1
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Ruedas-Torres I, Puente H, Fristikova K, Argüello H, Salguero FJ, Carvajal A, Gómez-Laguna J. Pathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses in the intestinal barrier. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109956. [PMID: 38217919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), have risen concern for the porcine industry and research community due to the increase in their virulence, their potential recombination capacity and the emergence of new variants. This in vivo study aims to compare the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses [(two G1b (S-INDEL) PEDV strains and a recombinant TGEV-PEDV or Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV)] in the intestine of 3-weeks-old infected piglets, focusing on the pathology and main components of the intestinal barrier, including the number of goblet cells, and the expression of IgA as well as FoxP3, a regulatory T cell marker. Severity of lesions was evidenced in the three infected groups and was highly correlated with the viral load in feces and the frequency of viral antigen-positive cells. Furthermore, higher cellular death together with an increase in the expression of the FoxP3 marker was detected in the duodenum and jejunum of infected animals at 3 days post-infection. Our results highlight a recruitment of FoxP3+ cells in the small intestine of infected animals which may represent a response to the tissue damage caused by viral replication and cell death. Further studies should be addressed to determine the potential role of these cells during swine enteric coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - H Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - K Fristikova
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - H Argüello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - F J Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - A Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Hunter L, Ruedas-Torres I, Agulló-Ros I, Rayner E, Salguero FJ. Comparative pathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in animal models. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1264833. [PMID: 37901102 PMCID: PMC10602689 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in human tuberculosis (TB) is limited by the availability of human tissues from patients, which is often altered by therapy and treatment. Thus, the use of animal models is a key tool in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis, disease progression and preclinical evaluation of new therapies and vaccines. The granuloma is the hallmark lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis, regardless of the species or animal model used. Although animal models may not fully replicate all the histopathological characteristics observed in natural, human TB disease, each one brings its own attributes which enable researchers to answer specific questions regarding TB immunopathogenesis. This review delves into the pulmonary pathology induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bacteria in different animal models (non-human primates, rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle, goats, and others) and compares how they relate to the pulmonary disease described in humans. Although the described models have demonstrated some histopathological features in common with human pulmonary TB, these data should be considered carefully in the context of this disease. Further research is necessary to establish the most appropriate model for the study of TB, and to carry out a standard characterisation and score of pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hunter
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma Rayner
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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3
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White AD, Tran AC, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Morrison AL, Lawrence S, Dennis M, Clark S, Zadi S, Lanni F, Rayner E, Copland A, Hart P, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Kim M, Gleeson F, Salguero FJ, Singh M, Stehr M, Cutting SM, Basile JI, Rottenberg ME, Williams A, Sharpe SA, Reljic R. Spore-FP1 tuberculosis mucosal vaccine candidate is highly protective in guinea pigs but fails to improve on BCG-conferred protection in non-human primates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246826. [PMID: 37881438 PMCID: PMC10594996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major health threat globally and a more effective vaccine than the current Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is required, either to replace or boost it. The Spore-FP1 mucosal vaccine candidate is based on the fusion protein of Ag85B-Acr-HBHA/heparin-binding domain, adsorbed on the surface of inactivated Bacillus subtilis spores. The candidate conferred significant protection against Mycobacterium. tuberculosis challenge in naïve guinea pigs and markedly improved protection in the lungs and spleens of animals primed with BCG. We then immunized rhesus macaques with BCG intradermally, and subsequently boosted with one intradermal and one aerosol dose of Spore-FP1, prior to challenge with low dose aerosolized M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Following vaccination, animals did not show any adverse reactions and displayed higher antigen specific cellular and antibody immune responses compared to BCG alone but this did not translate into significant improvement in disease pathology or bacterial burden in the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Morrison
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clark
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sirine Zadi
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Faye Lanni
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil Reynolds Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Department of Oncology, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Sporegen Ltd , London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Basile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Williams
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Larenas-Muñoz F, Ruedas-Torres I, Hunter L, Bird A, Agulló-Ros I, Winsbury R, Clark S, Rayner E, Salguero FJ. Characterisation and development of histopathological lesions in a guinea pig model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1264200. [PMID: 37808110 PMCID: PMC10556493 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a very significant infectious disease worldwide. New vaccines and therapies are needed, even more crucially with the increase of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Preclinical animal models are very valuable for the development of these new disease control strategies. Guinea pigs are one of the best models of TB, sharing many features with the pathology observed in human TB. Here we describe the development of TB lesions in a guinea pig model of infection. We characterise the granulomatous lesions in four developmental stages (I-IV), using histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques to study macrophages, T cells, B cells and granulocytes. The granulomas in the guinea pigs start as aggregations of macrophages and few heterophils, evolving to larger lesions showing central caseous necrosis with mineralisation and abundant acid-fast bacilli, surrounded by a rim of macrophages and lymphocytes in the outer layers of the granuloma. Multinucleated giant cells are very rare and fibrotic capsules are not formed in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Bird
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rebecca Winsbury
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clark
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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5
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Findlay-Wilson S, Flett L, Salguero FJ, Ruedas-Torres I, Fotheringham S, Easterbrook L, Graham V, Dowall S. Establishment of a Nipah Virus Disease Model in Hamsters, including a Comparison of Intranasal and Intraperitoneal Routes of Challenge. Pathogens 2023; 12:976. [PMID: 37623936 PMCID: PMC10458503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. The main reservoir is fruit bats, distributed across a large geographical area that includes Australia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Incursion into humans is widely reported through exposure of infected pigs, ingestion of contaminated food, or through contact with an infected person. With no approved treatments or vaccines, NiV poses a threat to human public health and has epidemic potential. To aid with the assessment of emerging interventions being developed, an expansion of preclinical testing capability is required. Given variations in the model parameters observed in different sites during establishment, optimisation of challenge routes and doses is required. Upon evaluating the hamster model, an intranasal route of challenge was compared with intraperitoneal delivery, demonstrating a more rapid dissemination to wider tissues in the latter. A dose effect was observed between those causing respiratory illness and those resulting in neurological disease. The data demonstrate the successful establishment of the hamster model of NiV disease for subsequent use in the evaluation of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Dowall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (S.F.-W.); (L.F.); (F.J.S.); (I.R.-T.); (S.F.); (L.E.); (V.G.)
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6
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Primard C, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Del Campo J, Valsesia S, Nikly E, Chevandier M, Boué F, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Courant T, Collin N, Salguero FJ, Le Vert A, Guyon-Gellin D, Nicolas F. OVX033, a nucleocapsid-based vaccine candidate, provides broad-spectrum protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants in a hamster challenge model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188605. [PMID: 37409116 PMCID: PMC10319154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike-based COVID-19 vaccines induce potent neutralizing antibodies but their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants decreases. OVX033 is a recombinant protein composed of the full-length nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 genetically fused to oligoDOM®, a self-assembling domain which improves antigen immunogenicity. OVX033 including N as an antigenic target is proposed as new vaccine candidate providing broad-spectrum protection against sarbecoviruses. OVX033 demonstrated its ability to trigger cross-reactive T cell responses and cross-protection against three variants of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 Europe, Delta B.1.617.2, and Omicron B.1.1.529) in a hamster challenge model, as evidenced by lower weight loss, lower lung viral loads, and reduced lung histopathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
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7
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Phelps AL, Salguero FJ, Hunter L, Stoll AL, Jenner DC, O'Brien LM, Williamson ED, Lever MS, Laws TR. Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Chemokines, and Leukocyte Infiltrate Are Biomarkers for Pathology in the Brains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)-Infected Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1307. [PMID: 37376607 DOI: 10.3390/v15061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a disease typically confined to South and Central America, whereby human disease is characterised by a transient systemic infection and occasionally severe encephalitis, which is associated with lethality. Using an established mouse model of VEEV infection, the encephalitic aspects of the disease were analysed to identify biomarkers associated with inflammation. Sequential sampling of lethally challenged mice (infected subcutaneously) confirmed a rapid onset systemic infection with subsequent spread to the brain within 24 h of the challenge. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, CCL-2, and CCL-5) and CD45+ cell counts were found to correlate strongly to pathology (R>0.9) and present previously unproven biomarkers for disease severity in the model, more so than viral titre. The greatest level of pathology was observed within the olfactory bulb and midbrain/thalamus. The virus was distributed throughout the brain/encephalon, often in areas not associated with pathology. The principal component analysis identified five principal factors across two independent experiments, with the first two describing almost half of the data: (1) confirmation of a systemic Th1-biased inflammatory response to VEEV infection, and (2) a clear correlation between specific inflammation of the brain and clinical signs of disease. Targeting strongly associated biomarkers of deleterious inflammation may ameliorate or even eliminate the encephalitic syndrome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Phelps
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Dominic C Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Lyn M O'Brien
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - M Stephen Lever
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Thomas R Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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8
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Davies ER, Ryan KA, Bewley KR, Coombes NS, Salguero FJ, Carnell OT, Biddlecombe S, Charlton M, Challis A, Cross ES, Handley A, Ngabo D, Weldon TM, Hall Y, Funnell SGP. The Omicron Sub-Variant BA.4 Displays a Remarkable Lack of Clinical Signs in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1133. [PMID: 37243219 PMCID: PMC10224153 DOI: 10.3390/v15051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants remains a source of concern because it is accompanied by the potential for increased virulence as well as evasion of immunity. Here we show that, although having an almost identical spike gene sequence as another Omicron variant (BA.5.2.1), a BA.4 isolate lacked all the typical disease characteristics of other isolates seen in the Golden Syrian hamster model despite replicating almost as effectively. Animals infected with BA.4 had similar viral shedding profiles to those seen with BA.5.2.1 (up to day 6 post-infection), but they all failed to lose weight or present with any other significant clinical signs. We hypothesize that this lack of detectable signs of disease during infection with BA.4 was due to a small (nine nucleotide) deletion (∆686-694) in the viral genome (ORF1ab) responsible for the production of non-structural protein 1, which resulted in the loss of three amino acids (aa 141-143).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Davies
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin R. Bewley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Naomi S. Coombes
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Oliver T. Carnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Biddlecombe
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Michael Charlton
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Amy Challis
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Eleanor S. Cross
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Alastair Handley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Thomas M. Weldon
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- World Health Organization, Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Paterson J, Ryan KA, Morley D, Jones NJ, Yeates P, Hall Y, Whittaker CJ, Salguero FJ, Marriott AC. Infection with Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Results in Comparable Disease Kinetics and Host Immune Responses in Ferrets and Golden Syrian Hamsters. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050668. [PMID: 37242338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of influenza are important in preclinical research for the study of influenza infection and the assessment of vaccines, drugs and therapeutics. Here, we show that Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) inoculated via the intranasal route with high dose of influenza H1N1 display comparable disease kinetics and immune responses to the 'gold standard' ferret (Mustela furo) model. We demonstrate that both the hamster and ferret models have measurable disease endpoints of weight loss, temperature change, viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract and increased lung pathology. We also characterised both the humoral and cellular immune responses to infection in both models. The comparability of these data supports the Golden Syrian hamster model being useful in preclinical evaluation studies to explore the efficacy of countermeasures against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Paterson
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Paul Yeates
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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10
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Schmidt A, Paudyal B, Villanueva-Hernández S, Mcnee A, Vatzia E, Carr BV, Schmidt S, Mccarron A, Martini V, Schroedel S, Thirion C, Waters R, Salguero FJ, Gerner W, Tenbusch M, Tchilian E. Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181716. [PMID: 37153548 PMCID: PMC10159270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schmidt
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Mcnee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Selma Schmidt
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Mccarron
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Waters
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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11
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Ryan KA, Bewley KR, Watson RJ, Burton C, Carnell O, Cavell BE, Challis A, Coombes NS, Davies ER, Edun-Huges J, Emery K, Fell R, Fotheringham SA, Gooch KE, Gowan K, Handley A, Harris DJ, Hesp R, Hunter L, Humphreys R, Johnson R, Kennard C, Knott D, Lister S, Morley D, Ngabo D, Osman KL, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan ST, Richards KS, Summers S, Thomas SR, Weldon T, Wiblin NR, Rayner EL, Vipond RT, Hallis B, Salguero FJ, Funnell SGP, Hall Y. Syrian hamster convalescence from prototype SARS-CoV-2 confers measurable protection against the attenuated disease caused by the Omicron variant. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011293. [PMID: 37014911 PMCID: PMC10104347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutation profile of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (lineage BA.1) variant posed a concern for naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated the ability of prior infection with an early SARS-CoV-2 ancestral isolate (Australia/VIC01/2020, VIC01) to protect against disease caused by BA.1. We established that BA.1 infection in naïve Syrian hamsters resulted in a less severe disease than a comparable dose of the ancestral virus, with fewer clinical signs including less weight loss. We present data to show that these clinical observations were almost absent in convalescent hamsters challenged with the same dose of BA.1 50 days after an initial infection with ancestral virus. These data provide evidence that convalescent immunity against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is protective against BA.1 in the Syrian hamster model of infection. Comparison with published pre-clinical and clinical data supports consistency of the model and its predictive value for the outcome in humans. Further, the ability to detect protection against the less severe disease caused by BA.1 demonstrates continued value of the Syrian hamster model for evaluation of BA.1-specific countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Challis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kirsty Emery
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fell
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen E Gooch
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gowan
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard Hesp
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Knott
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Lister
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Osman
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Sian Summers
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Weldon
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma L Rayner
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bassam Hallis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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12
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Handley A, Ryan KA, Davies ER, Bewley KR, Carnell OT, Challis A, Coombes NS, Fotheringham SA, Gooch KE, Charlton M, Harris DJ, Kennard C, Ngabo D, Weldon TM, Salguero FJ, Funnell SGP, Hall Y. SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity in the Golden Syrian Hamster Model of Infection Is Related to the Volume of Intranasal Inoculum. Viruses 2023; 15:748. [PMID: 36992457 PMCID: PMC10051760 DOI: 10.3390/v15030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is now commonly used in preclinical research for the study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the assessment of vaccines, drugs and therapeutics. Here, we show that hamsters inoculated via the intranasal route with the same infectious virus dose of prototypical SARS-CoV-2 administered in a different volume present with different clinical signs, weight loss and viral shedding, with a reduced volume resulting in reduced severity of disease similar to that obtained by a 500-fold reduction in the challenge dose. The tissue burden of the virus and the severity of pulmonary pathology were also significantly affected by different challenge inoculum volumes. These findings suggest that a direct comparison between the severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants or studies assessing the efficacy of treatments determined by hamster studies cannot be made unless both the challenge dose and inoculation volume are matched when using the intranasal route. Additionally, analysis of sub-genomic and total genomic RNA PCR data demonstrated no link between sub-genomic and live viral titres and that sub-genomic analyses do not provide any information beyond that provided by more sensitive total genomic PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Handley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Davies
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin R. Bewley
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Oliver T. Carnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Amy Challis
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Naomi S. Coombes
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Susan A. Fotheringham
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Michael Charlton
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Debbie J. Harris
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Chelsea Kennard
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Thomas M. Weldon
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- World Health Organization, Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yper Hall
- UKHSA Porton, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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13
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Hsieh LTH, Hall BS, Newcombe J, Mendum TA, Umrania Y, Deery MJ, Shi WQ, Salguero FJ, Simmonds RE. Mycolactone causes catastrophic Sec61-dependent loss of the endothelial glycocalyx and basement membrane: a new indirect mechanism driving tissue necrosis in Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.21.529382. [PMID: 36865118 PMCID: PMC9980099 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The drivers of tissue necrosis in Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer disease) have historically been ascribed solely to the directly cytotoxic action of the diffusible exotoxin, mycolactone. However, its role in the clinically-evident vascular component of disease aetiology remains poorly explained. We have now dissected mycolactone's effects on primary vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that mycolactone-induced changes in endothelial morphology, adhesion, migration, and permeability are dependent on its action at the Sec61 translocon. Unbiased quantitative proteomics identified a profound effect on proteoglycans, driven by rapid loss of type II transmembrane proteins of the Golgi, including enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, combined with a reduction in the core proteins themselves. Loss of the glycocalyx is likely to be of particular mechanistic importance, since knockdown of galactosyltransferase II (beta-1,3-galactotransferase 6; B3Galt6), the GAG linker-building enzyme, phenocopied the permeability and phenotypic changes induced by mycolactone. Additionally, mycolactone depleted many secreted basement membrane components and microvascular basement membranes were disrupted in vivo. Remarkably, exogenous addition of laminin-511 reduced endothelial cell rounding, restored cell attachment and reversed the defective migration caused by mycolactone. Hence supplementing mycolactone-depleted extracellular matrix may be a future therapeutic avenue, to improve wound healing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda S Hall
- Dept of Microbial Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey
| | - Jane Newcombe
- Dept of Microbial Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey
| | - Tom A Mendum
- Dept of Microbial Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Q Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | | | - Rachel E Simmonds
- Dept of Microbial Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey
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14
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Vatzia E, Feest K, McNee A, Manjegowda T, Carr BV, Paudyal B, Chrun T, Maze EA, Mccarron A, Morris S, Everett HE, MacLoughlin R, Salguero FJ, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Tchilian E. Immunization with matrix-, nucleoprotein and neuraminidase protects against H3N2 influenza challenge in pH1N1 pre-exposed pigs. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:19. [PMID: 36792640 PMCID: PMC9930017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for influenza vaccines providing broader protection that may decrease the need for annual immunization of the human population. We investigated the efficacy of heterologous prime boost immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx2) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccines, expressing conserved influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and neuraminidase (NA) in H1N1pdm09 pre-exposed pigs. We compared the efficacy of intra-nasal, aerosol and intra-muscular vaccine delivery against H3N2 influenza challenge. Aerosol prime boost immunization induced strong local lung T cell and antibody responses and abrogated viral shedding and lung pathology following H3N2 challenge. In contrast, intramuscular immunization induced powerful systemic responses and weak local lung responses but also abolished lung pathology and reduced viral shedding. These results provide valuable insights into the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine in a highly relevant large animal model and will inform future vaccine and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Mccarron
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Morris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Everett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco J Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UKHSA-Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Jones LM, Hawes PC, Salguero FJ, Castillo-Olivares J. Pathological features of African horse sickness virus infection in IFNAR -/- mice. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1114240. [PMID: 37065248 PMCID: PMC10098166 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1114240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a vector-borne viral disease of equids. The disease can be highly lethal with mortality rates of up to 90% in non-immune equine populations. The clinical presentation in the equine host varies, but the pathogenesis underlying this variation remains incompletely understood. Various small animal models of AHS have been developed over the years to overcome the financial, bio-safety and logistical constraints of studying the pathology of this disease in the target species. One of the most successful small animal models is based on the use of interferon-alpha gene knock-out (IFNAR-/-) mice. In order to increase our understanding of African Horse Sickness virus (AHSV) pathogenesis, we characterised the pathology lesions of AHSV infection in IFNAR-/- mice using a strain of AHSV serotype 4 (AHSV-4). We found AHSV-4 infection was correlated with lesions in various organs; necrosis in the spleen and lymphoid tissues, inflammatory infiltration in the liver and brain, and pneumonia. Significant viral antigen staining was only detected in the spleen and brain, however. Together these results confirm the value of the IFNAR-/- mouse model for the study of the immuno-biology of AHSV infections in this particular in vivo system, and its usefulness for evaluating protective efficacy of candidate vaccines in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Jones
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Luke M. Jones
| | | | - Francisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UKHSA-Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Williams GA, Scott-Baird E, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Wood E, Houghton S, Vordermeier HM. The safety of BCG vaccination in cattle: results from good laboratory practice safety studies in calves and lactating cows. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12356. [PMID: 36590473 PMCID: PMC9800532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a global disease of livestock that has damaging economic, animal health and public health consequences. Conventional bTB disease control strategies, based around the testing and slaughter of cattle infected with bTB, are typically used to help limit or reduce the transmission of this disease but in many low- and middle-income countries such strategies may often be economically unviable, culturally unacceptable or logistically impracticable. The use of vaccination to protect cattle against bTB could provide a potentially more affordable, ethically acceptable and practical additional disease control measure. The protective efficacy of the commercially produced and readily available human vaccine against tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin; BCG) in cattle has been demonstrated in many experimental laboratory and field studies. However, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) studies assessing the safety of BCG vaccination in cattle have not previously been reported. We describe here the results of two GLP safety studies in which calves and lactating cows were vaccinated with BCG (Danish 1331 strain). From an animal health and welfare perspective, the results of these studies indicate that BCG vaccine is well tolerated in these categories of cattle with only transient and minor local or systemic reactions. Furthermore, there was no evidence that BCG was shed in raw milk, saliva or faeces collected from vaccinates and vaccination did not have a detrimental effect on milk yields in lactating cattle. These data, underpinned by GLP principles, further support the existing data on the safety of BCG vaccine in cattle and complement the abundant available cattle efficacy data for this potential cattle bTB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A. Williams
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emma Wood
- Queens Hall, Narberth, Pembs, SA67 7AS, UK
| | - Steve Houghton
- Veterinary Vaccines Consultancy Ltd, Paulerspury, Northants, NN12 7NN, UK
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17
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Wing PAC, Prange-Barczynska M, Cross A, Crotta S, Orbegozo Rubio C, Cheng X, Harris JM, Zhuang X, Johnson RL, Ryan KA, Hall Y, Carroll MW, Issa F, Balfe P, Wack A, Bishop T, Salguero FJ, McKeating JA. Hypoxia inducible factors regulate infectious SARS-CoV-2, epithelial damage and respiratory symptoms in a hamster COVID-19 model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010807. [PMID: 36067210 PMCID: PMC9481176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the host pathways that define susceptibility to Severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease are essential for the design of new therapies. Oxygen levels in the microenvironment define the transcriptional landscape, however the influence of hypoxia on virus replication and disease in animal models is not well understood. In this study, we identify a role for the hypoxic inducible factor (HIF) signalling axis to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, epithelial damage and respiratory symptoms in the Syrian hamster model. Pharmacological activation of HIF with the prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 significantly reduced infectious virus in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Nasal and lung epithelia showed a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA and nucleocapsid expression in treated animals. Transcriptomic and pathological analysis showed reduced epithelial damage and increased expression of ciliated cells. Our study provides new insights on the intrinsic antiviral properties of the HIF signalling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 replication that may be applicable to other respiratory pathogens and identifies new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Prange-Barczynska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Cross
- Radcliffe Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaotong Cheng
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L. Johnson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Yper Hall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Radcliffe Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Dong X, Penrice-Randal R, Goldswain H, Prince T, Randle N, Donovan-Banfield I, Salguero FJ, Tree J, Vamos E, Nelson C, Clark J, Ryan Y, Stewart JP, Semple MG, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJM, Turtle L, Matthews DA, Carroll MW, Darby AC, Hiscox JA. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 known and novel subgenomic mRNAs in cell culture, animal model, and clinical samples using LeTRS, a bioinformatic tool to identify unique sequence identifiers. Gigascience 2022; 11:6593429. [PMID: 35639883 PMCID: PMC9154083 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a complex strategy for the transcription of viral subgenomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs), which are targets for nucleic acid diagnostics. Each of these sgmRNAs has a unique 5' sequence, the leader-transcriptional regulatory sequence gene junction (leader-TRS junction), that can be identified using sequencing. High-resolution sequencing has been used to investigate the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the host response in cell culture and animal models and from clinical samples. LeTRS, a bioinformatics tool, was developed to identify leader-TRS junctions and can be used as a proxy to quantify sgmRNAs for understanding virus biology. LeTRS is readily adaptable for other coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or a future newly discovered coronavirus. LeTRS was tested on published data sets and novel clinical samples from patients and longitudinal samples from animal models with coronavirus disease 2019. LeTRS identified known leader-TRS junctions and identified putative novel sgmRNAs that were common across different mammalian species. This may be indicative of an evolutionary mechanism where plasticity in transcription generates novel open reading frames, which can then subject to selection pressure. The data indicated multiphasic abundance of sgmRNAs in two different animal models. This recapitulates the relative sgmRNA abundance observed in cells at early points in infection but not at late points. This pattern is reflected in some human nasopharyngeal samples and therefore has implications for transmission models and nucleic acid-based diagnostics. LeTRS provides a quantitative measure of sgmRNA abundance from sequencing data. This can be used to assess the biology of SARS-CoV-2 (or other coronaviruses) in clinical and nonclinical samples, especially to evaluate different variants and medical countermeasures that may influence viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Rebekah Penrice-Randal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Hannah Goldswain
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Nadine Randle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - I'ah Donovan-Banfield
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | | | - Julia Tree
- UK-Health Security Agency, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Ecaterina Vamos
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jordan Clark
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Yan Ryan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - James P Stewart
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter J M Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- UK-Health Security Agency, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Correspondence address.Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK. E-mail:
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19
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White AD, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Morrison AL, Bewley K, Churchward C, Fotheringham S, Gkolfinos K, Gooch K, Handley A, Humphries HE, Hunter L, Kennard C, Longet S, Mabbutt A, Moffatt M, Rayner E, Tipton T, Watson R, Hall Y, Bodman-Smith M, Gleeson F, Dennis M, Salguero FJ, Carroll M, McShane H, Cookson W, Hopkin J, Sharpe S. Influence of Aerosol Delivered BCG Vaccination on Immunological and Disease Parameters Following SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801799. [PMID: 35222355 PMCID: PMC8863871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), also affords protection against non-tuberculous diseases attributable to heterologous immune mechanisms such as trained innate immunity, activation of non-conventional T-cells, and cross-reactive adaptive immunity. Aerosol vaccine delivery can target immune responses toward the primary site of infection for a respiratory pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesised that aerosol delivery of BCG would enhance cross-protective action against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and be a deployable intervention against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Immune parameters were monitored in vaccinated and unvaccinated rhesus macaques for 28 days following aerosol BCG vaccination. High-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge was applied by intranasal and intrabronchial instillation and animals culled 6–8 days later for assessment of viral, disease, and immunological parameters. Mycobacteria-specific cell-mediated immune responses were detected following aerosol BCG vaccination, but SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular- and antibody-mediated immunity was only measured following challenge. Early secretion of cytokine and chemokine markers associated with the innate cellular and adaptive antiviral immune response was detected following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals, at concentrations that exceeded titres measured in unvaccinated macaques. Classical CD14+ monocytes and Vδ2 γδ T-cells quantified by whole-blood immunophenotyping increased rapidly in vaccinated animals following SARS-CoV-2 challenge, indicating a priming of innate immune cells and non-conventional T-cell populations. However, viral RNA quantified in nasal and pharyngeal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and tissue samples collected at necropsy was equivalent in vaccinated and unvaccinated animals, and in-life CT imaging and histopathology scoring applied to pulmonary tissue sections indicated that the disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 challenge was comparable between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Hence, aerosol BCG vaccination did not induce, or enhance the induction of, SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive adaptive cellular or humoral immunity, although an influence of BCG vaccination on the subsequent immune response to SARS-CoV-2 challenge was apparent in immune signatures indicative of trained innate immune mechanisms and primed unconventional T-cell populations. Nevertheless, aerosol BCG vaccination did not enhance the initial clearance of virus, nor reduce the occurrence of early disease pathology after high dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge. However, the heterologous immune mechanisms primed by BCG vaccination could contribute to the moderation of COVID-19 disease severity in more susceptible species following natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D White
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Bewley
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Churchward
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Fotheringham
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Gkolfinos
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Gooch
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Handley
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Holly E Humphries
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chelsea Kennard
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Watson
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Yper Hall
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Hopkin
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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20
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Gray-Rodriguez S, Jensen MP, Otero-Jimenez M, Hanley B, Swann OC, Ward PA, Salguero FJ, Querido N, Farkas I, Velentza-Almpani E, Weir J, Barclay WS, Carroll MW, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Pohl U, Allinson K, Thom M, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Sastre M, Gveric D, Gentleman S, Roufosse C, Osborn M, Alegre-Abarrategui J. Multisystem screening reveals SARS-CoV-2 in neurons of the myenteric plexus and in megakaryocytes. J Pathol 2022; 257:198-217. [PMID: 35107828 PMCID: PMC9325073 DOI: 10.1002/path.5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of COVID‐19, typically manifests as a respiratory illness, although extrapulmonary involvement, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, as well as frequent thrombotic events, are increasingly recognised. How this maps onto SARS‐CoV‐2 organ tropism at the histological level, however, remains unclear. Here, we perform a comprehensive validation of a monoclonal antibody against the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) followed by systematic multisystem organ immunohistochemistry analysis of the viral cellular tropism in tissue from 36 patients, 16 postmortem cases and 16 biopsies with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 status from the peaks of the pandemic in 2020 and four pre‐COVID postmortem controls. SARS‐CoV‐2 anti‐NP staining in the postmortem cases revealed broad multiorgan involvement of the respiratory, digestive, haematopoietic, genitourinary and nervous systems, with a typical pattern of staining characterised by punctate paranuclear and apical cytoplasmic labelling. The average time from symptom onset to time of death was shorter in positively versus negatively stained postmortem cases (mean = 10.3 days versus mean = 20.3 days, p = 0.0416, with no cases showing definitive staining if the interval exceeded 15 days). One striking finding was the widespread presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 NP in neurons of the myenteric plexus, a site of high ACE2 expression, the entry receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, and one of the earliest affected cells in Parkinson's disease. In the bone marrow, we observed viral SARS‐CoV‐2 NP within megakaryocytes, key cells in platelet production and thrombus formation. In 15 tracheal biopsies performed in patients requiring ventilation, there was a near complete concordance between immunohistochemistry and PCR swab results. Going forward, our findings have relevance to correlating clinical symptoms with the organ tropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 in contemporary cases as well as providing insights into potential long‐term complications of COVID‐19. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gray-Rodriguez
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melanie P Jensen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria Otero-Jimenez
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Olivia C Swann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Ward
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Nadira Querido
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ildiko Farkas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Justin Weir
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.,Pandemic Sciences Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ute Pohl
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham/University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Department of Neuropathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Djordje Gveric
- Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steve Gentleman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael Osborn
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Javier Alegre-Abarrategui
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK.,Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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21
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Widerspick L, Albrecht RA, Beer M, Carroll MW, de Wit E, Diamond MS, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, García-Sastre A, Gerhards NM, de Jong R, Munster VJ, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Riveros-Balta X, Roy CJ, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Schwartz LM, Seder RA, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010161. [PMID: 35025969 PMCID: PMC8757994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now facing new challenges such as vaccine inequity and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Preclinical models of disease, in particular animal models, are essential to investigate VOC pathogenesis, vaccine correlates of protection and postexposure therapies. Here, we provide an update from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 modeling expert group (WHO-COM) assembled by WHO, regarding advances in preclinical models. In particular, we discuss how animal model research is playing a key role to evaluate VOC virulence, transmission and immune escape, and how animal models are being refined to recapitulate COVID-19 demographic variables such as comorbidities and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William E. Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rineke de Jong
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, and Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Lee JY, Wing PAC, Gala DS, Noerenberg M, Järvelin AI, Titlow J, Zhuang X, Palmalux N, Iselin L, Thompson MK, Parton RM, Prange-Barczynska M, Wainman A, Salguero FJ, Bishop T, Agranoff D, James W, Castello A, McKeating JA, Davis I. Absolute quantitation of individual SARS-CoV-2 RNA molecules provides a new paradigm for infection dynamics and variant differences. eLife 2022; 11:74153. [PMID: 35049501 PMCID: PMC8776252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an unprecedented global research effort on SARS-CoV-2, early replication events remain poorly understood. Given the clinical importance of emergent viral variants with increased transmission, there is an urgent need to understand the early stages of viral replication and transcription. We used single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridisation (smFISH) to quantify positive sense RNA genomes with 95% detection efficiency, while simultaneously visualising negative sense genomes, subgenomic RNAs, and viral proteins. Our absolute quantification of viral RNAs and replication factories revealed that SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA is long-lived after entry, suggesting that it avoids degradation by cellular nucleases. Moreover, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 replication is highly variable between cells, with only a small cell population displaying high burden of viral RNA. Unexpectedly, the B.1.1.7 variant, first identified in the UK, exhibits significantly slower replication kinetics than the Victoria strain, suggesting a novel mechanism contributing to its higher transmissibility with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter AC Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Dalia S Gala
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Marko Noerenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Joshua Titlow
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Natasha Palmalux
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Louisa Iselin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mary Kay Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard M Parton
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Prange-Barczynska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tammie Bishop
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Agranoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation TrustBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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23
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Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Ryan KA, Schewe KE, Crowe J, Fotheringham SA, Hall Y, Humphreys R, Marriott AC, Paterson J, Rayner E, Salguero FJ, Watson RJ, Whittaker CJ, Carroll MW, Dibben O. Sequential delivery of LAIV and SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding and does not result in enhanced lung pathology. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:404-412. [PMID: 34893851 PMCID: PMC8689863 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses could pose unpredictable risks to health systems globally, with recent studies suggesting more severe disease outcomes in co-infected patients. The initial lack of a readily available COVID-19 vaccine has reinforced the importance of influenza vaccine programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) is an important tool in protecting against influenza, particularly in children. However, it is unknown whether LAIV administration influences the outcomes of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease. To investigate this, quadrivalent LAIV was administered to ferrets 3 days pre- or post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. LAIV administration did not exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 disease course or lung pathology with either regimen. Additionally, LAIV administered prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract. This study demonstrated that LAIV administration in close proximity to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not exacerbate mild disease and can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Ryan
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna E Schewe
- Flu-BPD, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Crowe
- Flu-BPD, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Humphreys
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Marriott
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Paterson
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert J Watson
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-BPD, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Chrun T, Maze EA, Vatzia E, Martini V, Paudyal B, Edmans MD, McNee A, Manjegowda T, Salguero FJ, Wanasen N, Koonpaew S, Graham SP, Tchilian E. Simultaneous Infection With Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Influenza Viruses Abrogates Clinical Protection Induced by Live Attenuated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758368. [PMID: 34858411 PMCID: PMC8632230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is responsible for significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus are major viral contributors to PRDC. Vaccines are cost-effective measures for controlling PRRS, however, their efficacy in the context of co-infections has been poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of PRRSV-2 and swine influenza H3N2 virus co-infection on the efficacy of PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination, which is widely used in the field. Following simultaneous challenge with contemporary PRRSV-2 and H3N2 field isolates, we found that the protective effect of PRRS MLV vaccination on clinical disease and pathology was abrogated, although viral load was unaffected and antibody responses were enhanced. In contrast, co-infection in non-immunized animals reduced PRRSV-2 viremia and H3N2 virus load in the upper respiratory tract and potentiated T cell responses against both PRRSV-2 and H3N2 in the lung. Further analysis suggested that an upregulation of inhibitory cytokines gene expression in the lungs of vaccinated pigs may have influenced responses to H3N2 and PRRSV-2. These findings provide important insights into the effect of viral co-infections on PRRS vaccine efficacy that may help identify more effective vaccination strategies against PRDC in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nanchaya Wanasen
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Surapong Koonpaew
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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26
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Sirak A, Tulu B, Bayissa B, Gumi B, Berg S, Salguero FJ, Ameni G. Cellular and Cytokine Responses in Lymph Node Granulomas of Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Cross-Breed Calves Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium bovis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698800. [PMID: 34604367 PMCID: PMC8483244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Local immunological responses at the site of infections, such as at the lymph nodes and lungs, do play a role in containing infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). This bovine tuberculosis (bTB) study was conducted to evaluate cellular and cytokine responses in the lymph nodes and lungs of BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves that were naturally infected with M. bovis. Immunohistochemical assays were used for examination of the responses of macrophages, T cells, cytokines and chemical mediators of 40 (22 vaccinated and 18 non-vaccinated) Holstein-Friesian-zebu crossbred calves that were naturally exposed for 1 year to a known bTB positive cattle herd. The incidence rates of bTB visible lesion were 68.2% (15/22) and 89% (16/18) in vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves, respectively. The local responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and those of IFN-γ and TNF-α within the lesions, were stronger (P < 0.05) in BCG-vaccinated calves than in non-vaccinated calves. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) in the response of CD68+ cells. Thus, the findings of this study indicated stronger responses of a set of immunological cells and markers at the local granulomas of BCG-vaccinated calves than in non-vaccinated calves. Furthermore, BCG vaccination may also play a role in reducing the severity of the gross pathology at the primary site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asegedech Sirak
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Begna Tulu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia.,Medical Laboratory Science Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Huo J, Mikolajek H, Le Bas A, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Kipar A, Dormon J, Norman C, Weckener M, Clare DK, Harrison PJ, Tree JA, Buttigieg KR, Salguero FJ, Watson R, Knott D, Carnell O, Ngabo D, Elmore MJ, Fotheringham S, Harding A, Moynié L, Ward PN, Dumoux M, Prince T, Hall Y, Hiscox JA, Owen A, James W, Carroll MW, Stewart JP, Naismith JH, Owens RJ. A potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralising nanobody shows therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian golden hamster model of COVID-19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5469. [PMID: 34552091 PMCID: PMC8458290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a global threat to human health particularly as escape mutants emerge. There is an unmet need for effective treatments against COVID-19 for which neutralizing single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have significant potential. Their small size and stability mean that nanobodies are compatible with respiratory administration. We report four nanobodies (C5, H3, C1, F2) engineered as homotrimers with pmolar affinity for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Crystal structures show C5 and H3 overlap the ACE2 epitope, whilst C1 and F2 bind to a different epitope. Cryo Electron Microscopy shows C5 binding results in an all down arrangement of the Spike protein. C1, H3 and C5 all neutralize the Victoria strain, and the highly transmissible Alpha (B.1.1.7 first identified in Kent, UK) strain and C1 also neutralizes the Beta (B.1.35, first identified in South Africa). Administration of C5-trimer via the respiratory route showed potent therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian hamster model of COVID-19 and separately, effective prophylaxis. The molecule was similarly potent by intraperitoneal injection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Neutralization Tests
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Audrey Le Bas
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jordan J Clark
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Dormon
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Chelsea Norman
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Miriam Weckener
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Daniel K Clare
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Peter J Harrison
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Robert Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Daniel Knott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Oliver Carnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Susan Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Adam Harding
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucile Moynié
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Philip N Ward
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Maud Dumoux
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James P Stewart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - James H Naismith
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
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28
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Bewley KR, Gooch K, Thomas KM, Longet S, Wiblin N, Hunter L, Chan K, Brown P, Russell RA, Ho C, Slack G, Humphries HE, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Baker N, Brunt E, Cobb R, Fotheringham S, Harris D, Kennard C, Leung S, Ryan K, Tolley H, Wand N, White A, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Pearson G, Rayner E, Xue X, Lambe T, Charlton S, Gilbert S, Sattentau QJ, Gleeson F, Hall Y, Funnell S, Sharpe S, Salguero FJ, Gorringe A, Carroll M. Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg7996. [PMID: 34516768 PMCID: PMC8442907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferrets and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen 7 days after infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed at day 7 but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gooch
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Nathan Wiblin
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kin Chan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catherine Ho
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Gillian Slack
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Leonie Alden
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Debbie Harris
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ryan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Howard Tolley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Geoff Pearson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Oxford Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon Funnell
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Pandemic Preparedness Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
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29
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White AD, Sibley L, Gullick J, Sarfas C, Clark S, Fagrouch Z, Verschoor E, Salguero FJ, Dennis M, Sharpe S. TB and SIV Coinfection; a Model for Evaluating Vaccine Strategies against TB Reactivation in Asian Origin Cynomolgus Macaques: A Pilot Study Using BCG Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:945. [PMID: 34579182 PMCID: PMC8473354 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to determine the utility of a cynomolgus macaque model of coinfection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for the assessment of vaccines designed to prevent reactivation of TB. Following infection caused by aerosol exposure to an ultralow dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), data trends indicated that subsequent coinfection with SIVmac32H perturbed control of M. tb infection as evidenced by the increased occurrence of progressive disease in this group, higher levels of pathology and increased frequency of progressive tuberculous granulomas in the lung. BCG vaccination led to improved control of TB-induced disease and lower viral load in comparison to unvaccinated coinfected animals. The M. tb-specific IFNγ response after exposure to M. tb, previously shown to be associated with bacterial burden, was lower in the BCG-vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated groups. Levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreased in coinfected animals, with counts recovering more quickly in the BCG-vaccinated group. This pilot study provides proof of concept to support the use of the model for evaluation of interventions against reactivated/exacerbated TB caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Jennie Gullick
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Simon Clark
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (Z.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Ernst Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (Z.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Mike Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.D.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (F.J.S.); (M.D.); (S.S.)
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30
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Bessière P, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Servat A, Figueroa T, Foret-Lucas C, Coggon A, Lesellier S, Boué F, Cebron N, Gausserès B, Trumel C, Foucras G, Salguero FJ, Monchatre-Leroy E, Volmer R. Intranasal type I interferon treatment is beneficial only when administered before clinical signs onset in the SARS-CoV-2 hamster model. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009427. [PMID: 34370799 PMCID: PMC8376007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired type I interferons (IFNs) production or signaling have been associated with severe COVID-19, further promoting the evaluation of recombinant type I IFNs as therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the Syrian hamster model, we show that intranasal administration of IFN-α starting one day pre-infection or one day post-infection limited weight loss and decreased viral lung titers. By contrast, intranasal administration of IFN-α starting at the onset of symptoms three days post-infection had no impact on the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results provide evidence that early type I IFN treatment is beneficial, while late interventions are ineffective, although not associated with signs of enhanced disease. Type I interferons are major antiviral effectors produced by the host in response to viral infections. Importantly, delayed or impaired type I IFN signalling response has been shown to correlate with severe COVID-19. These observations provided further impetus to test the administration of exogenous type I IFN as a treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients. However, studies using MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV infected mice demonstrated that type I interferon treatment was beneficial when administered early, but was ineffective and even caused deleterious immunopathology when administered at later stages of infection. It is therefore crucial to understand how the timing of the type I IFN treatments modulates their efficacy and safety against SARS-CoV-2. In this preclinical study using the SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian hamster model, we showed that intranasal type I IFN treatment was beneficial only when administered before the onset of symptoms. Importantly, late treatment was ineffective but was not associated with deleterious effects. This study provides important information to interpret clinical trials showing no to modest effects of type I IFNs in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bessière
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelia Coggon
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Atton experimental facility, Atton, France
| | - Frank Boué
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Nathan Cebron
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Blandine Gausserès
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Trumel
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, CREFRE, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Romain Volmer
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Holzer B, Rijal P, McNee A, Paudyal B, Martini V, Clark B, Manjegowda T, Salguero FJ, Bessell E, Schwartz JC, Moffat K, Pedrera M, Graham SP, Noble A, Placido MBD, La Ragione RM, Mwangi W, Beverley P, McCauley JW, Daniels RS, Hammond JA, Townsend AR, Tchilian E. Correction: Protective porcine influenza virus-specific monoclonal antibodies recognize similar haemagglutinin epitopes as humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009815. [PMID: 34347851 PMCID: PMC8336845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009330.].
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32
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Lambe T, Spencer AJ, Thomas KM, Gooch KE, Thomas S, White AD, Humphries HE, Wright D, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Watson R, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Bewley KR, Brunt E, Brown P, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Fotheringham SA, Gilbride C, Harris DJ, Ho CMK, Hunter L, Kennard CL, Leung S, Lucas V, Ngabo D, Ryan KA, Sharpe H, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Slack GS, Ulaszewska M, Wand N, Wiblin NR, Gleeson FV, Bailey D, Sharpe S, Charlton S, Salguero FJ, Carroll MW, Gilbert SC. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaque and ferret challenge models. Commun Biol 2021; 4:915. [PMID: 34312487 PMCID: PMC8313674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently required, but early development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 resulted in enhanced disease after vaccination. Careful assessment of this phenomena is warranted for vaccine development against SARS CoV-2. Here we report detailed immune profiling after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) and subsequent high dose challenge in two animal models of SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease. We demonstrate in rhesus macaques the lung pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 mediated pneumonia is reduced by prior vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 which induced neutralising antibody responses after a single intramuscular administration. In a second animal model, ferrets, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduced both virus shedding and lung pathology. Antibody titre were boosted by a second dose. Data from these challenge models on the absence of enhanced disease and the detailed immune profiling, support the continued clinical evaluation of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kelly M Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Robert Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Leonie Alden
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Ciaran Gilbride
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Debbie J Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Nathan R Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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33
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Gooch KE, Smith TRF, Salguero FJ, Fotheringham SA, Watson RJ, Dennis MJ, Handley A, Humphries HE, Longet S, Tipton T, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Slack GS, Rayner E, Ryan KA, Schultheis K, Ramos SJ, White A, Charlton S, Sharpe SA, Gleeson F, Humeau LM, Hall Y, Broderick KE, Carroll MW. One or two dose regimen of the SARS-CoV-2 synthetic DNA vaccine INO-4800 protects against respiratory tract disease burden in nonhuman primate challenge model. Vaccine 2021; 39:4885-4894. [PMID: 34253420 PMCID: PMC8220992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines will provide essential medical countermeasures to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we assessed the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the intradermal delivery of INO-4800, a synthetic DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the rhesus macaque model. Single and 2 dose vaccination regimens were evaluated. Vaccination induced both binding and neutralizing antibodies, along with IFN-γ-producing T cells against SARS-CoV-2. Upon administration of a high viral dose (5 × 106 pfu) via the intranasal and intratracheal routes we observed significantly reduced virus load in the lung and throat, in the vaccinated animals compared to controls. 2 doses of INO-4800 was associated with more robust vaccine-induced immune responses and improved viral protection. Importantly, histopathological examination of lung tissue provided no indication of vaccine-enhanced disease following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in INO-4800 immunized animals. This vaccine candidate is currently under clinical evaluation as a 2 dose regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Gooch
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco J Salguero
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Watson
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Dennis
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Handley
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Holly E Humphries
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian S Slack
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew White
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Oxford University, OX3 7BN, UK
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34
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Queval CJ, Fearns A, Botella L, Smyth A, Schnettger L, Mitermite M, Wooff E, Villarreal-Ramos B, Garcia-Jimenez W, Heunis T, Trost M, Werling D, Salguero FJ, Gordon SV, Gutierrez MG. Macrophage-specific responses to human- and animal-adapted tubercle bacilli reveal pathogen and host factors driving multinucleated cell formation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009410. [PMID: 33720986 PMCID: PMC7993774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a group of related pathogens that cause tuberculosis (TB) in mammals. MTBC species are distinguished by their ability to sustain in distinct host populations. While Mycobacterium bovis (Mbv) sustains transmission cycles in cattle and wild animals and causes zoonotic TB, M. tuberculosis (Mtb) affects human populations and seldom causes disease in cattle. The host and pathogen determinants underlying host tropism between MTBC species are still unknown. Macrophages are the main host cell that encounters mycobacteria upon initial infection, and we hypothesised that early interactions between the macrophage and mycobacteria influence species-specific disease outcome. To identify factors that contribute to host tropism, we analysed blood-derived primary human and bovine macrophages (hMϕ or bMϕ, respectively) infected with Mbv and Mtb. We show that Mbv and Mtb reside in different cellular compartments and differentially replicate in hMϕ whereas both Mbv and Mtb efficiently replicate in bMϕ. Specifically, we show that out of the four infection combinations, only the infection of bMϕ with Mbv promoted the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), a hallmark of tuberculous granulomas. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that both MPB70 from Mbv and extracellular vesicles released by Mbv-infected bMϕ promote macrophage multinucleation. Importantly, we extended our in vitro studies to show that granulomas from Mbv-infected but not Mtb-infected cattle contained higher numbers of MNGCs. Our findings implicate MNGC formation in the contrasting pathology between Mtb and Mbv for the bovine host and identify MPB70 from Mbv and extracellular vesicles from bMϕ as mediators of this process. The identification of host and pathogen factors contributing to host-pathogen interaction is crucial to understand the pathogenesis and dissemination of tuberculosis. This is particularly the case in deciphering the mechanistic basis for host-tropism across the MTBC. Here, we show that in vitro, M. bovis but not M. tuberculosis induces multinucleated cell formation in bovine macrophages. We identified host and pathogen mechanistic drivers of multinucleated cell formation: MPB70 as the M. bovis factor and bovine macrophage extracellular vesicles. Using a cattle experimental infection model, we confirmed differential multinucleated cell formation in vivo. Thus, we have identified host and pathogen factors that contribute to host tropism in human/bovine tuberculosis. Additionally, this work provides an explanation for the long-standing association of multinucleated cells with tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alicia Smyth
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Morgane Mitermite
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esen Wooff
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Waldo Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Pathology an Infectious Diseases. School of Veterinary Medicine. University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Department of Pathology an Infectious Diseases. School of Veterinary Medicine. University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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35
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Dowall SD, Graham VA, Aram M, Findlay-Wilson S, Salguero FJ, Emery K, Hewson R. Hantavirus infection in type I interferon receptor-deficient (A129) mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:1047-1055. [PMID: 32667279 PMCID: PMC7660455 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon receptor knockout mice (strain A129) were assessed as a disease model of hantavirus infection. A range of infection routes (intramuscular, intraperitoneal and intranasal) were assessed using minimally passaged Seoul virus (strain Humber). Dissemination of virus to the spleen, kidney and lung was observed at 5 days after intramuscular and intraperitoneal challenge, which was resolved by day 14. In contrast, intranasal challenge of A129 mice demonstrated virus tropism to the lung, which was maintained to day 14 post-challenge. These data support the use of the A129 mouse model for future infection studies and the in vivo evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Victoria A Graham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephen Findlay-Wilson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kirsty Emery
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
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36
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Monchatre-Leroy E, Lesellier S, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Richomme C, Boué F, Lacôte S, Murri S, Pulido C, Vulin J, Salguero FJ, Gouilh MA, Servat A, Marianneau P. Hamster and ferret experimental infection with intranasal low dose of a single strain of SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001567. [PMID: 33612147 PMCID: PMC8515860 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection is key to developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, in the case of severe illness but also when the disease is mild. The use of appropriate experimental animal models remains central in the in vivo exploration of the physiopathology of infection and antiviral strategies. This study describes SARS-CoV-2 intranasal infection in ferrets and hamsters with low doses of low-passage SARS-CoV-2 clinical French isolate UCN19, describing infection levels, excretion, immune responses and pathological patterns in both animal species. Individual infection with 103 p.f.u. SARS-CoV-2 induced a more severe disease in hamsters than in ferrets. Viral RNA was detected in the lungs of hamsters but not of ferrets and in the brain (olfactory bulb and/or medulla oblongata) of both species. Overall, the clinical disease remained mild, with serological responses detected from 7 days and 10 days post-inoculation in hamsters and ferrets respectively. The virus became undetectable and pathology resolved within 14 days. The kinetics and levels of infection can be used in ferrets and hamsters as experimental models for understanding the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, and testing the protective effect of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Atton experimental facility, Atton France, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, SEEpiAS Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Franck Boué
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, SEEpiAS Unit, Malzéville, France
| | | | | | - Coralie Pulido
- Lyon laboratory, ANSES, Platform of animal experiment, Lyon, France
| | - Johann Vulin
- Lyon laboratory, ANSES, Virology Unit, Lyon, France
| | | | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l’Adaptation Microbienne – GRAM2, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Service de Virologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, ANSES, Lyssavirus Unit, Malzéville, France
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37
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Salguero FJ, White AD, Slack GS, Fotheringham SA, Bewley KR, Gooch KE, Longet S, Humphries HE, Watson RJ, Hunter L, Ryan KA, Hall Y, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Allen L, Aram M, Brunt E, Brown P, Buttigieg KR, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Coombes NS, Darby A, Daykin-Pont O, Elmore MJ, Garcia-Dorival I, Gkolfinos K, Godwin KJ, Gouriet J, Halkerston R, Harris DJ, Hender T, Ho CMK, Kennard CL, Knott D, Leung S, Lucas V, Mabbutt A, Morrison AL, Nelson C, Ngabo D, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan S, Taylor I, Tipton T, Thomas S, Tree JA, Turner C, Vamos E, Wand N, Wiblin NR, Charlton S, Dong X, Hallis B, Pearson G, Rayner EL, Nicholson AG, Funnell SG, Hiscox JA, Dennis MJ, Gleeson FV, Sharpe S, Carroll MW. Comparison of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques as an infection model for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1260. [PMID: 33627662 PMCID: PMC7904795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models, and in particular non-human primates, are essential to understand the pathogenesis of emerging diseases and to assess the safety and efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract and causes pulmonary lesions in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are also similar in both species and equivalent to those reported in milder infections and convalescent human patients. This finding is reiterated by our transcriptional analysis of respiratory samples revealing the global response to infection. We describe a new method for lung histopathology scoring that will provide a metric to enable clearer decision making for this key endpoint. In contrast to prior publications, in which rhesus are accepted to be the preferred study species, we provide convincing evidence that both macaque species authentically represent mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 observed in the majority of the human population and both species should be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, accessing cynomolgus macaques will greatly alleviate the pressures on current rhesus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Holly E Humphries
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Robert J Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alistair Darby
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Owen Daykin-Pont
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Dorival
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gkolfinos
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kerry J Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jade Gouriet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rachel Halkerston
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Debbie J Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Thomas Hender
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Chelsea L Kennard
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel Knott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jemma Paterson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Penn
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Steve Pullan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Irene Taylor
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Carrie Turner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Edith Vamos
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan R Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Geoffrey Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emma L Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Simon G Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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Nelson M, Salguero FJ, Hunter L, Atkins TP. A Novel Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) Model of Human Inhalational Q Fever. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:621635. [PMID: 33585288 PMCID: PMC7876459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.621635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were shown to be susceptible to inhalational infection with Coxiella burnetii, in a dose-dependent manner, producing a disease similar to human Q fever, characterized by a resolving febrile response. Illness was also associated with weight loss, liver enzyme dysfunction, characteristic cellular activation, circulating INF-γ and bacteraemia. Viable C. burnetii was recovered from various tissues during disease and from 75% of the animal's lungs on 28 days post challenge, when there were no overt clinical features of disease but there was histological evidence of macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration into the lung resulting in granulomatous alveolitis. Taken together, these features of disease progression, physiology and bacterial spread appear to be consistent with human disease and therefore the common marmoset can be considered as a suitable model for studies on the pathogenesis or the development of medical counter measures of inhalational Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nelson
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura Hunter
- Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Atkins
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, Gsell PS, Riveros-Balta AX, Albrecht RA, Andersen H, Baric RS, Carroll MW, Cavaleri M, Qin C, Crozier I, Dallmeier K, de Waal L, de Wit E, Delang L, Dohm E, Duprex WP, Falzarano D, Finch CL, Frieman MB, Graham BS, Gralinski LE, Guilfoyle K, Haagmans BL, Hamilton GA, Hartman AL, Herfst S, Kaptein SJF, Klimstra WB, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Kuhn JH, Le Grand R, Lewis MG, Liu WC, Maisonnasse P, McElroy AK, Munster V, Oreshkova N, Rasmussen AL, Rocha-Pereira J, Rockx B, Rodríguez E, Rogers TF, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Stittelaar KJ, Thibaut HJ, Tseng CT, Vergara-Alert J, Beer M, Brasel T, Chan JFW, García-Sastre A, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Roy CJ, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Animal models for COVID-19. Nature 2020; 586:509-515. [PMID: 32967005 PMCID: PMC8136862 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William E Dowling
- Centre for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Dohm
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amy L Hartman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William B Klimstra
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip R Krause
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nadia Oreshkova
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman |School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Seshadri S Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Stokol T, McAloose D, Terio KA, Salguero FJ. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Perspective Through the Lens of the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:576267. [PMID: 33088836 PMCID: PMC7544814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.576267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented challenges to veterinary diagnostic laboratories. These challenges include partial or complete shutdowns, interrupted courier services, disruptions in workflow and diagnostic testing, new physical distancing practices, protocol development or enhancement for handling samples from high-risk or susceptible species, and fulfilling requirements for pre-test permission approval from state and federal veterinary agencies, all of which have been implemented to prevent or minimize exposure and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 locally or regionally. As in people, SARS-CoV-2 infects animals through direct animal-to-animal contact and aerosol transmission between animals. Humans can also infect pets or other animals in their care and, although human-to-human transmission is the main route of viral spread in people, infected animals and specimens of their bodily fluids or tissues are a potential source of infection for veterinarians and technical or laboratory personnel that are handling them. In this perspective, we discuss how SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated rapid changes in laboratory operation to minimize zoonotic risk to personnel and to implement tests for identifying the virus in animals. The pandemic has highlighted the adaptability and quick response of veterinary diagnosticians to an emerging infectious disease and their critical role in maintaining animal health, while synergizing with and protecting human public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Denise McAloose
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Karen A. Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, United States
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Nga BTT, Tran Anh Dao B, Nguyen Thi L, Osaki M, Kawashima K, Song D, Salguero FJ, Le VP. Clinical and Pathological Study of the First Outbreak Cases of African Swine Fever in Vietnam, 2019. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:392. [PMID: 32733925 PMCID: PMC7360720 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of swine and the most important disease for the pork industry. Since the outbreaks in 2007 in the Caucasian region, it has been spreading to the West and East quite swiftly. In this study we have analyzed the clinical signs and pathological features of the first outbreaks on ASF in Vietnam in 2019, caused by an isolate with 100% similarity to the genotype II (p72) isolates from Georgia in 2007 and China in 2018. The disease onset with a peracute to acute clinical course with high mortality. Some animals showed very unspecific clinical signs with other showing severe hyperthermia, respiratory distress, diarrhea, or vomit. Hemorrhagic splenomegaly and lymphadenitis were the main lesions observed at post mortem examination, with histopathological changes confirming the lymphoid depletion and multiorganic hemorrhages. Monocyte-macrophages were identified by means of immunohistochemical methods as the main target cell for the ASF virus in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi To Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tran Anh Dao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Nguyen Thi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Makoto Osaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | | | - Van Phan Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects animals of the Suidae family, and soft ticks from the genus Ornithodoros can also be infected by the ASF virus (ASFV). The disease was first described in Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century as an acute disease characterized by high mortality and fatal hemorrhages. ASF has caused outbreaks in numerous countries and it continues to be devastating nowadays for the porcine sector in those countries affected, and a massive threat for those free of the disease. ASF can follow clinical courses from peracute to chronic in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) depending on a variety of factors, including the immune status of the animals and the virulence of the ASFV strain. The key features of the pathogenesis of the disease in domestic swine are a) a severe lymphoid depletion including lymphopenia and a state of immunodeficiency, and b) hemorrhages. However, African wild swine like bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus), red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) can be infected by ASFV showing no clinical signs of disease and acting as natural reservoir hosts. In this article we review the key features of the gross and microscopic pathology together with a description of the pathogenesis of ASFV infection in domestic pigs following the different clinical courses. The pathogenesis of ASF in wild and domestic swine is also described, what can provide important information for the design of control strategies, such as vaccines.
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43
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Ashpitel HF, Dabbs EB, Salguero FJ, Nemchand JL, La Ragione RM, Whiteley MS. Histopathologic differences in the endovenous laser ablation between jacketed and radial fibers, in an ex vivo dominant extrafascial tributary of the great saphenous vein in an in vitro model, using histology and immunohistochemistry. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 7:234-245. [PMID: 30771831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the biologic effects of the 1470-nm endovenous laser (EVL), with a jacketed fiber and a radial fiber, during EVL ablation of an ex vivo dominant extrafascial tributary of the great saphenous vein in our in vitro model by histology and immunohistochemistry. METHODS Ten segments of the dominant extrafascial tributary of the great saphenous vein were harvested by a consultant vascular surgeon from patients during routine varicose vein surgery. Six segments were treated using an ex vivo model of our design by a 1470-nm EVL with a jacketed fiber. The other four segments were also treated by a 1470-nm EVL but with a radial-firing fiber. Each segment was split into five sections and treated at five different linear endovenous energy densities (LEEDs) at 10 W: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 J/cm. The veins were incubated and subsections collected at 6 and 24 hours after treatment. Subsections were immersed in buffered formalin and taken for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Histopathologic analysis was then performed. RESULTS Treatment with the radial fiber led to a pattern of damage that was more homogeneous than with the jacketed fiber, with no carbonization of tissue present. Significant transmural damage and necrosis were observed at LEEDs of 60 and 80 J/cm in both treatment groups. At the same LEEDs, p53 and caspase 3 analysis showed that transmural cell wall vein death (necrosis or apoptosis) occurred by 6 hours after treatment with both fibers. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference in the effects of treatment with a jacketed fiber and a radial fiber in EVL ablation in vitro. Although both fibers caused transmural vein wall cell death at similar LEEDs, the pattern of damage with the radial fiber was more homogeneous. There was no overtreatment of tissue in terms of carbonization after treatment with the radial fiber. Treatment with the jacketed fiber showed carbonization of tissue at the same LEEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Ashpitel
- Research Department, The Whiteley Clinic, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Emma B Dabbs
- Research Department, The Whiteley Clinic, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jaya L Nemchand
- Research Department, The Whiteley Clinic, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Whiteley
- Research Department, The Whiteley Clinic, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Balseiro A, Prieto JM, Álvarez V, Lesellier S, Davé D, Salguero FJ, Sevilla IA, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Garrido JM, Adriaensen H, Juste RA, Barral M. Protective Effect of Oral BCG and Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Vaccines in European Badgers ( Meles meles) Experimentally Infected With M. bovis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:41. [PMID: 32118064 PMCID: PMC7011093 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, badgers (Meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (TB) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. Recent studies in Spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (HIMB) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against TB in a badger model: the live-attenuated M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin BCG vaccine (Danish strain) and a HIMB vaccine. Twenty-four badgers were separated in three treatment groups: oral vaccinated with live BCG (108 CFU, n = 5), oral vaccinated with HIMB (107 CFU, n = 7), and unvaccinated controls (n = 12). All badgers were experimentally infected with M. bovis (103 CFU) by the endobronchial route targeting the right middle lung lobe. Throughout the study, clinical, immunological, pathological, and bacteriological parameters of infection were measured. Both vaccines conferred protection against experimental TB in badger, as measured by a reduction of the severity and lesion volumes. Based on these data, HIMB vaccination appears to be a promising TB oral vaccine candidate for badgers in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | - José Miguel Prieto
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | - Vega Álvarez
- Animalien Osasuna, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Dipesh Davé
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animalien Osasuna, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animalien Osasuna, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Hans Adriaensen
- CIRE Plateform, Service Imagerie, UMR PRC, Centre INRAE Val-de-Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Animalien Osasuna, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
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Lesellier S, Boschiroli ML, Barrat J, Wanke C, Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Nunez A, Godinho A, Spiropoulos J, Palmer S, Dave D, Anderson P, Boucher JM, de Cruz K, Henault S, Michelet L, Gowtage S, Williams GA, Nadian AK, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Boué F, Chambers MA, Richomme C. Detection of live M. bovis BCG in tissues and IFN-γ responses in European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:445. [PMID: 31810466 PMCID: PMC6898942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) has provided protection against M. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. There is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live BCG within the host is important for maintaining protection against TB. Here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live BCG. The targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small intestine (ileum). Results We showed that significant quantities of live BCG persisted within badger in tissues of vaccinated badgers for at least 8 weeks following oral vaccination with only very mild pathological features and induced the circulation of IFNγ-producing mononuclear cells. The uptake of live BCG by tonsils and drainage to retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes was repeatable in the animal group vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation whereas those vaccinated directly in the ileum displayed a lower frequency of BCG detection in the enteric wall or draining mesenteric lymph nodes. No faecal excretion of live BCG was observed, including when BCG was delivered directly in the ileum. Conclusions The apparent local loss of BCG viability suggests an unfavorable gastro-enteric environment for BCG in badgers, which should be taken in consideration when developing an oral vaccine for use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK. .,Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France. .,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Christoph Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery B.V., High Tech Campus 10, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Alex Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Boué
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
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46
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Holzer B, Morgan SB, Martini V, Sharma R, Clark B, Chiu C, Salguero FJ, Tchilian E. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Seasonal Human Live Attenuated Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine in Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2625. [PMID: 31787986 PMCID: PMC6856147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection is a global health threat to livestock and humans, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. As both pigs and humans are readily infected with influenza viruses of similar subtype, the pig is a robust and appropriate model for investigating swine and human disease. We evaluated the efficacy of the human cold-adapted 2017–2018 quadrivalent seasonal LAIV in pigs against H1N1pdm09 challenge. LAIV immunized animals showed significantly reduced viral load in nasal swabs. There was limited replication of the H1N1 component of the vaccine in the nose, a limited response to H1N1 in the lung lymph nodes and a low H1N1 serum neutralizing titer. In contrast there was better replication of the H3N2 component of the LAIV, accompanied by a stronger response to H3N2 in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Our data demonstrates that a single administration of human quadrivalent LAIV shows limited replication in the nose and induces detectable responses to the H1N1 and H3N2 components. These data suggest that pigs may be a useful model for assessing LAIV against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie B Morgan
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Clark
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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47
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Betts JW, Hornsey M, Higgins PG, Lucassen K, Wille J, Salguero FJ, Seifert H, La Ragione RM. Restoring the activity of the antibiotic aztreonam using the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1552-1559. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Betts
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Michael Hornsey
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul G. Higgins
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Lucassen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Wille
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Harald Seifert
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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48
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Ortega-García MV, Salguero FJ, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Moreno I, García N, García-Seco T, Luz Torre G, Domínguez L, Domínguez M. A pathological study of Leishmania infantum natural infection in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis). Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2474-2481. [PMID: 31339665 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the pathology of Leishmania infantum infection in naturally infected wild Leporidae and compare diagnosis of infection using histopathology, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Tissues were analysed from 52 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and 7 Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) from the Community of Madrid (Spain). Our results show that L. infantum infection is associated with only minimal histopathological lesions and that L. infantum amastigotes can be detected by DFA assay in all tissues types tested, including skin. These results were confirmed by qPCR on fresh frozen tissues in 13% of rabbits and 100% of hares. However, L. infantum DNA could not be detected by qPCR on paraffin-embedded tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection. Using the DFA assay to diagnose L. infantum, infection may provide further insights into this disease in wild animals and may allow the precise tissue localization of L. infantum, thereby guiding follow-up tests with more accurate qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Ortega-García
- Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Campus La Marañosa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,PHE Porton Down, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Área de Inmunología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea García
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Luz Torre
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Área de Inmunología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Carrasco L, Barranco I, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Laguna J. Kinetics of the expression of CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil of pigs after infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:187-195. [PMID: 31104196 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), causing atypical and severe outbreaks, has been notified worldwide. This study assesses the expression, distribution and kinetics of PRRSV N-protein, CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil from experimentally-infected piglets with three different PRRSV-1 strains: a virulent PRRSV-1 subtype 3 strain (SU1-bel) and two low-virulent subtype 1 strains, Lelystad virus (LV) and 215-06. SU1-bel replicated more efficiently in the lungs and tonsils. The number of CD163+ cells decreased in both tissues from all infected groups at 7 dpi, followed by an increase at the end of the study, highlighting a negative correlation with the number of N-protein+-infected cells. A significant increase in CD107a was observed in all infected groups at 35 dpi but no differences were observed among them. Whereas the initial decrease of CD163+ cells appears to be associated to virus replication and cell death, the later recovery of the CD163+ population may be due to either the induction of CD163 in immature cells, the recruitment of CD163+ cells in the area of infection, or both. These results highlight the ability of macrophage subpopulations in infected animals to recover and restore their potential biological functions at one-month post-infection, with the greatest improvement observed in SU1-bel-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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50
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Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Dave D, Moreno I, Anderson P, Lesellier S, Gormley E, Dominguez L, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Dominguez M, Salguero FJ. New serological platform for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in European badgers. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:61-69. [PMID: 30656864 PMCID: PMC6376137 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
European badgers (Meles meles) have been identified as wildlife reservoirs for Mycobacterium bovis in the UK and Ireland, and may also have a role in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis in other European regions. Thus, detection of M. bovis‐infected badgers may be required for the purposes of surveillance and monitoring of disease levels in infected populations. Current serological assays to detect M. bovis infection in live badgers, while rapid and inexpensive, show limited diagnostic sensitivity. Here we describe and evaluate new ELISA platforms for the recognition of the P22 multiprotein complex derived from the purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. bovis. The recognition of IgG against P22 multiprotein complex derived from PPD‐B was tested by ELISA in the serum of badgers from the UK, Ireland and Spain. TB infection in the badgers was indicated by the presence of M. bovis in tissues by culture and histology at post‐mortem examination and TB‐free status was established by repeated negativity in the interferon γ release assay (IGRA). In experimentally infected badgers, humoral antibody responses against P22 developed within 45 days post‐infection. The ELISA tests showed estimated sensitivity levels of 74–82% in experimentally and naturally infected badgers with specificities ranging from 75% to 100% depending on the badger population tested. The P22 multi‐antigen based ELISAs provide a sensitive and specific test platform for improved tuberculosis surveillance in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipesh Dave
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Immaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Anderson
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva-Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dominguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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