1
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Bown A, Sweed A, Catton M, Nelthorpe-Cowne J, Conti-Frith H, Elderfield R, Terrey J, Abib H, Lui C, Fisher E, Bewley KR, Coombes NS, Robinson D, Agrawal S, Hallis B, Blandford E, Fowler T, Williamson DA, Vipond R. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 by lateral flow devices. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:168-170. [PMID: 38151115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of 12 lateral flow devices by assessing their analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86. Kits from ACON, Orient Gene, Xiamen Biotime, Getein, and SureScreen detected variant BA.2.86 to sufficient sensitivity levels, comparable to those observed with previous Omicron variants. The stocks of lateral flow devices currently held by the UK government do not currently need changing for deployment for this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Bown
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Angela Sweed
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Matthew Catton
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Joshua Nelthorpe-Cowne
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Hermione Conti-Frith
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ruth Elderfield
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Jacob Terrey
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Hamsa Abib
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Caleb Lui
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ella Fisher
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Preparedness Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Preparedness Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | | | - Bassam Hallis
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Preparedness Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Edward Blandford
- Public Health and Clinical Oversight, Clinical and Public Health Division, UK Health Security Agency, UK
| | - Tom Fowler
- Public Health and Clinical Oversight, Clinical and Public Health Division, UK Health Security Agency, UK
| | | | - Richard Vipond
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Innovation Group, Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation Division, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
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2
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Davies ER, Ryan KA, Bewley KR, Coombes NS, Salguero FJ, Carnell OT, Biddlecombe S, Charlton M, Challis A, Cross ES, Handley A, Ngabo D, Weldon TM, Hall Y, Funnell SGP. The Omicron Sub-Variant BA.4 Displays a Remarkable Lack of Clinical Signs in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1133. [PMID: 37243219 PMCID: PMC10224153 DOI: 10.3390/v15051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants remains a source of concern because it is accompanied by the potential for increased virulence as well as evasion of immunity. Here we show that, although having an almost identical spike gene sequence as another Omicron variant (BA.5.2.1), a BA.4 isolate lacked all the typical disease characteristics of other isolates seen in the Golden Syrian hamster model despite replicating almost as effectively. Animals infected with BA.4 had similar viral shedding profiles to those seen with BA.5.2.1 (up to day 6 post-infection), but they all failed to lose weight or present with any other significant clinical signs. We hypothesize that this lack of detectable signs of disease during infection with BA.4 was due to a small (nine nucleotide) deletion (∆686-694) in the viral genome (ORF1ab) responsible for the production of non-structural protein 1, which resulted in the loss of three amino acids (aa 141-143).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Davies
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin R. Bewley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Naomi S. Coombes
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Oliver T. Carnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Biddlecombe
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Michael Charlton
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Amy Challis
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Eleanor S. Cross
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Alastair Handley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Thomas M. Weldon
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- World Health Organization, Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Ryan KA, Bewley KR, Watson RJ, Burton C, Carnell O, Cavell BE, Challis A, Coombes NS, Davies ER, Edun-Huges J, Emery K, Fell R, Fotheringham SA, Gooch KE, Gowan K, Handley A, Harris DJ, Hesp R, Hunter L, Humphreys R, Johnson R, Kennard C, Knott D, Lister S, Morley D, Ngabo D, Osman KL, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan ST, Richards KS, Summers S, Thomas SR, Weldon T, Wiblin NR, Rayner EL, Vipond RT, Hallis B, Salguero FJ, Funnell SGP, Hall Y. Syrian hamster convalescence from prototype SARS-CoV-2 confers measurable protection against the attenuated disease caused by the Omicron variant. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011293. [PMID: 37014911 PMCID: PMC10104347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutation profile of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (lineage BA.1) variant posed a concern for naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated the ability of prior infection with an early SARS-CoV-2 ancestral isolate (Australia/VIC01/2020, VIC01) to protect against disease caused by BA.1. We established that BA.1 infection in naïve Syrian hamsters resulted in a less severe disease than a comparable dose of the ancestral virus, with fewer clinical signs including less weight loss. We present data to show that these clinical observations were almost absent in convalescent hamsters challenged with the same dose of BA.1 50 days after an initial infection with ancestral virus. These data provide evidence that convalescent immunity against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is protective against BA.1 in the Syrian hamster model of infection. Comparison with published pre-clinical and clinical data supports consistency of the model and its predictive value for the outcome in humans. Further, the ability to detect protection against the less severe disease caused by BA.1 demonstrates continued value of the Syrian hamster model for evaluation of BA.1-specific countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Challis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kirsty Emery
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fell
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen E Gooch
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gowan
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard Hesp
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Knott
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Lister
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Osman
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Sian Summers
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Weldon
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma L Rayner
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bassam Hallis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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4
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Handley A, Ryan KA, Davies ER, Bewley KR, Carnell OT, Challis A, Coombes NS, Fotheringham SA, Gooch KE, Charlton M, Harris DJ, Kennard C, Ngabo D, Weldon TM, Salguero FJ, Funnell SGP, Hall Y. SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity in the Golden Syrian Hamster Model of Infection Is Related to the Volume of Intranasal Inoculum. Viruses 2023; 15:748. [PMID: 36992457 PMCID: PMC10051760 DOI: 10.3390/v15030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is now commonly used in preclinical research for the study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the assessment of vaccines, drugs and therapeutics. Here, we show that hamsters inoculated via the intranasal route with the same infectious virus dose of prototypical SARS-CoV-2 administered in a different volume present with different clinical signs, weight loss and viral shedding, with a reduced volume resulting in reduced severity of disease similar to that obtained by a 500-fold reduction in the challenge dose. The tissue burden of the virus and the severity of pulmonary pathology were also significantly affected by different challenge inoculum volumes. These findings suggest that a direct comparison between the severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants or studies assessing the efficacy of treatments determined by hamster studies cannot be made unless both the challenge dose and inoculation volume are matched when using the intranasal route. Additionally, analysis of sub-genomic and total genomic RNA PCR data demonstrated no link between sub-genomic and live viral titres and that sub-genomic analyses do not provide any information beyond that provided by more sensitive total genomic PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Handley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Davies
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin R. Bewley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Oliver T. Carnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Amy Challis
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Naomi S. Coombes
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Susan A. Fotheringham
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Michael Charlton
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Debbie J. Harris
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Chelsea Kennard
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Thomas M. Weldon
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- World Health Organization, Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yper Hall
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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5
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Hartley MG, Norville IH, Richards MI, Barnes KB, Bewley KR, Vipond J, Rayner E, Vente A, Armstrong SJ, Harding SV. Finafloxacin, a Novel Fluoroquinolone, Reduces the Clinical Signs of Infection and Pathology in a Mouse Model of Q Fever. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760698. [PMID: 34917048 PMCID: PMC8670379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Finafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone with optimal antibacterial activity in low pH environments, therefore offering a therapeutic advantage over some traditional antibiotics, in treating bacterial infections associated with acidic foci. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a bacterium which resides and replicates in acidic intracellular parasitic vacuoles. The efficacy of finafloxacin was evaluated in vivo using the A/J mouse model of inhalational Q fever and was compared to doxycycline, the standard treatment for this infection and ciprofloxacin, a comparator fluoroquinolone. Finafloxacin reduced the severity of the clinical signs of infection and weight loss associated with Q fever, but did not reduce the level of bacterial colonization in tissues compared to doxycycline or ciprofloxacin. However, histopathological analysis suggested that treatment with finafloxacin reduced tissue damage associated with C. burnetii infection. In addition, we report for the first time, the use of viable counts on axenic media to evaluate antibiotic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gill Hartley
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel H Norville
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I Richards
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kay B Barnes
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Vipond
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart J Armstrong
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V Harding
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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6
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Parry H, Tut G, Bruton R, Faustini S, Stephens C, Saunders P, Bentley C, Hilyard K, Brown K, Amirthalingam G, Charlton S, Leung S, Chiplin E, Coombes NS, Bewley KR, Penn EJ, Rowe C, Otter A, Watts R, D'Arcangelo S, Hallis B, Makin A, Richter A, Zuo J, Moss P. mRNA vaccination in people over 80 years of age induces strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with cross neutralization of P.1 Brazilian variant. eLife 2021; 10:e69375. [PMID: 34586068 PMCID: PMC8500710 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection and older people have received priority consideration for COVID-19 vaccination. However, vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age group and few people over the age of 80 years were included in vaccine registration trials. We determined the serological and cellular response to spike protein in 100 people aged 80-96 years at 2 weeks after the second vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Antibody responses were seen in every donor with high titers in 98%. Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased antibody responses after one vaccine and antibody and cellular responses remained 28-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, after dual vaccination. Post-vaccine sera mediated strong neutralization of live Victoria infection and although neutralization titers were reduced 14-fold against the P.1 variant first discovered in Brazil they remained largely effective. These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine platform delivers strong humoral immunity in people up to 96 years of age and retains broad efficacy against the P.1 variant of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sian Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christine Stephens
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip Saunders
- Clinical Lead, Quinton and Harborne PCN, Ridgacre House SurgeryQuintonUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Katherine Hilyard
- Vaccine Taskforce, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin Brown
- National infection Service, Public Health EnglandLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Sue Charlton
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Leung
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Chiplin
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Penn
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Cathy Rowe
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Ashley Otter
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosie Watts
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Silvia D'Arcangelo
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton DownSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
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7
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Bewley KR, Gooch K, Thomas KM, Longet S, Wiblin N, Hunter L, Chan K, Brown P, Russell RA, Ho C, Slack G, Humphries HE, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Baker N, Brunt E, Cobb R, Fotheringham S, Harris D, Kennard C, Leung S, Ryan K, Tolley H, Wand N, White A, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Pearson G, Rayner E, Xue X, Lambe T, Charlton S, Gilbert S, Sattentau QJ, Gleeson F, Hall Y, Funnell S, Sharpe S, Salguero FJ, Gorringe A, Carroll M. Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg7996. [PMID: 34516768 PMCID: PMC8442907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferrets and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen 7 days after infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed at day 7 but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gooch
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Nathan Wiblin
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kin Chan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catherine Ho
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Gillian Slack
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Leonie Alden
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Debbie Harris
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ryan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Howard Tolley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Geoff Pearson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Oxford Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon Funnell
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Pandemic Preparedness Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
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8
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Lambe T, Spencer AJ, Thomas KM, Gooch KE, Thomas S, White AD, Humphries HE, Wright D, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Watson R, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Bewley KR, Brunt E, Brown P, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Fotheringham SA, Gilbride C, Harris DJ, Ho CMK, Hunter L, Kennard CL, Leung S, Lucas V, Ngabo D, Ryan KA, Sharpe H, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Slack GS, Ulaszewska M, Wand N, Wiblin NR, Gleeson FV, Bailey D, Sharpe S, Charlton S, Salguero FJ, Carroll MW, Gilbert SC. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaque and ferret challenge models. Commun Biol 2021; 4:915. [PMID: 34312487 PMCID: PMC8313674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently required, but early development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 resulted in enhanced disease after vaccination. Careful assessment of this phenomena is warranted for vaccine development against SARS CoV-2. Here we report detailed immune profiling after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) and subsequent high dose challenge in two animal models of SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease. We demonstrate in rhesus macaques the lung pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 mediated pneumonia is reduced by prior vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 which induced neutralising antibody responses after a single intramuscular administration. In a second animal model, ferrets, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduced both virus shedding and lung pathology. Antibody titre were boosted by a second dose. Data from these challenge models on the absence of enhanced disease and the detailed immune profiling, support the continued clinical evaluation of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kelly M Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Robert Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Leonie Alden
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Ciaran Gilbride
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Debbie J Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Nathan R Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Funnell SGP, Afrough B, Baczenas JJ, Berry N, Bewley KR, Bradford R, Florence C, Duff YL, Lewis M, Moriarty RV, Connor SLO, Osman KL, Pullan S, Rashid S, Richards KS, Stemple KJ, Knezevic I. A cautionary perspective regarding the isolation and serial propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:83. [PMID: 34140522 PMCID: PMC8211640 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants have been isolated, propagated and used in in vitro assays, in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials. Observations of working stocks of SARS-CoV-2 suggest that sequential propagation in Vero cells leads to critical changes in the region of the furin cleavage site, which significantly reduce the value of the working stock for critical research studies. Serially propagating SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells leads to rapid increases in genetic variants while propagation in other cell lines (e.g. Vero/hSLAM) appears to mitigate this risk thereby improving the overall genetic stability of working stocks. From these observations, investigators are urged to monitor genetic variants carefully when propagating SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G P Funnell
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK.,World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Babak Afrough
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - John James Baczenas
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neil Berry
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, London, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Bradford
- Biodefense and Emerging Infections Resources, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint Florence
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yann Le Duff
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, London, UK
| | - Mark Lewis
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan V Moriarty
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shelby L O Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karen L Osman
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Steven Pullan
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sujatha Rashid
- Biodefense and Emerging Infections Resources, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin S Richards
- PHE Porton Down, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly J Stemple
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Bewley KR, Coombes NS, Gagnon L, McInroy L, Baker N, Shaik I, St-Jean JR, St-Amant N, Buttigieg KR, Humphries HE, Godwin KJ, Brunt E, Allen L, Leung S, Brown PJ, Penn EJ, Thomas K, Kulnis G, Hallis B, Carroll M, Funnell S, Charlton S. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by wild-type plaque reduction neutralization, microneutralization and pseudotyped virus neutralization assays. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3114-3140. [PMID: 33893470 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization assays measure neutralizing antibodies in serum and plasma, and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is considered the gold standard for measuring levels of these antibodies for many viral diseases. We have developed procedures for the standard PRNT, microneutralization assay (MNA) and pseudotyped virus neutralization assay (PNA) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The MNA offers advantages over the PRNT by reducing assay time, allowing increased throughput and reducing operator workload while remaining dependent upon the use of wild-type virus. This ensures that all severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens are present, but Biosafety Level 3 facilities are required. In addition to the advantages of MNA, PNA can be performed with lower biocontainment (Biosafety Level 2 facilities) and allows for further increases in throughput. For each new vaccine, it is critical to ensure good correlation of the neutralizing activity measured using PNA against the PRNT or MNA. These assays have been used in the development and licensure of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca; Oxford University) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and are critical for demonstrating bioequivalence of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Lorna McInroy
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Imam Shaik
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kerry J Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Phillip J Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Penn
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kelly Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Simon Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
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11
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Supasa P, Zhou D, Dejnirattisai W, Liu C, Mentzer AJ, Ginn HM, Zhao Y, Duyvesteyn HME, Nutalai R, Tuekprakhon A, Wang B, Paesen GC, Slon-Campos J, López-Camacho C, Hallis B, Coombes N, Bewley KR, Charlton S, Walter TS, Barnes E, Dunachie SJ, Skelly D, Lumley SF, Baker N, Shaik I, Humphries HE, Godwin K, Gent N, Sienkiewicz A, Dold C, Levin R, Dong T, Pollard AJ, Knight JC, Klenerman P, Crook D, Lambe T, Clutterbuck E, Bibi S, Flaxman A, Bittaye M, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Gilbert S, Hall DR, Williams MA, Paterson NG, James W, Carroll MW, Fry EE, Mongkolsapaya J, Ren J, Stuart DI, Screaton GR. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera. Cell 2021; 184:2201-2211.e7. [PMID: 33743891 PMCID: PMC7891044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 2 million deaths in little over a year. Vaccines are being deployed at scale, aiming to generate responses against the virus spike. The scale of the pandemic and error-prone virus replication is leading to the appearance of mutant viruses and potentially escape from antibody responses. Variant B.1.1.7, now dominant in the UK, with increased transmission, harbors 9 amino acid changes in the spike, including N501Y in the ACE2 interacting surface. We examine the ability of B.1.1.7 to evade antibody responses elicited by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We map the impact of N501Y by structure/function analysis of a large panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. B.1.1.7 is harder to neutralize than parental virus, compromising neutralization by some members of a major class of public antibodies through light-chain contacts with residue 501. However, widespread escape from monoclonal antibodies or antibody responses generated by natural infection or vaccination was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M Ginn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Rungtiwa Nutalai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Naomi Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Thomas S Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sheila F Lumley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Imam Shaik
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Holly E Humphries
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kerry Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Nick Gent
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Alex Sienkiewicz
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mustapha Bittaye
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sarah Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Hall
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Mark A Williams
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Neil G Paterson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand.
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Salguero FJ, White AD, Slack GS, Fotheringham SA, Bewley KR, Gooch KE, Longet S, Humphries HE, Watson RJ, Hunter L, Ryan KA, Hall Y, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Allen L, Aram M, Brunt E, Brown P, Buttigieg KR, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Coombes NS, Darby A, Daykin-Pont O, Elmore MJ, Garcia-Dorival I, Gkolfinos K, Godwin KJ, Gouriet J, Halkerston R, Harris DJ, Hender T, Ho CMK, Kennard CL, Knott D, Leung S, Lucas V, Mabbutt A, Morrison AL, Nelson C, Ngabo D, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan S, Taylor I, Tipton T, Thomas S, Tree JA, Turner C, Vamos E, Wand N, Wiblin NR, Charlton S, Dong X, Hallis B, Pearson G, Rayner EL, Nicholson AG, Funnell SG, Hiscox JA, Dennis MJ, Gleeson FV, Sharpe S, Carroll MW. Comparison of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques as an infection model for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1260. [PMID: 33627662 PMCID: PMC7904795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models, and in particular non-human primates, are essential to understand the pathogenesis of emerging diseases and to assess the safety and efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract and causes pulmonary lesions in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are also similar in both species and equivalent to those reported in milder infections and convalescent human patients. This finding is reiterated by our transcriptional analysis of respiratory samples revealing the global response to infection. We describe a new method for lung histopathology scoring that will provide a metric to enable clearer decision making for this key endpoint. In contrast to prior publications, in which rhesus are accepted to be the preferred study species, we provide convincing evidence that both macaque species authentically represent mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 observed in the majority of the human population and both species should be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, accessing cynomolgus macaques will greatly alleviate the pressures on current rhesus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Holly E Humphries
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Robert J Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alistair Darby
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Owen Daykin-Pont
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Dorival
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gkolfinos
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kerry J Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jade Gouriet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rachel Halkerston
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Debbie J Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Thomas Hender
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Chelsea L Kennard
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel Knott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jemma Paterson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Penn
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Steve Pullan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Irene Taylor
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Carrie Turner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Edith Vamos
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan R Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Geoffrey Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emma L Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Simon G Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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13
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Everett HE, Lean FZX, Byrne AMP, van Diemen PM, Rhodes S, James J, Mollett B, Coward VJ, Skinner P, Warren CJ, Bewley KR, Watson S, Hurley S, Ryan KA, Hall Y, Simmons H, Núñez A, Carroll MW, Brown IH, Brookes SM. Intranasal Infection of Ferrets with SARS-CoV-2 as a Model for Asymptomatic Human Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:113. [PMID: 33467732 PMCID: PMC7830262 DOI: 10.3390/v13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets were experimentally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2) to assess infection dynamics and host response. During the resulting subclinical infection, viral RNA was monitored between 2 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), and reached a peak in the upper respiratory cavity between 4 and 6 dpi. Viral genomic sequence analysis in samples from three animals identified the Y453F nucleotide substitution relative to the inoculum. Viral RNA was also detected in environmental samples, specifically in swabs of ferret fur. Microscopy analysis revealed viral protein and RNA in upper respiratory tract tissues, notably in cells of the respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the nasal turbinates, including olfactory neuronal cells. Antibody responses to the spike and nucleoprotein were detected from 21 dpi, but virus-neutralizing activity was low. A second intranasal inoculation (re-exposure) of two ferrets after a 17-day interval did not produce re-initiation of viral RNA shedding, but did amplify the humoral response in one animal. Therefore, ferrets can be experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to model human asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Everett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.); (H.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Pauline M. van Diemen
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Benjamin Mollett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Vivien J. Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Paul Skinner
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Kevin R. Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (K.R.B.); (K.A.R.); (Y.H.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Samantha Watson
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.); (H.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Shellene Hurley
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.); (H.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (K.R.B.); (K.A.R.); (Y.H.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (K.R.B.); (K.A.R.); (Y.H.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Hugh Simmons
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.); (H.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (F.Z.X.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.); (H.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (K.R.B.); (K.A.R.); (Y.H.); (M.W.C.)
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Sharon M. Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (P.M.v.D.); (J.J.); (B.M.); (V.J.C.); (P.S.); (C.J.W.); (I.H.B.); (S.M.B.)
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14
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Proud PC, Tsitoura D, Watson RJ, Chua BY, Aram MJ, Bewley KR, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Dowall S, Fotheringham SA, Ho CMK, Lucas V, Ngabo D, Rayner E, Ryan KA, Slack GS, Thomas S, Wand NI, Yeates P, Demaison C, Zeng W, Holmes I, Jackson DC, Bartlett NW, Mercuri F, Carroll MW. Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103153. [PMID: 33279857 PMCID: PMC7711201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a major ongoing global threat with huge economic burden. Like all respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 initiates infection in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Infected individuals are often asymptomatic, yet highly infectious and readily transmit virus. A therapy that restricts initial replication in the URT has the potential to prevent progression of severe lower respiratory tract disease as well as limiting person-to-person transmission. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 Victoria/01/2020 was passaged in Vero/hSLAM cells and virus titre determined by plaque assay. Challenge virus was delivered by intranasal instillation to female ferrets at 5.0 × 106 pfu/ml. Treatment groups received intranasal INNA-051, developed by Ena Respiratory. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the 2019-nCoV CDC RUO Kit and QuantStudio™ 7 Flex Real-Time PCR System. Histopathological analysis was performed using cut tissues stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). FINDINGS We show that prophylactic intra-nasal administration of the TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051 in a SARS-CoV-2 ferret infection model effectively reduces levels of viral RNA in the nose and throat. After 5 days post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, INNA-051 significantly reduced virus in throat swabs (p=<0.0001) by up to a 24 fold (96% reduction) and in nasal wash (p=0.0107) up to a 15 fold (93% reduction) in comparison to untreated animals. INTERPRETATION The results of our study support clinical development of a therapy based on prophylactic TLR2/6 innate immune activation in the URT, to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and provide protection against COVID-19. FUNDING This work was funded by Ena Respiratory, Melbourne, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Proud
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Daphne Tsitoura
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Robert J Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Marilyn J Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Stuart Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Emma Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Nadina I Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Paul Yeates
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | | | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ian Holmes
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease group and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Francesca Mercuri
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG; Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Lean FZX, Lamers MM, Smith SP, Shipley R, Schipper D, Temperton N, Haagmans BL, Banyard AC, Bewley KR, Carroll MW, Brookes SM, Brown I, Nuñez A. Development of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation for the detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21894. [PMID: 33318594 PMCID: PMC7736337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and its dissemination globally has caused an unprecedented strain on public health. Animal models are urgently being developed for SARS-CoV-2 to aid rational design of vaccines and therapeutics. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation techniques that facilitate reliable and reproducible detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral products in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens would be of great utility. A selection of commercial antibodies generated against SARS-CoV spike protein and nucleoprotein, double stranded RNA, and RNA probe for spike genes were evaluated for the ability to detect FFPE infected cells. We also tested both heat- and enzymatic-mediated virus antigen retrieval methods to determine the optimal virus antigen recovery as well as identifying alternative retrieval methods to enable flexibility of IHC methods. In addition to using native virus infected cells as positive control material, the evaluation of non-infected cells expressing coronavirus (SARS, MERS) spike as a biosecure alternative to assays involving live virus was undertaken. Optimized protocols were successfully applied to experimental animal-derived tissues. The diverse techniques for virus detection and control material generation demonstrated in this study can be applied to investigations of coronavirus pathogenesis and therapeutic research in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel P Smith
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
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16
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Huo J, Zhao Y, Ren J, Zhou D, Duyvesteyn HM, Ginn HM, Carrique L, Malinauskas T, Ruza RR, Shah PN, Tan TK, Rijal P, Coombes N, Bewley KR, Tree JA, Radecke J, Paterson NG, Supasa P, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Carroll M, Townsend A, Fry EE, Owens RJ, Stuart DI. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Destruction of the Prefusion Spike. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:497. [PMID: 32910920 PMCID: PMC7480219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Huo J, Zhao Y, Ren J, Zhou D, Duyvesteyn HME, Ginn HM, Carrique L, Malinauskas T, Ruza RR, Shah PNM, Tan TK, Rijal P, Coombes N, Bewley KR, Tree JA, Radecke J, Paterson NG, Supasa P, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Carroll M, Townsend A, Fry EE, Owens RJ, Stuart DI. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Destruction of the Prefusion Spike. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:445-454.e6. [PMID: 32585135 PMCID: PMC7303615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are as yet no licensed therapeutics for the COVID-19 pandemic. The causal coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) binds host cells via a trimeric spike whose receptor binding domain (RBD) recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, initiating conformational changes that drive membrane fusion. We find that the monoclonal antibody CR3022 binds the RBD tightly, neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, and report the crystal structure at 2.4 Å of the Fab/RBD complex. Some crystals are suitable for screening for entry-blocking inhibitors. The highly conserved, structure-stabilizing CR3022 epitope is inaccessible in the prefusion spike, suggesting that CR3022 binding facilitates conversion to the fusion-incompetent post-fusion state. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis confirms that incubation of spike with CR3022 Fab leads to destruction of the prefusion trimer. Presentation of this cryptic epitope in an RBD-based vaccine might advantageously focus immune responses. Binders at this epitope could be useful therapeutically, possibly in synergy with an antibody that blocks receptor attachment.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Site
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Virus Internalization
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Huo
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, OX11 0FA, UK; Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen M Ginn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Loic Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Reinis R Ruza
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pranav N M Shah
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK; Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Naomi Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Julika Radecke
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Neil G Paterson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK; Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, OX11 0FA, UK; Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK.
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Tree JA, Hall G, Pearson G, Rayner E, Graham VA, Steeds K, Bewley KR, Hatch GJ, Dennis M, Taylor I, Roberts AD, Funnell SGP, Vipond J. Sequence of pathogenic events in cynomolgus macaques infected with aerosolized monkeypox virus. J Virol 2015; 89:4335-44. [PMID: 25653439 PMCID: PMC4442344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03029-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To evaluate new vaccines when human efficacy studies are not possible, the FDA's "Animal Rule" requires well-characterized models of infection. Thus, in the present study, the early pathogenic events of monkeypox infection in nonhuman primates, a surrogate for variola virus infection, were characterized. Cynomolgus macaques were exposed to aerosolized monkeypox virus (10(5) PFU). Clinical observations, viral loads, immune responses, and pathological changes were examined on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 postchallenge. Viral DNA (vDNA) was detected in the lungs on day 2 postchallenge, and viral antigen was detected, by immunostaining, in the epithelium of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar walls. Lesions comprised rare foci of dysplastic and sloughed cells in respiratory bronchioles. By day 4, vDNA was detected in the throat, tonsil, and spleen, and monkeypox antigen was detected in the lung, hilar and submandibular lymph nodes, spleen, and colon. Lung lesions comprised focal epithelial necrosis and inflammation. Body temperature peaked on day 6, pox lesions appeared on the skin, and lesions, with positive immunostaining, were present in the lung, tonsil, spleen, lymph nodes, and colon. By day 8, vDNA was present in 9/13 tissues. Blood concentrations of interleukin 1ra (IL-1ra), IL-6, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) increased markedly. By day 10, circulating IgG antibody concentrations increased, and on day 12, animals showed early signs of recovery. These results define early events occurring in an inhalational macaque monkeypox infection model, supporting its use as a surrogate model for human smallpox. IMPORTANCE Bioterrorism poses a major threat to public health, as the deliberate release of infectious agents, such smallpox or a related virus, monkeypox, would have catastrophic consequences. The development and testing of new medical countermeasures, e.g., vaccines, are thus priorities; however, tests for efficacy in humans cannot be performed because it would be unethical and field trials are not feasible. To overcome this, the FDA may grant marketing approval of a new product based upon the "Animal Rule," in which interventions are tested for efficacy in well-characterized animal models. Monkeypox virus infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) presents a potential surrogate disease model for smallpox. Previously, the later stages of monkeypox infection were defined, but the early course of infection remains unstudied. Here, the early pathogenic events of inhalational monkeypox infection in NHPs were characterized, and the results support the use of this surrogate model for testing human smallpox interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tree
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - G Hall
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - G Pearson
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - E Rayner
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - V A Graham
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - K Steeds
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - K R Bewley
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - G J Hatch
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - M Dennis
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - I Taylor
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - A D Roberts
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - S G P Funnell
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - J Vipond
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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19
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Hatch GJ, Graham VA, Bewley KR, Tree JA, Dennis M, Taylor I, Funnell SGP, Bate SR, Steeds K, Tipton T, Bean T, Hudson L, Atkinson DJ, McLuckie G, Charlwood M, Roberts ADG, Vipond J. Assessment of the protective effect of Imvamune and Acam2000 vaccines against aerosolized monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:7805-15. [PMID: 23658452 PMCID: PMC3700201 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03481-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To support the licensure of a new and safer vaccine to protect people against smallpox, a monkeypox model of infection in cynomolgus macaques, which simulates smallpox in humans, was used to evaluate two vaccines, Acam2000 and Imvamune, for protection against disease. Animals vaccinated with a single immunization of Imvamune were not protected completely from severe and/or lethal infection, whereas those receiving either a prime and boost of Imvamune or a single immunization with Acam2000 were protected completely. Additional parameters, including clinical observations, radiographs, viral load in blood, throat swabs, and selected tissues, vaccinia virus-specific antibody responses, immunophenotyping, extracellular cytokine levels, and histopathology were assessed. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the levels of neutralizing antibody in animals vaccinated with a single immunization of Acam2000 (132 U/ml) and the prime-boost Imvamune regime (69 U/ml) prior to challenge with monkeypox virus. After challenge, there was evidence of viral excretion from the throats of 2 of 6 animals in the prime-boost Imvamune group, whereas there was no confirmation of excreted live virus in the Acam2000 group. This evaluation of different human smallpox vaccines in cynomolgus macaques helps to provide information about optimal vaccine strategies in the absence of human challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Hatch
- Microbiological Services, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
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Bewley KR. Animal models of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii). Comp Med 2013; 63:469-476. [PMID: 24326221 PMCID: PMC3866982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by the pathogen Coxiella burnetii, is an acute disease that can progress to become a serious chronic illness. The organism leads an obligate, intracellular lifecycle, during which it multiplies in the phagolytic compartments of the phagocytic cells of the immune system of its hosts. This characteristic makes study of the organism particularly difficult and is perhaps one of the reasons why, more than 70 y after its discovery, much remains unknown about the organism and its pathogenesis. A variety of animal species have been used to study both the acute and chronic forms of the disease. Although none of the models perfectly mimics the disease process in humans, each opens a window onto an important aspect of the pathology of the disease. We have learned that immunosuppression, overexpression of IL10, or physical damage to the heart muscle in mice and guinea pigs can induce disease that is similar to the chronic disease seen in humans, suggesting that this aspect of disease may eventually be fully understood. Models using species from mice to nonhuman primates have been used to evaluate and characterize vaccines to protect against the disease and may ultimately yield safer, less expensive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bewley
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
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Lever MS, Bewley KR, Dowsett B, Lloyd G. In vitro susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to azithromycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and a range of newer fluoroquinolones. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 24:194-6. [PMID: 15288324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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