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Hueffer K. Rabies management structures and challenges in the North in a One Health framework. Int J Circumpolar Health 2024; 83:2318059. [PMID: 38369781 PMCID: PMC10878328 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2024.2318059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is often described as the quintessential One Health problem, linking especially animal health to human health. I examined how rabies is managed in the circumpolar North through semi-structured interviews of key informants in three cases: Alaska, Northwest Territories, and Svalbard. While rabies is controlled at the territorial or state level in the Northwest Territories and Alaska, respectively, the perception of where authority lies in rabies management is less evident in Norway concerning Svalbard than in the other two cases. Respondents generally characterised the working relationship between sectors and scales of governments as positive. However, coordination remains one of the main challenges to rabies management, with harsh environmental conditions and small remote communities adding additional challenges in all three cases. Rabies managers in Svalbard also face unique conditions, such as risks associated with hunting and the particular administrative structure of Svalbard. Due to limited veterinary services in dispersed small and remote communities, dogs present challenges to rabies management in Alaska and the Northwest Territories. Personal relationships are important in disease management across agencies, and the unique challenges in the far North will likely pose challenges in adopting approaches to disease management from temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hueffer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Arctic and Northern Studies Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Wilson PJ, Hunt PR, Fonken EP. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis protocol option for unvaccinated domestic animals, Texas: 2010-2019. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:627-634. [PMID: 38335723 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.11.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess data on rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in domestic animals following Texas' protocol and to describe preexposure and postexposure vaccination failures from 2010 through 2019. ANIMALS 1,218 unvaccinated animals that received PEP, 925 unvaccinated animals that were euthanatized instead of receiving PEP, and 3 preexposure vaccinated dogs that developed rabies. METHODS Zoonotic incident reports from 2010 through 2019 were reviewed for information regarding animals with no known rabies vaccination that received PEP or were euthanatized in accordance with state protocol after exposure to a laboratory-confirmed rabid animal; reports were also reviewed for any preexposure and postexposure vaccination failures. The state-required PEP protocol was to immediately vaccinate the animal against rabies, confine the animal for 90 days, and administer booster vaccines during the third and eighth weeks of the confinement period. RESULTS From 2010 through 2019, 1,218 exposed animals received PEP; 99.8% did not develop rabies. Three failures were recorded, all in animals < 12 weeks of age when PEP was initiated. Additionally, 925 exposed animals were euthanatized instead of receiving PEP. One true preexposure vaccination failure was recorded. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Texas PEP protocol was used during the 10-year period. Results indicated that this protocol is a viable option for unvaccinated domestic animals exposed to rabies. Alternative protocols warrant additional consideration.
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Langguth A, Gibson L, Hopper J, Goharriz H, Chang YM, Cunningham AA, Woodroffe R. Effect of Rabies Booster Vaccination on Antibody Levels in African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus). J Wildl Dis 2024:500461. [PMID: 38679922 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Rabies is a highly virulent viral disease that has been associated with large-scale population declines of the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Rabies vaccination may be a valuable conservation tool in this species, but studies indicate that a single dose does not always confer protective immunity. We examined 47 serum samples from 22 captive African wild dogs (sampled opportunistically for other purposes) to assess whether serum antibody levels after vaccination correlated with the number of doses received and whether other factors affected outcomes. Results of the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test showed that median antibody titers were 0.085 IU/mL prevaccination, 0.660 IU/mL after a single vaccination, and 22.150 IU/mL after a booster vaccination. Antibody titers above 0.5 IU/mL, internationally accepted as the threshold for seroconversion, were found in none of the samples taken prevaccination, 66.67% of samples taken after primary vaccination, and 90.90% of samples collected after booster vaccination. This study illustrates the probable protective benefit a rabies booster vaccination may provide in African wild dogs and serves as a basis for future research to improve vaccination protocols contributing to the conservation of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Langguth
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Current address: The University of Melbourne, Werribee Campus, Ground Level, Building 416, Room 114, 250 Princes Hwy., Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jane Hopper
- The Howletts Wild Animal Trust, Port Lympne Reserve, Aldington Rd., Lympne, Hythe CT21 4LR, UK
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Ln., Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College St., London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
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Cobby TR, Eisler MC. Risk of rabies reintroduction into the European Union as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian war: A quantitative disease risk analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38659171 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The importation of rabid animals poses a continual threat to rabies freedom in the European Union (EU). Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the European Commission eased the rules on companion animal importations for Ukrainian refugees through derogations to the EU Pet Travel Scheme (EU PETS). As Ukraine remains endemic for canine rabies, this paper aimed to quantitatively assess whether the change in regulations affected the risk of rabies introduction to the EU. METHOD AND RESULTS Transmission pathways for both EU PETS and derogations to this scheme were considered, as well as the scenarios of 100% compliance and reduced compliance within both schemes. Stochastic modelling was performed via a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the median and 95% confidence intervals of the annual risk of rabies entry and the years between rabies entries into the EU. Following 100% compliance, the derogation scheme posed a significantly lower risk at a value of 3.63 × 10-3 (CI 95% 1.18 × 10-3-9.34 × 10-3) rabies entries per year in comparison to EU PETS where the risk was 4.25 × 10-2 (CI 95% 1.44 × 10-2-9.81 × 10-2). Despite a significantly lower risk as compared to EU PETS under 100% compliance, the derogation scheme was more sensitive to a reduction in compliance which resulted in a 74-fold increase in risk. Given this, even under reduced compliance, the annual risk remained lower under the derogation scheme, although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that a 4-month period of quarantine, as modelled for the derogation scenario, could reduce the annual risk of rabies entry. This scheme may present a viable solution for the management of companion animal influxes in future crises.
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Ye Q, Gast G, Wilfley EG, Huynh H, Hays C, Holmes TC, Xu X. Monosynaptic Rabies Tracing Reveals Sex- and Age-Dependent Dorsal Subiculum Connectivity Alterations in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1796232024. [PMID: 38503494 PMCID: PMC11026364 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1796-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The subiculum (SUB), a hippocampal formation structure, is among the earliest brain regions impacted in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Toward a better understanding of AD circuit-based mechanisms, we mapped synaptic circuit inputs to dorsal SUB using monosynaptic rabies tracing in the 5xFAD mouse model by quantitatively comparing the circuit connectivity of SUB excitatory neurons in age-matched controls and 5xFAD mice at different ages for both sexes. Input-mapped brain regions include the hippocampal subregions (CA1, CA2, CA3), medial septum and diagonal band, retrosplenial cortex, SUB, postsubiculum (postSUB), visual cortex, auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex, entorhinal cortex, thalamus, perirhinal cortex (Prh), ectorhinal cortex, and temporal association cortex. We find sex- and age-dependent changes in connectivity strengths and patterns of SUB presynaptic inputs from hippocampal subregions and other brain regions in 5xFAD mice compared with control mice. Significant sex differences for SUB inputs are found in 5xFAD mice for CA1, CA2, CA3, postSUB, Prh, lateral entorhinal cortex, and medial entorhinal cortex: all of these areas are critical for learning and memory. Notably, we find significant changes at different ages for visual cortical inputs to SUB. While the visual function is not ordinarily considered defective in AD, these specific connectivity changes reflect that altered visual circuitry contributes to learning and memory deficits. Our work provides new insights into SUB-directed neural circuit mechanisms during AD progression and supports the idea that neural circuit disruptions are a prominent feature of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gocylen Gast
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Erik George Wilfley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Hanh Huynh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Chelsea Hays
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Nujum ZT, Asaria M, Kurup KK, Mini M, Mazumdar S, Daptardar M, Tiwari H. Cost-effectiveness of One Health interventions for rabies elimination: a systematic review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:223-233. [PMID: 37903657 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'One Health' (OH) approach is the most promising idea in realising the global goal of eliminating canine-mediated human rabies by 2030. However, taking an OH approach to rabies elimination can mean many different things to different people. We conducted a systematic review scrutinizing economic evaluations (EEs) retrieved from MEDLINE OVID, Embase OVID, Global Health OVID, CINAHL EBSCO and ECONLIT EBSCO that used the OH approach with the intent of identifying cost-effective sets of interventions that can be combined to implement an optimal OH-based rabies elimination program and highlight key gaps in the knowledge base. Our review suggests that an optimal OH program to tackle rabies should incorporate mass dog vaccination and integrated bite case management in combination with efficient use of post-exposure prophylaxis along with a shift to a 1-week abbreviated intradermal rabies vaccine regimen in humans. We recommend that future EEs of OH interventions for rabies elimination should be performed alongside implementation research to ensure proposed interventions are feasible and adopt a wider societal perspective taking into account costs and outcomes across both the human health and animal welfare sectors. The systematic review has been registered with PROSPERO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinia T Nujum
- Senior Visiting Fellow, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A2AE, UK
| | - Miqdad Asaria
- Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A2AE, UK
| | - Karishma Krishna Kurup
- Research Fellow, Center for Universal Health, Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) London, UK
| | - Malathi Mini
- MSc Global Health Policy Candidate, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A2AE, UK
| | - Sumit Mazumdar
- Research Fellow (Global Health), Centre for Health Economics, University of York Visiting Senior Fellow, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Harish Tiwari
- DBT Wellcome India Alliance CPH Intermediate Fellow, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
- Research Affiliate, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rupprecht CE, Buchanan T, Cliquet F, King R, Müller T, Yakobson B, Yang DK. A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:241-284. [PMID: 38381612 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America. Although rabies is not a candidate for eradication, over a billion doses of vaccine-laden baits distributed strategically by hand, at baiting stations, or via aircraft, resulted in widespread disease prevention, control, or local disease elimination among mesocarnivores. Pure, potent, safe, and efficacious vaccines consisted of either modified-live, highly attenuated, or recombinant viruses contained within attractive, edible baits. Since the late 1970s, major free-ranging target species have included coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Operational progress has occurred in all but the latter species. Programmatic evaluations of oral rabies vaccination success have included: demonstration of biomarkers incorporated within vaccine-laden baits in target species as representative of bait contact; serological measurement of the induction of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, indicative of an immune response to vaccine; and most importantly, the decreasing detection of rabies virus antigens in the brains of collected animals via enhanced laboratory-based surveillance, as evidence of management impact. Although often conceived mistakenly as a panacea, such cost-effective technology applied to free-ranging wildlife represents a real-world, One Health application benefiting agriculture, conservation biology, and public health. Based upon lessons learned with oral rabies vaccination of mesocarnivores, opportunities for future extension to other taxa and additional diseases will have far-reaching, transdisciplinary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Tore Buchanan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L1Z8, Canada
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009 Malzeville, France
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Derech HaMaccabim 62, Rishon Lezion, 50250, Israel
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
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Tambe MP, Parande MA, Nanaware MB, Salunke NM, Dutta T, Mahajan M. Post-Marketing Surveillance of the World's First Novel Cocktail of Rabies Monoclonal Antibodies: TwinRab™ in Real \-World Setting. Indian J Community Med 2024; 49:443-447. [PMID: 38665446 PMCID: PMC11042126 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_562_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies presents with a high fatality rate, which imposes a significant global public health challenge, and therefore the use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial for prevention. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a promising substitute for rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) due to their high efficacy and standardized manufacturing process. A prospective, open-label, post-marketing surveillance study (PMS) was conducted at Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College (BJMC), Pune. The study included patients aged more than 2 years who had recently sustained Category III-suspected rabid animal bite exposures. These patients were administered TwinRabTM at a dosage of 40 IU/kg in and around the wound as intralesional transfer, along with the anti-rabies vaccine (ARV). Adverse events (AEs) grading was performed with reference to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicity grading. In this study, 215 subjects received the TwinRabTM mAb with a 100% completion rate. Out of 215 patients, three (1.3%) patients in the range of 18 to 65 years of age showed solicited local AEs, which were resolved after the appropriate treatment intervention, but causality assessment was non-assessable. The overall tolerability assessment showed positive ratings from doctors (91.63%) and patients (67.91%) for the mAb cocktail. The PMS demonstrated the safety of TwinRabTM in patients who experienced Category III-suspected rabid animal bites, thereby supporting its potential as an alternative option for post-exposure prophylaxis in the management of animal bites for the prevention of rabies.
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Sokol OO, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Karpova OV, Matveeva IN, Gryn SA, Popova VM, Ivanov IV, Fedorov YN, Litenkova IY. Protective Activity of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Using Flagellin-Based Adjuvant. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2024; 89:574-582. [PMID: 38648774 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease with high lethality. Most human deaths are associated with the bites received from dogs and cats. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing rabies disease in both animals and humans. In this study, the ability of an adjuvant based on recombinant Salmonella typhimurium flagellin to increase protective activity of the inactivated rabies vaccine in mice was evaluated. A series of inactivated dry culture vaccine for dogs and cats "Rabikan" (strain Shchelkovo-51) with addition of an adjuvant at various dilutions were used. The control preparation was a similar series of inactivated dry culture vaccine without an adjuvant. Protective activity of the vaccine preparations was evaluated by the NIH potency test, which is the most widely used and internationally recommended method for testing effectiveness of the inactivated rabies vaccines. The value of specific activity of the tested rabies vaccine when co-administered with the adjuvant was significantly higher (48.69 IU/ml) than that of the vaccine without the adjuvant (3.75 IU/ml). Thus, recombinant flagellin could be considered as an effective adjuvant in the composition of future vaccine preparations against rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Sokol
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | | | - Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Irina N Matveeva
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
- Shchelkovo Biocombinat Federal State Enterprise, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Gryn
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Vera M Popova
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Igor V Ivanov
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Yuri N Fedorov
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Irina Y Litenkova
- Shchelkovo Biocombinat Federal State Enterprise, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
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Dreyfus A, Volasoa MH, Guis H, Razafindraibe NP, Razafindramparany MH, Arivony NL, Rakotondrabe N, Andriamananjara MA, Dussart P, Kassie D, Lacoste V, Andriamandimby SF. Challenges of rabies surveillance in Madagascar based on a mixed method survey amongst veterinary health officers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1270547. [PMID: 38487708 PMCID: PMC10938849 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1270547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn Madagascar, rabies is endemic and a notifiable disease. The objective of this mixed study was to understand the challenges faced by the Veterinary Health Officers (VHOs) in the current rabies surveillance system in Madagascar.MethodsA survey was conducted from mid-April to the end of July 2021 during which all officially-listed VHOs (N = 150) were contacted by phone at least twice. Participants, representative of the 22 regions of Madagascar, were interviewed by phone based on a semi-structured questionnaire on (1) their knowledge of rabies epidemiology in their area of activities, (2) the occurrence of human and animal rabies and the species affected in the region where they work, (3) the factors that might influence rabies surveillance depending on (a) their activities and area of operation, (b) the socio-cultural aspects of local communities, and (c) the general organization of animal rabies surveillance.ResultsThe majority (80/90) of VHOs declared having been informed of at least one suspected or confirmed case of human and/or animal rabies in their area of activity during their work as VHOs: at least once a month for 11 of them, at least once a year for 40 and with undetermined frequency for 29. Several obstacles hinder the surveillance of rabies resulting in under-reporting. The lack of funds to access suspect animals, collect, pack and ship samples in compliance with biosecurity measures and the cold chain, was mentioned as a major obstacle to surveillance. The second barrier is socio-cultural: in many large coastal regions, dogs are taboo and VHOs fear rejection by the community if they treat dogs.Discussion and conclusionWhile the general population requires information on the rabies situation in Madagascar and on how to proceed in the event of a bite, veterinarians and decision-makers need to be fully aware of an evidence-based approach to rabies surveillance, prevention and control. Communication between the human and animal health sectors should be improved. Politicians need to be persuaded of the importance of funding to eliminate rabies in Madagascar. The adoption, in early 2023, of a national strategic plan for rabies control is a first step in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anou Dreyfus
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marie Hermelienne Volasoa
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Département des Enseignements des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hélène Guis
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Astre, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | | | - Naltiana Rakotondrabe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Daouda Kassie
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Astre, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Khan IA, Bashar MA, Mohsin S, Shrivastava DK. Prevalence of delayed initiation of rabies postexposure prophylaxis and factors influencing it among animal bite victims from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024:trae002. [PMID: 38324406 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a rabies-endemic country like India, every animal bite is potentially taken as rabid exposure and timely and appropriate postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial as rabies is an almost 100% fatal disease. METHODS A retrospective record-based study was conducted at an anti-rabies clinic (ARC) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Data of the animal bite victims attending the ARC for PEP from January to December 2022 were extracted from the records. A semistructured questionnaire was used for collecting information regarding the interval between exposure and the initiation of anti-rabies PEP, age, gender, residence, the bite site on the body, category of exposure and other risk factors associated with the delay in PEP. RESULTS Most of the victims were male (67.6%), from an urban background (61.3%) and aged up to 20 y (43.9%). Out of the 222 victims, 62 (27.9%) had delayed initiation of PEP (>48 h after exposure). Factors found to be significantly associated with delayed initiation of PEP were residence (p=0.01), age (p=0.04) and the type of biting animal (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Delayed initiation of PEP is common among animal bite victims in this region of India, although PEP is affordable. Educational programmes and awareness-raising campaigns for timely administration of PEP should be a priority, especially targeting rural residents, those aged<18 y and those bitten by animals other than dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmed Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur 273013, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Abu Bashar
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sufiya Mohsin
- Department of Community Medicine, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur 273013, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - D K Shrivastava
- Department of Community Medicine, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur 273013, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Crozet G, Cliquet F, Robardet E. What would be the impact on the rabies risk of reducing the waiting period before dogs are imported? A modelling study based on the European Union legislation. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38317287 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Lyssavirus rabies (RABV) is responsible for a major zoonotic infection that is almost always lethal once clinical signs appear. Rabies can be (re)introduced into rabies-free areas through transboundary dog movements, thus compromising animal and human health. A number of measures have been implemented to prevent this happening, one of which is the waiting period (WP) after anti-rabies vaccination and serological testing. This WP ensures that antibodies assessed through the serological test are due to the vaccine, not to infection. Indeed, if antibodies are due to RABV infection, the dog should display clinical signs within this WP and would not therefore be imported. METHODS AND RESULTS Within a framework of quantitative risk assessment, we used modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of this WP and its duration on the risk of introducing rabies via the importation of dogs into the European Union. Two types of models were used, a classical stochastic scenario tree model and an individual-based model, both parameterised using scientific literature or data specifically applicable to the EU. Results showed that, assuming perfect compliance, the current 3-month waiting period was associated with a median annual number of 0.04 infected dogs imported into the EU. When the WP was reduced, the risk increased. For example, for a 1-month WP, the median annual number of infected dogs imported was 0.17 or 0.15 depending on the model, which corresponds to a four-fold increase. CONCLUSION This in silico study, particularly suitable for evaluating rare events such as rabies infections in rabies-free areas, provided results that can directly inform policymakers in order to adapt regulations linked to rabies and animal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
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13
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Julka D, Khan AM, Kumari N, Soni U. Burden of dog bite injuries and wound management practices to prevent rabies among dog owners. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:568-571. [PMID: 38605805 PMCID: PMC11006032 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_768_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite members of dog-owning families being at a higher risk of dog bites owing to their proximity to dogs in their household, there are hardly any studies from India which focus on the burden of dog bites among them and their rabies control and prevention practices. This study aimed to estimate the burden of dog bites among dog owners and their wound management practices to prevent rabies. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among pet dog owners in a high-end housing society of National Capital Region of Delhi. A pre-tested and pre-validated schedule was used to collect data by consecutive sampling through community survey. Data were analyzed using R software. The incidence of dog bites and the status of rabies prevention practices adopted by the participants are presented as proportions. Chi-square test was applied to compare proportions. Results A total of 100 families were studied, which covered 355 family members. The incidence of dog bites in the past 1 year was found to be 44/355, 12.4% (95% confidence interval 9.2-16.3%). Pet dogs were responsible for 31/44 (70.5%) bites. Among 44 dog bite incidents, 30 (68.2%) reported taking any injection after the incident, and 10 (22.7%) reported receiving an anti-rabies vaccine. Only six out of 100 families reported at least one family member covered by rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis. Conclusion The incidence of dog bites among the dog owners was high. The rabies pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis practices adopted by the participants were found to be inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhawani Julka
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amir M. Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nitu Kumari
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ujjwal Soni
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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14
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Abubakar AT, Al-Mustapha AI, Oyewo M, Ibrahim A, Abdulrahim I, Yakub JM, Elelu N, Nguku P, Balogun MS, Awosanya EJ, Kia GSN, Kwaga JKP, Okoli I, Bolajoko MB, Alimi Y, Mbilo C, Dacheux L. Prospects for dog rabies elimination in Nigeria by 2030. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:1-17. [PMID: 37933425 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The attainment of the global target of zero dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 depends on functional rabies programmes. Nigeria, a rabies-endemic country, and the most populous country in Africa has a very poor rabies control strategy with a score of 1.5 out of 5 based on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE). In this article, we report a scoping review that we conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as situational analysis of rabies control in Nigeria and suggest a timeline for key activities that are needed to ensure zero by 30. Our findings reveal that rabies is grossly under-reported as only 998 human and 273 dog-suspected rabies cases were reported across Nigeria between 2017 and 2022. Our literature review also demonstrates a paucity of information on rabies in both human and animal health sectors. A total of 49 studies on dog rabies in Nigeria, with a predominance of reports from the North Central geopolitical region (48%, n = 23) were therefore included in this study. Currently, only 16.2% (n = 6/37) of Nigerian states have available data related to the estimated dog populations, the dog ownership rates, the vaccination status of dogs or the incidence of dog bites. Based on a dog-to-human ratio of 1:16.3, we estimated that the dog population in Nigeria was 12,969,368 (95% CI: 12,320,900-13,617,836). Thus, to attain herd immunity and dog rabies control in Nigeria, at least 9.1 million dogs must be vaccinated annually. Our review reveals that, despite the strengths and available opportunities to achieve rabies control in Nigeria by 2030, the weaknesses and challenges will make the attainment of zero by 30 very difficult or impossible. Nigeria's best-case scenario by the year 2030 is SARE stage 3-4 (control-elimination) out of 5. Otherwise, the rabies control programme might not surpass SARE stages 2-3. To attain zero by 30, Nigeria must re-strategize its current rabies control programme by funding and implementing the national strategic plan for rabies control, creating a rabies desk office in the 37 states (FCT inclusive), rigorously conducting mass vaccination campaigns, providing post-exposure prophylaxis, prioritizing mass enlightenment with a focus on responsible pet ownership and conduct baseline national rabies surveillance in the animal and human health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tijani Abubakar
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mustapha
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Muftau Oyewo
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Abdulrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jimoh Muhammad Yakub
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nusirat Elelu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Nguku
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Grace Sabo Nok Kia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center for Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center for Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ihekerenma Okoli
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Yewande Alimi
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Celine Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- National Reference Center for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Ali Osman UM, Turfan S, Farah Yusuf Mohamud M. A Case Study on Unreported First Probable Human Rabies Following Honey Badger in Somalia. Open Access Emerg Med 2024; 16:15-18. [PMID: 38314068 PMCID: PMC10838048 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s439996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by a virus. It is an acute progressive neurological disease that affects people in many parts of the world, especially in low income countries including Somalia and it is always lethal once symptoms appear without immediate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Nearly half of rabies cases occur in children. This case report presents a tragic and unique clinical scenario involving a 14-year-old boy from a rural area in Somalia who presented to our tertiary hospital after a bite from a honey badger. The patient's younger sister, who was also bitten by the same honey badger, sadly succumbed to the disease two weeks prior. This report aims to contribute to the medical literature by highlighting the challenges faced in diagnosing and managing rabies in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubah Mumin Ali Osman
- Emergency Department, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Selim Turfan
- Emergency Department, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Mohamed Farah Yusuf Mohamud
- Emergency Department, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Faculty of Medicine, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Tayo Institute for Health and Development, Mogadishu, Somalia
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16
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Adhikari S, Phuyal S, Acharya KP. Addressing zoonotic disease transmission from temple monkeys to humans in Nepal. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad157. [PMID: 38102759 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of infection with the zoonotic pathogens has been reported from temple monkeys in Nepal. In this paper, the possible spillover of zoonotic pathogens from monkeys to humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Adhikari
- Department of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), PO Box 13712, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sarita Phuyal
- Central Referral Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu 45104, Nepal
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Tirosh-Levy S, Shaiman Barom L, Novak S, Eyngor M, Schvartz G, Yakobson B, Steinman A. Persistence of Anti- Rabies Antibody Response in Horses Following Vaccination. Pathogens 2024; 13:125. [PMID: 38392863 PMCID: PMC10893006 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease affecting all mammalian species. It is caused by the rabies virus and is prevalent worldwide. Horses are not commonly infected with rabies but their vaccination is recommended due to the potential zoonotic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the duration of immunity following rabies vaccination in horses. A total of 126 serum samples were collected from 93 horses, vaccinated 6 to 91 months before sampling. Rabies-virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) levels were evaluated using the Rabies Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). A protective RVNA titer of above 0.5 IU/mL was found in 112 (88.9%) of the samples and 84 (90.3%) of the horses. Antibody titers declined over time (rho = -0.271, p = 0.002); however, there was no significant difference in antibody titers or the prevalence of unprotected horses between the time intervals following vaccination. Purebred horses had lower antibody titers (p = 0.024). The response to booster vaccination was inspected in ten horses, and increased antibody titers were found in eight of them. The results of this study demonstrate the prolonged persistence of protective immunity in horses following rabies vaccination, in some cases, for up to eight years. Therefore, the current annual vaccination strategy should be re-evaluated. A rate of 9.7% of poor responders should be considered from an epidemiological perspective in order to minimize the risk of emergence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tirosh-Levy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel
| | - Leehe Shaiman Barom
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Shiri Novak
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Marina Eyngor
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Gili Schvartz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
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Inoue Y, Kaku Y, Harada M, Ishijima K, Kuroda Y, Tatemoto K, Virhuez-Mendoza M, Nishino A, Yamamoto T, Park ES, Inoue S, Matsuu A, Maeda K. Establishment of serological neutralizing tests using pseudotyped viruses for comprehensive detection of antibodies against all 18 lyssaviruses. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:128-134. [PMID: 38092389 PMCID: PMC10849863 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic, neurological disease caused by rabies lyssavirus (RABV) and other lyssaviruses. In this study, we established novel serological neutralizing tests (NT) based on vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes possessing all 18 known lyssavirus glycoproteins. Applying this system to comparative NT against rabbit sera immunized with current RABV vaccines, we showed that the current RABV vaccines fail to elicit sufficient neutralizing antibodies against lyssaviruses other than to those in phylogroup I. Furthermore, comparative NT against rabbit antisera for 18 lyssavirus glycoproteins showed glycoproteins of some lyssaviruses elicited neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of lyssaviruses. This novel testing system will be useful to comprehensively detect antibodies against lyssaviruses and evaluate their cross-reactivities for developing a future broad-protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inoue
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaku
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Harada
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Ishijima
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kango Tatemoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ayano Nishino
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yamamoto
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Matsuu
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Li SH, Li S, Kirouac GJ. Analysis of Monosynaptic Inputs to Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons Innervating the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens and Central Extended Amygdala. Neuroscience 2024; 537:151-164. [PMID: 38056620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) sends dense projections to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), dorsolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral region of central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Projection specific modulation of these pathways has been shown to regulate appetitive and aversive behavioral responses. The present investigation applied an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach to quantify the brain-wide sources of afferent input to PVT neurons that primarily project to the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL. The results demonstrate that these projection neurons receive monosynaptic input from similar brain regions. The prefrontal cortex and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus were major sources of input to the PVT projection neurons. In addition, the lateral septal nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus and the hypothalamic medial preoptic area, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei were sources of input. The subfornical organ, parasubthalamic nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract were consistent but lesser sources of input. This input-output relationship is consistent with recent observations that PVT neurons have axons that bifurcate extensively to divergently innervate the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada.
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Nehru S, Thangaraju P, Cibee N, Velmurugan H. Dog Bite Injury: Rusk Became a Risk - A Case Report. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:IDDT-EPUB-137870. [PMID: 38279737 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265277314231211045515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog bites are a worldwide problem that disproportionately affects children. It might be difficult to keep in mind that even a man's closest buddy can be dangerous to people. In light of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with dog bites, we report, herein, an intriguing case in which a two-year-old boy appeared with eyelid facial lacerations as a result of a dog bite. CASE PRESENTATION A two-year-old boy presented with bleeding around the right and left eyes. Local examination of the eyes revealed laceration and disfiguration of the left orbit and abrasion around the right eye. Preoperatively, parenteral antibiotics were started and continued postoperatively. Dressing was done for the right eye. Lid reconstruction surgery for the left eye was scheduled and it was carried out under general anaesthesia. The child was monitored for a month and showed satisfactory wound healing with no visible scars or complications. DISCUSSION The standard treatment for bites is direct suture, grafting, or local flaps, depending on the type of wound and the surgeon's preference, regardless of the time since the attack. Crush wounds are difficult to treat because the damage to the tissues is often so profound that amputation is unavoidable. CONCLUSION The global injuries caused by dog bites are the consequence of uncommon illnesses and often manifest as peri-orbital and ocular lesions. Most rabies cases occur in underserved rural and urban areas, with a high frequency of stray dogs without immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Nehru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Kallakurichi, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Nehru Cibee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Melmaruvathur Adhiparashakthi Institute of Medical Science, Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu, India
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Lacy M, Phasuk N, Scholand SJ. Human Rabies Treatment-From Palliation to Promise. Viruses 2024; 16:160. [PMID: 38275970 PMCID: PMC10819634 DOI: 10.3390/v16010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies encephalitis has plagued humankind for thousands of years. In developed countries, access to preventive care, both pre-exposure and post-exposure, has significantly reduced the burden of suffering and disease. However, around the world, rabies remains a neglected tropical disease, largely due to uncontrolled dog rabies, and tens of thousands perish each year. Currently, the standard of care for management of rabies encephalitis is palliation. Heroic attempts to treat human rabies patients over the last few decades have yielded glimpses into our understanding of pathophysiology, opening the door to the development of new antiviral therapies and modalities of treatment. Researchers continue to investigate new compounds and approaches to therapy, yet there remain real challenges given the complexity of the disease. We explore and review some of the promising therapies on the horizon in pursuit of a salvage treatment for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Lacy
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Nonthapan Phasuk
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
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Lu R, Lin J, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Fan Z, Wu S, Qin P, Li L. Rabies vaccination adherence and associated factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e15. [PMID: 38195536 PMCID: PMC10894897 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) is an important measure to prevent rabies. The purpose of this study was to explore the adherence to the vaccination protocol and its influencing factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China, to obtain epidemiological characteristics of patients; knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of rabies prevention; and medical records. A total of 326 patients requiring full rabies PEV were included in this study, and only 62% (202) completed the full course of vaccination according to the norms of the vaccination guidelines. After multifactor logistic regression, the factors influencing adherence to vaccination were as follows: age 31 to 40 years, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic was >60 min, the time of injury was at night to early morning, the place of injury was a school/laboratory, the animal causing injury was a cat, the health status of the animal causing injury could not be determined, and patients with higher practice scores (all p<0.05). Understanding the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas of China and promote changes in patients' practice toward rabies prevention is essential for rabies elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Lu
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaiying Fan
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuning Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei Qin
- Clinical Center for Public Health, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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23
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Zamzam SH, Ghorani M, Eslami F, Mostofi S. The first report of rabies in stone marten (Martes foina) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (Iran). Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1328. [PMID: 37987514 PMCID: PMC10766049 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a prevalent endemic and zoonotic fatal disease, which is normally transmitted to humans by contact (scratches and bites) from infected animals. The present paper deals with the first documented evidence of rabies in the stone marten (Martes foina). Rabies symptoms were observed in a marten in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The animal with a strange demeanour approached people without fear, which was died after some while. Samples were taken from its brain (cerebellum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), shortly after death. In this report, laboratory evidence of rabies by fluorescent antibody (FAT) was proved. The present work is valuable because of the environmental importance of the stone marten. Hence, sensitive surveillance and advanced reporting systems should be regularly monitored on suspected cases of rabies in animals and humans to control and prevent this deadly disease. This involves exposure history, clinical examinations, symptoms and experimental results. Rabies can be controlled by fast diagnostic tests and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Ghorani
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Fahime Eslami
- Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provincial Office of Department of EnvironmentShahrekordIran
| | - Saeed Mostofi
- General Department of Veterinary Medicine of East Azerbaijan ProvinceTabrizIran
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24
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Ashwini MA, Pattanaik A, Mani RS. Recent updates on laboratory diagnosis of rabies. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:48-61. [PMID: 38376376 PMCID: PMC10954107 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_131_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal viral disease transmitted through the bite of rabid animals. India has a high burden of rabies, contributing to a significant proportion of the global deaths. However, under-reporting of the disease is prevalent due to lack of laboratory confirmation. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies plays a crucial role in differentiating the disease from clinical mimics, initiation of appropriate care, implementing infection control measures and informing disease surveillance. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in laboratory diagnosis of rabies, aimed at updating physicians involved in diagnosis and management of rabies cases in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Ashwini
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrita Pattanaik
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Virus Research, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reeta S. Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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25
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Inoue Y, Kaku Y, Harada M, Ishijima K, Kuroda Y, Tatemoto K, Virhuez-Mendoza M, Nishino A, Yamamoto T, Inoue S, Matsuu A, Maeda K. Cross-neutralization activities of antibodies against 18 lyssavirus glycoproteins. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023:JJID.2023.400. [PMID: 38171846 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Some lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus (RABV), induce lethal neurological symptoms in humans. However, commercial vaccines have only been evaluated for their efficacy against RABV and not against other lyssaviruses. To assess cross-reactivity among lyssaviruses, including RABV, sera from rabbits inoculated with human and animal RABV vaccines and polyclonal antibodies from rabbits immunized with expression plasmids of the glycoproteins of all 18 lyssaviruses were prepared, and cross-reactivity was evaluated via virus-neutralization tests using RABV, European bat lyssavirus-1 (EBLV-1), Duvenhage virus (DUVV), Mokola virus (MOKV), and Lagos bat virus (LBV). The sera against RABV vaccines showed cross-reactivity with EBLV-1 and DUVV, which both belong to phylogroup I. However, the reactivity with MOKV and LBV in phylogroup II was notably limited or below the detection level. Next, we compared the cross-reactivity of the polyclonal antibodies against all the lyssavirus glycoproteins. Polyclonal antibodies had high virus-neutralization titers against the same phylogroup, but not against different phylogroups. Our findings indicate that a new vaccine should be developed for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against lyssavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inoue
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaku
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Michiko Harada
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Keita Ishijima
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yudai Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kango Tatemoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Ayano Nishino
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yamamoto
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Aya Matsuu
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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26
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Woldegeorgis BZ, Genebo AP, Gebrekidan AY, Kassie GA, Azeze GA, Asgedom YS. Knowledge, attitudes and prevention practices related to dog-mediated rabies in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies from inception to 2023. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1276859. [PMID: 38179558 PMCID: PMC10764596 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1276859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a horrific and neglected zoonotic disease that kills thousands of people worldwide each year and continues to pose threats to public health. Prevention and control of dog-transmitted rabies require mapping the level of understanding, perception, and existing practices to minimize its impacts on health. Therefore, we undertook this systematic review and meta-analysis to pool evidence from available data on knowledge, attitudes, and prevention practices regarding the disease from studies conducted in various areas of Ethiopia. Methods Articles were searched in electronic bibliographic medical databases such as the Excerpta Medica database, PubMed, Web of Science, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We used Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and STATA software version 16 for the data excerption and analysis, respectively. The variability among studies was evaluated via Higgins and Thompson's I2 statistics and the x2 test (significant at p ≤ 0.1). The Dersimonian and Laird random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled effect at a 95% uncertainty interval (UI). Visual inspection and Egger's test (significant at p ≤ 0.05) were used to identify the presence of small-study effects. Results The search identified 1,249 electronic records. Of them, 27 studies involving 11,150 participants met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of a good level of knowledge was 62.24% (95% UI: 48.56, 75.92). Furthermore, the pooled prevalence of a favorable level of attitudes towards rabies and a good level of rabies prevention practices was only 56.73% (95% UI: 47.16, 66.29) and 52.73% (95% UI: 43.32, 62.15), respectively. Conclusion The study revealed credible gaps in attitudes and prevention practices, though some level of knowledge about dog-mediated rabies was demonstrated. Therefore, we call for country-wide cross-sectoral collaboration to allow for the realization of a global elimination strategy for dog-mediated human rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshada Zerfu Woldegeorgis
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Paulos Genebo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Ambaw Kassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedion Asnake Azeze
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Yordanos Sisay Asgedom
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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27
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Cruz JL, Garcia AM, Saito N, Lagayan MGO, Dela Peña RC, Usana MS, Agustin SP, Tattao JZ, Mamauag CV, Ducayag OP, Nabus HLF, Flores PDDL, Fabon RJA, Peñaflor RP, Viñas DCG, Limsan CA, Bernales RP, Llames MET, Balopeños LE, Morales RG, Migriño AMCV, Calunsag OJS, Datoy JJ, Palma KY, Sepulveda MCB, Eng MNJ, Moscoso JS, Julabar SMF, Mauhay JD, Espino MJM, Javier CJM, Kimitsuki K, Nishizono A. Evaluation of lateral flow devices for postmortem rabies diagnosis in animals in the Philippines: a multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0084223. [PMID: 37991352 PMCID: PMC10729751 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the use of lateral flow devices (LFD) for animal rabies diagnosis can help mitigate the widespread underreporting of rabies. However, this has been hindered by the limited number and small sample size of previous studies. To overcome this limitation, we conducted a multicenter study with a larger sample size to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the ADTEC LFD for postmortem rabies diagnosis in animals. Thirteen governmental animal diagnostic laboratories in the Philippines were involved in this study, and 791 animals suspected of having rabies were tested using both the direct fluorescence antibody test (DFAT) and ADTEC LFD between August 2021 and October 2022. The LFD demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 94.1%-97.9%] and a specificity of 99.7% (95% CI: 98.4%-100%). Notably, false-negative results were more likely to occur in laboratories with lower annual processing volumes of rabies samples in the previous years (adjusted odds ratio 4.97, 95% CI: 1.49-16.53). In this multicenter study, the high sensitivity and specificity of the LFD for the diagnosis of animal rabies, compared to that of the DFAT, was demonstrated, yet concerns regarding false-negative results remain. In areas with limited experience in processing rabies samples, it is essential to provide comprehensive training and careful attention during implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Cruz
- Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Alyssa M. Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | - Michael S. Usana
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory I, Sta Barbara, Pangasinan, Philippines
| | | | - Judith Z. Tattao
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory II, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines
| | - Christine V. Mamauag
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory II, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines
| | - Ofelia P. Ducayag
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory CAR, Baguio, Benguet, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Rogelio P. Peñaflor
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IVB, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
| | | | - Carla A. Limsan
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IVB - Satellite Laboratory, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Rona P. Bernales
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory V, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ramir G. Morales
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory VI, Iloilo, Philippines
| | | | | | - Josephine J. Datoy
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IX, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
| | - Ken Y. Palma
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IX, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
| | | | - Ma Noreen J. Eng
- Davao City Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Davao, Davao del Sur, Philippines
| | - Jobienaur S. Moscoso
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory XII, General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Sheena Mae F. Julabar
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory XII, General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Jaira D. Mauhay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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28
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Pichon S, Guinet-Morlot F, Saleh J, Essink B, Pineda-Peña AC, Moureau A, Petit C, Minutello AM. Safety and immunogenicity of three dose levels of an investigational, highly purified Vero cell rabies vaccine: A randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, Phase II study with a simulated post-exposure regimen in healthy adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2275453. [PMID: 37921410 PMCID: PMC10627063 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2275453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A serum-free, highly purified rabies vaccine produced in Vero cells is under development. The initial formulation, PVRV-NG, was evaluated in five Phase II studies and subsequently reformulated (PVRV-NG2). This multicenter, observer-blinded Phase II study investigated the safety and immune response of three different doses (antigen content) of PVRV-NG2 versus a licensed human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV; Imovax rabies®). Healthy adults (N = 320) were randomized to receive PVRV-NG2 (low, medium, or high dose), PVRV-NG, or HDCV (2:2:2:1:1 ratio), according to a five-dose Essen simulated post-exposure regimen (Days [D] 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28). All participants received human rabies immunoglobulin intramuscularly on D0. Immunogenicity was assessed at D0, 14, 28, 42, and 6 months after the final injection using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Seroconversion rates were calculated as the percentage of participants achieving rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 IU/mL. All analyses were descriptive. At each timepoint, geometric mean titers (GMTs) increased with antigen content (measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). High-dose PVRV-NG2 GMTs were the highest at all timepoints, medium-dose PVRV-NG2 GMTs were similar to those with HDCV, and low-dose PVRV-NG2 GMTs were similar to PVRV-NG. The safety profile of PVRV-NG2 was comparable to PVRV-NG; however, fewer injection site reactions were reported with PVRV-NG2 or PVRV-NG (range 36.7-47.5%) than with HDCV (61.5%). This study demonstrated a dose-effect of antigen content at all timepoints. As post-exposure prophylaxis, the safety and immunogenicity profiles of the high-dose PVRV-NG2 group compared favorably with HDCV. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT03145766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Pichon
- Clinical Development, Sanofi, Marcy-l’Étoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Celine Petit
- Clinical Development, Sanofi, Marcy-l’Étoile, France
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29
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Harris J, Uren A, Smith J, Titmus E, Young M. Evaluating the benefit of serology during potential Australian bat lyssavirus and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100091. [PMID: 37939599 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for potential lyssavirus exposures consists of wound management, rabies vaccination and may include rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Rabies serology is sometimes indicated if there is risk of PEP failure. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the benefit of serology by indication. METHODS Chart review of potential lyssavirus exposures managed at a Public Health Unit (June 2015 - December 2022) where serology was requested was conducted. The proportion of non-therapeutic titres was compared by sex, age, Indigenous status, serology indication, and whether RIG was given. RESULTS 46 notifications with serology were included. Males (5/19) and people over 40 (3/16) were more likely to demonstrate a non-therapeutic response. 2/3 of cases where vaccine doses were not given in the deltoid were non-therapeutic. The rate of non-therapeutic titres was similar for RIG given into the ipsilateral arm (2/11) and given excess RIG for weight (1/4). Although this small sample was inconclusive in isolation, it was also noted that all cases who did not receive RIG had therapeutic serology, whereas 6/35 of those receiving RIG had non-therapeutic serology. CONCLUSIONS This study supports broader literature questioning the utility of systemic RIG administration as likely limited and potentially detrimental considering the increased risk of immune interference. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Highlights a need to review Australian national guidelines to align with World Health Organization advice recommending local RIG administration only.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia.
| | | | - James Smith
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
| | - Emily Titmus
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
| | - Megan Young
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
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30
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Ness A, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Sheep scrapie and deer rabies in England prior to 1800. Prion 2023; 17:7-15. [PMID: 36654484 PMCID: PMC9858414 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2023.2166749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteenth-century England witnessed the emergence of two neurological diseases in animals. Scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats that appears in classical and atypical forms. Reports of classical scrapie in continental Europe with described symptoms date back to 1750 in what is now western Poland. However, two major outbreaks of scrapie appeared in England prior to the 1800s. References to a sheep disease with a resemblance to scrapie first appear in Southwestern England between 1693 and 1722 and in the East Midlands between 1693 and 1706. Concurrent with the descriptions of scrapie in sheep was a neurological disease of deer first appearing in the East of England. Two 18th-century writers remarked on the symptomatic similarities between the sheep and deer neurological diseases. Multiple outbreaks of the unknown deer disease existing as early as 1772 are examined and are identified as rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ness
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Debbie McKenzie Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Ferreira-Machado E, Conselheiro JA, Bernardes da Silva BE, Matsumoto PSS, Castagna CL, Nitsche A, de Lima CS, Presotto D, Nunes da Silva MCR, Ervedosa TB, Navas-Suárez PE, de Jesus ÍP, de Carvalho J, Ressio RA, dos Santos Cirqueira C, Barone GT, del Castillo Saad L, Brandão PE, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC. Naturally Acquired Rabies in White-Eared Opossum, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2541-2545. [PMID: 37987590 PMCID: PMC10683831 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opossums are considered resistant to rabies. Nonhematophagous bats are reservoirs of rabies in urban areas of South America. We analyzed bats and opossums tested for rabies during 2021 in a highly urbanized city in Brazil to understand spillover in an urban setting. Wildlife surveillance is necessary to prevent rabies in humans and domestic animals.
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32
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Copana-Olmos R, Calderón-López ME, Jove-Veizaga A, Ochoa-Ledezma E, Gómez-Rocabado JA, Agui-Santivañez N, Ledezma-Hurtado BW, García-Delgadillo MR. Dog bite injuries in children seen at a tertiary care hospital in Bolivia. ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR 2023; 121:e202202928. [PMID: 37261932 DOI: 10.5546/aap.2022-02928.eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of dog bite injuries in children seen at a children's hospital in Bolivia. Population and methods. This was an observational, retrospective study in patients seen between 2017 and 2021. Results. A total of 769 patients were studied. Dog bite injuries accounted for 5.6% of emergency visits and 0.8% of hospitalizations. They were more frequent in children younger than 5 years (55.1%), in whom the following were observed: greater injury severity (p = 0.008), history of animal provocation (p = 0.048), known attacking animal (p < 0.036), domestic accident (p = 0.021), greater frequency of post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-rabies serum (p = 0.005), and maxillofacial area as the main region involved (p < 0.001). There were 3 deaths due to human rabies and 1 due to hypovolemic shock. Conclusion. Dog bite injuries are a frequent cause of visit to the emergency department and hospitalization in pediatrics and have specific characteristics in children younger than 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Copana-Olmos
- School of Medicine, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - María E Calderón-López
- School of Medicine, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
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33
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Cahyanti N, Syukur S, Purwati E, Fitria Y, Rahmadani I, Subekti DT. Molecular analysis and geographic distribution of the recent Indonesian rabies virus. Vet World 2023; 16:2479-2487. [PMID: 38328351 PMCID: PMC10844793 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2479-2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Some Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and East Nusa Tenggara, have endemic rabies. Rabies outbreaks in Bali began from 2008 to 2011 and continue to occur sporadically. This study aimed to study the molecular analysis and geographical distribution of Indonesian rabies virus (RABV) from 2016 to 2021 and compare to previous periods. Materials and Methods Virus isolates from 2016 to 2021 were extracted from dog brains and sequenced at the nucleoprotein gene locus. They were compared with data sequences available in the GenBank database. Indonesian RABV from the previous three periods (before 1989, 1997-2003, and 2008-2010) was extracted from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity in this study was based on the N gene of Indonesian RABV. Results Asian RABV, which is genetically close to the Indonesian virus, is a virus from China (ASIA-3 cluster) and from the Southeast Asia region, namely, virus isolates from Sarawak and Malaysia and some Cambodian isolates. Rabies virus, which was isolated from the Bali islands, was the new cluster first detected and published in Bali, Indonesia, in 2008, while RABV from West Sumatra Province, which was isolated from 2016 to 2021, was also considered a new cluster that is genetically distant from other clusters in Indonesia. Conclusion The RABV in Indonesia is divided into five clusters. The isolates from West Sumatra Province from 2016 to 2021 were a new cluster genetically distant from other Indonesian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma Cahyanti
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Sumaryati Syukur
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Endang Purwati
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Yul Fitria
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Ibenu Rahmadani
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Didik T. Subekti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, West Java Province, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Java Province, Indonesia
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Concha-Velasco F, Aguirre E, Ortiz-Cam L, Quispe-Jihuallancca H, Bernable-Villasante L, Bascope R, Arizabal M, Vargas-Luna E, Espinoza-Culupú A, Mantari C, Lopez –Ingunza R. Rabies in chozna ' Potus flavus': a warning of a potential threat to public and animal health. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-6. [PMID: 37560894 PMCID: PMC10443979 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2247453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported an outbreak of wild rabies in Potus flavus (choznas), a carnivorous mammal associated with insectivorous bats in Kosñipata, Cusco, Peru, from February 2021 to October 2022. Eight human exposures were reported, with aggressive attacks resulting in injuries. The outbreak prompted a public health response and raised concerns about zoonotic diseases due to habitat fragmentation and urbanization. The study involved antigenic and genetic characterization of the virus in the affected animals, revealing similarities with variants in non-hematophagous bats. This outbreak marked the first time rabies had been reported in choznas in the region, highlighting the need for early intervention programs and wildlife protection. Pre-exposure rabies vaccinations were administered to residents, and community surveillance was established to control the outbreak. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance and education to prevent rabies transmission from choznas to humans and other animals, as their role as potential secondary transmitters of the virus warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Concha-Velasco
- Gerencia Regional de Salud, Cusco, Peru
- Universidad Continental, Cusco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Lizzie Ortiz-Cam
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Lima, Peru
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Pattnaik P, Mahal A, Mishra S, Alkhouri A, Mohapatra RK, Kandi V. Alarming Rise in Global Rabies Cases Calls for Urgent Attention: Current Vaccination Status and Suggested Key Countermeasures. Cureus 2023; 15:e50424. [PMID: 38222131 PMCID: PMC10784771 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wake of rising rabies cases worldwide, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, it is time to understand the scenario better and suggest technically sound and plausible countermeasures. This article is an attempt at this perspective. Although a critical zoonotic viral disease, rabies is preventable. Medico-legally, the ailment is classified as furious rabies and paralytic rabies. The four world bodies, namely, the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) endorsed framing a global support system to eradicate human death from dog-mediated rabies under the 'Zero by 30' framework. The framework calls for extending the vaccination of dogs to reduce the risk of human rabies. Stray dogs became aggressive primarily due to their food shortage during the pandemic lockdown. As many adopted stray dogs were disowned post-pandemic, decreased human-dog interactions increased the aggressiveness among dogs. As a result, 'dog-bite' cases rose, with a sudden spike in rabies cases and dog-bite-induced deaths in India and elsewhere. Jeopardising the 'Zero by 30' plan is certainly a public health concern. Stray dog sterilisation through the irreversible ductal occlusion technique and reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) are other suggested interventions to control rabies. Importantly, wildlife like foxes, raccoons, skunks, and bats could also be rabid. Three out of the four WHO-pre-qualified human vaccines against rabies are intradermally administered as post-exposure prophylaxis, while the intramuscular one is more popular. Even though 'Zero by 30' may not be achieved within the set timeframe, it is time for a concerted and planned strategy by global agencies to curb the globally rising rabies cases and manage the disease better. The 'One Health' model seems to be a plausible guideline and the ultimate countermeasure to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Mahal
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Anas Alkhouri
- College of Pharmacy, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, IND
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
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Jackson AC, Rupprecht CE, Mani RS, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, Knobel DL. Reported Case Report of Recovery From Rabies Using Intrathecal Rabies Immune Globulin was Flawed. Can J Neurol Sci 2023:1-2. [PMID: 37994535 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Jackson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Reeta S Mani
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos
- Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, Direccion General de Epidemiologia, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Darryn L Knobel
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious disease epidemiology is continuously shifting. While travel has been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and travel-related epidemiological research experienced a pause, further shifts in vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) relevant for travellers have occurred. METHODS We conducted a literature search on the epidemiology of travel-related VPD and synthesized data for each disease with a focus on symptomatic cases and on the impact of the respective infection among travellers, considering the hospitalization rate, disease sequela and case fatality rate. We present new data and revised best estimates on the burden of VPD relevant for decisions on priorities in travel vaccines. RESULTS COVID-19 has emerged to be a top travel-related risk and influenza remains high in the ranking with an estimated incidence at 1% per month of travel. Dengue is another commonly encountered infection among international travellers with estimated monthly incidence of 0.5-0.8% among non-immune exposed travellers; the hospitalized proportion was 10 and 22%, respectively, according to two recent publications. With recent yellow fever outbreaks particularly in Brazil, its estimated monthly incidence has risen to >0.1%. Meanwhile, improvements in hygiene and sanitation have led to some decrease in foodborne illnesses; however, hepatitis A monthly incidence remains substantial in most developing regions (0.001-0.01%) and typhoid remains particularly high in South Asia (>0.01%). Mpox, a newly emerged disease that demonstrated worldwide spread through mass gathering and travel, cannot be quantified regarding its travel-related risk. CONCLUSION The data summarized may provide a tool for travel health professionals to prioritize preventive strategies for their clients against VPD. Updated assessments on incidence and impact are ever more important since new vaccines with travel indications (e.g. dengue) have been licensed or are undergoing regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich 8001, Switzerland
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin H Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter A Leggat
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Viljoen N, Ismail A, Weyer J, Markotter W. A rabies-related lyssavirus from a Nycticeinops schlieffeni bat with neurological signs, South Africa. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0062123. [PMID: 37800932 PMCID: PMC10652934 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00621-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the coding-complete sequence of a lyssavirus, provisionally designated Phala bat lyssavirus (PBLV), characterized using a metagenomics approach. PBLV was identified in a Nycticeinops schlieffeni bat that exhibited neurological signs and died within 24 hours of admission to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Phalaborwa, South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Viljoen
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Schneider MC, Min KD, Romijn PC, De Morais NB, Montebello L, Manrique Rocha S, Sciancalepore S, Hamrick PN, Uieda W, Câmara VDM, Luiz RR, Belotto A. Fifty Years of the National Rabies Control Program in Brazil under the One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:1342. [PMID: 38003806 PMCID: PMC10674250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1973, the National Rabies Program was created in Brazil through an agreement between the Ministry of Health and Agriculture. Since its beginning, it developed integrated action through access to free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for people at risk, dog vaccination campaigns, a joint surveillance system, and awareness. This study aims to describe human rabies in Brazil under the One Health perspective in recent decades, including achievements in the control of dog-mediated cases and challenges in human cases transmitted by wild animals. This paper also explores possible drivers of human rabies in the Northeast Region with half of the cases. The first part of this study was descriptive, presenting data and examples by periods. Statistical analysis was performed in the last period (2010-2022) to explore possible drivers. Dog-mediated human cases decreased from 147 to 0, and dog cases decreased from 4500 to 7. A major challenge is now human cases transmitted by wild animals (bats, non-human primates, and wild canids). Most current human cases occur in municipalities with a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome and a Gini index higher than 0.5. In the multivariable analysis, an association with temperature was estimated (OR = 1.739; CI95% = 1.181-2.744), and primary healthcare coverage (OR = 0.947; CI95% = 0.915-0.987) was identified as a protector. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of dog-mediated human rabies cases through the efforts presented. However, Brazil has wildlife variants of the rabies virus circulating. The association of human cases with higher temperatures in the Northeast is a concern with climate change. To reduce human cases transmitted by wild animals, it is important to continue distributing free PEP, especially in remote at-risk areas in the Amazon Region, and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
- PAHO/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | | | | | - Lucia Montebello
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Silene Manrique Rocha
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | | | - Wilson Uieda
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (Ret.), Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Ronir Raggio Luiz
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Albino Belotto
- PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (S.S.); (A.B.)
- FUNASA (Fundacao SESP)/Ministry of Health (Ret.), Brasilia 70070-040, Brazil
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Ciabatti E, González-Rueda A, de Malmazet D, Lee H, Morgese F, Tripodi M. Genomic stability of self-inactivating rabies. eLife 2023; 12:e83459. [PMID: 37921437 PMCID: PMC10666929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic viral vectors provide means to gain genetic access to neurons based on synaptic connectivity and are essential tools for the dissection of neural circuit function. Among them, the retrograde monosynaptic ΔG-Rabies has been widely used in neuroscience research. A recently developed engineered version of the ΔG-Rabies, the non-toxic self-inactivating (SiR) virus, allows the long term genetic manipulation of neural circuits. However, the high mutational rate of the rabies virus poses a risk that mutations targeting the key genetic regulatory element in the SiR genome could emerge and revert it to a canonical ΔG-Rabies. Such revertant mutations have recently been identified in a SiR batch. To address the origin, incidence and relevance of these mutations, we investigated the genomic stability of SiR in vitro and in vivo. We found that "revertant" mutations are rare and accumulate only when SiR is extensively amplified in vitro, particularly in suboptimal production cell lines that have insufficient levels of TEV protease activity. Moreover, we confirmed that SiR-CRE, unlike canonical ΔG-Rab-CRE or revertant-SiR-CRE, is non-toxic and that revertant mutations do not emerge in vivo during long-term experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hassal Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fabio Morgese
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco Tripodi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Turkson PK. Spatio-temporal investigation of reported cases of animal rabies in Ghana from 2010 to 2017. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2559-2565. [PMID: 37742084 PMCID: PMC10650226 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic disease transmitted mainly by animals, especially dogs. OBJECTIVE The aim of the article was to examine reported cases of animal rabies in Ghana for trends to provide information that could be helpful to control the disease. METHOD Retrospective analyses of reported cases of rabies in Ghana from 2010 to 2017. RESULTS In all, 328 rabies cases were recorded in animals in the period under review. The predominant species involved were dogs (299; 91.2%) and cats (12; 3.7%). Other species included pigs (4; 1.2%), goats (4; 1.2%), monkeys (4; 1.2%), sheep (2; 0.6%), bats (2; 0.6%) and cattle (1; 0.3%). The numbers of reported cases in animals were markedly higher than those in humans except in 2013 and 2017. There was a positive but weak correlation between cases in animals and humans which could be due to lack of reporting collaboration between institutions responsible for these. Greater Accra and Ashanti Regions were identified as hotspots in the period under review, while January and August were the months with the highest peaks for cases reported. Cases reported in rainy season were significantly higher than those in dry season. Poisson regression for spatio-temporal analyses showed no statistical significance in predicting number of rabies cases (response variable) from year, month, season, region and affected species (predictor variables). CONCLUSION Rabies remained endemic in Ghana during 2010-2017 with cases reported in nearly every month of the year during this period. There was a significant seasonal pattern with higher proportion of cases reported in the rainy/wet season compared to the dry season.
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Gibbons K, Dvoracek K. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis: What the U.S. emergency medicine provider needs to know. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:1144-1149. [PMID: 37245074 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 55,000 patients per year in the United States are exposed to potentially rabid animals and receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and these patients commonly present to the emergency department (ED) for wound care and PEP. Despite the number of rabies exposures seen in EDs each year, there appears to be a knowledge gap among health care providers with regard to prescribing and administering rabies PEP. The following review aims to bridge that knowledge gap by discussing the importance of obtaining a comprehensive exposure history to determine the category of the encounter, the type of animal, and the location of the bite and of consulting outside expert resources to determine whether the rabies PEP series is indicated. In addition, this article will discuss dosing, administration, and schedule of the rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin to ensure patients are fully protected from developing rabies. Lastly, this article discusses the potential cost associated with rabies PEP and provides information on managing this barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gibbons
- Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Heath Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kyle Dvoracek
- Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Heath Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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Li M, Fang E, Wang Y, Shi L, Li J, Peng Q, Li X, Zhao D, Liu X, Liu X, Liu J, Xu H, Wang H, Huang Y, Yang R, Yue G, Suo Y, Wu X, Cao S, Li Y. An mRNA vaccine against rabies provides strong and durable protection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1288879. [PMID: 37954577 PMCID: PMC10639119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rabies is a serious public health problem worldwide for which an effective treatment method is lacking but can be prevented by vaccines. Current vaccines are produced in cell or egg cultures, which are both costly and time consuming. Methods Here, a non-replicating mRNA vaccine (RV021) encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein was developed in vitro, and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against live virus was evaluated in mice. Results A two-dose vaccination with 1 μg of RV021 at 7-day intervals induced a protective level of neutralizing antibody that was maintained for at least 260 days. RV021 induced a robust cellular immune response that was significantly superior to that of an inactivated vaccine. Two doses of 1 μg RV021 provided full protection against challenge with CVS of 30~60-fold lethal dose, 50%. Vaccine potency testing (according to the National Institutes of Health) in vivo revealed that the potency of RV021 at 15 μg/dose was 7.5 IU/dose, which is substantially higher than the standard for lot release of rabies vaccines for current human use. Conclusion The mRNA vaccine RV021 induces a strong protective immune response in mice, providing a new and promising strategy for human rabies prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun, China
| | - Enyue Fang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Leitai Shi
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Zhao
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Xu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Huang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ren Yang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Yue
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Suo
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Ross YB, Vo CD, Bonaparte S, Phan MQ, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TX, Nguyen TT, Orciari L, Nguyen TD, Nguyen OKT, Do TT, Dao ATP, Wallace R, Nguyen LV. Measuring the impact of an integrated bite case management program on the detection of canine rabies cases in Vietnam. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1150228. [PMID: 37920576 PMCID: PMC10619753 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dog-mediated rabies is enzootic in Vietnam, resulting in at least 70 reported human deaths and 500,000 human rabies exposures annually. In 2016, an integrated bite cases management (IBCM) based surveillance program was developed to improve knowledge of the dog-mediated rabies burden in Phu Tho Province of Vietnam. Methods The Vietnam Animal Rabies Surveillance Program (VARSP) was established in four stages: (1) Laboratory development, (2) Training of community One Health workers, (3) Paper-based-reporting (VARSP 1.0), and (4) Electronic case reporting (VARSP 2.0). Investigation and diagnostic data collected from March 2016 to December 2019 were compared with historical records of animal rabies cases dating back to January 2012. A risk analysis was conducted to evaluate the probability of a rabies exposure resulting in death after a dog bite, based on data collected over the course of an IBCM investigation. Results Prior to the implementation of VARSP, between 2012 and 2015, there was an average of one rabies investigation per year, resulting in two confirmed and two probable animal rabies cases. During the 46 months that VARSP was operational (2016 - 2019), 1048 animal investigations were conducted, which identified 79 (8%) laboratory-confirmed rabies cases and 233 (22%) clinically-confirmed(probable) cases. VARSP produced a 78-fold increase in annual animal rabies case detection (one cases detected per year pre-VARSP vs 78 cases per year under VARSP). The risk of succumbing to rabies for bite victims of apparently healthy dogs available for home quarantine, was three deaths for every 10,000 untreated exposures. Discussion A pilot IBCM model used in Phu Tho Province showed promising results for improving rabies surveillance, with a 26-fold increase in annual case detection after implementation of a One Health model. The risk for a person bitten by an apparently healthy dog to develop rabies in the absence of rabies PEP was very low, which supports the WHO recommendations to delay PEP for this category of bite victims, when trained animal assessors are available and routinely communicate with the medical sector. Recent adoption of an electronic IBCM system is likely to expedite adoption of VARSP 2.0 to other Provinces and improve accuracy of field decisions and data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen B. Ross
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chuong Dinh Vo
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sarah Bonaparte
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Minh Quang Phan
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diep Thi Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thin Xuan Nguyen
- Phu Tho Provincial Sub Department of Animal Health, Phu Tho, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tat Nguyen
- Phu Tho Provincial Sub Department of Animal Health, Phu Tho, Vietnam
| | - Lillian Orciari
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tho Dang Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Oanh Kim Thi Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thuy Do
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Phuong Dao
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ryan Wallace
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Long Van Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Holzbauer SM, Schrodt CA, Prabhu RM, Asch-Kendrick RJ, Ireland M, Klumb C, Firestone MJ, Liu G, Harry K, Ritter JM, Levine MZ, Orciari LA, Wilkins K, Yager P, Gigante CM, Ellison JA, Zhao H, Niezgoda M, Li Y, Levis R, Scott D, Satheshkumar PS, Petersen BW, Rao AK, Bell WR, Bjerk SM, Forrest S, Gao W, Dasheiff R, Russell K, Pappas M, Kiefer J, Bickler W, Wiseman A, Jurantee J, Reichard RR, Smith KE, Lynfield R, Scheftel J, Wallace RM, Bonwitt J. Fatal Human Rabies Infection With Suspected Host-Mediated Failure of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Following a Recognized Zoonotic Exposure-Minnesota, 2021. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1201-1208. [PMID: 36988328 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture-based vaccines. In January 2021, an 84-year-old male died from rabies 6 months after being bitten by a rabid bat despite receiving timely rabies PEP. We investigated the cause of breakthrough infection. METHODS We reviewed medical records, laboratory results, and autopsy findings and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to compare patient and bat virus sequences. Storage, administration, and integrity of PEP biologics administered to the patient were assessed; samples from leftover rabies immunoglobulin were evaluated for potency. We conducted risk assessments for persons potentially exposed to the bat and for close patient contacts. RESULTS Rabies virus antibodies present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were nonneutralizing. Antemortem blood testing revealed that the patient had unrecognized monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Autopsy findings showed rabies meningoencephalitis and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Rabies virus sequences from the patient and the offending bat were identical by WGS. No deviations were identified in potency, quality control, administration, or storage of administered PEP. Of 332 persons assessed for potential rabies exposure to the case patient, 3 (0.9%) warranted PEP. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported failure of rabies PEP in the Western Hemisphere using a cell culture-based vaccine. Host-mediated primary vaccine failure attributed to previously unrecognized impaired immunity is the most likely explanation for this breakthrough infection. Clinicians should consider measuring rabies neutralizing antibody titers after completion of PEP if there is any suspicion for immunocompromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Holzbauer
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caroline A Schrodt
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Malia Ireland
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carrie Klumb
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melanie J Firestone
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gongping Liu
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katie Harry
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lillian A Orciari
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pamela Yager
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Crystal M Gigante
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Ellison
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Niezgoda
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robin Levis
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Panayampalli S Satheshkumar
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brett W Petersen
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Agam K Rao
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Robert Bell
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R Ross Reichard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kirk E Smith
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joni Scheftel
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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46
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Brown CM, DeMaria A. A Sufficiency of Caution. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1209-1211. [PMID: 36974600 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rabies is essentially a fatal disease. Evaluation of potential exposures to rabies virus and decisions about post-exposure prophylaxis present challenges in determining the limits of caution. Response to rare occurrences must be put in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Brown
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alfred DeMaria
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
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47
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Andriamandimby SF, Volasoa MH, Razafindraibe NP, Ranoaritiana DB, Razafindramparany MH, Rafisandratantsoa T, Nomenjanahary LA, Rakotondrabe N, Andriamananjara MA, Guis H, Lacoste V, Dreyfus A. Rabies surveillance in Madagascar from 2011 to 2021: can we reach the target? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270532. [PMID: 37901098 PMCID: PMC10601635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is endemic in Madagascar and a neglected disease. The aim of this study was to summarize human and animal rabies surveillance activities in Madagascar from 2011 to 2021. Samples from terrestrial mammals and humans were tested for rabies virus infection using direct fluorescent antibody, RT-PCR and virus isolation by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for rabies at the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Among 964 animal and 47 human samples tested, 66.7 and 70.2% were positive, respectively. The NRL received these suspect rabies samples from 48 of 114 districts of Madagascar. Most of them were submitted from the district of the capital city Antananarivo (26.3%) and mainly from its region Analamanga (68.9%). Animal samples were mainly from dogs (83%), cats (9.5%) and cattle (5.8%). Pigs, lemurs, goats accounted for less than 1%. During the 11 years of surveillance, 48 human skin and/or brain biopsy samples were received from 20 districts, mainly from Antananarivo and its surroundings (N = 13), Toamasina and its surroundings (N = 8) and Moramanga (N = 6). The high positivity rate for all species and the non-homogeneous spatial distribution of samples suggests substantial underreporting of rabies cases. There is a clear need to better understand the reasons for underreporting and prioritize rabies surveillance, prevention and control in Madagascar, with improvements in budget, education and infrastructure. A joint animal and human health rabies control program including vaccination of at least 70% of the dog population, is needed to achieve the goal of eliminating dog-transmitted human rabies by 2030 from Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Hermelienne Volasoa
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Département des Enseignements des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Nivohanitra Perle Razafindraibe
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Service de Surveillance et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Dany Bakoly Ranoaritiana
- Direction de la veille sanitaire, de la surveillance épidémiologique et de la riposte, Ministère de la santé publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Naltiana Rakotondrabe
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Service de Surveillance et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mamitiana Aimé Andriamananjara
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Service de Surveillance et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hélène Guis
- CIRAD UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Anou Dreyfus
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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48
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Mastraccio KE, Huaman C, Coggins SA, Clouse C, Rader M, Yan L, Mandal P, Hussain I, Ahmed AE, Ho T, Feasley A, Vu BK, Smith IL, Markotter W, Weir DL, Laing ED, Broder CC, Schaefer BC. mAb therapy controls CNS-resident lyssavirus infection via a CD4 T cell-dependent mechanism. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16394. [PMID: 37767784 PMCID: PMC10565638 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with rabies virus (RABV) and related lyssaviruses are uniformly fatal once virus accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and causes disease signs. Current immunotherapies are thus focused on the early, pre-symptomatic stage of disease, with the goal of peripheral neutralization of virus to prevent CNS infection. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of F11, an anti-lyssavirus human monoclonal antibody (mAb), on established lyssavirus infections. We show that a single dose of F11 limits viral load in the brain and reverses disease signs following infection with a lethal dose of lyssavirus, even when administered after initiation of robust virus replication in the CNS. Importantly, we found that F11-dependent neutralization is not sufficient to protect animals from mortality, and a CD4 T cell-dependent adaptive immune response is required for successful control of infection. F11 significantly changes the spectrum of leukocyte populations in the brain, and the FcRγ-binding function of F11 contributes to therapeutic efficacy. Thus, mAb therapy can drive potent neutralization-independent T cell-mediated effects, even against an established CNS infection by a lethal neurotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mastraccio
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
- Present address:
Wadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Celeste Huaman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Si'Ana A Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Caitlyn Clouse
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Madeline Rader
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Pratyusha Mandal
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Anwar E Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and BiostatisticsUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Trung Ho
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Austin Feasley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Bang K Vu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
Lentigen Technology, Inc.GaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Ina L Smith
- Risk Evaluation and Preparedness Program, Health and BiosecurityCSIROBlack MountainACTAustralia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
The Center for Bio/Molecular Science and EngineeringU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
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49
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Chupin SA, Sprygin AV, Zinyakov NG, Guseva NA, Shcherbinin SV, Korennoy FI, Adelshin RV, Mazloum A, Sukharkov AY, Nevzorova VV. Phylogenetic Characterization of Rabies Virus Field Isolates Collected from Animals in European Russian Regions in 2009-2022. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2526. [PMID: 37894184 PMCID: PMC10609256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal disease of mammals that poses a high zoonotic risk to humans as well. The distribution of rabies is mainly driven by host animal migration and human-mediated dispersion. To contribute to the global understanding of the rabies virus (RABV) molecular epidemiology, 94 RABV field isolates collected from animals in 13 European Russian regions were phylogenetically characterized using the nearly full-size N gene nucleotide sequences. According to phylogenetic inferences, all isolates belonged to one of the two established phylogenetic groups, either group C (n = 54) or group D (n = 40), which are part of the clade Cosmopolitan of RABVs. Some representatives of group C collected from regions located far apart from each other had a remarkably high level of nucleotide identity. The possibility of the contribution of local bat species to the distribution of RABVs was discussed. Interestingly, over the years, the fraction of group D isolates has been constantly decreasing compared with that of group C isolates. The phylogenetic insights generated herein might have an important contribution to the control and surveillance of animal rabies epidemiology in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Chupin
- Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Sprygin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Researches, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (A.V.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Nikolay G. Zinyakov
- Reference Laboratory for Viral Avian Diseases, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Nelly A. Guseva
- Reference Laboratory for Viral Avian Diseases, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Shcherbinin
- Information Analysis Centre under the Department for Veterinary Surveillance, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia (F.I.K.)
| | - Fedor I. Korennoy
- Information Analysis Centre under the Department for Veterinary Surveillance, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia (F.I.K.)
| | - Renat V. Adelshin
- Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, 664047 Irkutsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, Irkutsk State University, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Researches, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (A.V.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrey Y. Sukharkov
- Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE, Federal Centre for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
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50
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Viljoen N, Weyer J, Coertse J, Markotter W. Evaluation of Taxonomic Characteristics of Matlo and Phala Bat Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses Identified in South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:2047. [PMID: 37896824 PMCID: PMC10611238 DOI: 10.3390/v15102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the genetic characterization of two potentially novel rabies-related lyssaviruses identified from bats in Limpopo province, South Africa. Matlo bat lyssavirus (MBLV) was identified in two Miniopterus natalensis (Natal long-fingered) bats in 2015 and 2016, and Phala bat lyssavirus (PBLV) was identified in a Nycticeinops schlieffeni (Schlieffen's) bat in 2021. The distribution of both of these bat species is largely confined to parts of Africa, with limited reports from the Arabian Peninsula. MBLV and PBLV were demonstrated to group with the unassigned and phylogroup I lyssaviruses, respectively. MBLV was most closely related to Lyssavirus caucasicus (WCBV), whereas PBLV was most closely related to Lyssavirus formosa (TWBLV-1) and Taiwan bat lyssavirus 2 (TWBLV-2), based on analysis of the N and G genes, the concatenated N + P + M + G + L coding sequence, and the complete genome sequence. Based on our analysis, MBLV and WCBV appeared to constitute a phylogroup separate from Lyssavirus lleida (LLEBV) and Lyssavirus ikoma (IKOV). Analysis of the antigenic sites suggests that PBLV will likely be serologically distinguishable from established lyssaviruses in virus-neutralization tests, whereas MBLV appeared to be antigenically highly similar to WCBV. Taken together, the findings suggested that, while PBLV is likely a new lyssavirus species, MBLV is likely related to WCBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Viljoen
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Jessica Coertse
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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