1
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Garza MC, Kang SG, Kim C, Monleón E, van der Merwe J, Kramer DA, Fahlman R, Sim VL, Aiken J, McKenzie D, Cortez LM, Wille H. In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence towards Fibronectin's Protective Effects against Prion Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17525. [PMID: 38139358 PMCID: PMC10743696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinctive signature of the prion diseases is the accumulation of the pathogenic isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, in the central nervous system of prion-affected humans and animals. PrPSc is also found in peripheral tissues, raising concerns about the potential transmission of pathogenic prions through human food supplies and posing a significant risk to public health. Although muscle tissues are considered to contain levels of low prion infectivity, it has been shown that myotubes in culture efficiently propagate PrPSc. Given the high consumption of muscle tissue, it is important to understand what factors could influence the establishment of a prion infection in muscle tissue. Here we used in vitro myotube cultures, differentiated from the C2C12 myoblast cell line (dC2C12), to identify factors affecting prion replication. A range of experimental conditions revealed that PrPSc is tightly associated with proteins found in the systemic extracellular matrix, mostly fibronectin (FN). The interaction of PrPSc with FN decreased prion infectivity, as determined by standard scrapie cell assay. Interestingly, the prion-resistant reserve cells in dC2C12 cultures displayed a FN-rich extracellular matrix while the prion-susceptible myotubes expressed FN at a low level. In agreement with the in vitro results, immunohistopathological analyses of tissues from sheep infected with natural scrapie demonstrated a prion susceptibility phenotype linked to an extracellular matrix with undetectable levels of FN. Conversely, PrPSc deposits were not observed in tissues expressing FN. These data indicate that extracellular FN may act as a natural barrier against prion replication and that the extracellular matrix composition may be a crucial feature determining prion tropism in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Garza
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humana, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jacques van der Merwe
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - David A. Kramer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Leonardo M. Cortez
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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2
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Ness A, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Sheep scrapie and deer rabies in England prior to 1800. Prion 2023; 17:7-15. [PMID: 36654484 PMCID: PMC9858414 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2023.2166749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteenth-century England witnessed the emergence of two neurological diseases in animals. Scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats that appears in classical and atypical forms. Reports of classical scrapie in continental Europe with described symptoms date back to 1750 in what is now western Poland. However, two major outbreaks of scrapie appeared in England prior to the 1800s. References to a sheep disease with a resemblance to scrapie first appear in Southwestern England between 1693 and 1722 and in the East Midlands between 1693 and 1706. Concurrent with the descriptions of scrapie in sheep was a neurological disease of deer first appearing in the East of England. Two 18th-century writers remarked on the symptomatic similarities between the sheep and deer neurological diseases. Multiple outbreaks of the unknown deer disease existing as early as 1772 are examined and are identified as rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ness
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Debbie McKenzie Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Kang SG, Kim C, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Innate Immune Status of Glia Modulates Prion Propagation in Early Stage of Infection. Cells 2023; 12:1878. [PMID: 37508542 PMCID: PMC10378504 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and various mammals. The prominent neuropathological change in prion-affected brains is neuroinflammation, histopathologically characterized by reactive gliosis surrounding prion deposition. The cause and effect of these cellular responses are still unclear. Here we investigate the impact of innate immune responses on prion replication using in vitro cell culture models. Hamster-adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy prions, hyper (HY) and drowsy (DY) strains, were assayed for accumulation of pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) in primary glial cultures derived from 8-day-old hamster pups. The kinetics of PrPSc accumulation largely depended on prion strain and brain regions from where glial cells originated. Glial cells derived from the cerebellum were susceptible to HY, but resistant to DY strain as determined by western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and animal bioassay. Glial cells from the cerebral cortex were, however, refractory to both strains. PrPSc accumulation was affected by innate immune modulators. Priming glial cells with lipopolysaccharide decreased prion replication, whereas pre-treatment with dexamethasone, inhibiting innate immunity, increased susceptibility to DY infection. Our results suggest that neuroinflammation resulting from prion infection is a response to resolve and/or prevent prion propagation in the brain. It implies a therapeutic potential of innate immune modulation in the early stages of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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4
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Ness A, Jacob A, Saboraki K, Otero A, Gushue D, Martinez Moreno D, de Peña M, Tang X, Aiken J, Lingle S, McKenzie D. Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer. Prion 2022; 16:40-57. [PMID: 35634740 PMCID: PMC9154781 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ness
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aradhana Jacob
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelsey Saboraki
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alicia Otero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de ZaragozaCentro de Encefalopatías y , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Danielle Gushue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Martinez Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie de Peña
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xinli Tang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Lingle
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Wanagat J, Herbst A, Hoang A, Kim C, Aiken J, McKenzie D, Goldwater D. Metformin Preserves Mitochondrial Integrity at Old Age in Male Rats. Innov Aging 2021. [PMCID: PMC8681352 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab046.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is being deployed in clinical trials to ameliorate aging in older humans who do not have diabetes. In C. elegans, metformin treatment at old ages exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction, led to respiratory failure, and shortened lifespan. Metformin is a commonly used, well-tolerated treatment for diabetes in older adults. Mitochondrial effects of metformin treatment in aged mammals has not been sufficiently investigated. We hypothesized that metformin treatment would not be toxic to older mammals. To define a therapeutic dose in aged hybrid rats, we evaluated two doses of metformin (0.1%, 0.75% of the diet) at 30-months of age. Body mass decreased at the 0.75% dose. Neither dose affected mortality between 30- and 34-months of age. We assessed mitochondrial quality, quantity, and function in aged rats treated with metformin at the 0.75% dose by measuring mitochondrial DNA copy number, deletion mutation frequency, and respirometry in skeletal muscle and heart. In skeletal muscle, we observed no effect of metformin on quadriceps mass, mtDNA copy number or deletion frequency. In the heart, metformin treated rats had higher mtDNA copy number, lower cardiac mass and no effect on deletion frequency. Metformin treatment resulted in lower mitochondrial complex I activity in both heart and quadriceps. Metformin did not compromise mitochondrial integrity, was well tolerated, and may have cardiac benefits to rats at old ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen Herbst
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Chiye Kim
- University of Alberta, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Debbie McKenzie
- University of Alberta, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Otero A, Velásquez CD, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover. Vet Res 2021; 52:115. [PMID: 34488900 PMCID: PMC8420063 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) during the last six decades has resulted in cervid populations of North America where CWD has become enzootic. This insidious disease has also been reported in wild and captive cervids from other continents, threatening ecosystems, livestock and public health. These CWD "hot zones" are particularly complex given the interplay between cervid PRNP genetics, the infection biology, the strain diversity of infectious prions and the long-term environmental persistence of infectivity, which hinder eradication efforts. Here, we review different aspects of CWD including transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, epidemiology and assessment of interspecies infection. Further understanding of these aspects could help identify "control points" that could help reduce exposure for humans and livestock and decrease CWD spread between cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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7
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Otero A, Duque Velásquez C, Aiken J, McKenzie D. White-tailed deer S96 prion protein does not support stable in vitro propagation of most common CWD strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11193. [PMID: 34045540 PMCID: PMC8160261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PrPC variation at residue 96 (G/S) plays an important role in the epidemiology of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in exposed white-tailed deer populations. In vivo studies have demonstrated the protective effect of serine at codon 96, which hinders the propagation of common CWD strains when expressed in homozygosis and increases the survival period of S96/wt heterozygous deer after challenge with CWD. Previous in vitro studies of the transmission barrier suggested that following a single amplification step, wt and S96 PrPC were equally susceptible to misfolding when seeded with various CWD prions. When we performed serial prion amplification in vitro using S96-PrPC, we observed a reduction in the efficiency of propagation with the Wisc-1 or CWD2 strains, suggesting these strains cannot stably template their conformations on this PrPC once the primary sequence has changed after the first round of replication. Our data shows the S96-PrPC polymorphism is detrimental to prion conversion of some CWD strains. These data suggests that deer homozygous for S96-PrPC may not sustain prion transmission as compared to a deer expressing G96-PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Wanagat J, Herbst A, Prior S, Aiken J, McKenzie D, Liu N, Chen X, Allison D. Muscle Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number, Deletion Mutation Frequency, and Physical Performance in Older Adults. Innov Aging 2020. [PMCID: PMC7741476 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity and quality influence hallmarks of aging – mitochondrial dysfunction and genomic instability. The interactions between mtDNA quantity and quality and physical performance have not been extensively examined in humans. The aim of this study was to test the interactions between skeletal muscle mtDNA copy number, mtDNA deletion mutation frequency, and physical performance measures in older adults. Total DNA was isolated from muscle biopsies and used for quantitation of mtDNA copy number and mutation frequency by digital PCR. The biopsies were obtained from a cross-sectional cohort of 53 adults aged 50 to 86 years. Before the biopsy, physical performance measures were collected. MtDNA deletions increased exponentially with advancing age. On average, mtDNA deletion frequency increased 18-fold between 50 and 80, with a trend toward lower deletion frequency in females. MtDNA deletion frequency predicted declines in VO2 max, where 4.7% of the variation in VO2 max was explained by mtDNA deletion frequency. MtDNA copy number was negatively correlated with age and mtDNA deletion frequency, but positively correlated with lean mass. There was a trend to lower mtDNA deletion frequency in females, consistent with increased longevity in females. Larger studies may better delineate sex effects. These data are consistent with a role for mitochondrial function and genome integrity in the maintenance of physical performance with age. Analyses of mtDNA quality and quantity in longitudinal studies could extend our understanding of the importance of mitochondria in human aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen Herbst
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven Prior
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Judd Aiken
- University of Alberta-Edmonton, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Nianjun Liu
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - David Allison
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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9
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Minikel EV, Zhao HT, Le J, O'Moore J, Pitstick R, Graffam S, Carlson GA, Kavanaugh MP, Kriz J, Kim JB, Ma J, Wille H, Aiken J, McKenzie D, Doh-Ura K, Beck M, O'Keefe R, Stathopoulos J, Caron T, Schreiber SL, Carroll JB, Kordasiewicz HB, Cabin DE, Vallabh SM. Prion protein lowering is a disease-modifying therapy across prion disease stages, strains and endpoints. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10615-10631. [PMID: 32776089 PMCID: PMC7641729 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowering of prion protein (PrP) expression in the brain is a genetically validated therapeutic hypothesis in prion disease. We recently showed that antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated PrP suppression extends survival and delays disease onset in intracerebrally prion-infected mice in both prophylactic and delayed dosing paradigms. Here, we examine the efficacy of this therapeutic approach across diverse paradigms, varying the dose and dosing regimen, prion strain, treatment timepoint, and examining symptomatic, survival, and biomarker readouts. We recapitulate our previous findings with additional PrP-targeting ASOs, and demonstrate therapeutic benefit against four additional prion strains. We demonstrate that <25% PrP suppression is sufficient to extend survival and delay symptoms in a prophylactic paradigm. Rise in both neuroinflammation and neuronal injury markers can be reversed by a single dose of PrP-lowering ASO administered after the detection of pathological change. Chronic ASO-mediated suppression of PrP beginning at any time up to early signs of neuropathology confers benefit similar to constitutive heterozygous PrP knockout. Remarkably, even after emergence of frank symptoms including weight loss, a single treatment prolongs survival by months in a subset of animals. These results support ASO-mediated PrP lowering, and PrP-lowering therapeutics in general, as a promising path forward against prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hien T Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jason Le
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jill O'Moore
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | - Rose Pitstick
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jasna Kriz
- Cervo Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Holger Wille
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
| | | | - Katsumi Doh-Ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matthew Beck
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rhonda O'Keefe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Tyler Caron
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sonia M Vallabh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Duque Velásquez C, Kim C, Haldiman T, Kim C, Herbst A, Aiken J, Safar JG, McKenzie D. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains evolve via adaptive diversification of conformers in hosts expressing prion protein polymorphisms. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4985-5001. [PMID: 32111742 PMCID: PMC7152757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is caused by an unknown spectrum of prions and has become enzootic in populations of cervid species that express cellular prion protein (PrPC) molecules varying in amino acid composition. These PrPC polymorphisms can affect prion transmission, disease progression, neuropathology, and emergence of new prion strains, but the mechanistic steps in prion evolution are not understood. Here, using conformation-dependent immunoassay, conformation stability assay, and protein-misfolding cyclic amplification, we monitored the conformational and phenotypic characteristics of CWD prions passaged through deer and transgenic mice expressing different cervid PrPC polymorphisms. We observed that transmission through hosts with distinct PrPC sequences diversifies the PrPCWD conformations and causes a shift toward oligomers with defined structural organization, replication rate, and host range. When passaged in host environments that restrict prion replication, distinct co-existing PrPCWD conformers underwent competitive selection, stabilizing a new prion strain. Nonadaptive conformers exhibited unstable replication and accumulated only to low levels. These results suggest a continuously evolving diversity of CWD conformers and imply a critical interplay between CWD prion plasticity and PrPC polymorphisms during prion strain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Chae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Tracy Haldiman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Chiye Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Allen Herbst
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
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11
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Otero A, Duque Velásquez C, Johnson C, Herbst A, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Prion protein polymorphisms associated with reduced CWD susceptibility limit peripheral PrP CWD deposition in orally infected white-tailed deer. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:50. [PMID: 30717795 PMCID: PMC6360794 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting members of the Cervidae family. PrPC primary structures play a key role in CWD susceptibility resulting in extended incubation periods and regulating the propagation of CWD strains. We analyzed the distribution of abnormal prion protein (PrPCWD) aggregates in brain and peripheral organs from orally inoculated white-tailed deer expressing four different PRNP genotypes: Q95G96/Q95G96 (wt/wt), S96/wt, H95/wt and H95/S96 to determine if there are substantial differences in the deposition pattern of PrPCWD between different PRNP genotypes. Results Although we detected differences in certain brain areas, globally, the different genotypes showed similar PrPCWD deposition patterns in the brain. However, we found that clinically affected deer expressing H95 PrPC, despite having the longest survival periods, presented less PrPCWD immunoreactivity in particular peripheral organs. In addition, no PrPCWD was detected in skeletal muscle of any of the deer. Conclusions Our data suggest that expression of H95-PrPC limits peripheral accumulation of PrPCWD as detected by immunohistochemistry. Conversely, infected S96/wt and wt/wt deer presented with similar PrPCWD peripheral distribution at terminal stage of disease, suggesting that the S96-PrPC allele, although delaying CWD progression, does not completely limit the peripheral accumulation of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chad Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Allen Herbst
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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12
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Barton GP, de Lange WJ, Ralphe JC, Aiken J, Diffee G. Linking metabolic and contractile dysfunction in aged cardiac myocytes. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/20/e13485. [PMID: 29084842 PMCID: PMC5661240 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declining cardiac contractile function as well as changes in metabolism and mitochondrial function. The relationship between age‐related changes in cardiac metabolism and declining cardiac contractile function has not been determined. In order to define the role energetics play in changes in contractile function, we measured mitochondrial NADH, [NADH]m, during continuous contractions of isolated left ventricular myocytes from young (Y) and old (O) FBN rats. Second, we explored the role of metabolic disruption with rotenone and increased workload with isoproterenol (ISO) had on age‐related changes in myocytes shortening. Single, intact myocytes were stimulated for 10 min of continuous contraction at either 2 Hz or 4 Hz while being perfused with Ringer's solution. Properties of shortening (peak shortening and rate of shortening) were measured at the onset (T0) and after 10 min (T10) of continuous contraction, and the decline in shortening over time (T10/T0) was determined. Although young and old myocytes had similar contractile function under resting conditions, old myocytes demonstrated decrements in [NADH]m during continuous stimulation, while young myocytes maintained constant [NADH]m over this time. In addition, old myocytes exhibited impaired contractile function to a workload (ISO) and metabolic (rotenone) stress compared to young myocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrated that old myocytes are susceptible to stress‐induced contractile dysfunction which may be related to altered cellular energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Barton
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Willem J de Lange
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John C Ralphe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary Diffee
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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13
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Vale S, Grinter K, Smith J, Aiken J, Voukelatos S, Said M. P53: ADDRESSING FOOD ALLERGY IN FOOD SERVICE: THE NATIONAL ALLERGY STRATEGY FOOD SERVICE PROJECT. Intern Med J 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.53_13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vale
- National Allergy Strategy; Sydney Australia
- Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA), Sydney; Australia
| | | | - J Smith
- Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA), Sydney; Australia
| | - J Aiken
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - S Voukelatos
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - M Said
- National Allergy Strategy; Sydney Australia
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Sydney Australia
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14
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Vale S, Loh R, Smith J, Aiken J, Salter S, Said M. P52: 250 K: A YOUTH ALLERGY AWARENESS PROJECT BY THE NATIONAL ALLERGY STRATEGY. Intern Med J 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.52_13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vale
- National Allergy Strategy; Sydney Australia
- Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA), Sydney; Australia
| | - R Loh
- National Allergy Strategy; Sydney Australia
- Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA), Sydney; Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital; Perth Australia
| | - J Smith
- Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA), Sydney; Australia
| | - J Aiken
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - S Salter
- University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - M Said
- National Allergy Strategy; Sydney Australia
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Sydney Australia
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15
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Kang SG, Kim C, Aiken J, Yoo HS, McKenzie D. Dual MicroRNA to Cellular Prion Protein Inhibits Propagation of Pathogenic Prion Protein in Cultured Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2384-2396. [PMID: 28357807 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and various mammals. In spite of intensive efforts, there is no effective cure or treatment for prion diseases. Cellular forms of prion protein (PrPC) is essential for propagation of abnormal isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) and pathogenesis. The effect of an artificial dual microRNA (DmiR) on PrPC suppression and resultant inhibition of prion replication was determined using prion-infectible cell cultures: differentiated C2C12 culture and primary mixed neuronal and glial cells culture (MNGC). Processing of DmiR by prion-susceptible myotubes, but not by reserve cells, in differentiated C2C12 culture slowed prion replication, implying an importance of cell type-specific PrPC targeting. In MNGC, reduction of PrPC with DmiR was effective for suppressing prion replication. MNGC lentivirally transduced with non-targeting control miRNAs (scrambled) reduced prion replication at a level similar to that with a synthetic analogue of viral RNA, poly I:C. The results suggest that a synergistic combination of the immunostimulatory RNA duplexes (miRNA) and PrPC silencing with DmiR might augment a therapeutic potential of RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 PLUS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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16
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Kang SG, Kim C, Cortez LM, Carmen Garza M, Yang J, Wille H, Sim VL, Westaway D, McKenzie D, Aiken J. Toll-like receptor-mediated immune response inhibits prion propagation. Glia 2016; 64:937-51. [PMID: 26880394 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and various mammals. The prominent neuropathological change in prion diseases is neuroinflammation characterized by activation of neuroglia surrounding prion deposition. The cause and effect of this cellular response, however, is unclear. We investigated innate immune defenses against prion infection using primary mixed neuronal and glial cultures. Conditional prion propagation occurred in glial cultures depending on their immune status. Preconditioning of the cells with the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, lipopolysaccharide, resulted in a reduction in prion propagation, whereas suppression of the immune responses with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, increased prion propagation. In response to recombinant prion fibrils, glial cells up-regulated TLRs (TLR1 and TLR2) expression and secreted cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-β). Preconditioning of neuronal and glial cultures with recombinant prion fibrils inhibited prion replication and altered microglial and astrocytic populations. Our results provide evidence that, in early stages of prion infection, glial cells respond to prion infection through TLR-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leonardo M Cortez
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - María Carmen Garza
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie L Sim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Sepe J, Barton G, Akins T, McKiernan S, Aiken J, Diffee G. Effects of Age and Exercise Training on the Expression of Mitochondrial Genes in Skeletal Muscle. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.815.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sepe
- PhysiologyGraduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
| | - Gregory Barton
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
| | - Tiffany Akins
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
| | - Susan McKiernan
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
| | - Judd Aiken
- Departments of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Gary Diffee
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
- PhysiologyGraduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUnited States
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18
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Barton G, Aiken J, Diffee G. Substrate Utilization Effects on Shortening Properties in Aging Cardiac Myocytes. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1049.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Barton
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonUnited States
| | - Judd Aiken
- Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonUnited States
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonUnited States
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19
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Barton G, McKiernan S, Aiken J, Diffee G. Metabolic and Mitochondrial Gene Expression Changes in the Aging Heart. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1047.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Barton
- KinesiologyUniverisity of Wisconsin‐MadisonUnited States
| | | | - Judd Aiken
- Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonUnited States
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniverisity of Wisconsin‐MadisonUnited States
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20
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Barton G, Diffee G, Aiken J. Contractile function in myocytes from aged hearts is altered with glucose compared to fat as the substrate (1154.7). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1154.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Diffee
- Kinesiology UW‐MadisonMadisonWIUnited States
| | - Judd Aiken
- Agriculture, Foodand Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
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21
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LaCroix AS, Duenwald-Kuehl SE, Brickson S, Akins TL, Diffee G, Aiken J, Vanderby R, Lakes RS. Effect of age and exercise on the viscoelastic properties of rat tail tendon. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1120-8. [PMID: 23549897 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tendon mechanical properties are thought to degrade during aging but improve with exercise. A remaining question is whether exercise in aged animals provides sufficient regenerative, systemic stimulus to restore younger mechanical behaviors. Herein we address that question with tail tendons from aged and exercised rats, which would be subject to systemic effects but not direct loading from the exercise regimen. Twenty-four month old rats underwent one of three treadmill exercise training protocols for 12 months: sedentary (walking at 0° incline for 5 min/day), moderate (running at 0° incline for 30 min/day), or high (running at 4° incline for 30 min/day). A group of 9 month old rats were used to provide an adult control, while a group of 3 month old rats provided a young control. Tendons were harvested at sacrifice and mechanically tested. Results show significant age-dependent differences in modulus, ultimate stress, relaxation rate, and percent relaxation. Relaxation rate was strain-dependent, consistent with nonlinear superposition or Schapery models but not with quasilinear viscoelasticity (QLV). Trends in exercise data suggest that with exercise, tendons assume the elastic character of younger rats (lower elastic modulus and ultimate stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S LaCroix
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Akins T, Barton G, Hoffman M, Aiken J, Diffee G. Effects of Long Term Exercise on Age‐related changes in Cardiac Fibrosis and Cell Death Profiles. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.711.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg Barton
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
| | | | - Judd Aiken
- University of Alberta‐EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
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23
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Hoffman M, Akins T, Barton G, McKiernan S, Aiken J, Diffee G. Effects of Age and Exercise on Fiber Type and Total Fiber Number in Skeletal Muscle. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.940.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hoffman
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Tiffany Akins
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Gregory Barton
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Susan McKiernan
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Ariculture, Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
| | - Gary Diffee
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
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24
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Barton GP, McKiernan SH, Akins T, Hoffman M, Aiken E, Martin-Koob J, Aiken J, Diffee G. Prolonged endurance exercise decreases fiber loss and fiber atrophy in aged male rats. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1143.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Judd Aiken
- Agricultrure, Food, and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta-EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
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25
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Hoffman M, Akins T, Barton G, McKiernan S, Aiken J, Diffee G. Monitoring exercise intensity during long‐term endurance exercise training in aging rats. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1142.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hoffman
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Tiffany Akins
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonMadisonWI
| | | | | | - Judd Aiken
- Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta-EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonMadisonWI
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26
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Akins TL, Bates M, McKiernan S, Aiken J, Diffee G. Effects of Long Term Exercise on Cardiac Hemodynamic and Contractility Measures in Aging Rats. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1054.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judd Aiken
- Agric, Food & Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI
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27
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Wei X, Herbst A, Ma D, Aiken J, Li L. A quantitative proteomic approach to prion disease biomarker research: delving into the glycoproteome. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2687-702. [PMID: 21469646 DOI: 10.1021/pr2000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) -- based proteomic approaches have evolved as powerful tools for the discovery of biomarkers. However, the identification of potential protein biomarkers from biofluid samples is challenging because of the limited dynamic range of detection. Currently there is a lack of sensitive and reliable premortem diagnostic test for prion diseases. Here, we describe the use of a combined MS-based approach for biomarker discovery in prion diseases from mouse plasma samples. To overcome the limited dynamic range of detection and sample complexity of plasma samples, we used lectin affinity chromatography and multidimensional separations to enrich and isolate glycoproteins at low abundance. Relative quantitation of a panel of proteins was obtained by a combination of isotopic labeling and validated by spectral counting. Overall 708 proteins were identified, 53 of which showed more than 2-fold increase in concentration whereas 58 exhibited more than 2-fold decrease. A few of the potential candidate markers were previously associated with prion or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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28
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Kang SG, Roh YM, Lau A, Westaway D, McKenzie D, Aiken J, Kim YS, Yoo HS. Establishment and characterization of Prnp knockdown neuroblastoma cells using dual microRNA-mediated RNA interference. Prion 2011; 5:93-102. [PMID: 21494092 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.2.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders. In the pathogenesis of the disease, the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is required for replication of abnormal prion (PrPSc), which results in accumulation of PrPSc. Although there have been extensive studies using Prnp knockout systems, the normal function of PrPC remains ambiguous. Compared with conventional germline knockout technologies and transient naked siRNA-dependent knockdown systems, newly constructed durable chained-miRNA could provide a cell culture model that is closer to the disease status and easier to achieve with no detrimental sequelae. The selective silencing of a target gene by RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach to investigate the unknown function of genes in vitro and in vivo. To reduce PrPC expression, a novel dual targeting-microRNA (miRdual) was constructed. The miRdual, which targets N- and C- termini of Prnp simultaneously, more effectively suppressed PrPC expression compared with conventional single site targeting. Furthermore, to investigate the cellular change following PrPC depletion, gene expression analysis of PrPC interacting and/or associating genes and several assays including proliferation, viability and apoptosis were performed. The transcripts 670460F02Rik and Plk3, Ppp2r2b and Csnk2a1 increase in abundance and are reported to be involved in cell proliferation and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Dual-targeting RNAi with miRdual against Prnp will be useful for analyzing the physiological function of PrPC in neuronal cell lines and may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for prion diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Akins TL, Diffee G, Aiken J, McKiernan S. Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Blood Lactate Levels as Measures of Exercise Intensity in Aging Rats. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1057.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Diffee
- KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Judd Aiken
- Agric, Food, and Nutrional SciencesUniversity of Alberta‐EdmontonEdmontonABCanada
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Abukhalil IH, Kilby MD, Aiken J, Persad V, Sinclair D, Johanson RB, Redman CWE. Can the frequency of vaginal examinations influence the duration of labour? A prospective randomised study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01443619609028375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Sibley D, Couk J, Aiken J, VanMeter K, Fontenot C, DeBlieux P, Moises J, Agnelly L, Bryant-Penland J, Dunbar L. 353: Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Health Care Delivery in New Orleans. Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.06.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Johnson C, Johnson J, Clayton M, McKenzie D, Aiken J. Prion protein gene heterogeneity in free-ranging white-tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of Wisconsin. J Wildl Dis 2004; 39:576-81. [PMID: 14567218 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was first identified in Wisconsin (USA) in whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in February 2002. To determine if prion protein gene (Prnp) allelic variability was associated with CWD in white-tailed deer from Wisconsin, we sequenced Prnp from 26 CWD-positive and 100 CWD-negative deer. Sequence analysis of Prnp suggests that at least 86-96% of the white-tailed deer in this region have Prnp allelic combinations that will support CWD infection. Four Prnp alleles were identified in the deer population, one of which, resulting in a glutamine to histidine change at codon 95, has not been previously reported. The predominant allele in the population encodes for glutamine at codon 95, glycine at codon 96, and serine at codon 138 (QGS). Less abundant alleles encoded QSS, QGN, and HGS at the three variable positions. Comparison of CWD-positive with CWD-negative deer suggested a trend towards an over-representation of the QGS allele and an under-representation of the QSS allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Johnson
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of early-onset calorie restriction on sarcopenia in the aging rat. Ad libitum (AL) fed animals were examined at 5, 18, 21, and 36 months of age. Calorie-restricted (CR) rats, 40% restricted since 4 months of age, were examined at 21 and 36 months of age. By 36 months, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and soleus muscles, from AL-fed rats, had significant muscle mass and fiber loss, and reduced muscle cross-sectional area. Mean fiber diameter decreased with age in the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris but not the soleus of AL-fed rats. The number of Type I fibers significantly increased in the vastus lateralis with age. Calorie restriction did not prevent muscle mass loss with age; however, it significantly reduced muscle mass loss between 21 and 36 months of age compared with age-matched AL cohorts. Calorie restriction prevented fiber loss with age, and this conservation of fiber number reduced muscle mass loss with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H McKiernan
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Abstract
This manuscript summarizes our studies on mitochondrial DNA and enzymatic abnormalities that accumulate, with age, in skeletal muscle. Specific quadricep muscles, rectus femoris in the rat and vastus lateralis in the rhesus monkey, were used in these studies. These muscles exhibit considerable sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass with age. The focal accumulation of mtDNA deletion mutations and enzymatic abnormalities in aged skeletal muscle necessitates a histologic approach in which every muscle fiber is examined for electron transport system (ETS) enzyme activity along its length. These studies demonstrate that ETS abnormalities accumulate to high levels within small regions of aged muscle fibers. Concomitant with the ETS abnormalities, we observe intrafiber atrophy and, in many cases, fiber breakage. Laser capture microdissection facilitates analysis of individual fibers from histologic sections and demonstrates a tight association between mtDNA deletion mutations and the ETS abnormalities. On the basis of these results, we propose a molecular basis for skeletal muscle fiber loss with age, a process beginning with the mtDNA deletion event and culminating with muscle fiber breakage and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd Aiken
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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37
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Kettle AJ, Rhee TS, von Hobe M, Poulton A, Aiken J, Andreae MO. Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The conversion of the cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrP(C)) to the abnormal disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)) has been simulated in cell-free conversion reactions in which PrP(Sc)-enriched preparations induce the conformational transition of PrP(C) into protease-resistant PrP (PrP-res). We explored the utility of recombinant hamster (Ha)PrP(C) purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells (bacHaPrP(C)) as a replacement for mammalian-derived HaPrP(C) in the conversion reactions. Protease-resistant recombinant HaPrP was generated after incubation of (35)S-bacHaPrP(C) with PrP(Sc)-enriched preparations. Moreover strain-specific PrP-res was also reproduced using insect-cell derived HaPrP(C) and PrP(Sc) from two different strains of hamster-adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy, designated hyper (HY) and drowsy (DY). Two strain-mediated properties were tested: (i) molecular mass of the protease-digested products and (ii) relative resistance to proteinase K (PK) digestion. Similar to in vivo generation of PrP(HY) and PrP(DY), the converted products selectively reproduced both characteristics, with the DY conversion product being smaller in size and less resistant to PK digestion than the HY product. These data demonstrate that non-mammalian sources of recombinant HaPrP can be converted into PK-resistant form and that strain-mediated properties can be transmitted into the newly formed PrP-res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volga Iniguez
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
| | - Jean Mirwald
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
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Aiken J, Bates B. Programmable color liquid-crystal television spatial light modulator: transmittance properties and application to speckle-correlation displacement measurement. Appl Opt 2000; 39:337-344. [PMID: 18337902 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drive electronics developed for a color liquid-crystal television (LCTV) display enable data to be written onto individual pixels. Display transmittance characteristics obtained with the new and the original TV drive electronics are compared. The enhanced performance obtained through this development has some potential for spatial light modulator applications in color, optical information processing based on the low-cost LCTV. As an example, we describe a novel, to our knowledge, speckle metrology technique used to display fringes and to output correlation peaks resulting from in-plane object displacement. This requires only a single LC display to encode, simultaneously in three pixel colors, speckle and fringe patterns for real-time measurements. Relative merits of this technique, including displacement range and temporal resolution, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aiken
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
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Aiken J, McArley D. Diabetes complication screening. N Z Med J 1999; 112:435. [PMID: 10678234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Abstract
The only known difference between the cellular (PrPC) and scrapie-specific (PrPSc) isoforms of the prion protein is conformational. Because disruption of PrPSc structure decreases scrapie infectivity, restoration of the disease-specific conformation should restore infectivity. In this study, disruption of PrPSc (as monitored by the loss of proteinase K resistance) by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) resulted in decreased infectivity. Upon dilution of the GdnHCl, protease resistance of PrP was restored and infectivity was regained. The addition of copper facilitated restoration of both infectivity and protease resistance of PrP in a subset of samples that did not renature by the simple dilution of the GdnHCl. These data demonstrate that loss of scrapie infectivity can be a reversible process and that copper can enhance this restoration of proteinase K resistance and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McKenzie
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Lazarus R, Wilson A, Gliksman M, Aiken J. Repeatability of nutrient intakes estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in elderly subjects. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5:65-8. [PMID: 7728287 DOI: 10.1016/1047-2797(94)00042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the repeatability of nutrient values estimated from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire being used in a longitudinal study of the relationships between diet, hemostatic factors, and stroke risk in the elderly in Western Sydney, a subsample of 62 participants (24 men, 38 women) completed a repeat questionnaire approximately 1 month after baseline data were collected. The mean age was 78 years (range, 65 to 88; median, 78). Nutrient values calculated from the repeat questionnaire were not significantly different from the baseline results by paired t test. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 for beta carotene to 0.82 for saturated fat. Quadratic weighted kappa values were calculated for quintile categories and these ranged from 0.50 for fiber to 0.86 for ethanol. These values are comparable to previously published results in elderly subjects and confirm that repeatability of nutrient intakes estimated using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires is very high in the elderly. Older subjects may be more established in their dietary habits than younger subjects, so any tendency for repeatability to decrease due to impaired memory associated with advanced age is offset by a lower intraindividual variability in dietary habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lazarus
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Amphotericin B delays the onset of clinical symptoms in hamsters infected with scrapie agent strain 263K. Here we show that accumulation of a scrapie-specific isoform of the prion protein (PrP-res) and agent replication were delayed early in amphotericin B-treated animals. By 8 weeks postinfection, only untreated animals exhibited clinical symptoms of scrapie infection whereas PrP-res levels and titers were similar in treated and untreated animals. This suggests that although PrP-res accumulation and agent replication are linked, they are not the sole factors required for the onset of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McKenzie
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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Aiken J, Buckingham D, Harkiss D. Analysis of the extent to which sperm movement can predict the results of ionophore-enhanced functional assays of the acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. Hum Reprod 1994; 9:1867-74. [PMID: 7844218 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study has examined the extent to which the information generated by ionophore-enhanced bioassays of the acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion might be predicted from the computer-aided analysis of sperm motility. Strong correlations (r approximately 0.7) were observed between specific components of sperm movement in semen and the potential for A23187-induced sperm-oocyte fusion, generating a stepwise regression coefficient of R = 0.663 on the bais of two criteria, percentage progressive motility and amplitude of sperm lateral head displacement (ALH). The movement characteristics of the spermatozoa recovered from the Percoll gradients gave an even higher R value of 0.838 on the basis of four variables (percentage rapid, average path velocity, straightness and ALH). In contrast, the ability of human spermatozoa to undergo acrosome reaction in response to A23187 exhibited a limited correlation with sperm movement, whether these measurements were made in the original semen sample or following Percoll purification (R approximately 0.4). These results have diagnostic implications, since sperm-oocyte fusion and the acrosome reaction clearly differ in their relative dependence on sperm motility. In practical terms, it should be noted that the computer-aided analysis of sperm movement was shown to provide up to 70% of the information generated by the more laboured assessment of sperm-oocyte fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aiken
- MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, Edinburgh, UK
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45
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Bale AJ, Tocher MD, Weaver R, Hudson SJ, Aiken J. Laboratory measurements of the spectral properties of estuarine suspended particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02334190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Johnson LB, Aiken J, Mooney D, Schloo BL, Griffith-Cima L, Langer R, Vacanti JP. The mesentery as a laminated vascular bed for hepatocyte transplantation. Cell Transplant 1994; 3:273-81. [PMID: 7921632 DOI: 10.1177/096368979400300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The small bowel mesentery provides a unique structure of a large vascularized surface area to support hepatocyte transplantation. Cell-seeded polymeric matrices can be juxtaposed in a relatively atraumatic manner between leaves of mesentery such that adequate exchange of nutrients and diffusion of gases can proceed in the interim while neovascularization occurs. Hepatocytes obtained from (RHA) Wistar rats by collagenase perfusion were seeded onto non-woven filamentous sheets of polyglycolic acid 1 x 3 cm in size and 2 mm thickness to a density of 500,000 cells/cm2. Twenty-six recipient Gunn rats (UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficient) underwent laparotomy. Hepatocyte-ladened polymer sheets were placed between leaves of mesentery. Eight sheets were placed per animal and the leaves were approximated, creating a functional implant 1 x 3 x 2 cm. Biopsies between 5-99 days after implantation revealed neovascularization, moderate inflammatory reaction and the presence of viable hepatocytes in 96% (25/26). Immunoperoxidase studies using anti-albumin antibody substantiated hepatocyte specific function in implants. HPLC profiles of bile from Gunn rats transplanted with hepatocytes from congeneic (RHA) rats demonstrated the presence of bilirubin conjugates. There were no conjugation fractions seen in control gunn rats without hepatocyte transplantation. Although total serum bilirubin did not significantly decrease, conjugated bilirubin was identified in 46% (12/26) animals after transplantation with congeneic hepatocytes. We conclude that the mesentery of the small bowel provides a large vascularized surface for cell transplantation. Large numbers of metabolically active hepatocytes can engraft, vascularize, and show function. The mesentery may be a potential bed for clinical hepatocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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47
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Abstract
Genitourinary anomalies in patients with imperforate anus are a frequent source of significant morbidity. We report a retrospective study of 64 genitourinary procedures performed on 23 patients. Renal, collecting system, bladder and perineal anomalies were encountered in 65%, 83%, 87% and 65% of these complex cases, respectively. A total of 70% of the patients required intermittent catheterization due to bladder dysfunction. Surgical alternatives, complications of management and functional outcomes are reviewed in detail. Genitourinary reconstruction is best undertaken as an integral part of imperforate anus reconstruction. Failure to do so results in the loss of surgical alternatives, unnecessary reoperative procedures and compromised outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sheldon
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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Fleming JO, Houtman JJ, Alaca H, Hinze HC, McKenzie D, Aiken J, Bleasdale T, Baker S. Persistence of viral RNA in the central nervous system of mice inoculated with MHV-4. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:327-32. [PMID: 7516107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the role that viral persistence may play in chronic central nervous system (CNS) disease induced by murine coronaviruses, we have used the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study viral RNA in the brains of mice after intracerebral inoculation of JHM virus (JHMV or MHV-4). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that JHMV RNA decreased from approximately 2 ng/ug total brain RNA at day 6 post-inoculation (PI) to 0.1 pg/ug total brain RNA at 360 days PI. Double-stranded viral RNA could be detected up to day 20 PI. By the selective use of upstream or downstream primers during the RT step, it was possible to measure negative sense and positive sense JHMV RNA respectively, and we found that there was a marked rise in the ratio of positive to negative sense JHMV RNA after day 13 PI. Analysis of amplified products by dideoxy DNA sequencing showed that the characteristic mutation of our input virus (at position 3340 of gene 3) is maintained to at least day 42 PI. Taken together, these results favor a model of JHMV persistence in vivo in which viral RNA is present as double stranded forms initially and predominantly as single stranded, positive sense forms at late timepoints. Further analysis of this model in quantitative terms may contribute to our understanding of the biological significance of coronavirus persistence in the CNS.
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Lowans BS, Bates B, Greer RG, Aiken J. Binary phase modulation properties of a programmable liquid-crystal television display. Appl Opt 1992; 31:7393-7395. [PMID: 20802610 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Aiken J, Bates B, Catney MG, Miller PC. Programmable liquid-crystal TV spatial light modulator: modified drive electronics to improve device performance for spatial-light-modulation operation. Appl Opt 1991; 30:4605-4609. [PMID: 20717258 DOI: 10.1364/ao.30.004605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal television (LCTV) continues to play a useful role as a spatial light modulator in the development and evaluation of systems for optical image processing. We outline new addressing electronics developed for a commercially available LCTV that permit writing to individual pixels at an improved display up-date rate and allow the input video signal to cover a much greater transmittance range of the TV display for black and white pixels. We illustrate this by measuring the diffraction efficiency for gratings written onto the display. For vertical gratings written along the display columns the diffraction efficiency is increased significantly, but there is no improvement for horizontal gratings. Some merits of the modified LCTV modulator for optical processing applications are considered briefly.
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