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Bull TJ, Munshi T, Lopez-Perez PM, Tran AC, Cosgrove C, Bartolf A, Menichini M, Rindi L, Parigger L, Malanovic N, Lohner K, Wang CJH, Fatima A, Martin LL, Esin S, Batoni G, Hilpert K. Specific Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Enhance the Recovery of Low-Load Quiescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Routine Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17555. [PMID: 38139385 PMCID: PMC10743970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The culture confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) with culture conversion representing proof of cure. However, over 40% of TB samples fail to isolate MTB even though many patients remain infectious due to the presence of viable non-culturable forms. Previously, we have shown that two short cationic peptides, T14D and TB08L, induce a hormetic response at low concentrations, leading to a stimulation of growth in MTB and the related animal pathogen Mycobacterium bovis (bTB). Here, we examine these peptides showing they can influence the mycobacterial membrane integrity and function through membrane potential reduction. We also show this disruption is associated with an abnormal reduction in transcriptomic signalling from specific mycobacterial membrane sensors that normally monitor the immediate cellular environment and maintain the non-growing phenotype. We observe that exposing MTB or bTB to these peptides at optimal concentrations rapidly represses signalling mechanisms maintaining dormancy phenotypes, which leads to the promotion of aerobic metabolism and conversion into a replicative phenotype. We further show a practical application of these peptides as reagents able to enhance conventional routine culture methods by stimulating mycobacterial growth. We evaluated the ability of a peptide-supplemented sample preparation and culture protocol to isolate the MTB against a gold standard routine method tested in parallel on 255 samples from 155 patients with suspected TB. The peptide enhancement increased the sample positivity rate by 46% and decreased the average time to sample positivity of respiratory/faecal sampling by seven days. The most significant improvements in isolation rates were from sputum smear-negative low-load samples and faeces. The peptide enhancement increased sampling test sensitivity by 19%, recovery in samples from patients with a previously culture-confirmed TB by 20%, and those empirically treated for TB by 21%. We conclude that sample decontamination and culture enhancement with D-enantiomer peptides offer good potential for the much-needed improvement of the culture confirmation of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Bull
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (K.H.)
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (K.H.)
| | | | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (K.H.)
| | - Catherine Cosgrove
- St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; (C.C.)
| | - Angela Bartolf
- St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; (C.C.)
| | - Melissa Menichini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (L.R.); (S.E.); (G.B.)
| | - Laura Rindi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (L.R.); (S.E.); (G.B.)
| | - Lena Parigger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, Humboldstrasse 50/III, 800 Graz, Austria; (L.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Nermina Malanovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, Humboldstrasse 50/III, 800 Graz, Austria; (L.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, Humboldstrasse 50/III, 800 Graz, Austria; (L.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Carl J. H. Wang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia (A.F.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Anam Fatima
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia (A.F.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lisandra L. Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia (A.F.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Semih Esin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (L.R.); (S.E.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanna Batoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (L.R.); (S.E.); (G.B.)
| | - Kai Hilpert
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (K.H.)
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García-Bengoa M, Vergara EJ, Tran AC, Bossi L, Cooper AM, Pearl JE, Mussá T, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Singh M, Reljic R. Immunogenicity of PE18, PE31, and PPE26 proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1307429. [PMID: 38124744 PMCID: PMC10730732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The large family of PE and PPE proteins accounts for as much as 10% of the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we explored the immunogenicity of three proteins from this family, PE18, PE31, and PPE26, in humans and mice. Methods The investigation involved analyzing the immunoreactivity of the selected proteins using sera from TB patients, IGRA-positive household contacts, and IGRA-negative BCG vaccinated healthy donors from the TB endemic country Mozambique. Antigen-recall responses were examined in PBMC from these groups, including the evaluation of cellular responses in healthy unexposed individuals. Moreover, systemic priming and intranasal boosting with each protein, combined with the Quil-A adjuvant, were conducted in mice. Results We found that all three proteins are immunoreactive with sera from TB patients, IGRA-positive household contacts, and IGRA-negative BCG vaccinated healthy controls. Likewise, antigen-recall responses were induced in PBMC from all groups, and the proteins stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy unexposed individuals. In mice, all three antigens induced IgG antibody responses in sera and predominantly IgG, rather than IgA, responses in bronchoalveolar lavage. Additionally, CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cell responses were observed in the spleen, with PE18 demonstrating the ability to induce tissue-resident memory T cells in the lungs. Discussion Having demonstrated immunogenicity in both humans and mice, the protective capacity of these antigens was evaluated by challenging immunized mice with low-dose aerosol of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The in vitro Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assay (MGIA) and assessment of viable bacteria in the lung did not demonstrate any ability of the vaccination protocol to reduce bacterial growth. We therefore concluded that these three specific PE/PPE proteins, while immunogenic in both humans and mice, were unable to confer protective immunity under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bengoa
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emil Joseph Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Bossi
- Immunxperts SA, a Q² Solutions Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Pearl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Chowdhury S, Latham KA, Tran AC, Carroll CJ, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP, Neil SJD, Swanson CM, Strang BL. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon alpha can involve multiple anti-viral factors. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001929. [PMID: 38063292 PMCID: PMC10770924 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortcomings of current direct-acting anti-viral therapy against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has led to interest in host-directed therapy. Here we re-examine the use of interferon proteins to inhibit HCMV replication utilizing both high and low passage strains of HCMV. Pre-treatment of cells with interferon alpha (IFNα) was required for robust and prolonged inhibition of both low and high passage HCMV strains, with no obvious toxicity, and was associated with an increased anti-viral state in HCMV-infected cells. Pre-treatment of cells with IFNα led to poor expression of HCMV immediate-early proteins from both high and low passage strains, which was associated with the presence of the anti-viral factor SUMO-PML. Inhibition of HCMV replication in the presence of IFNα involving ZAP proteins was HCMV strain-dependent, wherein a high passage HCMV strain was obviously restricted by ZAP and a low passage strain was not. This suggested that strain-specific combinations of anti-viral factors were involved in inhibition of HCMV replication in the presence of IFNα. Overall, this work further supports the development of strategies involving IFNα that may be useful to inhibit HCMV replication and highlights the complexity of the anti-viral response to HCMV in the presence of IFNα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabab Chowdhury
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Katie A. Latham
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J. Carroll
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
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White AD, Tran AC, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Morrison AL, Lawrence S, Dennis M, Clark S, Zadi S, Lanni F, Rayner E, Copland A, Hart P, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Kim M, Gleeson F, Salguero FJ, Singh M, Stehr M, Cutting SM, Basile JI, Rottenberg ME, Williams A, Sharpe SA, Reljic R. Spore-FP1 tuberculosis mucosal vaccine candidate is highly protective in guinea pigs but fails to improve on BCG-conferred protection in non-human primates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246826. [PMID: 37881438 PMCID: PMC10594996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major health threat globally and a more effective vaccine than the current Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is required, either to replace or boost it. The Spore-FP1 mucosal vaccine candidate is based on the fusion protein of Ag85B-Acr-HBHA/heparin-binding domain, adsorbed on the surface of inactivated Bacillus subtilis spores. The candidate conferred significant protection against Mycobacterium. tuberculosis challenge in naïve guinea pigs and markedly improved protection in the lungs and spleens of animals primed with BCG. We then immunized rhesus macaques with BCG intradermally, and subsequently boosted with one intradermal and one aerosol dose of Spore-FP1, prior to challenge with low dose aerosolized M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Following vaccination, animals did not show any adverse reactions and displayed higher antigen specific cellular and antibody immune responses compared to BCG alone but this did not translate into significant improvement in disease pathology or bacterial burden in the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Morrison
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clark
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sirine Zadi
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Faye Lanni
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil Reynolds Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Department of Oncology, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Sporegen Ltd , London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Basile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Williams
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Tran AC, Boariu E, García-Bengoa M, Kim MY, Vergara EJ, Mussá T, Reljic R. Serological analysis reveals differential antibody responses between TB patients and latently infected individuals from the TB endemic country of Mozambique. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1286785. [PMID: 37877025 PMCID: PMC10591198 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1286785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological antibody profiling of tuberculosis (TB) patients and household contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI) could identify risk indicators of disease progression, and potentially also serve as an easily accessible diagnostic tool to discriminate between these two stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Yet, despite significant efforts over many decades, neither application has yet fully materialised, and this is at least in part due to inconsistent and varying antibody profiles from different TB endemic regions. In this study, we conducted a retrospective exploratory analysis of serum antibodies in a cohort of active TB patients (ATB) and their interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) positive household contacts (LTBI), as well as healthy controls (HC) from Mozambique, a country with a high TB burden from the Sub-Saharan region. Using several Mtb antigens as well as crude preparations of culture filtrate proteins (CFP) from Mtb and Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), we report that the most discriminatory response for TB and LTBI was observed for serum IgA antibodies to the MPT64 antigen, followed by IgG antibodies to Ag85B and CFP, with ATB patients having significantly higher levels than LTBI or BCG-vaccinated healthy controls. Conversely, sera from LTBI individuals had higher levels of IgG antibodies to the HBHA antigen than ATB. While our sample size (n = 21 for ATB, 18 for LTBI and 17 for HC) was too small to fully evaluate the diagnostic potential of these differing serological profiles, our study however preliminarily indicated high level of sensitivity (95%) and specificity (97%) of an ELISA MPT64-IgA test for discriminating TB from LTBI and healthy controls, supporting the notion that it alone, or possibly in combination with other antigens such as Ag85B or CFP could lead to development of an easily accessible diagnostic tool for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Boariu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María García-Bengoa
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Joseph Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Hyde K, Sultana N, Tran AC, Bileckaja N, Donald CL, Kohl A, Stanton RJ, Strang BL. Limited replication of human cytomegalovirus in a trophoblast cell line. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34816792 PMCID: PMC8742992 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), are thought to replicate in the placenta. However, there is little understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HCMV replication in this tissue. We investigated replication of HCMV in the extravillous trophoblast cell line SGHPL-4, a commonly used model of HCMV replication in the placenta. We found limited HCMV protein expression and virus replication in SGHPL-4 cells. This was associated with a lack of trophoblast progenitor cell protein markers in SGHPL-4 cells, suggesting a relationship between trophoblast differentiation and limited HCMV replication. We proposed that limited HCMV replication in trophoblast cells is advantageous to vertical transmission of HCMV, as there is a greater opportunity for vertical transmission when the placenta is intact and functional. Furthermore, when we investigated the replication of other vertically transmitted viruses in SGHPL-4 cells we found some limitation to replication of Zika virus, but not herpes simplex virus. Thus, limited replication of some, but not all, vertically transmitted viruses may be a feature of trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadeem Hyde
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nowshin Sultana
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Narina Bileckaja
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Blair L Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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7
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Tran AC, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Copland A, Hart P, Mehta N, Irvine EB, Mussá T, Drake PMW, Ivanyi J, Alter G, Reljic R. Mucosal Therapy of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis With IgA and Interferon-γ. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582833. [PMID: 33193394 PMCID: PMC7606302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence has been emerging that antibodies can be protective in various experimental models of tuberculosis. Here, we report on protection against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection using a combination of the human monoclonal IgA 2E9 antibody against the alpha-crystallin (Acr, HspX) antigen and mouse interferon-gamma in mice transgenic for the human IgA receptor, CD89. The effect of the combined mucosal IgA and IFN-γ; treatment was strongest (50-fold reduction) when therapy was applied at the time of infection, but a statistically significant reduction of lung bacterial load was observed even when the therapy was initiated once the infection had already been established. The protection involving enhanced phagocytosis and then neutrophil mediated killing of infected cells was IgA isotype mediated, because treatment with an IgG version of 2E9 antibody was not effective in human IgG receptor CD64 transgenic mice. The Acr antigen specificity of IgA antibodies for protection in humans has been indicated by their elevated serum levels in latent tuberculosis unlike the lack of IgA antibodies against the virulence-associated MPT64 antigen. Our results represent the first evidence for potential translation of mucosal immunotherapy for the management of MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juraj Ivanyi
- Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Guy's Campus of King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Salter RS, Markovsky RJ, Douglas DW, Saul SJ, Tran AC, Legg DR, Schwartz JA, Conaway DM, McRobbie LW, Kalinowski E, Bulthaus M. TRIO Method for Detection of Beta-Lactams, Sulfonamides, and Tetracyclines in Raw Commingled Cows' Milk. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1366-1377. [PMID: 33241384 PMCID: PMC8439305 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A qualitative 3 min one-step assay for detecting beta-lactam, sulfonamide, and tetracycline antibiotics was validated following milk screening test guidelines developed by FDA-CVM, AOAC-RI, and IDF. The validated 90% detection levels with 95% confidence were: penicillin G 2 part per billion (ppb); amoxicillin 4 ppb; ampicillin 9 ppb; ceftiofur plus metabolites 50 ppb; cloxacillin 9 ppb; cephapirin 15 ppb; sulfadimethoxine 8 ppb; sulfamethazine 9 ppb; chlortetracycline 34 ppb; oxytetracycline 53 ppb; and tetracycline 42 ppb. Detection levels were lower than U.S. and Canadian allowable limits for milk and were consistent with most European Maximum Residue Limits. Tests of raw commingled cows’ milk indicated a low positive error rate of <0.3% with no interferences demonstrated by 1.08 MM/mL somatic cells, Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria < 300 K/mL, freeze/thawing, or non-targeted drugs. Detection of incurred residues were similar to, or more sensitive to, fortified samples. Some cross reactivity across drug families occurred in interference studies and therefore initial positive samples should be confirmed with drug family specific screening methods. The National Conference of Interstate Milk Shipments approval as a bulk tank/tanker screening test was completed in three stages for each drug family, including a tetracycline confirmation procedure to target U.S. tolerance levels. Detection and robustness were found to be appropriate for multiple countries’ regulatory requirements for screening tests. The method development, validation, and approval was intended to diversify and increase the verification tools for the control of the major antibiotic drug families used in managing cows’ health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Salter
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - R J Markovsky
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - D W Douglas
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - S J Saul
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - A C Tran
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - D R Legg
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - J A Schwartz
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - D M Conaway
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | - L W McRobbie
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover St, Lawrence, MA 01843, USA
| | | | - Mary Bulthaus
- Eurofins-DQCI, 5205 Quincy Street, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA
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9
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Abstract
The best way to debunk a scientific dogma is to throw irrefutable evidence at it. This is especially true if the dogma in question has been nurtured over many decades, as is the case with the apparent redundancy of antibodies (Abs) against intracellular pathogens. Although not fully compelling yet, that ‘hard core’ evidence is nevertheless now slowly beginning to emerge. This is true for several clinically relevant infections but none more so than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the archetype intracellular pathogen that poses a great health challenge to the mankind. Here, prompted by a spate of recent high-profile reports on the effects of Abs in various experimental models of tuberculosis, we step back and take a critical look at the progress that has been made in the last 5 years and highlight some of the strengths and shortcomings of the presented evidence. We conclude that the tide of the opinion has begun to turn in favour of Abs but we also caution against overinterpreting the currently available limited evidence. For, until definitive evidence that can withstand even the most rigorous of experimental tests is produced, the dogma may yet survive. Or indeed, we may find that the truth is hidden somewhere in between the dogma and the unfulfilled scientific prophecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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10
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Kuczkowska K, Copland A, Øverland L, Mathiesen G, Tran AC, Paul MJ, Eijsink VGH, Reljic R. Inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum Carrying a Surface-Displayed Ag85B-ESAT-6 Fusion Antigen as a Booster Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1588. [PMID: 31354727 PMCID: PMC6632704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective strategy for controlling tuberculosis (TB). The existing vaccine, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although partially protective, has a number of limitations. Therefore, there is a need for developing new TB vaccines and several strategies are currently exploited including the use of viral and bacterial delivery vectors. We have previously shown that Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) producing Ag85B and ESAT-6 antigens fused to a dendritic cell-targeting peptide (referred to as Lp_DC) induced specific immune responses in mice. Here, we analyzed the ability of two Lp-based vaccines, Lp_DC and Lp_HBD (in which the DC-binding peptide was replaced by an HBD-domain directing the antigen to non-phagocytic cells) to activate antigen-presenting cells, induce specific immunity and protect mice from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We tested two strategies: (i) Lp as BCG boosting vaccine (a heterologous regimen comprising parenteral BCG immunization followed by intranasal Lp boost), and (ii) Lp as primary vaccine (a homologous regimen including subcutaneous priming followed by intranasal boost). The results showed that both Lp constructs applied as a BCG boost induced specific cellular immunity, manifested in T cell proliferation, antigen-specific IFN-γ responses and multifunctional T cells phenotypes. More importantly, intranasal boost with Lp_DC or Lp_HBD enhanced protection offered by BCG, as shown by reduced M. tuberculosis counts in lungs. These findings suggest that Lp constructs could be developed as a potential mucosal vaccine platform against mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Øverland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Diogo GR, Hart P, Copland A, Kim MY, Tran AC, Poerio N, Singh M, Paul MJ, Fraziano M, Reljic R. Immunization With Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens Encapsulated in Phosphatidylserine Liposomes Improves Protection Afforded by BCG. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1349. [PMID: 31293568 PMCID: PMC6598733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have been long considered as a vaccine delivery system but this technology remains to be fully utilized. Here, we describe a novel liposome-based subunit vaccine formulation for tuberculosis (TB) based on phosphatidylserine encapsulating two prominent TB antigens, Ag85B, and ESAT-6. We show that the resulting liposomes (Lipo-AE) are stable upon storage and can be readily taken up by antigen presenting cells and that their antigenic cargo is delivered and processed within endosomal cell compartments. The Lipo-AE vaccine formulation combined with the PolyIC adjuvant induced a mixed Th1/Th17-Th2 immune response to Ag85B but only a weak response to ESAT-6. An immunization regimen based on systemic delivery followed by mucosal boost with Lipo-AE resulted in the accumulation of resident memory T cells in the lungs. Most importantly though, when Lipo-AE vaccine candidate was administered to BCG-immunized mice subsequently challenged with low dose aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we observed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in the lungs and spleen compared to BCG alone. We therefore conclude that the immunization with mycobacterial antigens delivered by phosphatidylserine based liposomes in combination with Poly:IC adjuvant may represent a novel BCG boosting vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Copland A, Diogo GR, Hart P, Harris S, Tran AC, Paul MJ, Singh M, Cutting SM, Reljic R. Mucosal Delivery of Fusion Proteins with Bacillus subtilis Spores Enhances Protection against Tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29593708 PMCID: PMC5857916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most deadly infectious disease in existence, and the only available vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is almost a century old and poorly protective. The immunological complexity of TB, coupled with rising resistance to antimicrobial therapies, necessitates a pipeline of diverse novel vaccines. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis spores can be coated with a fusion protein 1 (“FP1”) consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens Ag85B, ACR, and HBHA. The resultant vaccine, Spore-FP1, was tested in a murine low-dose Mtb aerosol challenge model. Mice were primed with subcutaneous BCG, followed by mucosal booster immunizations with Spore-FP1. We show that Spore-FP1 enhanced pulmonary control of Mtb, as evidenced by reduced bacterial burdens in the lungs. This was associated with elevated antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers in the serum and lung mucosal surface, respectively. Spore-FP1 immunization generated superior antigen-specific memory T-cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ compartments, alongside bolstered Th1-, Th17-, and Treg-type cytokine production, compared to BCG immunization alone. CD69+CD103+ tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm) were found within the lung parenchyma after mucosal immunization with Spore-FP1, confirming the advantages of mucosal delivery. Our data show that Spore-FP1 is a promising new TB vaccine that can successfully augment protection and immunogenicity in BCG-primed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil R Diogo
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Harris
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C Tran
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Patel SD, Tran AC, Ge Y, Moskalenko M, Tsui L, Banik G, Tom W, Scott M, Chen L, Van Roey M, Rivkin M, Mendez M, Gyuris J, McArthur JG. The p53-independent tumoricidal activity of an adenoviral vector encoding a p27-p16 fusion tumor suppressor gene. Mol Ther 2000; 2:161-9. [PMID: 10947944 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here that DE1-adenovirus vectors (AV) expressing a p27-p16 fusion molecule, termed W9, induce tumor cell apoptosis when overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cell types. However, in primary human cells derived from a variety of normal tissues, AV-W9 induced minimal apoptosis. In tumor cells AV-W9 demonstrated 5- to 50-fold greater tumoricidal activity than either of the parental molecules p16 and p27. In these studies, AV-W9 elicited apoptosis independent of the p53 and Rb status of the tumor cells. In several murine tumor models AV-W9 demonstrated p53-independent antitumor activity. It completely prevented tumor formation in two ex vivo models, whereas the parental molecules resulted in partial protection. Furthermore, AV-W9 induced tumor regression or suppressed tumor growth when introduced intratumorally into preestablished tumors in mice. This effect may be mediated through tumor cell apoptosis or antiangiogenic activity of AV-W9. Thus, this novel chimeric molecule is more potent and capable of killing a broader spectrum of tumors than the parental p16 and p27 molecules independent of the tumor cell p53 and phenotype and represents a powerful new therapeutic agent for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Patel
- Cell Genesys Incorporated, 324 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, USA
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14
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Roberts MR, Cooke KS, Tran AC, Smith KA, Lin WY, Wang M, Dull TJ, Farson D, Zsebo KM, Finer MH. Antigen-specific cytolysis by neutrophils and NK cells expressing chimeric immune receptors bearing zeta or gamma signaling domains. J Immunol 1998; 161:375-84. [PMID: 9647246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TCR- and IgG-binding Fc receptors (Fc gamma R) mediate a variety of critical biologic activities including cytolysis via the structurally related zeta- and gamma-chains. In previous studies, we have described chimeric immune receptors (CIR) in which the ligand-binding domain of a heterologous receptor or Ab is fused directly to the cytoplasmic domain of the TCR zeta-chain. Such zeta-CIRs efficiently trigger cytotoxic function of both T and NK cells in a target-specific manner. In this report, we compared the ability of both zeta- and gamma-CIRs to activate the cytolytic function of two distinct classes of Fc gamma R-bearing effectors, NK cells and neutrophils. Mature neutrophils expressing zeta- and gamma-CIR were generated in vivo from murine hemopoietic stem cells following transplantation of syngeneic mice with retrovirally transduced bone marrow or in vitro from transduced human CD34+ progenitors following differentiation. Both zeta- and gamma-based CIRs were capable of activating target-specific cytolysis by both NK cells and neutrophils, although the zeta-CIR was consistently more efficient. The experimental approach described is a powerful one with which to study the role of nonlymphoid effector cells in the host immune system and permits the rational design of immunotherapeutic strategies that rely on harnessing multiple immune cell functions via CIR-modified hemopoietic stem cells or progenitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/immunology
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Roberts
- Cell Genesys Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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15
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Yang OO, Tran AC, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Roberts MR, Walker BD. Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:11478-83. [PMID: 9326635 PMCID: PMC23511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.21.11478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are a key host immune response to HIV-1 infection. Generation of CTL responses for prevention or therapy of HIV-1 infection has several intrinsic technical barriers such as antigen expression and presentation, the varying HLA restrictions between different individuals, and the potential for viral escape by sequence variation or surface molecule alteration on infected cells. A strategy to circumvent these limitations is the construction of a chimeric T cell receptor containing human CD4 or HIV-1-specific Ig sequences linked to the signaling domain of the T cell receptor zeta chain (universal T cell receptor). CD8+ CTLs transduced with this universal receptor can then bind and lyse infected cells that express surface HIV-1 gp120. We evaluated the ability of universal-receptor-bearing CD8+ cells from a seronegative donor to lyse acutely infected cells and inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. The kinetics of lysis and efficiency of inhibition were comparable to that of naturally occurring HIV-1-specific CTL clones isolated from infected individuals. Further study will be required to determine the utility of these cells as a therapeutic strategy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Yang
- AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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16
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Tran AC, Zhang D, Byrn R, Roberts MR. Chimeric zeta-receptors direct human natural killer (NK) effector function to permit killing of NK-resistant tumor cells and HIV-infected T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1995; 155:1000-9. [PMID: 7608531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric receptors in which a signaling component of the TCR complex such as zeta is fused directly to the ligand binding domain of a heterologous receptor or Ab have been shown to redirect the specific effector activity of T lymphocytes. We previously described the ability of two classes of such chimeric zeta-receptors bearing extracellular domains derived from either the HIV receptor CD4 (CD4 zeta) or an HIV-specific single chain Ab to redirect primary human CD8+ T cells to kill HIV-infected T cells. In this report we demonstrate that human NK cells can be genetically modified to express high levels of CD4 zeta using retroviral transduction. The CD4 zeta chimeric receptor is biochemically active, as cross-linking of CD4 zeta on NK cells results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD4 zeta and multiple cellular proteins. More importantly, the CD4 zeta chimeric receptor is functionally active and can direct NK cells to specifically and efficiently lyse either NK-resistant tumor cells expressing the relevant ligand, gp120, or CD4+ T cells infected with HIV. These results show that human NK cells can be readily activated via zeta-based chimeric receptors to target both tumor and virally infected cells, and suggest a novel approach to the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Tran
- Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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17
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Tran AC, Zhang D, Byrn R, Roberts MR. Chimeric zeta-receptors direct human natural killer (NK) effector function to permit killing of NK-resistant tumor cells and HIV-infected T lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chimeric receptors in which a signaling component of the TCR complex such as zeta is fused directly to the ligand binding domain of a heterologous receptor or Ab have been shown to redirect the specific effector activity of T lymphocytes. We previously described the ability of two classes of such chimeric zeta-receptors bearing extracellular domains derived from either the HIV receptor CD4 (CD4 zeta) or an HIV-specific single chain Ab to redirect primary human CD8+ T cells to kill HIV-infected T cells. In this report we demonstrate that human NK cells can be genetically modified to express high levels of CD4 zeta using retroviral transduction. The CD4 zeta chimeric receptor is biochemically active, as cross-linking of CD4 zeta on NK cells results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD4 zeta and multiple cellular proteins. More importantly, the CD4 zeta chimeric receptor is functionally active and can direct NK cells to specifically and efficiently lyse either NK-resistant tumor cells expressing the relevant ligand, gp120, or CD4+ T cells infected with HIV. These results show that human NK cells can be readily activated via zeta-based chimeric receptors to target both tumor and virally infected cells, and suggest a novel approach to the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Tran
- Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - D Zhang
- Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - R Byrn
- Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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18
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Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Byrn RA, Finer MH. Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 1994; 84:2878-89. [PMID: 7949163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an immunotherapeutic approach with potential application in the treatment of viral and malignant disease. We show that primary CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood can be genetically modified by retroviral transduction to express high levels of universal (major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted) chimeric T-cell receptors specific for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens. Two classes of HIV-specific URs in which the antigen-binding domain is comprised of either CD4 or a single-chain antibody are capable of activating a number of T-cell effector functions in response to target cells, including cytolysis, in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Importantly, we have addressed a number of issues which, although particularly relevant to the clinical application of this approach in the treatment of HIV infection, may also impact on the potential of UR immunotherapy for other disease targets. The UR immunotherapeutic system is particularly suited for evaluation in the clinical setting.
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19
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Abstract
The delivery of costimulation and the effects of the anergic state impinge on IL-2 production via different molecular mechanisms. The strongest experimental support at this stage suggests that CD28 signaling effects mRNA stability of several lymphokine genes including IL-2. While there may also be transcriptional effects of CD28 signals in human cells, controversy surrounding relevant TCR mimics must be addressed. In the case of clonal anergy, however, transcriptional non-responsiveness is evident when anergic cells are restimulated with TCR and costimulatory signals. This repression affects predominantly AP-1 activity. So far, the nature of the repression has not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Umlauf
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Abstract
Anergy is a mechanism of T lymphocyte tolerance induced by antigen receptor stimulation in the absence of co-stimulation. Anergic T cells were shown to have a defect in antigen-induced transcription of the interleukin-2 gene. Analysis of the promoter indicated that the transcription factor AP-1 and its corresponding cis element were specifically down-regulated. Exposure of anergic T cells to interleukin-2 restored both antigen responsiveness and activity of the AP-1 element.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Kang SM, Tsang W, Doll S, Scherle P, Ko HS, Tran AC, Lenardo MJ, Staudt LM. Induction of the POU domain transcription factor Oct-2 during T-cell activation by cognate antigen. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:3149-54. [PMID: 1620122 PMCID: PMC364529 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3149-3154.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oct-2 is a transcription factor that binds specifically to octamer DNA motifs in the promoters of immunoglobulin and interleukin-2 genes. All tumor cell lines from the B-cell lineage and a few from the T-cell lineage express Oct-2. To address the role of Oct-2 in the T-cell lineage, we studied the expression of Oct-2 mRNA and protein in nontransformed human and mouse T cells. Oct-2 was found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells prepared from human peripheral blood and in mouse lymph node T cells. In a T-cell clone specific for pigeon cytochrome c in the context of I-Ek, Oct-2 was induced by antigen stimulation, with the increase in Oct-2 protein seen first at 3 h after activation and continuing for at least 24 h. Oct-2 mRNA induction during antigen-driven T-cell activation was blocked by cyclosporin A, as well as by protein synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that Oct-2 participates in transcriptional regulation during T-cell activation. The relatively delayed kinetics of Oct-2 induction suggests that Oct-2 mediates the changes in gene expression which occur many hours or days following antigen stimulation of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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22
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Abstract
Regulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression by the p50 and p65 subunits of the DNA binding protein NF-kappa B was studied in nontransformed CD4+ T lymphocyte clones. A homodimeric complex of the NF-kappa B p50 subunit was found in resting T cells. The amount of p50-p50 complex decreased after full antigenic stimulation, whereas the amount of the NF-kappa B p50-p65 heterodimer was increased. Increased expression of the IL-2 gene and activity of the IL-2 kappa B DNA binding site correlated with a decrease in the p50-p50 complex. Overexpression of p50 repressed IL-2 promoter expression. The switch from p50-p50 to p50-p65 complexes depended on a protein that caused sequestration of the p50-p50 complex in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Lokey EA, Tran ZV, Wells CL, Myers BC, Tran AC. Effects of physical exercise on pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23:1234-9. [PMID: 1837326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, using meta-analysis the findings of all individual reports on the effects of exercise training on pregnancy outcomes were pooled to determine the effects of such training on the pregnant woman and her fetus. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to summarize the results of experimental studies that address a common problem. Results show that women who exercised during their pregnancies did not differ from sedentary women for any of the outcome variables measured: maternal weight gain (P = 0.07), infant birth weight (P = 0.20), length of gestation (P = 0.67), length of labor (P = 0.14), and APGAR scores (P = 0.59). Many of the exercise programs exceeded, without apparent adverse effects, the recommended limitations set by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Overall, an exercise program using any of a variety of exercise modes that is performed for an average of 43 min.d-1, 3 times.wk-1, at a heart rate of up to 144 bpm, does not appear to be associated with adverse effects to the mother or fetus in a healthy normal pregnancy. However, these findings should be cautiously applied owing to the nature of the currently available data base. Recommendations or precautions for programs of greater intensities can not be made at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lokey
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Education, College of Health and Human Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley 80639
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24
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Abstract
In this paper we examine the characteristics of human cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in the presence of forskolin and PGE2. Forskolin and PGE2 suppressed the generation of class-I-specific CTL. The CTL generated in the presence of forskolin and PGE2 had different characteristics which included their ability to proliferate in response to the alloantigen and their lectin-mediated cytolytic activity. The CTL generated in the presence of forskolin had normal proliferative response to the alloantigen, whereas the CTL generated in the presence of PGE2 showed a suppressed proliferative ability to the alloantigen. The two groups of CTL were then tested for their activity in the process of lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. After the addition of PHA into the chromium release assay the CTL generated in the presence of forskolin normally lysed the nonspecific targets, whereas the CTL generated in the presence of PGE2 did not show the normal response in lysing the nonspecific targets. The results suggest that the cytolytic machinery was intact when the CTL were generated in the presence of forskolin but CTL were not able to either recognize or lyse the target cell. However, the CTL generated in the presence of PGE2 did not share the same characteristics as the CTL generated in the presence of forskolin because the CTL generated in the presence of PGE2 were unable to kill even in the presence of lectin. It appears that the inhibitory effects of forskolin were mediated by cAMP and not by its effects on the potassium channels because the 1,9-dideoxy derivative of forskolin which did not activate adenylate cyclase also did not suppress the generation of CTL. However, it was not established whether the diverse effects of PGE2 on the generation of CTL were mediated by cAMP-dependent, -independent or by both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Khan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, CA 94305
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