1
|
Lean FZX, Falchieri M, Furman N, Tyler G, Robinson C, Holmes P, Reid SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Man C, Núñez A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in skua and gulls in the United Kingdom, 2022. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:421-431. [PMID: 38140946 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231217224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reemergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022 has caused unprecedented epizootic events in wild birds and poultry. During the summer of 2022, there was a shift in virus transmission dynamics resulting in increased HPAIV infection in seabirds, and consequently, a profound impact on seabird populations. To understand the pathological impact of HPAIV in seabirds, we evaluated the virus antigen distribution and associated pathological changes in the tissues of great skua (Stercorarius skua, n = 8), long-tailed skua (Stercorarius longicaudus, n = 1), European herring gull (Larus argentatus, n = 5), and black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus, n = 4), which succumbed to natural infection of HPAIV during the summer of 2022. Cases were collected from Shetland, including Scatness (mainland), No Ness (mainland), Clumlie (mainland), Hermaness (island), Fair Isle (island), Noss (island), and the West Midlands, South East, and South West of England. Grossly, gizzard ulceration was observed in one great skua and pancreatic necrosis was observed in 4 herring gulls, with intralesional viral antigen detected subsequently. Microscopical analysis revealed neuro-, pneumo-, lymphoid-, and cardiomyotropism of HPAIV H5N1, with the most common virus-associated pathological changes being pancreatic and splenic necrosis. Examination of the reproductive tract of the great skua revealed HPAIV-associated oophoritis and salpingitis, and virus replication within the oviductal epithelium. The emergence of HPAIV in seabirds Stercorariidae and Laridae, particularly during summer 2022, has challenged the dogma of HPAIV dynamics, posing a significant threat to wild bird life with potential implications for the reproductive performance of seabirds of conservation importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Shrewsbury Veterinary Investigation Centre, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Ross CS, Pascu A, Hepple R, Dominguez M, Frost S, Coward VJ, Núñez A, James J, Stephan L, Aegerter JN, Brown IH, Banyard AC. A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2348521. [PMID: 38686548 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractA free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic in the United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of the infection in poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead wild birds were subsequently demonstrated to have been infected and succumbed to HPAIV H5N8. Initially, scavenging species, magpie (Pica pica) and raven (Corvus corax), were found dead on the premises but over the following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) were also found dead within the local area with positive detection of HPAIV in submitted carcasses. The subacute nature of microscopic lesions within a buzzard was consistent with the timeframe of infection. Finally, a considerable number of free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were also found dead in the surrounding area, with carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared to infected chickens. Limited virus dissemination was observed in the carcasses of the magpie, raven and buzzard. Further, an avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was detected within poultry samples as well as in the viscera of a magpie infected with HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization of avian paramyxovirus antigens with lesions, supporting an avirulent APMV-1 infection. Overall, this case highlights scenarios in which bi-directional transmission of avian viral diseases between commercial and wild bird species may occur. It also underlines the importance of bio separation and reduced access when infection pressure from HPAIV is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Pascu
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Stafford, Beacon House, Dyson Way, Staffordshire Technology Park, Stafford, SG18 OGU
| | - Richard Hepple
- APHA Bridgwater, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater, TA6 4YS
| | - Maria Dominguez
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Aston Down, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL6 8GA
| | - Susanne Frost
- APHA Bakewell, Lumford Mill, Buxton Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1GS
| | - Vivien J Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Levon Stephan
- Veterinary Exotic Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), Area 2D, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - James N Aegerter
- APHA Sand Hutton, National Wildlife Management Centre, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ
| | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shemmings-Payne W, De Silva D, Warren CJ, Thomas S, Slomka MJ, Reid SM, James J, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Ward AI. Repeatability and reproducibility of hunter-harvest sampling for avian influenza virus surveillance in Great Britain. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105279. [PMID: 38704977 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens can threaten human and animal health, necessitating reliable surveillance schemes to enable preparedness. We evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of a method developed previously during a single year at one study site. Hunter-harvested ducks and geese were sampled for avian influenza virus at three discrete locations in the UK. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) was detected in four species (mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Eurasian teal [Anas crecca], Eurasian wigeon [Mareca penelope] and pink-footed goose [Anser brachyrhynchus]) across all three locations and two non-HPAIV H5N1, influenza A positive detections were made from a mallard and Eurasian wigeon at two locations. Virus was detected within 1-to-4 days of sampling at every location. Application of rapid diagnostic methods to samples collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl offers potential as an early warning system for the surveillance and monitoring of emerging and existing strains of avian influenza A viruses in key avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahmood S, Skinner P, Warren CJ, Mayers J, James J, Núñez A, Lean FZX, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC, Ross CS. In vivo challenge studies on vaccinated chickens indicate a virus genotype mismatched vaccine still offers significant protection against NDV. Vaccine 2024; 42:653-661. [PMID: 38143198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial vaccines against Newcastle Disease have been available for decades, outbreaks still occur in the face of vaccination Further vaccination may accelerate viral evolution resulting in a further reduction in vaccine efficacy. A key question is whether genotype-matched vaccines can confer better protection against contemporary type 1 Avian Paramyxoviruses. To assess this, an in vivo vaccine-challenge study was undertaken to assess protection afforded by 'genotype-matched' and commercial vaccine formulations. Groups of chickens were vaccinated twice (prime-boost) with an inactivated preparation of either La Sota Clone 30, AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13 (genotype VII.2), or mock vaccine, and later challenged with virulent AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13. Post vaccinal serological responses differed, although both vaccination/challenge groups showed similar levels of clinical protection compared to the unvaccinated group, where 100 % mortality was observed. Shedding was significantly reduced in the vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group. Virus dissemination in the tissues of vaccinated birds was comparable, but onset of infection was delayed. Two mutations were observed in the HN gene of the heterologous vaccine group; H199N and I192M, the latter thought to be associated with increased fusogenic potential. These data demonstrate that existing vaccine formulations confer similar levels of clinical protection to contemporary strains and that the antigenic heterogeneity of circulating strains does not impact upon shedding profiles in immunised birds. In conclusion, the ability of virulent APMV-1 to cause disease in vaccinated flocks is unlikely to be the result of antigenic mismatch alone, and other factors likely contribute to vaccination failure and breakthrough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mahmood
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Skinner
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Mayers
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Ross
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ross CS, Byrne AMP, Mahmood S, Thomas S, Reid S, Freath L, Griffin LR, Falchieri M, Holmes P, Goldsmith N, Shaw JM, MacGugan A, Aegerter J, Hansen R, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth. Pathogens 2024; 13:83. [PMID: 38251390 PMCID: PMC10818813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Kingdom (UK) and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) since 2020 peaking in the autumn/winter periods. During the 2021/22 season, a mass die-off event of Svalbard Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis) was observed on the Solway Firth, a body of water on the west coast border between England and Scotland. This area is used annually by Barnacle Geese to over-winter, before returning to Svalbard to breed. Following initial identification of HPAIV in a Barnacle Goose on 8 November 2021, up to 32% of the total Barnacle Goose population may have succumbed to disease by the end of March 2022, along with other wild bird species in the area. Potential adaptation of the HPAIV to the Barnacle Goose population within this event was evaluated. Whole-genome sequencing of thirty-three HPAIV isolates from wild bird species demonstrated that there had been two distinct incursions of the virus, but the two viruses had remained genetically stable within the population, whilst viruses from infected wild birds were closely related to those from poultry cases occurring in the same region. Analysis of sera from the following year demonstrated that a high percentage (76%) of returning birds had developed antibodies to H5 AIV. This study demonstrates genetic stability of this strain of HPAIV in wild Anseriformes, and that, at the population scale, whilst there is a significant impact on survival, a high proportion of birds recover following infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorna Freath
- Animal Health and Welfare Advice, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Marco Falchieri
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme, Shrewsbury Veterinary Investigation Centre, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Aegerter
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Animal Health and Welfare Advice, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seekings AH, Liang Y, Warren CJ, Hjulsager CK, Thomas SS, Lean FZX, Nunez A, Skinner P, Selden D, Falchieri M, Simmons H, Brown IH, Larsen LE, Banyard AC, Slomka MJ. Transmission dynamics and pathogenesis differ between pheasants and partridges infected with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38289661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
During the UK 2020-2021 epizootic of H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), high mortality occurred during incursions in commercially farmed common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Two pheasant farms, affected separately by H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes, included adjacently housed red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), which appeared to be unaffected. Despite extensive ongoing epizootics, H5Nx HPAIV partridge outbreaks were not reported during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the UK, so it is postulated that partridges are more resistant to HPAIV infection than other gamebirds. To assess this, pathogenesis and both intra- and inter-species transmission of UK pheasant-origin H5N8-2021 and H5N1-2021 HPAIVs were investigated. Onward transmission to chickens was also assessed to better understand the risk of spread from gamebirds to other commercial poultry sectors. A lower infectious dose was required to infect pheasants with H5N8-2021 compared to H5N1-2021. However, HPAIV systemic dissemination to multiple organs within pheasants was more rapid following infection with H5N1-2021 than H5N8-2021, with the former attaining generally higher viral RNA levels in tissues. Intraspecies transmission to contact pheasants was successful for both viruses and associated with viral environmental contamination, while interspecies transmission to a first chicken-contact group was also efficient. However, further onward transmission to additional chicken contacts was only achieved with H5N1-2021. Intra-partridge transmission was only successful when high-dose H5N1-2021 was administered, while partridges inoculated with H5N8-2021 failed to shed and transmit, although extensive tissue tropism was observed for both viruses. Mortalities among infected partridges featured a longer incubation period compared to that in pheasants, for both viruses. Therefore, the susceptibility of different gamebird species and pathogenicity outcomes to the ongoing H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIVs varies, but pheasants represent a greater likelihood of H5Nx HPAIV introduction into galliforme poultry settings. Consequently, viral maintenance within gamebird populations and risks to poultry species warrant enhanced investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Seekings
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Skinner
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David Selden
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hugh Simmons
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cogdale J, Kele B, Myers R, Harvey R, Lofts A, Mikaiel T, Hoschler K, Banyard AC, James J, Mollett BC, Byrne AM, Lopez-Bernal J, Watson CH, Chand M, Welfare W, Williamson DA, Oliver I, Padfield S, Lee A, Calvert S, Bewley MA, Wallace L, deLusignan S, Lewis NS, Brown IH, Zambon M. A case of swine influenza A(H1N2)v in England, November 2023. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400002. [PMID: 38240057 PMCID: PMC10797662 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.3.2400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Under International Health Regulations from 2005, a human infection caused by a novel influenza A virus variant is considered an event that has potential for high public health impact and is immediately notifiable to the World Health Organisation. We here describe the clinical, epidemiological and virological features of a confirmed human case of swine influenza A(H1N2)v in England detected through community respiratory virus surveillance. Swabbing and contact tracing helped refine public health risk assessment, following this unusual and unexpected finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Cogdale
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrix Kele
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Myers
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Lofts
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katja Hoschler
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C Mollett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Conall H Watson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Chand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - William Welfare
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isabel Oliver
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Padfield
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lee
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Calvert
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Bewley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Wallace
- Yorkshire and Humber Public Health Network (YHPHN), Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon deLusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Royal College of General Practice (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC), Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Derveni M, da Costa K, Del Rosario J, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Auld B, Hamlet A, Jones IM, Wright E, Scott SD, Giotis ES, Banyard AC, Temperton N. Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1283113. [PMID: 38106901 PMCID: PMC10723585 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Eidolon helvum fruit bat is one of the most widely distributed fruit bats in Africa and known to be a reservoir for several pathogenic viruses that can cause disease in animals and humans. To assess the risk of zoonotic spillover, we conducted a serological survey of 304 serum samples from E. helvum bats that were captured for human consumption in Makurdi, Nigeria. Methods Using pseudotyped viruses, we screened 304 serum samples for neutralizing antibodies against viruses from the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families. Results We report the presence of neutralizing antibodies against henipavirus lineage GH-M74a virus (odds ratio 6.23; p < 0.001), Nipah virus (odds ratio 4.04; p = 0.00031), bat influenza H17N10 virus (odds ratio 7.25; p < 0.001) and no significant association with Ebola virus (odds ratio 0.56; p = 0.375) in this bat cohort. Conclusion The data suggest a potential risk of zoonotic spillover including the possible circulation of highly pathogenic viruses in E. helvum populations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining sero-surveillance of E. helvum, and the necessity for further, more comprehensive investigations to monitor changes in virus prevalence, distribution over time, and across different geographic locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Hamlet
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seekings AH, Warren CJ, Thomas SS, Lean FZX, Selden D, Mollett BC, van Diemen PM, Banyard AC, Slomka MJ. Different Outcomes of Chicken Infection with UK-Origin H5N1-2020 and H5N8-2020 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses (Clade 2.3.4.4b). Viruses 2023; 15:1909. [PMID: 37766317 PMCID: PMC10537040 DOI: 10.3390/v15091909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the "goose/Guangdong" lineage have caused a series of European epizootics since 2014. During autumn/winter 2020-2021, several H5Nx subtypes were detected in the UK, with H5N8 being the dominant subtype in wild birds and poultry. Despite the greater subtype diversity (due to viral neuraminidase gene reassortment) reported in wild birds, only H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes caused clade 2.3.4.4 UK HPAIV poultry outbreaks during this period. The direct inoculation of layer chickens showed that H5N8-2020 was more infectious than H5N1-2020, which supported the European H5N8 dominance during that season. However, the mean death time was longer for H5N8-2020 (3.42 days) than for H5N1-2020 (2.17 days). Transmission from directly infected to naive in-contact chickens was inefficient for both subtypes. Histological lesions, the tissue dissemination of viral antigen, and nucleic acid were more extensive and abundant and accumulated more rapidly for H5N1-2020 compared with H5N8-2020. Although inefficient, H5N1-2020 transmission was faster, with its greater virulence indicating that this subtype posed a major concern, as subsequently shown during H5N1 dominance of the clade 2.3.4.4 epizootic since autumn 2021. An evaluation of these in vivo viral characteristics is key to understanding the continuing poultry threats posed by clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Seekings
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David Selden
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Pauline M. van Diemen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J. Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alkie TN, Byrne AMP, Jones MEB, Mollett BC, Bourque L, Lung O, James J, Yason C, Banyard AC, Sullivan D, Signore AV, Lang AS, Baker M, Dawe B, Brown IH, Berhane Y. Recurring Trans-Atlantic Incursion of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Viruses by Long Distance Migratory Birds from Northern Europe to Canada in 2022/2023. Viruses 2023; 15:1836. [PMID: 37766243 PMCID: PMC10536465 DOI: 10.3390/v15091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2022 and January 2023, we isolated clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from six American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) from Prince Edward Island and a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Newfoundland, Canada. Using full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, these viruses were found to fall into two distinct phylogenetic clusters: one group containing H5N1 viruses that had been circulating in North and South America since late 2021, and the other one containing European H5N1 viruses reported in late 2022. The transatlantic re-introduction for the second time by pelagic/Icelandic bird migration via the same route used during the 2021 incursion of Eurasian origin H5N1 viruses into North America demonstrates that migratory birds continue to be the driving force for transcontinental dissemination of the virus. This new detection further demonstrates the continual long-term threat of H5N1 viruses for poultry and mammals and the subsequent impact on various wild bird populations wherever these viruses emerge. The continual emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses requires vigilant surveillance in wild birds, particularly in areas of the Americas, which lie within the migratory corridors for long-distance migratory birds originating from Europe and Asia. Although H5Nx viruses have been detected at higher rates in North America since 2021, a bidirectional flow of H5Nx genes of American origin viruses to Europe has never been reported. In the future, coordinated and systematic surveillance programs for HPAI viruses need to be launched between European and North American agencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N. Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Megan E. B. Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.E.B.J.); (L.B.)
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.E.B.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Anthony V. Signore
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Meghan Baker
- Animal Health Division, Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Agriculture Building, 204 Brookfield Road, St. John’s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada; (M.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Beverly Dawe
- Animal Health Division, Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Agriculture Building, 204 Brookfield Road, St. John’s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada; (M.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reid SM, Skinner P, Sutton D, Ross CS, Drewek K, Weremczuk N, Banyard AC, Mahmood S, Mansfield KL, Mayers J, Thomas SS, Brookes SM, Brown IH. Understanding the disease and economic impact of avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) infection in Great Britain. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e163. [PMID: 37622315 PMCID: PMC10600730 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a notifiable disease affecting chickens and other avian species caused by virulent strains of Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). While outbreaks of ND can have devastating consequences, avirulent strains of APMV-1 generally cause subclinical infections or mild disease. However, viruses can cause different levels of disease in different species and virulence can evolve following cross-species transmission events. This report describes the detection of three cases of avirulent APMV-1 infection in Great Britain (GB). Case 1 emerged from the 'testing to exclude' scheme in chickens in Shropshire while cases 2 and 3 were made directly from notifiable avian disease investigations in chicken broilers in Herefordshire and on premises in Wiltshire containing ducks and mixed species, respectively). Class II/genotype I.1.1 APMV-1 from case 1 shared 99.94% identity to the Queensland V4 strain of APMV-1. Class II/genotype II APMV-1 was detected from case 2 while the class II/genotype I.2 virus from case 3 aligned closely with strains isolated from Anseriformes. Exclusion of ND through rapid detection of avirulent APMV-1 is important where clinical signs caused by avirulent or virulent APMV-1s could be ambiguous. Understanding the diversity of APMV-1s circulating in GB is critical to understanding disease threat from these adaptable viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | - Paul Skinner
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | - David Sutton
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
- Qiagen, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | - Karolina Drewek
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | - Jo Mayers
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Starcross, Exeter, UK
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Byrne AMP, James J, Mollett BC, Meyer SM, Lewis T, Czepiel M, Seekings AH, Mahmood S, Thomas SS, Ross CS, Byrne DJF, McMenamy MJ, Bailie V, Lemon K, Hansen RDE, Falchieri M, Lewis NS, Reid SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Investigating the Genetic Diversity of H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in the United Kingdom from 2020-2022. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0477622. [PMID: 37358418 PMCID: PMC10433820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, the United Kingdom and Europe have experienced annual epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). The first epizootic, during the autumn/winter of 2020-2021, involved six H5Nx subtypes, although H5N8 HPAIV dominated in the United Kingdom. While genetic assessments of the H5N8 HPAIVs within the United Kingdom demonstrated relative homogeneity, there was a background of other genotypes circulating at a lower degree with different neuraminidase and internal genes. Following a small number of detections of H5N1 in wild birds over the summer of 2021, the autumn/winter of 2021-2022 saw another European H5 HPAIV epizootic that dwarfed the prior epizootic. This second epizootic was dominated almost exclusively by H5N1 HPAIV, although six distinct genotypes were defined. We have used genetic analysis to evaluate the emergence of different genotypes and proposed reassortment events that have been observed. The existing data suggest that the H5N1 viruses circulating in Europe during late 2020 continued to circulate in wild birds throughout 2021, with minimal adaptation, but then went on to reassort with AIVs in the wild bird population. We have undertaken an in-depth genetic assessment of H5 HPAIVs detected in the United Kingdom over two winter seasons and demonstrate the utility of in-depth genetic analyses in defining the diversity of H5 HPAIVs circulating in avian species, the potential for zoonotic risk, and whether incidents of lateral spread can be defined over independent incursions of infections from wild birds. This provides key supporting data for mitigation activities. IMPORTANCE High-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks devastate avian species across all sectors, having both economic and ecological impacts through mortalities in poultry and wild birds, respectively. These viruses can also represent a significant zoonotic risk. Since 2020, the United Kingdom has experienced two successive outbreaks of H5 HPAIV. While H5N8 HPAIV was predominant during the 2020-2021 outbreak, other H5 subtypes were also detected. The following year, there was a shift in the subtype dominance to H5N1 HPAIV, but multiple H5N1 genotypes were detected. Through the thorough utilization of whole-genome sequencing, it was possible to track and characterize the genetic evolution of these H5 HPAIVs in United Kingdom poultry and wild birds. This enabled us to assess the risk posed by these viruses at the poultry-wild bird and the avian-human interfaces and to investigate the potential lateral spread between infected premises, a key factor in understanding the threat to the commercial sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Czepiel
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda H. Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J. F. Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Bailie
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Lemon
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena D. E. Hansen
- Veterinary Exotics and Notifiable Disease Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith SP, Shipley R, Drake P, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Characterisation of a Live-Attenuated Rabies Virus Expressing a Secreted scFv for the Treatment of Rabies. Viruses 2023; 15:1674. [PMID: 37632016 PMCID: PMC10458464 DOI: 10.3390/v15081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes possibly the oldest disease and is responsible for an estimated >59,000 human fatalities/year. Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), the administration of vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin, is a highly effective tool which is frequently unavailable in RABV endemic areas. Furthermore, due to the constraints of the blood-brain barrier, current PEP regimes are ineffective after the onset of clinical symptoms which invariably result in death. To circumvent this barrier, a live-attenuated recombinant RABV expressing a highly RABV-neutralising scFv antibody (62-71-3) linked to the fluorescent marker mCherry was designed. Once rescued, the resulting construct (named RABV-62scFv) was grown to high titres, its growth and cellular dissemination kinetics characterised, and the functionality of the recombinant 62-71-3 scFv assessed. Encouraging scFv production and subsequent virus neutralisation results demonstrate the potential for development of a therapeutic live-attenuated virus-based post-infection treatment (PIT) for RABV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Pascal Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu G, Lorraine MM, Goharriz H, Amaya-Cuesta J, Fooks AR, Banyard AC. A simplified method for measuring neutralising antibodies against rabies virus. J Virol Methods 2023:114769. [PMID: 37391076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes a fatal encephalitis that can be prevented through timely vaccination. The levels of virus neutralising antibodies against rabies virus induced by vaccination can be measured using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) test. Following incubation of live virus with sera, this method involves the fixation of cell monolayers and staining of rabies virus-specific antigen using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -conjugated antibody to enable visualisation of rabies virus antigen using a fluorescence microscope. To simplify this procedure, a fluorescent recombinant rabies virus was constructed using reverse genetics by inserting the gene for the mCherry fluorescent protein in front of the ribonucleoprotein gene of the SAD B-19 genome and replacing its glycoprotein with that of the Challenge Virus Standard (CVS)-11 RABV strain to ensure antigenic authenticity with the FAVN. This new recombinant virus (termed mCCCG) expressed the mCherry protein to high levels enabling direct observation of infected cells. In vitro growth kinetics of mCCCG were indistinguishable from that of CVS-11. The stability of the recombinant virus was assessed by sequencing several passages of the rescued virus and only minor changes were detected. Comparative assessment of the virus neutralisation test using mCherry producing virus (NTmCV) against the FAVN demonstrated that test results were equivalent to each other; therefore, mCCCG can be used as an alternative to CVS-11 for measuring antibody titres against the rabies virus. The use of NTmCV removes the need for expensive antibody conjugates and significantly reduces assay time. This would be particularly beneficial for RABV serological assessment in resource limited settings. Moreover, the reading of the plates can be automatically using a cell imaging reader.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wu
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M McElhinney Lorraine
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joan Amaya-Cuesta
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Slomka MJ, Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Coward VJ, Seekings J, Cooper JL, Peers-Dent J, Agyeman-Dua E, de Silva D, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Efficient and Informative Laboratory Testing for Rapid Confirmation of H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4) High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in the United Kingdom. Viruses 2023; 15:1344. [PMID: 37376643 PMCID: PMC10304448 DOI: 10.3390/v15061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of the UK 2021-2022 H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) epizootic in commercial poultry, 12 infected premises (IPs) were confirmed by four real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT)-PCRs, which identified the viral subtype and pathotype. An assessment was undertaken to evaluate whether a large sample throughput would challenge laboratory capacity during an exceptionally large epizootic; hence, assay performance across our test portfolio was investigated. Statistical analysis of RRT-PCR swab testing supported it to be focused on a three-test approach, featuring the matrix (M)-gene, H5 HPAIV-specific (H5-HP) and N1 RRT-PCRs, which was successfully assessed at 29 subsequent commercial IPs. The absence of nucleotide mismatches in the primer/probe binding regions for the M-gene and limited mismatches for the H5-HP RRT-PCR underlined their high sensitivity. Although less sensitive, the N1 RRT-PCR remained effective at flock level. The analyses also guided successful surveillance testing of apparently healthy commercial ducks from at-risk premises, with pools of five oropharyngeal swabs tested by the H5-HP RRT-PCR to exclude evidence of infection. Serological testing at anseriform H5N1 HPAIV outbreaks, together with quantitative comparisons of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding, provided epidemiological information concerning the chronology of initial H5N1 HPAIV incursion and onward spread within an IP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek J. Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
James J, Billington E, Warren CJ, De Sliva D, Di Genova C, Airey M, Meyer SM, Lewis T, Peers-Dent J, Thomas SS, Lofts A, Furman N, Nunez A, Slomka MJ, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the 2021/22 epizootic is highly duck adapted and poorly adapted to chickens. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37167079 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2021/2022 epizootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAIV) remains one of the largest ever in the UK, being caused by a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV. This epizootic affected more than 145 poultry premises, most likely through independent incursion from infected wild birds, supported by more than 1700 individual detections of H5N1 from wild bird mortalities. Here an H5N1 HPAIV, representative of this epizootic (H5N1-21), was used to investigate its virulence, pathogenesis and transmission in layer chickens and Pekin ducks, two species of epidemiological importance. We inoculated both avian species with decreasing H5N1-21 doses. The virus was highly infectious in ducks, with high infection levels and accompanying shedding of viral RNA, even in ducks inoculated with the lowest dose, reflecting the strong waterfowl adaptation of the clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs. Duck-to-duck transmission was very efficient, coupled with high environmental contamination. H5N1-21 was frequently detected in water sources, serving as likely sources of infection for ducks, but inhalable dust and aerosols represented low transmission risks. In contrast, chickens inoculated with the highest dose exhibited lower rates of infection compared to ducks. There was no evidence for experimental H5N1-21 transmission to any naive chickens, in two stocking density scenarios, coupled with minimal and infrequent contamination being detected in the chicken environment. Systemic viral dissemination to multiple organs reflected the pathogenesis and high mortalities in both species. In summary, the H5N1-21 virus is highly infectious and transmissible in anseriformes, yet comparatively poorly adapted to galliformes, supporting strong host preferences for wild waterfowl. Key environmental matrices were also identified as being important in the epidemiological spread of this virus during the continuing epizootic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Billington
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Sliva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Maisie Airey
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M Meyer
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jacob Peers-Dent
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Abigail Lofts
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Natalia Furman
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang X, Terrie L, Wu G, Van Damme EJM, Thorrez L, Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Jochmans D, Neyts J. Urtica dioica Agglutinin Prevents Rabies Virus Infection in a Muscle Explant Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051353. [PMID: 37242595 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the rabies virus (RABV) results in a 100% lethal neurological disease once symptoms develop. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consists of a combination of vaccination and anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs); it is 100% effective if administered early after exposure. Because of its limited availability, alternatives for RIGs are needed. To that end, we evaluated a panel of 33 different lectins for their effect on RABV infection in cell culture. Several lectins, with either mannose or GlcNAc specificity, elicited anti-RABV activity, of which the GlcNAc-specific Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) was selected for further studies. UDA was found to prevent the entry of the virus into the host cell. To further assess the potential of UDA, a physiologically relevant RABV infection muscle explant model was developed. Strips of dissected swine skeletal muscle that were kept in a culture medium could be productively infected with the RABV. When the infection of the muscle strips was carried out in the presence of UDA, RABV replication was completely prevented. Thus, we developed a physiologically relevant RABV muscle infection model. UDA (i) may serve as a reference for further studies and (ii) holds promise as a cheap and simple-to-produce alternative for RIGs in PEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lisanne Terrie
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
James J, Warren CJ, De Silva D, Lewis T, Grace K, Reid SM, Falchieri M, Brown IH, Banyard AC. The Role of Airborne Particles in the Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Poultry Production Units. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041002. [PMID: 37112981 PMCID: PMC10142477 DOI: 10.3390/v15041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since October 2021, Europe has experienced the largest avian influenza virus (AIV) epizootic, caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV), with over 284 poultry infected premises (IPs) and 2480 dead H5N1-positive wild birds detected in Great Britain alone. Many IPs have presented as geographical clusters, raising questions about the lateral spread between premises by airborne particles. Airborne transmission over short distances has been observed for some AIV strains. However, the risk of airborne spread of this strain remains to be elucidated. We conducted extensive sampling from IPs where clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs were confirmed during the 2022/23 epizootic, each representing a major poultry species (ducks, turkeys, and chickens). A range of environmental samples were collected inside and outside houses, including deposited dust, feathers, and other potential fomites. Viral RNA (vRNA) and infectious viruses were detected in air samples collected from inside and outside but in close proximity to infected houses, with vRNA alone being detected at greater distances (≤10 m) outside. Some dust samples collected outside of the affected houses contained infectious viruses, while feathers from the affected houses, located up to 80 m away, only contained vRNA. Together, these data suggest that airborne particles harboring infectious HPAIV can be translocated short distances (<10 m) through the air, while macroscopic particles containing vRNA might travel further (≤80 m). Therefore, the potential for airborne transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV between premises is considered low. Other factors, including indirect contact with wild birds and the efficiency of biosecurity, represent greater importance in disease incursion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katherine Grace
- Epidemiology and Risk Policy Advice, Advice Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Furness RW, Gear SC, Camphuysen KCJ, Tyler G, de Silva D, Warren CJ, James J, Reid SM, Banyard AC. Environmental Samples Test Negative for Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Four Months after Mass Mortality at A Seabird Colony. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040584. [PMID: 37111470 PMCID: PMC10144497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) profoundly impacted several seabird populations during the summers of 2021 and 2022. Infection spread rapidly across colonies, causing unprecedented mortality. At Foula, Shetland, 1500 breeding adult great skuas Stercorarius skua, totalling about two tonnes of decomposing virus-laden material, died at the colony in May-July 2022. Carcasses were left where they died as Government policy was not to remove dead birds. The factors influencing risk of further spread of infection are uncertain, but evidence suggests that HPAI can persist in water for many months in cool conditions and may be a major transmission factor for birds living in wetlands. We investigated risk of further spread of infection from water samples collected from under 45 decomposing carcasses and in three freshwater lochs/streams by sampling water in October 2022, by which time the great skua carcasses had rotted to bones, skin, and feathers. No viral genetic material was detected four months after the mortality, suggesting a low risk of seabird infection from the local environment when the seabirds would return the next breeding season. These findings, although based on a relatively small number of water samples, suggest that the high rainfall typical at Shetland probably washed away the virus from the decomposing carcasses. However, limitations to our study need to be taken on board in the design of environmental monitoring at seabird colonies during and immediately after future outbreaks of HPAI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Furness
- MacArthur Green, 95 South Woodside Road, Glasgow G20 6NT, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sheila C Gear
- Foula Ranger Service, Magdala, Foula, Shetland ZE2 9PN, UK
| | - Kees C J Camphuysen
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1790 Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Glen Tyler
- NatureScot, Lerwick, Shetland ZE1 0LL, UK
| | | | | | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taylor E, Aguilar-Ancori EG, Banyard AC, Abel I, Mantini-Briggs C, Briggs CL, Carrillo C, Gavidia CM, Castillo-Neyra R, Parola AD, Villena FE, Prada JM, Petersen BW, Falcon Perez N, Cabezas Sanchez C, Sihuincha M, Streicker DG, Maguina Vargas C, Navarro Vela AM, Vigilato MAN, Wen Fan H, Willoughby R, Horton DL, Recuenco SE. The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative, a hope for resolving zoonotic neglected tropical diseases in the One Health era. Int Health 2023; 15:216-223. [PMID: 35896028 PMCID: PMC9384559 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect populations living in resource-limited settings. In the Amazon basin, substantial numbers of NTDs are zoonotic, transmitted by vertebrate (dogs, bats, snakes) and invertebrate species (sand flies and triatomine insects). However, no dedicated consortia exist to find commonalities in the risk factors for or mitigations against bite-associated NTDs such as rabies, snake envenoming, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in the region. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 has further reduced resources for NTDs, exacerbated health inequality and reiterated the need to raise awareness of NTDs related to bites. METHODS The nine countries that make up the Amazon basin have been considered (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) in the formation of a new network. RESULTS The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative (ATBRI) has been created, with the aim of creating transdisciplinary solutions to the problem of animal bites leading to disease in Amazonian communities. The ATBRI seeks to unify the currently disjointed approach to the control of bite-related neglected zoonoses across Latin America. CONCLUSIONS The coordination of different sectors and inclusion of all stakeholders will advance this field and generate evidence for policy-making, promoting governance and linkage across a One Health arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Taylor
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Elsa Gladys Aguilar-Ancori
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Biomedicina de Cusco - Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and PlantHealth Agency, WoodhamLane, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Isis Abel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Instituto de MedicinaVeterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, 68743-970, Brasil
| | - Clara Mantini-Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Charles L Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará - ConsejoNacional de InvestigacionesCientíficas y Técnicas, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Perú
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6021, USA
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad PeruanaCayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Alejandro D Parola
- Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fredy E Villena
- Asociaciónpara el Empleo y Bienestar Animal en Investigación y Docencia (ASOPEBAID), Lima, 15072, Peru
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Brett W Petersen
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30333, USA
| | - Nestor Falcon Perez
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | - Cesar Cabezas Sanchez
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
| | | | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ciro Maguina Vargas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | | | - Marco A N Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, 25040-004, Brazil
| | - Hui Wen Fan
- Bioindustrial Center, InstitutoButantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel L Horton
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Sergio E Recuenco
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ross CS, Skinner P, Sutton D, Mayers J, Nunez A, Brookes SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Game Birds Can Act as Intermediaries of Virulent Genotype VII Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 between Wild Birds and Domestic Poultry. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020536. [PMID: 36851750 PMCID: PMC9968179 DOI: 10.3390/v15020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by virulent forms of Avian orthoavulavirus serotype-1 (AOAV-1) is an economically important avian disease worldwide. The past two incursions of ND into the United Kingdom occurred in game bird populations during 2005 and 2006. The nature of the game bird semi-feral rearing system, which can bring these birds into close contact with both wild birds and commercial or backyard poultry, has been hypothesized to act as a bridge between these two environments. As such, the risk that AOAV-1-infected game birds may pose to the UK poultry industry was investigated. Pheasants, partridges and chickens were experimentally infected with the virulent strain APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, a genotype VII.2 virus associated with ND outbreaks in Eastern Europe. The study demonstrated that both chickens and pheasants are susceptible to infection with APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, which results in high mortality and onward transmission. Partridges by contrast are susceptible to infection, but mortality was reduced, as was onward transmission. However, the data indicated that both pheasants and partridges may serve as intermediate hosts of AOAV-1 and may bridge the wild bird-domestic poultry interface enabling transmission into an economically damaging environment where morbidity and mortality may be high.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ross CS, Sutton D, Skinner P, Mahmood S, Wynne F, Londt B, Fuller CM, Mayers J, Nunez A, Hicks DJ, Brookes SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Comparative pathogenesis of two genotype VI.2 avian paramyxovirus type-1 viruses (APMV-1) in pheasants, partridges and chickens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:36-50. [PMID: 36205531 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2133680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by virulent forms of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) and is an economically important disease of poultry world-wide. Pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV-1), a sub-group of APMV-1 is endemic in Columbiformes and can cause infections of poultry. An outbreak of ND in partridges in Scotland, UK, in 2006 (APMV-1/partridge/UK(Scotland)/7575/06) was identified as a class II, genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1, more commonly associated with PPMV-1. It has been hypothesized that game birds may be a route of transmission into commercial poultry settings due to the semi-feral rearing system, which potentially brings them into contact with both wild-birds and poultry species. Therefore, the pathogenesis and transmission of APMV-1/partridge/UK(Scotland)/7575/06 in game birds and chickens was investigated, and compared to a contemporary PPMV-1 isolate, PPMV-1/pigeon/UK/015874/15. Viral shedding and seroconversion profiles demonstrated that pheasants were susceptible to infection with APMV-1/partridge/UK(Scotland)/7575/06 with limited clinical signs observed although they were able to excrete and transmit virus. In contrast, partridges and pheasants showed limited infection with PPMV-1/pigeon/UK/015874/15, causing mild clinical disease. Chickens, however, were productively infected and were able to transmit virus in the absence of clinical signs. From the data, it can be deduced that whilst game birds may play a role in the transmission and epidemiology of genotype VI.2 APMV-1 viruses, the asymptomatic nature of circulation within these species precludes evaluation of natural infection by clinical surveillance. It therefore remains a possibility that genotype VI.2 APMV-1 infection in game birds has the potential for asymptomatic circulation and remains a potential threat to avian production systems.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Demonstration of infection of game birds with Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1).There are differing dynamics of infection between different game bird species.Differing dynamics of infection between different PPMV-1 isolates and genotypes in game birds and chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Ross
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - David Sutton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Paul Skinner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Brandon Londt
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Chad M Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Jo Mayers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mollett BC, Everett HE, van Diemen PM, Byrne AMP, Ramsay A, James J, Reid SM, Hansen RDE, Lewis NS, Brown IH, Banyard AC. JMM Profile: Swine influenza A virus: a neglected virus with pandemic potential. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36748620 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by swine influenza A virus (SwIAV). The ability of SwIAV to spread bidirectionally from animals to humans (zoonotic), and from humans to animals (reverse zoonotic), drives coinfection that can result in gene segment exchange and elevates the risk of generating viruses with pandemic potential. Compared to human-origin influenza A viruses, current data indicate a greater diversity amongst circulating SwIAVs, with three major subtypes (classified by haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) circulating globally in swine (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2). The lack of protection afforded by human seasonal influenza vaccines against SwIAVs exacerbates the risk associated with reassortment of human, swine and potentially avian viruses. As such, global monitoring of SwIAVs is important for both human and animal health as they represent a true 'One Health' challenge with pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Helen E Everett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andrew Ramsay
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena D E Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College,, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.,Present address: Worldwide Influenza Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, 1 Midland Road, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shipley R, Wright E, Smith SP, Selden D, Fooks AR, Banyard AC. Taiwan Bat Lyssavirus: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Ability of Rabies Vaccine-Derived Antibodies to Neutralise a Novel Lyssavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122750. [PMID: 36560754 PMCID: PMC9781811 DOI: 10.3390/v14122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected tropical disease. The prototype virus, the rabies virus, still causes tens of thousands of human fatalities annually. Rabies is one member of the genus Lyssavirus. The burden of other lyssaviruses is unclear. The continued emergence of novel lyssaviruses means that assessment of vaccine efficacy against these viruses is critical, as standard rabies vaccines are not efficacious against all lyssaviruses. Taiwan bat lyssavirus (TWBLV) was first reported in 2018 following isolation from Japanese house bats. Since the initial detection and genetic characterisation, no attempts have been made to antigenically define this virus. Due to the inaccessibility of the wildtype isolate, the successful generation of a live recombinant virus, cSN-TWBLV, is described, where the full-length genome clone of the RABV vaccine strain, SAD-B19, was constructed with the glycoprotein of TWBLV. In vitro and in vivo characterization of cSN-TWBLV was undertaken and demonstrated evidence for cross-neutralisation of cSN-TWBLV with phylogroup I -specific sera and rabies virus standard sera. For neutralisation equivalent to 0.5 IU/mL of WHO and World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH) sera against CVS, 0.5 IU/mL of WOAH sera and 2.5 IU/mL of WHO sera were required to neutralise cSN-TWBLV. In addition, specific sera for ARAV and EBLV-1 exhibited the highest neutralising antibody titres against cSN-TWBLV, compared to other phylogroup I-specific sera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shipley
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Samuel P. Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - David Selden
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liang Y, Hjulsager CK, Seekings AH, Warren CJ, Lean FZX, Núñez A, James J, Thomas SS, Banyard AC, Slomka MJ, Brown IH, Larsen LE. Pathogenesis and infection dynamics of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) in pheasants and onward transmission to chickens. Virology 2022; 577:138-148. [PMID: 36371872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses clade 2.3.4.4 H5 have spread among wild birds worldwide during recent years causing annual die-offs among wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in multiple European countries. The outbreaks significantly impact the poultry and game bird sectors. Infected game birds may act as a bridging species potentially enabling spread of virus into commercial and backyard premises. In this study, the pathogenesis and transmission of a HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 virus was investigated in pheasants and chickens. Efficient virus transmission was detected between pheasants over multiple rounds of naïve pheasant introductions and onwards to chickens. Mortality of up to 100% was observed for both infected pheasants and chickens. Intra-species transmission from chicken to chicken was less efficient. The study confirmed that clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 HPAIV is highly virulent in pheasants and emphasises the role of pheasants as a bridging host for the infection of commercial poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Amanda H Seekings
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Letsholo SL, James J, Meyer SM, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Oarabile L, Kemolatlhe O, Pebe KT, Mafonko BR, Kgotlele TJ, Kumile K, Modise B, Thanda C, Nyange JFC, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Brown IH, Dundon WG, Banyard AC. Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122601. [PMID: 36560605 PMCID: PMC9788244 DOI: 10.3390/v14122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020-2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Letsholo
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Scott M. Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Letlhogile Oarabile
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Kemolatlhe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kgakgamatso T. Pebe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Bruce R. Mafonko
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo J. Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Boitumelo Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - John F. C. Nyange
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Falchieri M, Reid SM, Ross CS, James J, Byrne AMP, Zamfir M, Brown IH, Banyard AC, Tyler G, Philip E, Miles W. Shift in HPAI infection dynamics causes significant losses in seabird populations across Great Britain. Vet Rec 2022; 191:294-296. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
James J, Meyer SM, Hong HA, Dang C, Linh HTY, Ferreira W, Katsande PM, Vo L, Hynes D, Love W, Banyard AC, Cutting SM. Intranasal Treatment of Ferrets with Inert Bacterial Spores Reduces Disease Caused by a Challenging H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091559. [PMID: 36146637 PMCID: PMC9502451 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza is a respiratory infection that continues to present a major threat to human health, with ~500,000 deaths/year. Continued circulation of epidemic subtypes in humans and animals potentially increases the risk of future pandemics. Vaccination has failed to halt the evolution of this virus and next-generation prophylactic approaches are under development. Naked, “heat inactivated”, or inert bacterial spores have been shown to protect against influenza in murine models. Methods: Ferrets were administered intranasal doses of inert bacterial spores (DSM 32444K) every 7 days for 4 weeks. Seven days after the last dose, the animals were challenged with avian H7N9 influenza A virus. Clinical signs of infection and viral shedding were monitored. Results: Clinical symptoms of infection were significantly reduced in animals dosed with DSM 32444K. The temporal kinetics of viral shedding was reduced but not prevented. Conclusion: Taken together, nasal dosing using heat-stable spores could provide a useful approach for influenza prophylaxis in both humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Chau Dang
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Ho T. Y. Linh
- HURO Biotech JSC, Lot A1-8, VL3 Road, Vinh Loc 2 Industrial Park, Long Hiep Commune, Ben Luc District, Long An, Vietnam
| | - William Ferreira
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Paidamoyo M. Katsande
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Linh Vo
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Daniel Hynes
- Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK
| | - William Love
- Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)7900-408043
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ross CS, Mahmood S, Skinner P, Mayers J, Reid SM, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC. JMM Profile: Avian paramyxovirus type-1 and Newcastle disease: a highly infectious vaccine-preventable viral disease of poultry with low zoonotic potential. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36001472 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of poultry caused by virulent avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) (previously termed avian avulavirus-1 and avian orthoavulavirus-1). APMV-1 is endemic in poultry in many developing countries, whilst outbreaks still occur in developed countries, affecting both commercial and backyard flocks. ND outbreaks can have substantial economic consequences due to high mortality rates and the imposition of trade restrictions. APMV-1 nucleic acid can be detected from swabs or tissues of suspected cases by PCR. Evidence of infection or vaccination may be demonstrated by the presence of specific antibodies against HN in serum samples. No anti-viral treatments exist, but vaccines are available, although there are currently concerns over their efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Ross
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Skinner
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jo Mayers
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena D E Hansen
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lean FZ, Vitores AG, Reid SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Núñez A, Hansen RD. Gross pathology of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 2021–2022 epizootic in naturally infected birds in the United Kingdom. One Health 2022; 14:100392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
32
|
Oliver I, Roberts J, Brown CS, Byrne AM, Mellon D, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, James J, Donati M, Porter R, Ellis J, Cogdale J, Lackenby A, Chand M, Dabrera G, Brown IH, Zambon M. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 35115075 PMCID: PMC8815099 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.5.2200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
On 5 January 2022, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) was confirmed in an individual who kept a large flock of ducks at their home in England. The individual remained asymptomatic. H5N1 was confirmed in 19/20 sampled live birds on 22 December 2021. Comprehensive contact tracing (n = 11) revealed no additional primary cases or secondary transmissions. Active surveillance of exposed individuals is essential for case identification. Asymptomatic swabbing helped refine public health risk assessment and facilitated case management given changes in avian influenza epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Oliver
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Roberts
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S Brown
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dominic Mellon
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena DE Hansen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Donati
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Porter
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Ellis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Cogdale
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Angie Lackenby
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Chand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Dabrera
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Floyd T, Banyard AC, Lean FZX, Byrne AMP, Fullick E, Whittard E, Mollett BC, Bexton S, Swinson V, Macrelli M, Lewis NS, Reid SM, Núñez A, Duff JP, Hansen R, Brown IH. Encephalitis and Death in Wild Mammals at a Rehabilitation Center after Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2856-2863. [PMID: 34670647 PMCID: PMC8544989 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.211225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a disease and mortality event involving swans, seals, and a fox at a wildlife rehabilitation center in the United Kingdom during late 2020. Five swans had onset of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection while in captivity. Subsequently, 5 seals and a fox died (or were euthanized) after onset of clinical disease. Avian-origin influenza A virus subtype H5N8 was retrospectively determined as the cause of disease. Infection in the seals manifested as seizures, and immunohistochemical and molecular testing on postmortem samples detected a neurologic distribution of viral products. The fox died overnight after sudden onset of inappetence, and postmortem tissues revealed neurologic and respiratory distribution of viral products. Live virus was isolated from the swans, seals, and the fox, and a single genetic change was detected as a potential adaptive mutation in the mammalian-derived viral sequences. No human influenza-like illness was reported in the weeks after the event.
Collapse
|
34
|
Folly AJ, Marston DA, Golding M, Shukla S, Wilkie R, Lean FZX, Núñez A, Worledge L, Aegerter J, Banyard AC, Fooks AR, Johnson N, McElhinney LM. Incursion of European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) in Serotine Bats in the United Kingdom. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101979. [PMID: 34696409 PMCID: PMC8536961 DOI: 10.3390/v13101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are an important genus of zoonotic viruses which cause the disease rabies. The United Kingdom is free of classical rabies (RABV). However, bat rabies due to European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2), has been detected in Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii) in Great Britain since 1996, including a fatal human case in Scotland in 2002. Across Europe, European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) is commonly associated with serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus). Despite the presence of serotine bats across large parts of southern England, EBLV-1 had not previously been detected in this population. However, in 2018, EBLV-1 was detected through passive surveillance in a serotine bat from Dorset, England, using a combination of fluorescent antibody test, reverse transcription-PCR, Sanger sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis. Subsequent EBLV-1 positive serotine bats have been identified in South West England, again through passive surveillance, during 2018, 2019 and 2020. Here, we confirm details of seven cases of EBLV-1 and present similarities in genetic sequence indicating that emergence of EBLV-1 is likely to be recent, potentially associated with the natural movement of bats from the near continent
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arran J. Folly
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Megan Golding
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Shweta Shukla
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Rebekah Wilkie
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Lisa Worledge
- Bat Conservation Trust, Studio 15 Cloisters House, Cloisters Business Centre, 8 Battersea Park Road, London SW8 4BG, UK;
| | - James Aegerter
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK;
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (A.C.B.); (A.R.F.); (N.J.); (L.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lewis NS, Banyard AC, Whittard E, Karibayev T, Al Kafagi T, Chvala I, Byrne A, Meruyert Akberovna S, King J, Harder T, Grund C, Essen S, Reid SM, Brouwer A, Zinyakov NG, Tegzhanov A, Irza V, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Fouchier RAM, Akhmetzhan Akievich S, Brown IH. Emergence and spread of novel H5N8, H5N5 and H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2020. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:148-151. [PMID: 33400615 PMCID: PMC7832535 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1872355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent detections in migratory waterfowl in the Netherlands, revealed undetected maintenance of H5N8, likely in galliform poultry since 2017/18 and both H5N5 and H5N1. All viruses belong to A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b with closely related HA genes. Heterogeneity in Eurasian H5Nx HPAI emerging variants threatens poultry production, food security and veterinary public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Addlestone, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Elliot Whittard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Talgat Karibayev
- National Veterinary Reference Centre, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, The Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision, Nur-Sultan City, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ilya Chvala
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alex Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Saduakassova Meruyert Akberovna
- Department of Virology, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI), Non-Commercial JSC "National Agrarian Science and Educational Centre", Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Steve Essen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Adam Brouwer
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| | - Nikolay G Zinyakov
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets Vladimir, Russia
| | - Azimkhan Tegzhanov
- National Veterinary Reference Centre, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, The Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision, Nur-Sultan City, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Irza
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets Vladimir, Russia
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sultanov Akhmetzhan Akievich
- Department of Virology, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI), Non-Commercial JSC "National Agrarian Science and Educational Centre", Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lean FZX, Núñez A, Banyard AC, Reid SM, Brown IH, Hansen RDE. Gross pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 in naturally infected birds in the UK (2020-2021). Vet Rec 2021; 190:e731. [PMID: 34310721 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple outbreaks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including H5N8 and H5N1, have occurred in the United Kingdom, as well as in other European countries, since late 2020. METHODS This report describes the pathology among poultry species (chickens, turkeys, ducks, and pheasants) and captive birds (Black Swans, a whistling duck and peregrine falcons) naturally infected with HPAIV from 22 cases of HPAIV H5N8 and two cases of HPAIV H5N1 outbreaks investigated between October 2020 and April 2021. RESULTS On gross examination, pancreatic necrosis was easily identified and most commonly observed in galliformes infected with both subtypes of HPAIV but rarely in anseriformes. In addition, splenic necrosis was also frequently observed in chickens and turkeys infected with HPAIV H5N8. Other less common lesions included cardiac petechiae, serosal haemorrhages and ascites in a variety of species. CONCLUSION Given the widespread dissemination of HPAIV infection in susceptible avian species during autumn/winter 2020-2021, these data, when evaluated along with clinical information, is a valuable first step for both veterinarians and field services to evaluate gross pathology at post-mortem to support the diagnosis of HPAIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Rowena D E Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Asbach B, Ferrara F, Ferrari M, Wells DA, Mann GS, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Banyard AC, Kinsley R, Scott SD, Wagner R, Heeney JL, Carnell GW, Temperton NJ. Exploiting Pan Influenza A and Pan Influenza B Pseudotype Libraries for Efficient Vaccine Antigen Selection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:741. [PMID: 34358157 PMCID: PMC8310092 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) pseudotype library encompassing Influenza A subtypes HA1-18 and Influenza B subtypes (both lineages) to be employed in influenza pseudotype microneutralization (pMN) assays. The pMN is highly sensitive and specific for detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses and can be used to assess antibody functionality in vitro. Here we show the production of these viral HA pseudotypes and their employment as substitutes for wildtype viruses in influenza neutralization assays. We demonstrate their utility in detecting serum responses to vaccination with the ability to evaluate cross-subtype neutralizing responses elicited by specific vaccinating antigens. Our findings may inform further preclinical studies involving immunization dosing regimens in mice and may help in the creation and selection of better antigens for vaccine design. These HA pseudotypes can be harnessed to meet strategic objectives that contribute to the strengthening of global influenza surveillance, expansion of seasonal influenza prevention and control policies, and strengthening pandemic preparedness and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie M. Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
| | - Kelly A. S. da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - David A. Wells
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gurdip Singh Mann
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Bene State, Nigeria;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.A.); (R.W.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - George W. Carnell
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lewis NS, Banyard AC, Essen S, Whittard E, Coggon A, Hansen R, Reid S, Brown IH. Antigenic evolution of contemporary clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5 influenza A viruses and impact on vaccine use for mitigation and control. Vaccine 2021; 39:3794-3798. [PMID: 34074548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype have been maintained in poultry, periodically spilling back into wild migratory birds and spread to other geographic regions, with re-introduction to domestic birds causing severe impacts for poultry health, production and food sustainability. Successive waves of infection have also resulted in substantial genetic evolution and reassortment, enabling the emergence of multiple clades and subtypes within the H5 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Control of AI is principally through either culling or through vaccination using conventional vaccines. Here, we antigenically and genetically characterise the emerging 2020/21 H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 strains and assess cross-reactivity to putative vaccine strains using chicken antisera. We demonstrate significant antigenic differences between commercially available poultry vaccines and currently circulating viruses suggesting that vaccination options might be suboptimal in the current outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Essen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot Whittard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Coggon
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
James J, Rhodes S, Ross CS, Skinner P, Smith SP, Shipley R, Warren CJ, Goharriz H, McElhinney LM, Temperton N, Wright E, Fooks AR, Clark TW, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:713. [PMID: 33924168 PMCID: PMC8074400 DOI: 10.3390/v13040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in late 2019 and circulated globally, causing COVID-19, which is characterised by sub-clinical to severe disease in humans. Here, we investigate the serological antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection during acute and convalescent infection using a cohort of (i) COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital, (ii) healthy individuals who had experienced 'COVID-19 like-illness', and (iii) a cohort of healthy individuals prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. We compare SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody detection rates from four different serological methods, virus neutralisation test (VNT), ID Screen® SARS-CoV-2-N IgG ELISA, Whole Antigen ELISA, and lentivirus-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus neutralisation tests (pVNT). All methods were able to detect prior infection with COVID-19, albeit with different relative sensitivities. The VNT and SARS-CoV-2-N ELISA methods showed a strong correlation yet provided increased detection rates when used in combination. A pVNT correlated strongly with SARS-CoV-2 VNT and was able to effectively discriminate SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive and negative serum with the same efficiency as the VNT. Moreover, the pVNT was performed with the same level of discrimination across multiple separate institutions. Therefore, the pVNT is a sensitive, specific, and reproducible lower biosafety level alternative to VNT for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for diagnostic and research applications. Our data illustrate the potential utility of applying VNT or pVNT and ELISA antibody tests in parallel to enhance the sensitivity of exposure to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Paul Skinner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Samuel P. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Tristan W. Clark
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
- Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sharon M. Brookes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Al-Beltagi S, Preda CA, Goulding LV, James J, Pu J, Skinner P, Jiang Z, Wang BL, Yang J, Banyard AC, Mellits KH, Gershkovich P, Hayes CJ, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Brown IH, Liu J, Chang KC. Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:234. [PMID: 33546185 PMCID: PMC7913267 DOI: 10.3390/v13020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term control strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and other major respiratory viruses needs to include antivirals to treat acute infections, in addition to the judicious use of effective vaccines. Whilst COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out for mass vaccination, the modest number of antivirals in use or development for any disease bears testament to the challenges of antiviral development. We recently showed that non-cytotoxic levels of thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump, induces a potent host innate immune antiviral response that blocks influenza A virus replication. Here we show that TG is also highly effective in blocking the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), common cold coronavirus OC43, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in immortalized or primary human cells. TG's antiviral performance was significantly better than remdesivir and ribavirin in their respective inhibition of OC43 and RSV. Notably, TG was just as inhibitory to coronaviruses (OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses (USSR H1N1 and pdm 2009 H1N1) in separate infections as in co-infections. Post-infection oral gavage of acid-stable TG protected mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge. Together with its ability to inhibit the different viruses before or during active infection, and with an antiviral duration of at least 48 h post-TG exposure, we propose that TG (or its derivatives) is a promising broad-spectrum inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2, OC43, RSV and influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Beltagi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Cristian Alexandru Preda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Leah V. Goulding
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Paul Skinner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Belinda Lei Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiayun Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Christopher J. Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wernike K, Reimann I, Banyard AC, Kraatz F, La Rocca SA, Hoffmann B, McGowan S, Hechinger S, Choudhury B, Aebischer A, Steinbach F, Beer M. High genetic variability of Schmallenberg virus M-segment leads to efficient immune escape from neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009247. [PMID: 33497419 PMCID: PMC7872300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the cause of severe fetal malformations when immunologically naïve pregnant ruminants are infected. In those malformed fetuses, a "hot-spot"-region of high genetic variability within the N-terminal region of the viral envelope protein Gc has been observed previously, and this region co-localizes with a known key immunogenic domain. We studied a series of M-segments of those SBV variants from malformed fetuses with point mutations, insertions or large in-frame deletions of up to 612 nucleotides. Furthermore, a unique cell-culture isolate from a malformed fetus with large in-frame deletions within the M-segment was analyzed. Each Gc-protein with amino acid deletions within the "hot spot" of mutations failed to react with any neutralizing anti-SBV monoclonal antibodies or a domain specific antiserum. In addition, in vitro virus replication of the natural deletion variant could not be markedly reduced by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or antisera from the field. The large-deletion variant of SBV that could be isolated in cell culture was highly attenuated with an impaired in vivo replication following the inoculation of sheep. In conclusion, the observed amino acid sequence mutations within the N-terminal main immunogenic domain of glycoprotein Gc result in an efficient immune evasion from neutralizing antibodies in the special environment of a developing fetus. These SBV-variants were never detected as circulating viruses, and therefore should be considered to be dead-end virus variants, which are not able to spread further. The observations described here may be transferred to other orthobunyaviruses, particularly those of the Simbu serogroup that have been shown to infect fetuses. Importantly, such mutant strains should not be included in attempts to trace the spatial-temporal evolution of orthobunyaviruses in molecular-epidemiolocal approaches during outbreak investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Kraatz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S. Anna La Rocca
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Hechinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Begeman L, Suu-Ire R, Banyard AC, Drosten C, Eggerbauer E, Freuling CM, Gibson L, Goharriz H, Horton DL, Jennings D, Marston DA, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Riesle Sbarbaro S, Selden D, Wise EL, Kuiken T, Fooks AR, Müller T, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Experimental Lagos bat virus infection in straw-colored fruit bats: A suitable model for bat rabies in a natural reservoir species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008898. [PMID: 33320860 PMCID: PMC7771871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurologic disease caused by lyssavirus infection. Bats are important natural reservoir hosts of various lyssaviruses that can be transmitted to people. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies in bats are poorly understood, making it difficult to prevent zoonotic transmission. To further our understanding of lyssavirus pathogenesis in a natural bat host, an experimental model using straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and Lagos bat virus, an endemic lyssavirus in this species, was developed. To determine the lowest viral dose resulting in 100% productive infection, bats in five groups (four bats per group) were inoculated intramuscularly with one of five doses, ranging from 100.1 to 104.1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). More bats died due to the development of rabies after the middle dose (102.1 TCID50, 4/4 bats) than after lower (101.1, 2/4; 101.1, 2/4) or higher (103.1, 2/4; 104.1, 2/4) doses of virus. In the two highest dose groups, 4/8 bats developed rabies. Of those bats that remained healthy 3/4 bats seroconverted, suggesting that high antigen loads can trigger a strong immune response that abrogates a productive infection. In contrast, in the two lowest dose groups, 3/8 bats developed rabies, 1/8 remained healthy and seroconverted and 4/8 bats remained healthy and did not seroconvert, suggesting these doses are too low to reliably induce infection. The main lesion in all clinically affected bats was meningoencephalitis associated with lyssavirus-positive neurons. Lyssavirus antigen was detected in tongue epithelium (5/11 infected bats) rather than in salivary gland epithelium (0/11), suggesting viral excretion via the tongue. Thus, intramuscular inoculation of 102.1 TCID50 of Lagos bat virus into straw-colored fruit bats is a suitable model for lyssavirus associated bat rabies in a natural reservoir host, and can help with the investigation of lyssavirus infection dynamics in bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (LB); (AAC)
| | - Richard Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, Bad Langensalza, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Jennings
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Centre for African Wetlands / Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Silke Riesle Sbarbaro
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Selden
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Wise
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LB); (AAC)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lean FZX, Lamers MM, Smith SP, Shipley R, Schipper D, Temperton N, Haagmans BL, Banyard AC, Bewley KR, Carroll MW, Brookes SM, Brown I, Nuñez A. Development of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation for the detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21894. [PMID: 33318594 PMCID: PMC7736337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and its dissemination globally has caused an unprecedented strain on public health. Animal models are urgently being developed for SARS-CoV-2 to aid rational design of vaccines and therapeutics. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation techniques that facilitate reliable and reproducible detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral products in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens would be of great utility. A selection of commercial antibodies generated against SARS-CoV spike protein and nucleoprotein, double stranded RNA, and RNA probe for spike genes were evaluated for the ability to detect FFPE infected cells. We also tested both heat- and enzymatic-mediated virus antigen retrieval methods to determine the optimal virus antigen recovery as well as identifying alternative retrieval methods to enable flexibility of IHC methods. In addition to using native virus infected cells as positive control material, the evaluation of non-infected cells expressing coronavirus (SARS, MERS) spike as a biosecure alternative to assays involving live virus was undertaken. Optimized protocols were successfully applied to experimental animal-derived tissues. The diverse techniques for virus detection and control material generation demonstrated in this study can be applied to investigations of coronavirus pathogenesis and therapeutic research in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel P Smith
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Seekings AH, Howard WA, Nuñéz A, Slomka MJ, Banyard AC, Hicks D, Ellis RJ, Nuñéz-García J, Hartgroves LC, Barclay WS, Banks J, Brown IH. The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090920. [PMID: 32839404 PMCID: PMC7552004 DOI: 10.3390/v12090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) often result in the infection of millions of poultry, causing up to 100% mortality. HPAIV has been shown to emerge from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in field outbreaks. Direct evidence for the emergence of H7N7 HPAIV from a LPAIV precursor with a rare di-basic cleavage site (DBCS) was identified in the UK in 2008. The DBCS contained an additional basic amino acid compared to commonly circulating LPAIVs that harbor a single-basic amino acid at the cleavage site (SBCS). Using reverse genetics, outbreak HPAIVs were rescued with a DBCS (H7N7DB), as seen in the LPAIV precursor or an SBCS representative of common H7 LPAIVs (H7N7SB). Passage of H7N7DB in chicken embryo tissues showed spontaneous evolution to a HPAIV. In contrast, deep sequencing of extracts from embryo tissues in which H7N7SB was serially passaged showed retention of the LPAIV genotype. Thus, in chicken embryos, an H7N7 virus containing a DBCS appears naturally unstable, enabling rapid evolution to HPAIV. Evaluation in embryo tissue presents a useful approach to study AIV evolution and allows a laboratory-based dissection of molecular mechanisms behind the emergence of HPAIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wendy A. Howard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Alejandro Nuñéz
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (D.H.)
| | - Marek J. Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (D.H.)
| | - Richard J. Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (R.J.E.); (J.N.-G.)
| | - Javier Nuñéz-García
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (R.J.E.); (J.N.-G.)
| | | | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Virology Department, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK; (L.C.H.); (W.S.B.)
| | - Jill Banks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Echevarría JE, Banyard AC, McElhinney LM, Fooks AR. Current Rabies Vaccines Do Not Confer Protective Immunity against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in Europe. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100892. [PMID: 31554170 PMCID: PMC6832729 DOI: 10.3390/v11100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis started as early as 1885, revealing a safe and efficient tool to prevent human rabies cases. Preventive vaccination is the basis for the control of canine-mediated rabies, which has already been eliminated from extensive parts of the world, including Europe. Plans to eliminate canine-mediated human rabies by 2030 have been agreed upon by international organisations. However, rabies vaccines are not efficacious against some divergent lyssaviruses. The presence in European indigenous bats of recently described lyssaviruses, which are not neutralised by antibody responses to existing vaccines, as well as the declaration of an imported case of an African lyssavirus, which also escapes vaccine-derived protection, leaves the European health authorities unable to provide efficacious protective vaccines to some potential situations of human exposure. All these circumstances highlight the need for a universal pan-lyssavirus rabies vaccine, able to prevent human rabies in all circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Echevarría
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
- Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Banyard AC, Mansfield KL, Wu G, Selden D, Thorne L, Birch C, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Fooks AR. Re-evaluating the effect of Favipiravir treatment on rabies virus infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:4686-4693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
47
|
Marston DA, Jennings DL, MacLaren NC, Dorey-Robinson D, Fooks AR, Banyard AC, McElhinney LM. Pan-lyssavirus Real Time RT-PCR for Rabies Diagnosis. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31355796 DOI: 10.3791/59709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular assays are rapid, sensitive and specific, and have become central to diagnosing rabies. PCR based assays have been utilized for decades to confirm rabies diagnosis but have only recently been accepted by the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) as a primary method to detect rabies infection. Real-time RT-PCR assays provide real-time data, and are closed-tube systems, minimizing the risk of contamination during setup. DNA intercalating fluorochrome real-time RT-PCR assays do not require expensive probes, minimizing the cost per sample, and when the primers are designed in conserved regions, assays that are specific across virus genera rather than specific to just one virus species are possible. Here we describe a pan-lyssavirus SYBR real-time RT-PCR assay that detects lyssaviruses across the Lyssavirus genus, including the most divergent viruses IKOV, WCBV and LLEBV. In conjunction with dissociation curve analysis, this assay is sensitive and specific, with the advantage of detecting all lyssavirus species. The assay has been adopted in many diagnostic laboratories with quality assured environments, enabling robust, rapid, sensitive diagnosis of animal and human rabies cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency;
| | - Daisy L Jennings
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency
| | - Nikki C MacLaren
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency
| | - Daniel Dorey-Robinson
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1171-1186. [PMID: 31237530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus causes an invariably fatal encephalitis following the onset of clinical disease. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the clinical stages of rabies encephalitis remain untreatable, with few survivors being documented. A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. This review focuses on efforts to try and overcome barriers to molecule delivery to treat clinical rabies and overviews current progress in the development of experimental live rabies virus vaccines that may have future applications in the treatment of clinical rabies, including the attenuation of rabies virus vectors through either the duplication or mutation of existing genes or the incorporation of non-viral elements within the genome. Rabies post-infection treatment (PIT) remains the holy grail of rabies research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Taylor E, Banyard AC, Bourhy H, Cliquet F, Ertl H, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Horton DL, Mani RS, Müller T, Rupprecht CE, Schnell MJ, Del Rio Vilas V, Fooks AR. Avoiding preventable deaths: The scourge of counterfeit rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:2285-2287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
50
|
Abstract
Once clinical disease is manifest, the rabies virus is one of the few pathogens known to science with a near 100% fatality rate and, as such, this zoonotic pathogen has shaped both humanity and the history of science. However, today rabies is still considered to be a neglected tropical disease, despite the fact that it causes more than 59,000 human deaths each year. Although effective vaccines are available to combat the disease, the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenicity and immunology remain poorly defined. In this paper, the existing knowledge of the pathogenesis and immunological response to the rabies virus in infected hosts is described.
Collapse
|