moinuddin Z, Page J, Kendrekar P, Mashele SS. Self-Assembled Lipid Cubic Phase and Cubosomes for the Delivery of Aspirin as a Model Drug. Langmuir 2017; 33:9907-9915. [PMID: 28826212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensionally organized lipid cubic self-assemblies and derived oil-in-water emulsions called "cubosomes" are attractive for various biotechnological applications due to their ability to be loaded with functional molecules and their associated sustained release properties. Here, we employed both of these lipid-based systems for the delivery of a model drug, aspirin, under comparable conditions. Studies were performed by varying drug-to-lipid ratio and the type of release medium, water and phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Release rates were determined using UV-vis spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering was used to confirm the type of self-assembled nanostructures formed in these lipid systems. The release from the bulk lipid cubic phase was sustained as compared to that of dispersed cubosomes, and the release in PBS was more efficient than in water. The tortuosity of the architecture, length of the diffusion pathway, type of nanostructure, and physicochemical interaction with the release media evidently contribute to these observations. This work is particularly important as it is the first report where both of these nanostructured lipid systems have been studied together under similar conditions. This work provides important insights into understanding and therefore controlling the release behavior of lipid-based drug nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pravin Kendrekar
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology (CUT) , Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Samson S Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology (CUT) , Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
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He L, Sun X, Zhu F, Ren S, Wang S. OH-initiated transformation and hydrolysis of aspirin in AOPs system: DFT and experimental studies. Sci Total Environ 2017; 592:33-40. [PMID: 28297635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used in wastewater treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). In this work, the OH-initiated transformation as well as the hydrolysis of a typical PPCPs, aspirin, was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and laboratory experiments. For DFT calculations, the frontier electron densities and bond dissociation energies were analyzed. Profiles of the potential energy surface were constructed, and all the possible pathways were discussed. Additionally, rate constants for each pathway were calculated with transition state theory (TST) method. UV/H2O2 experiments of aspirin were performed and degradation intermediates were identified by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. Different findings from previous experimental works were reported that the H-abstraction pathways at methyl position were dominated and OH-addition pathways on benzene ring were also favored. Meantime, hydroxyl ASA was confirmed as the main stable intermediate. Moreover, it was the first time to use DFT method to investigate the hydrolysis mechanisms of organic ester compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Fanping Zhu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shaojie Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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Mináriková M, Fojtikova V, Vyskočilová E, Sedláček J, Šikut M, Borek-Dohalska L, Stiborová M, Martinkova M. The capacity and effectiveness of diosmectite and charcoal in trapping the compounds causing the most frequent intoxications in acute medicine: A comparative study. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 52:214-220. [PMID: 28445845 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the adsorption ability of two adsorbent materials, namely diosmectite and activated charcoal towards selected model compounds that are most commonly involved in acute intoxication. Eleven model compounds were selected: acetylsalicylic acid, α-amanitin, amlodipine, digoxin, phenobarbital, ibuprofen, imipramine, carbamazepine, oxazepam, promethazine, and theophylline. Of the tested compounds, promethazine and imipramine were the most effectively adsorbed to diosmectite. Their adsorption to diosmectite (0.356±0.029mg promethazine/mg diosmectite and 0.354±0.019mg imipramine/mg diosmectite, respectively) was significantly higher than their adsorption to activated charcoal. The effect of temperature and pH on the adsorption efficiencies was also evaluated. In the case of experiments with mixture of both adsorbents, they mostly behaved in a solution independently or in a slightly antagonistic way. Using various methods such as N2 adsorption and thermogravimetric analysis, the structure and texture of diosmectite and activated charcoal were attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Mináriková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fojtikova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Vyskočilová
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Organic Technology, Technická 1905, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sedláček
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Šikut
- Hospital Mělník, Pražská 528, 276 01 Mělník, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Borek-Dohalska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Martinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova (Albertov) 2030-8, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Shahid N, Adnan S, Farooq M, Ali S, Shabbir M, Masood Z, Waqar K, Saleem H, Gill SA, Ali T. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPRESSED COATED POLYPILL WITH MUCOADHESIVE CORE COMPRISING OF ATORVASTATIN/CLOPIDOGREL/ASPIRIN USING COMPRESSION COATING TECHNIQUE. Acta Pol Pharm 2017; 74:477-487. [PMID: 29624252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to formulate and assess a novel polypill comprising of atorvastatin calci- um (ATVC), clopidogrel bisulfate (CLB) and aspirin (ASP) which, after in vivo correlation, can be intended for use in hyperlipidemic chronic heart disease patients. Polypill was made by the compression coating technique (CCT) with multiple active ingredients along with different concentrations of mucoadhesive and sustained release polymers, i.e., Carbopol 934 (CAB), Methocel k15 (MTH) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC). The effect of different concentration of polymers on physical properties, wash off time, mucoadhe- sion strength, swelling behavior, surface pH and drug release kinetics were investigated. In vitro drug release studies showed that combination of CAB-NaCMC (1 : 1) retarded drug release up to 96.7 ± 1.15%, while com- bination of CAB-MTH and MTH-NaCMC retarded drug release up to 81.9 ± 1.5% and 101.4 ± 1.3%, respec- tively, at the same polymer concentration. Core enteric coated tablet of ATVC (K 11) was compressed over with CLB and ASP granules with the help of CCT and produced the desired results with zero order release rate thus indicating successful formulation of proposed polypill.
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Xu X, Zhang K, Zhao L, Li C, Bu W, Shen Y, Gu Z, Chang B, Zheng C, Lin C, Sun H, Yang B. Aspirin-Based Carbon Dots, a Good Biocompatibility of Material Applied for Bioimaging and Anti-Inflammation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:32706-32716. [PMID: 27934165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The emerging photoluminescent carbon-based nanomaterials are promising in various fields besides cell imaging and carrier transport. Carbon nanomaterials with specific biological functions, however, are rarely investigated. Aspirin is a very common anti-inflammatory medication to relieve aches and pains. In this study, we have tried to create a carbon nanoparticle with aspirin, and we expect that this new carbon nanoparticle will have both anti-inflammatory and fluorescent biomarker functions. Fluorescent aspirin-based carbon dots (FACDs) were synthesized by condensing aspirin and hydrazine through a one-step microwave-assisted method. Imaging data demonstrated that FACDs efficiently entered into human cervical carcinoma and mouse monocyte macrophage cells in vitro with low cell toxicity. Results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histological analysis indicated that FACDs possessed effective anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo compared to aspirin only. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and histology results suggested that FACDs also had no significant toxicity in vivo. Our results clearly demonstrate that FACDs have dual functions, cellular imaging/bioimaging and anti-inflammation, and suggest that FACDs have great potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Bu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Gu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Bei Chang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chongtao Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Tang Q, Liu Y, Li T, Yang X, Zheng G, Chen H, Jia L, Shao J. A novel co-drug of aspirin and ursolic acid interrupts adhesion, invasion and migration of cancer cells to vascular endothelium via regulating EMT and EGFR-mediated signaling pathways: multiple targets for cancer metastasis prevention and treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73114-73129. [PMID: 27683033 PMCID: PMC5341967 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis currently remains the predominant cause of breast carcinoma treatment failure. The effective targeting of metastasis-related-pathways in cancer holds promise for a new generation of therapeutics. In this study, we developed an novel Asp-UA conjugate, which was composed of classical "old drug" aspirin and low toxicity natural product ursolic acid for targeting breast cancer metastasis. Our results showed that Asp-UA could attenuate the adhesion, migration and invasion of breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a more safe and effective manner in vitro. Molecular and cellular study demonstrated that Asp-UA significantly down-regulated the expression of cell adhesion and invasion molecules including integrin α6β1, CD44 ,MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, EGFR and ERK proteins, and up-regulated the epithelial markers "E-cadherin" and "β-catenin", and PTEN proteins. Furthermore, Asp-UA (80 mg/kg) reduced lung metastasis in a 4T1 murine breast cancer metastasis model more efficiently, which was associated with a decrease in the expression of CD44. More importantly, we did not detect side effects with Asp-UA in mice such as weight loss and main viscera tissues toxicity. Overall, our research suggested that co-drug Asp-UA possessed potential metastasis chemoprevention abilities via influencing EMT and EGFR-mediated pathways and could be a more promising drug candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Tang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guirong Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongning Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Sun LL, Wu H, Zhang YZ, Wang R, Wang WY, Wang W, Li SP, Dai L, Zhang ZR. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory of the specific selective targeting druggable enzymome cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) small molecule. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:2505-2514. [PMID: 27098007 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Development of a reliable and selective anti-inflammatory agent of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), induced or up-regulated by inflammatory/injury stimulus such as IL-1β, TNF-α and LPS in the various types of organs, tissues and cells, with low side effects is a long-standing medicinal chemistry problem with significant social implications. OBJECTIVE To target druggable enzymome COX-2 by exploiting NSAIDs and genipin (GEP) in anti-inflammatory infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compound aspirin GEP ester (AGE) was designed by computer-assisted screening, synthesized in the esterification of the acylate derivative and the methylate derivative with Et3N, and evaluated with 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg from days 18 to 24 after immunization in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats by the sequential enzymatic experiments, western-blot analysis and pathological observation methods. RESULTS AGE exhibited higher binding affinity with COX-1 and displayed the lowest estimated free energy with COX-2 than other ligands built by hanging NSAIDs with GEP, and was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. AGE was competed against COX-2 with molecule-dependent potencies and selectivity (IC50: 0.36 mM; selectivity index: 275) in the sequential enzymatic experiments and decreased the expression of COX-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of CIA rats. AGE (40 and 60 mg/kg) could significantly relieve the secondary hind paw swelling and arthritis index, along with observing AGE attenuated histopathological changes of fibroblast like synovial tissue (FLST) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (MLNL) in CIA rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION AGE pharmacophore reported herein may be an effective strategy to develop a novel anti-inflammatory agent and potential inhibitor of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Sun
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Ya-Zhong Zhang
- b Anhui Institute for Drug Control , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Li
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Li Dai
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
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Durlaza--a 24-hour extended-release aspirin. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016; 58:7. [PMID: 26761340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Aresta A, Zambonin C. Simultaneous determination of salicylic, 3-methyl salicylic, 4-methyl salicylic, acetylsalicylic and benzoic acids in fruit, vegetables and derived beverages by SPME-LC-UV/DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:63-68. [PMID: 26775020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic and benzoic acid are phenolic acids occurring in plant cells, thus they can be present in fruit and vegetables at various levels. They possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, however they may induce symptoms and health problems in a small percentage of the population. Therefore, a low phenolic acid diet may be of clinical benefit to such individuals. In order to achieve this goal, the concentration of these substances in different food and beverages should be assessed. The present work describes for the first time a new method, based on solid phase microextraction (polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber) coupled to liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection, for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid, 3-methyl salicylic acid, 4-methyl salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and benzoic acid in selected fruit, vegetables and beverages. All the aspects influencing fiber adsorption (time, temperature, pH, salt addition) and desorption (desorption and injection time, desorption solvent mixture composition) of the analytes have been investigated. An isocratic separation was performed using an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH 2.8; 2 mM) mixture (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. The estimated LOD and LOQ values (μg/mL) were in the range 0.002-0.028 and 0.007-0.095. The within-day and day-to-day precision values (RSD%) were between 4.7-6.1 and 6.6-9.4, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of fava beans, blueberries, kiwi, tangerines, lemons, oranges and fruit juice (lemon and blueberry) samples. The major advantage of the method is that it only requires simple homogenization and/or centrifugation and dilution steps prior to SPME and injection in the LC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Lu L, Lu M, Pei Y, Chen J, Qin L, Zhu W, Jia H. Down-regulation of SDF1-α expression in tumor microenvironment is associated with aspirin-mediated suppression of the pro-metastasis effect of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:988-96. [PMID: 26607439 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is considered to be the first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It significantly delays tumor progression time; however, it increases the invasive and metastatic potential of HCC. Recent studies have shown that aspirin is effective in preventing and treating tumors, and the combination treatment of aspirin and sorafenib significantly suppresses sorafenib-induced intrahepatic metastasis. However, the mechanism through which aspirin suppresses the sorafenib-induced intrahepatic metastasis is still unclear. In this study, we find that sorafenib markedly increases stromal-derived factor 1-alpha (SDF1-α) expression in paratumor and intratumor tissues, and aspirin attenuates sorafenib-induced increase of SDF1-α expression in paratumor and intratumor tissues. Further studies show that SDF1-α improves cell invasion potential of HCC cells, and that AMD3100, a specific inhibitor of SDF1-α receptor CXCR4, suppresses the elevated intrahepatic metastatic potential of HCC induced by sorafenib in vivo. Collectively, this study reveals that the sorafenib-induced increase of SDF1-α expression in paratumor and intratumor microenvironments is suppressed by aspirin, which is associated with aspirin-mediated suppression of the pro-metastasis effect of sorafenib in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuan Pei
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Huliang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China Institute of Cancer Metastasis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Choi HW, Tian M, Manohar M, Harraz MM, Park SW, Schroeder FC, Snyder SH, Klessig DF. Human GAPDH Is a Target of Aspirin's Primary Metabolite Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143447. [PMID: 26606248 PMCID: PMC4659538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) controls several physiological processes and is a key regulator of multiple levels of plant immunity. To decipher the mechanisms through which SA’s multiple physiological effects are mediated, particularly in immunity, two high-throughput screens were developed to identify SA-binding proteins (SABPs). Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) was identified in these screens. Similar screens and subsequent analyses using SA analogs, in conjunction with either a photoaffinity labeling technique or surface plasmon resonance-based technology, established that human GAPDH (HsGAPDH) also binds SA. In addition to its central role in glycolysis, HsGAPDH participates in several pathological processes, including viral replication and neuronal cell death. The anti-Parkinson’s drug deprenyl has been shown to suppress nuclear translocation of HsGAPDH, an early step in cell death and the resulting cell death induced by the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Here, we demonstrate that SA, which is the primary metabolite of aspirin (acetyl SA) and is likely responsible for many of its pharmacological effects, also suppresses nuclear translocation of HsGAPDH and cell death. Analysis of two synthetic SA derivatives and two classes of compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Glycyrrhiza foetida (licorice), glycyrrhizin and the SA-derivatives amorfrutins, revealed that they not only appear to bind HsGAPDH more tightly than SA, but also exhibit a greater ability to suppress translocation of HsGAPDH to the nucleus and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Maged M. Harraz
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Akram M, Yu H, Wang L, Khalid H, Abbasi NM, Chen Y, Ren F, Saleem M. Sustained release of hydrophilic drug from polyphosphazenes/poly(methyl methacrylate) based microspheres and their degradation study. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2015; 58:169-79. [PMID: 26478300 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery system is referred as an approach to deliver the therapeutic agents to the target site safely in order to achieve the maximum therapeutic effects. In this perspective, synthesis of three new polyphosphazenes and their blend fabrication system with poly(methyl methacrylate) is described and characterized with (1)H NMR, (31)P NMR, GPC and DSC. Furthermore, these novel blends were used to fabricate microspheres and evaluated for sustain release of hydrophilic drug (aspirin as model drug). Microspheres of the two blends showed excellent encapsulation efficacy (about 93%), controlled burst release (2.3% to 7.93%) and exhibited sustain in vitro drug release (13.44% to 32.77%) up to 218 h. At physiological conditions, the surface degradation of microspheres and diffusion process controlled the drug release sustainability. Furthermore, it was found that the degree of porosity was increased with degradation and the resulting porous network was responsible for water retention inside the microspheres. The percentage water retention was found to be interrelated with degradation time and percentage drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hamad Khalid
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nasir M Abbasi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fujie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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