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Diaz J, Sears J, Chang CK, Burdick J, Law I, Sanders W, Linnertz C, Sylvester P, Moorman N, Ferris MT, Heise MT. U-CAN-seq: A Universal Competition Assay by Nanopore Sequencing. Viruses 2024; 16:636. [PMID: 38675976 PMCID: PMC11054411 DOI: 10.3390/v16040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses quickly evolve subtle genotypic changes that can have major impacts on viral fitness and host range, with potential consequences for human health. It is therefore important to understand the evolutionary fitness of novel viral variants relative to well-studied genotypes of epidemic viruses. Competition assays are an effective and rigorous system with which to assess the relative fitness of viral genotypes. However, it is challenging to quickly and cheaply distinguish and quantify fitness differences between very similar viral genotypes. Here, we describe a protocol for using reverse transcription PCR in combination with commercial nanopore sequencing services to perform competition assays on untagged RNA viruses. Our assay, called the Universal Competition Assay by Nanopore Sequencing (U-CAN-seq), is relatively cheap and highly sensitive. We used a well-studied N24A mutation in the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsp3 gene to confirm that we could detect a competitive disadvantage using U-CAN-seq. We also used this approach to show that mutations to the CHIKV 5' conserved sequence element that disrupt sequence but not structure did not affect the fitness of CHIKV. However, similar mutations to an adjacent CHIKV stem loop (SL3) did cause a fitness disadvantage compared to wild-type CHIKV, suggesting that structure-independent, primary sequence determinants in this loop play an important role in CHIKV biology. Our novel findings illustrate the utility of the U-CAN-seq competition assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - John Sears
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Che-Kang Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Jane Burdick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Isabella Law
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Wes Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Colton Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Paul Sylvester
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nathaniel Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
- The Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 275114, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- The Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 275114, USA
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de Souza WM, Fumagalli MJ, de Lima STS, Parise PL, Carvalho DCM, Hernandez C, de Jesus R, Delafiori J, Candido DS, Carregari VC, Muraro SP, Souza GF, Simões Mello LM, Claro IM, Díaz Y, Kato RB, Trentin LN, Costa CHS, Maximo ACBM, Cavalcante KF, Fiuza TS, Viana VAF, Melo MEL, Ferraz CPM, Silva DB, Duarte LMF, Barbosa PP, Amorim MR, Judice CC, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Ramundo MS, Aguilar PV, Araújo ELL, Costa FTM, Cerqueira-Silva T, Khouri R, Boaventura VS, Figueiredo LTM, Fang R, Moreno B, López-Vergès S, Mello LP, Skaf MS, Catharino RR, Granja F, Martins-de-Souza D, Plante JA, Plante KS, Sabino EC, Diamond MS, Eugenin E, Proença-Módena JL, Faria NR, Weaver SC. Pathophysiology of chikungunya virus infection associated with fatal outcomes. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:606-622.e8. [PMID: 38479396 PMCID: PMC11018361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes acute, subacute, and chronic human arthritogenic diseases and, in rare instances, can lead to neurological complications and death. Here, we combined epidemiological, virological, histopathological, cytokine, molecular dynamics, metabolomic, proteomic, and genomic analyses to investigate viral and host factors that contribute to chikungunya-associated (CHIK) death. Our results indicate that CHIK deaths are associated with multi-organ infection, central nervous system damage, and elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared with survivors. The histopathologic, metabolite, and proteomic signatures of CHIK deaths reveal hemodynamic disorders and dysregulated immune responses. The CHIKV East-Central-South-African lineage infecting our study population causes both fatal and survival cases. Additionally, CHIKV infection impairs the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, as evidenced by an increase in permeability and altered tight junction protein expression. Overall, our findings improve the understanding of CHIK pathophysiology and the causes of fatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Marcilio J Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirlene T S de Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pierina L Parise
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Deyse C M Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Cristian Hernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeany Delafiori
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darlan S Candido
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor C Carregari
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie P Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ingra M Claro
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yamilka Díaz
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Rodrigo B Kato
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas N Trentin
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clauber H S Costa
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tayna S Fiuza
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioinformática, Instituto Metrópole Digital, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Vânia A F Viana
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Débora B Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla P Barbosa
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariene R Amorim
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla C Judice
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Ramundo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emerson L L Araújo
- Coordenação Geral de Atenção às Doenças Transmissíveis na Atenção Primária, Departamento de Gestão ao cuidado Integral, Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cerqueira-Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Laboratório de Medicina e Saúde Pública de Precisão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Laboratório de Medicina e Saúde Pública de Precisão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Viviane S Boaventura
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Laboratório de Medicina e Saúde Pública de Precisão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Hospital Santa Izabel, Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia, Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu M Figueiredo
- Virology Research Centre, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rong Fang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brechla Moreno
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación from SENACYT, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Biodiversity Research Centre, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - José Luiz Proença-Módena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nuno R Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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3
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Ander SE, Parks MG, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Bosco-Lauth A, Carpentier KS, Sun C, Lucas CJ, Klimstra WB, Ebel GD, Morrison TE. Phagocyte-expressed glycosaminoglycans promote capture of alphaviruses from the blood circulation in a host species-specific manner. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae119. [PMID: 38560529 PMCID: PMC10978064 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia are critical determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity-yet, mechanisms determining arbovirus viremia levels are poorly defined. Previous studies have drawn associations between in vitro virion-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions and in vivo clearance kinetics of virions from blood circulation. From these observations, it is commonly hypothesized that GAG-binding virions are rapidly removed from circulation due to ubiquitous expression of GAGs by vascular endothelial cells, thereby limiting viremia. Using an in vivo model for viremia, we compared the vascular clearance of low and enhanced GAG-binding viral variants of chikungunya, eastern- (EEEV), and Venezuelan- (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses. We find GAG-binding virions are more quickly removed from circulation than their non-GAG-binding variant; however individual clearance kinetics vary between GAG-binding viruses, from swift (VEEV) to slow removal from circulation (EEEV). Remarkably, we find phagocytes are required for efficient vascular clearance of some enhanced GAG-binding virions. Moreover, transient depletion of vascular heparan sulfate impedes vascular clearance of only some GAG-binding viral variants and in a phagocyte-dependent manner, implying phagocytes can mediate vascular GAG-virion interactions. Finally, in direct contrast to mice, we find enhanced GAG-binding EEEV is resistant to vascular clearance in avian hosts, suggesting the existence of species-specificity in virion-GAG interactions. In summary, these data support a role for GAG-mediated clearance of some viral particles from the blood circulation, illuminate the potential of blood-contacting phagocytes as a site for GAG-virion binding, and suggest a role for species-specific GAG structures in arbovirus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - M Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chengqun Sun
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Holmes AC, Lucas CJ, Brisse ME, Ware BC, Hickman HD, Morrison TE, Diamond MS. Ly6C + monocytes in the skin promote systemic alphavirus dissemination. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113876. [PMID: 38446669 PMCID: PMC11005330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted pathogens that induce high levels of viremia, which facilitates dissemination and vector transmission. One prevailing paradigm is that, after skin inoculation, alphavirus-infected resident dendritic cells migrate to the draining lymph node (DLN), facilitating further rounds of infection and dissemination. Here, we assess the contribution of infiltrating myeloid cells to alphavirus spread. We observe two phases of virus transport to the DLN, one that occurs starting at 1 h post infection and precedes viral replication, and a second that requires replication in the skin, enabling transit to the bloodstream. Depletion of Ly6C+ monocytes reduces local chikungunya (CHIKV) or Ross River virus (RRV) infection in the skin, diminishes the second phase of virus transport to the DLN, and delays spread to distal sites. Our data suggest that infiltrating monocytes facilitate alphavirus infection at the initial infection site, which promotes more rapid spread into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan E Brisse
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Pushko P, Lukashevich IS, Johnson DM, Tretyakova I. Single-Dose Immunogenic DNA Vaccines Coding for Live-Attenuated Alpha- and Flaviviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:428. [PMID: 38543793 PMCID: PMC10974764 DOI: 10.3390/v16030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-dose, immunogenic DNA (iDNA) vaccines coding for whole live-attenuated viruses are reviewed. This platform, sometimes called immunization DNA, has been used for vaccine development for flavi- and alphaviruses. An iDNA vaccine uses plasmid DNA to launch live-attenuated virus vaccines in vitro or in vivo. When iDNA is injected into mammalian cells in vitro or in vivo, the RNA genome of an attenuated virus is transcribed, which starts replication of a defined, live-attenuated vaccine virus in cell culture or the cells of a vaccine recipient. In the latter case, an immune response to the live virus vaccine is elicited, which protects against the pathogenic virus. Unlike other nucleic acid vaccines, such as mRNA and standard DNA vaccines, iDNA vaccines elicit protection with a single dose, thus providing major improvement to epidemic preparedness. Still, iDNA vaccines retain the advantages of other nucleic acid vaccines. In summary, the iDNA platform combines the advantages of reverse genetics and DNA immunization with the high immunogenicity of live-attenuated vaccines, resulting in enhanced safety and immunogenicity. This vaccine platform has expanded the field of genetic DNA and RNA vaccines with a novel type of immunogenic DNA vaccines that encode entire live-attenuated viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pushko
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike Suite S, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, 505 S Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Dylan M. Johnson
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 945501, USA;
| | - Irina Tretyakova
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike Suite S, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
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Chmielewski D, Su GC, Kaelber JT, Pintilie GD, Chen M, Jin J, Auguste AJ, Chiu W. Cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography reveal imperfect icosahedral symmetry in alphaviruses. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae102. [PMID: 38525304 PMCID: PMC10959069 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are spherical, enveloped RNA viruses with two-layered icosahedral architecture. The structures of many alphaviruses have been studied using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions, which impose icosahedral symmetry on the viral particles. Using cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET), we revealed a polarized symmetry defect in the icosahedral lattice of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in situ, similar to the late budding particles, suggesting the inherent imperfect symmetry originates from the final pinch-off of assembled virions. We further demonstrated this imperfect symmetry is also present in in vitro purified CHIKV and Mayaro virus, another arthritogenic alphavirus. We employed a subparticle-based single-particle analysis protocol to circumvent the icosahedral imperfection and boosted the resolution of the structure of the CHIKV to ∼3 Å resolution, which revealed detailed molecular interactions between glycoprotein E1-E2 heterodimers in the transmembrane region and multiple lipid-like pocket factors located in a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket. This complementary use of in situ cryo-ET and single-particle cryo-EM approaches provides a more precise structural description of near-icosahedral viruses and valuable insights to guide the development of structure-based antiviral therapies against alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chmielewski
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guan-Chin Su
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason T Kaelber
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Grigore D Pintilie
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Muyuan Chen
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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7
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Tan L, Guo Z, Wang X, Kim DY, Li R. Utilization of nanopore direct RNA sequencing to analyze viral RNA modifications. mSystems 2024; 9:e0116323. [PMID: 38294229 PMCID: PMC10878088 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01163-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Modifications on viral RNAs (vRNAs), either genomic RNAs or RNA transcripts, have complex effects on the viral life cycle and cellular responses to viral infection. The advent of Oxford Nanopore Technologies Direct RNA Sequencing provides a new strategy for studying RNA modifications. To this end, multiple computational tools have been developed, but a systemic evaluation of their performance in mapping vRNA modifications is lacking. Here, 10 computational tools were tested using the Sindbis virus (SINV) RNAs isolated from infected mammalian (BHK-21) or mosquito (C6/36) cells, with in vitro-transcribed RNAs serving as modification-free control. Three single-mode approaches were shown to be inapplicable in the viral context, and three out of seven comparative methods required cutoff adjustments to reduce false-positive predictions. Utilizing optimized cutoffs, an integrated analysis of comparative tools suggested that the intersected predictions of Tombo_com and xPore were significantly enriched compared with the background. Consequently, a pipeline integrating Tombo_com and xPore was proposed for vRNA modification detection; the performance of which was supported by N6-methyladenosine prediction in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNAs using publicly available data. When applied to SINV RNAs, this pipeline revealed more intensive modifications in subgenomic RNAs than in genomic RNAs. Modified uridines were frequently identified, exhibiting substantive overlapping between vRNAs generated in different cell lines. On the other hand, the interpretation of other modifications remained unclear, underlining the limitations of the current computational tools despite their notable potential.IMPORTANCEComputational approaches utilizing Oxford Nanopore Technologies Direct RNA Sequencing data were almost exclusively designed to map eukaryotic epitranscriptomes. Therefore, extra caution must be exercised when using these tools to detect vRNA modifications, as in most cases, vRNA modification profiles should be regarded as unknown epitranscriptomes without prior knowledge. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the performance of 10 computational tools in detecting vRNA modification sites. All tested single-mode methods failed to differentiate native and in vitro-transcribed samples. Using optimized cutoff values, seven tested comparative tools generated very different predictions. An integrated analysis showed significant enrichment of Tombo_com and xPore predictions against the background. A pipeline for vRNA modification detection was proposed accordingly and applied to Sindbis virus RNAs. In conclusion, our study underscores the need for the careful application of computational tools to analyze viral epitranscriptomics. It also offers insights into alphaviral RNA modifications, although further validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihao Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dal Young Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Stoll GA, Nikolopoulos N, Zhai H, Zhang L, Douse CH, Modis Y. Crystal structure and biochemical activity of the macrodomain from rubella virus p150. J Virol 2024; 98:e0177723. [PMID: 38289106 PMCID: PMC10878246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus encodes a nonstructural polyprotein with RNA polymerase, methyltransferase, and papain-like cysteine protease activities, along with a putative macrodomain of unknown function. Macrodomains bind ADP-ribose adducts, a post-translational modification that plays a key role in host-virus conflicts. Some macrodomains can also remove the mono-ADP-ribose adduct or degrade poly-ADP-ribose chains. Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures of the macrodomain from rubella virus nonstructural protein p150, with and without ADP-ribose binding. The overall fold is most similar to macroD-type macrodomains from various nonviral species. The specific composition and structure of the residues that coordinate ADP-ribose in the rubella virus macrodomain are most similar to those of macrodomains from alphaviruses. Isothermal calorimetry shows that the rubella virus macrodomain binds ADP-ribose in solution. Enzyme assays show that the rubella virus macrodomain can hydrolyze both mono- and poly-ADP-ribose adducts. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies Asn39 and Cys49 required for mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase (de-MARylation) activity.IMPORTANCERubella virus remains a global health threat. Rubella infections during pregnancy can cause serious congenital pathology, for which no antiviral treatments are available. Our work demonstrates that, like alpha- and coronaviruses, rubiviruses encode a mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase with a structurally conserved macrodomain fold to counteract MARylation by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) in the host innate immune response. Our structural data will guide future efforts to develop novel antiviral therapeutics against rubella or infections with related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A. Stoll
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Nikolopoulos
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haoming Zhai
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liao Zhang
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yorgo Modis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Rao S, Erku D, Mahalingam S, Taylor A. Immunogenicity, safety and duration of protection afforded by chikungunya virus vaccines undergoing human clinical trials. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38421278 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes chikungunya fever and has been responsible for major global epidemics of arthritic disease over the past two decades. Multiple CHIKV vaccine candidates are currently undergoing or have undergone human clinical trials, with one vaccine candidate receiving FDA approval. This scoping review was performed to evaluate the 'efficacy', 'safety' and 'duration of protection' provided by CHIKV vaccine candidates in human clinical trials.Methods. This scoping literature review addresses studies involving CHIKV vaccine clinical trials using available literature on the PubMed, Medline Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrial.gov databases published up to 25 August 2023. Covidence software was used to structure information and review the studies included in this article.Results. A total of 1138 studies were screened and, after removal of duplicate studies, 12 relevant studies were thoroughly reviewed to gather information. This review summarizs that all seven CHIKV vaccine candidates achieved over 90 % seroprotection against CHIKV after one or two doses. All vaccines were able to provide neutralizing antibody protection for at least 28 days.Conclusions. A variety of vaccine technologies have been used to develop CHIKV vaccine candidates. With one vaccine candidate having recently received FDA approval, it is likely that further CHIKV vaccines will be available commercially in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Rao
- The Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Erku
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- The Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- The Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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10
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Raju S, Adams LJ, Diamond MS. The many ways in which alphaviruses bind to cells. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:85-93. [PMID: 38135598 PMCID: PMC10997154 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Only a subset of viruses can productively infect many different host species. Some arthropod-transmitted viruses, such as alphaviruses, can infect invertebrate and vertebrate species including insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This broad tropism may be explained by their ability to engage receptors that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Through several genome-wide loss-of-function screens, new alphavirus receptors have been identified, some of which bind to multiple related viruses in different antigenic complexes. Structural analysis has revealed that distinct sites on the alphavirus glycoprotein can mediate receptor binding, which opposes the idea that a single receptor-binding site mediates viral entry. Here, we discuss how different paradigms of receptor engagement on cells might explain the promiscuity of alphaviruses for multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Ballista JMR, Hoover AJ, Noble JT, Acciani MD, Miazgowicz KL, Harrison SA, Tabscott GAL, Duncan A, Barnes DN, Jimenez AR, Brindley MA. Chikungunya Virus Release is Reduced by TIM-1 Receptors Through Binding of Envelope Phosphatidylserine. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.25.577233. [PMID: 38328121 PMCID: PMC10849729 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobin and mucin domain protein-1 (TIM-1) mediates entry of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) into some mammalian cells through the interaction with envelope phospholipids. While this interaction enhances entry, TIM has been shown to tether newly formed HIV and Ebola virus particles, limiting their efficient release. In this study, we investigate the ability of surface receptors such as TIM-1 to sequester newly budded virions on the surface of infected cells. We established a luminescence reporter system to produce Chikungunya viral particles that integrate nano-luciferase and easily quantify viral particles. We found that TIM-1 on the surface of host cells significantly reduced CHIKV release efficiency in comparison to other entry factors. Removal of cell surface TIM-1 through direct cellular knock-out or altering the cellular lipid distribution enhanced CHIKV release. Over the course of infection, CHIKV was able to counteract the tethering effect by gradually decreasing the surface levels of TIM-1 in a process that appears to be mediated by the nonstructural protein 2. This study highlights the importance of phosphatidylserine receptors in mediating not only the entry of CHIKV but also its release and could aid in developing cell lines capable of enhanced vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ashley J. Hoover
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph T. Noble
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Marissa D. Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kerri L. Miazgowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Harrison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Grace Andrea L. Tabscott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Avery Duncan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Don N. Barnes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ariana R. Jimenez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Dang Y, Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao N, Li W, Zhang H, Ye C, Ma H, Zhang L, Liu H, Dong Y, Yao M, Lei Y, Xu Z, Zhang F, Ye W. N-acetyltransferase 10 regulates alphavirus replication via N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of the lymphocyte antigen six family member E (LY6E) mRNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0135023. [PMID: 38169284 PMCID: PMC10805074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01350-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications can regulate the stability of mRNA and affect cellular and viral RNA functions. The N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification in the RNA viral genome was recently found to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which RNA acetylation in the host mRNA regulates viral replication remains unclear. To help elucidate this mechanism, the roles of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and ac4C during the infection and replication processes of the alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV), were investigated. Cellular NAT10 was upregulated, and ac4C modifications were promoted after alphavirus infection, while the loss of NAT10 or inhibition of its N-acetyltransferase activity reduced alphavirus replication. The NAT10 enhanced alphavirus replication as it helped to maintain the stability of lymphocyte antigen six family member E mRNA, which is a multifunctional interferon-stimulated gene that promotes alphavirus replication. The ac4C modification was thus found to have a non-conventional role in the virus life cycle through regulating host mRNA stability instead of viral mRNA, and its inhibition could be a potential target in the development of new alphavirus antivirals.IMPORTANCEThe role of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification in host mRNA and virus replication is not yet fully understood. In this study, the role of ac4C in the regulation of Sindbis virus (SINV), a prototype alphavirus infection, was investigated. SINV infection results in increased levels of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and increases the ac4C modification level of cellular RNA. The NAT10 was found to positively regulate SINV infection in an N-acetyltransferase activity-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the NAT10 modifies lymphocyte antigen six family member E (LY6E) mRNA-the ac4C modification site within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of LY6E mRNA, which is essential for its translation and stability. The findings of this study demonstrate that NAT10 regulated mRNA stability and translation efficiency not only through the 5'-UTR or coding sequence but also via the 3'-UTR region. The ac4C modification of host mRNA stability instead of viral mRNA impacting the viral life cycle was thus identified, indicating that the inhibition of ac4C could be a potential target when developing alphavirus antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningbo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuantao Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangchao Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhikai Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Airforce Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Santos FM, Costa VRDM, de Araújo S, de Sousa CDF, Moreira TP, Gonçalves MR, dos Santos ACPM, Ferreira HAS, Costa PAC, Barrioni BR, Bargi-Souza P, Pereira MDM, Nogueira ML, Souza DDG, Guimarães PPG, Teixeira MM, Queiroz-Junior CM, Costa VV. Essential role of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in Mayaro virus-induced disease. J Virol 2024; 98:e0110223. [PMID: 38169294 PMCID: PMC10805060 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arbovirus member of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus. MAYV infection causes an acute febrile illness accompanied by persistent polyarthralgia and myalgia. Understanding the mechanisms involved in arthritis caused by alphaviruses is necessary to develop specific therapies. In this work, we investigated the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of MAYV-induced disease. For this, wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and CCR2-/- mice were infected with MAYV subcutaneously and evaluated for disease development. MAYV infection induced an acute inflammatory disease in WT mice. The immune response profile was characterized by an increase in the production of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, TNF, and CCL2. Higher levels of CCL2 at the local and systemic levels were followed by the significant recruitment of CCR2+ macrophages and a cellular response orchestrated by these cells. CCR2-/- mice showed an increase in CXCL-1 levels, followed by a replacement of the macrophage inflammatory infiltrate by neutrophils. Additionally, the absence of the CCR2 receptor protected mice from bone loss induced by MAYV. Accordingly, the silencing of CCL2 chemokine expression in vivo and the pharmacological blockade of CCR2 promoted a partial improvement in disease. Cell culture data support the mechanism underlying the bone pathology of MAYV, in which MAYV infection promotes a pro-osteoclastogenic microenvironment mediated by CCL2, IL-6, and TNF, which induces the migration and differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells. Overall, these data contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of MAYV infection and the identification future of specific therapeutic targets in MAYV-induced disease.IMPORTANCEThis work demonstrates the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in MAYV-induced disease. The infection of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and CCR2-/- mice was associated with high levels of CCL2, an important chemoattractant involved in the recruitment of macrophages, the main precursor of osteoclasts. In the absence of the CCR2 receptor, there is a mitigation of macrophage migration to the target organs of infection and protection of these mice against bone loss induced by MAYV infection. Much evidence has shown that host immune response factors contribute significantly to the tissue damage associated with alphavirus infections. Thus, this work highlights molecular and cellular targets involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis triggered by MAYV and identifies novel therapeutic possibilities directed to the host inflammatory response unleashed by MAYV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Martins Santos
- Department of Morphology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Rodrigues de Melo Costa
- Department of Morphology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone de Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla Daiane Ferreira de Sousa
- Department of Microbiology, Host Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Pinto Moreira
- Department of Microbiology, Host Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rodrigues Gonçalves
- Department of Morphology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara Paiva Menezes dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Host Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Augusto Carvalho Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno Rocha Barrioni
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Bargi-Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marivalda de Magalhães Pereira
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Virology Research Laboratory, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Glória Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Host Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Morphology, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Adams LJ, Raju S, Ma H, Gilliland T, Reed DS, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Structural and functional basis of VLDLR usage by Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Cell 2024; 187:360-374.e19. [PMID: 38176410 PMCID: PMC10843625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) comprises eight LDLR type A (LA) domains and supports entry of distantly related alphaviruses, including Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Here, by resolving multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of EEEV-VLDLR complexes and performing mutagenesis and functional studies, we show that EEEV uses multiple sites (E1/E2 cleft and E2 A domain) to engage more than one LA domain simultaneously. However, no single LA domain is necessary or sufficient to support efficient EEEV infection. Whereas all EEEV strains show conservation of two VLDLR-binding sites, the EEEV PE-6 strain and a few other EEE complex members feature a single amino acid substitution that enables binding of LA domains to an additional site on the E2 B domain. These structural and functional analyses informed the design of a minimal VLDLR decoy receptor that neutralizes EEEV infection and protects mice from lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Anderson CA, Barrera MD, Boghdeh NA, Smith M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Brilacidin as a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Enveloped, Acutely Infectious Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 38257881 PMCID: PMC10819233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, belonging to the Togaviridae family, and bunyaviruses, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, are globally distributed and lack FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutics. The alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are known to cause severe encephalitis, whereas Sindbis virus (SINV) causes arthralgia potentially persisting for years after initial infection. The bunyavirus Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) can lead to blindness, liver failure, and hemorrhagic fever. Brilacidin, a small molecule that was designed de novo based on naturally occurring host defensins, was investigated for its antiviral activity against these viruses in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) and African green monkey kidney cells (Veros). This testing was further expanded into a non-enveloped Echovirus, a Picornavirus, to further demonstrate brilacidin's effect on early steps of the viral infectious cycle that leads to inhibition of viral load. Brilacidin demonstrated antiviral activity against alphaviruses VEEV TC-83, VEEV TrD, SINV, EEEV, and bunyavirus RVFV. The inhibitory potential of brilacidin against the viruses tested in this study was dependent on the dosing strategy which necessitated compound addition pre- and post-infection, with addition only at the post-infection stage not eliciting a robust inhibitory response. The inhibitory activity of brilacidin was only modest in the context of the non-enveloped Picornavirus Echovirus, suggesting brilacidin may be less potent against non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.A.A.); (M.D.B.); (N.A.B.); (M.S.); (F.A.)
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16
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Manzano-Alvarez J, Terradas G, Holmes CJ, Benoit JB, Rasgon JL. Dehydration stress and Mayaro virus vector competence in Aedes aegypti. J Virol 2023; 97:e0069523. [PMID: 38051046 PMCID: PMC10734514 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00695-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Relative humidity (RH) is an environmental variable that affects mosquito physiology and can impact pathogen transmission. Low RH can induce dehydration in mosquitoes, leading to alterations in physiological and behavioral responses such as blood-feeding and host-seeking behavior. We evaluated the effects of a temporal drop in RH (RH shock) on mortality and Mayaro virus vector competence in Ae. aegypti. While dehydration induced by humidity shock did not impact virus infection, we detected a significant effect of dehydration on mosquito mortality and blood-feeding frequency, which could significantly impact transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Manzano-Alvarez
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Saneamiento Ecológico, Salud y Medio Ambiente, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gerard Terradas
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Michie A, Ernst T, Pyke AT, Nicholson J, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Imrie A. Genomic Analysis of Sindbis Virus Reveals Uncharacterized Diversity within the Australasian Region, and Support for Revised SINV Taxonomy. Viruses 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 38275942 PMCID: PMC10820390 DOI: 10.3390/v16010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is a widely dispersed mosquito-borne alphavirus. Reports of Sindbis disease are largely restricted to northern Europe and South Africa. SINV is frequently sampled in Australian mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance programs, but human disease has rarely been reported. Molecular epidemiological studies have characterized six SINV genotypes (G1-G6) based on E2 gene phylogenies, mostly comprising viruses derived from the African-European zoogeographical region and with limited representation of Australasian SINV. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing of 66 SINV isolates sampled between 1960 and 2014 from countries of the Australasian region: Australia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. G2 viruses were the most frequently and widely sampled, with three distinct sub-lineages defined. No new G6 SINV were identified, confirming geographic restriction of these viruses to south-western Australia. Comparison with global SINV characterized large-scale nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence between African-European G1 viruses and viruses that circulate in Australasia (G2 and G3) of up to 26.83% and 14.55%, respectively, divergence that is sufficient for G2/G3 species demarcation. We propose G2 and G3 are collectively a single distinct alphavirus species that we name Argyle virus, supported by the inapparent or mild disease phenotype and the higher evolutionary rate compared with G1. Similarly, we propose G6, with 24.7% and 12.61% nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence, is a distinct alphavirus species that we name Thomson's Lake virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Timo Ernst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Alyssa T. Pyke
- Department of Health, Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Jay Nicholson
- Environmental Health Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
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18
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Carrera JP, Araúz D, Rojas A, Cardozo F, Stittleburg V, Morales Claro I, Galue J, Lezcano-Coba C, Romero Rebello Moreira F, -Rivera LF, Chen-Germán M, Moreno B, Capitan-Barrios Z, López-Vergès S, Pascale JM, Sabino EC, Valderrama A, Hanley KA, Donnelly CA, Vasilakis N, Faria NR, Waggoner JJ. Real-time RT-PCR for Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, Madariaga, and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses: application in human and mosquito public health surveillance in Panama. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0015223. [PMID: 37982611 PMCID: PMC10729654 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00152-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Madariaga virus (MADV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex (VEEV) are New World alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. They cause febrile and sometimes severe neurological diseases in human and equine hosts. Detecting them during the acute phase is hindered by non-specific symptoms and limited diagnostic tools. We designed and clinically assessed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays (rRT-PCRs) for VEEV complex, MADV, and EEEV using whole-genome sequences. Validation involved 15 retrospective serum samples from 2015 to 2017 outbreaks, 150 mosquito pools from 2015, and 118 prospective samples from 2021 to 2022 surveillance in Panama. The rRT-PCRs detected VEEV complex RNA in 10 samples (66.7%) from outbreaks, with one having both VEEV complex and MADV RNAs. VEEV complex RNA was found in five suspected dengue cases from disease surveillance. The rRT-PCR assays identified VEEV complex RNA in three Culex (Melanoconion) vomerifer pools, leading to VEEV isolates in two. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the VEEV ID subtype in positive samples. Notably, 11.9% of dengue-like disease patients showed VEEV infections. Together, our rRT-PCR validation in human and mosquito samples suggests that this method can be incorporated into mosquito and human encephalitic alphavirus surveillance programs in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dimelza Araúz
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Alejandra Rojas
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Fátima Cardozo
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Victoria Stittleburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ingra Morales Claro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josefrancisco Galue
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carlos Lezcano-Coba
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe -Rivera
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Maria Chen-Germán
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Brechla Moreno
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Zeuz Capitan-Barrios
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Juan Miguel Pascale
- Clinical of Tropical Diseases and Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Dominguez F, Palchevska O, Frolova EI, Frolov I. Alphavirus-based replicons demonstrate different interactions with host cells and can be optimized to increase protein expression. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122523. [PMID: 37877718 PMCID: PMC10688356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01225-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alphavirus replicons are being developed as self-amplifying RNAs aimed at improving the efficacy of mRNA vaccines. These replicons are convenient for genetic manipulations and can express heterologous genetic information more efficiently and for a longer time than standard mRNAs. However, replicons mimic many aspects of viral replication in terms of induction of innate immune response, modification of cellular transcription and translation, and expression of nonstructural viral genes. Moreover, all replicons used in this study demonstrated expression of heterologous genes in cell- and replicon's origin-specific modes. Thus, many aspects of the interactions between replicons and the host remain insufficiently investigated, and further studies are needed to understand the biology of the replicons and their applicability for designing a new generation of mRNA vaccines. On the other hand, our data show that replicons are very flexible expression systems, and additional modifications may have strong positive impacts on protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Dominguez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Oksana Palchevska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elena I. Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Frolova EI, Palchevska O, Dominguez F, Frolov I. Alphavirus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs play major roles in blocking the formation of stress granules. J Virol 2023; 97:e0097923. [PMID: 37902397 PMCID: PMC10688339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our study highlights the mechanisms behind the cell's resistance to stress granule (SG) formation after infection with Old World alphaviruses. Shortly after infection, the replication of these viruses hinders the cell's ability to form SGs, even when exposed to chemical inducers such as sodium arsenite. This resistance is primarily attributed to virus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs, rather than interactions between the viral nsP3 and the key components of SGs, G3BP1/2, or the ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity of nsP3 macro domain. While interactions between G3BPs and nsP3 are essential for the formation of viral replication complexes, their role in regulating SG development appears to be small, if any. Cells harboring replicating viruses or replicons with lower abilities to inhibit transcription and/or translation, but expressing wild-type nsP3, retain the ability for SG development. Understanding these mechanisms of regulation of SG formation contributes to our knowledge of viral replication and the intricate relationships between alphaviruses and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Oksana Palchevska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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21
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Tapescu I, Taschuk F, Pokharel SM, Zginnyk O, Ferretti M, Bailer PF, Whig K, Madden EA, Heise MT, Schultz DC, Cherry S. The RNA helicase DDX39A binds a conserved structure in chikungunya virus RNA to control infection. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4174-4189.e7. [PMID: 37949067 PMCID: PMC10722560 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a large group of re-emerging arthropod-borne RNA viruses. The compact viral RNA genomes harbor diverse structures that facilitate replication. These structures can be recognized by antiviral cellular RNA-binding proteins, including DExD-box (DDX) helicases, that bind viral RNAs to control infection. The full spectrum of antiviral DDXs and the structures that are recognized remain unclear. Genetic screening identified DDX39A as antiviral against the alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and other medically relevant alphaviruses. Upon infection, the predominantly nuclear DDX39A accumulates in the cytoplasm inhibiting alphavirus replication, independent of the canonical interferon pathway. Biochemically, DDX39A binds to CHIKV genomic RNA, interacting with the 5' conserved sequence element (5'CSE), which is essential for the antiviral activity of DDX39A. Altogether, DDX39A relocalization and binding to a conserved structural element in the alphavirus genomic RNA attenuates infection, revealing a previously unknown layer to the cellular control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Tapescu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frances Taschuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Zginnyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max Ferretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F Bailer
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kanupryia Whig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Burkett-Cadena ND, Fish D, Weaver S, Vittor AY. Everglades virus: an underrecognized disease-causing subtype of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus endemic to Florida, USA. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:1149-1164. [PMID: 37862065 PMCID: PMC10645373 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Everglades virus (EVEV) is subtype II of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) complex (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), endemic to Florida, USA. EVEV belongs to a clade that includes both enzootic and epizootic/epidemic VEEV subtypes. Like other enzootic VEEV subtypes, muroid rodents are important vertebrate hosts for EVEV and certain mosquitoes are important vectors. The hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus and cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus are important EVEV hosts, based on natural infection (virus isolation and high seropositivity), host competence (experimental infections), and frequency of contact with the vector. The mosquito Culex (Melanoconion) cecedei is the only confirmed vector of EVEV based upon high natural infection rates, efficient vector competence, and frequent feeding upon muroid rodents. Human disease attributed to EVEV is considered rare. However, cases of meningitis and encephalitis are recorded from multiple sites, separated by 250 km or more. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that EVEV is evolving, possibly due to changes in the mammal community. Mutations in the EVEV genome are of concern, given that epidemic strains of VEEV (subtypes IAB and IC) are derived from enzootic subtype ID, the closest genetic relative of EVEV. Should epizootic mutations arise in EVEV, the abundance of Aedes taeniorhynchus and other epizootic VEEV vectors in southern Florida provides a conducive environment for widespread transmission. Other factors that will likely influence the distribution and frequency of EVEV transmission include the establishment of Culex panocossa in Florida, Everglades restoration, mammal community decline due to the Burmese python, land use alteration by humans, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Burkett-Cadena
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Durland Fish
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Amy Y Vittor
- Department of Medicine & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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23
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Troisi EM, Nguyen BH, Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factor 7 modulates virus clearance and immune responses to alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095923. [PMID: 37772825 PMCID: PMC10617562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viral encephalomyelitis outcome is dependent on host responses to neuronal infection. Interferon (IFN) is an important component of the innate response, and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7 is an inducible transcription factor for the synthesis of IFN-α. IRF7-deficient mice develop fatal paralysis after CNS infection with Sindbis virus, while wild-type mice recover. Irf7 -/- mice produce low levels of IFN-α but high levels of IFN-β with induction of IFN-stimulated genes, so the reason for this difference is not understood. The current study shows that Irf7 -/- mice developed inflammation earlier but failed to clear virus from motor neuron-rich regions of the brainstem and spinal cord. Levels of IFN-γ and virus-specific antibody were comparable, indicating that IRF7 deficiency does not impair expression of these known viral clearance factors. Therefore, IRF7 is either necessary for the neuronal response to currently identified mediators of clearance or enables the production of additional antiviral factor(s) needed for clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Nguyen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Zhai X, Yang Y, Wang N, Li X, Jiang Z, Su S. Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059123. [PMID: 37768084 PMCID: PMC10617542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00591-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses threaten public health continuously, and Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that can potentially infect humans. Approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against alphaviruses are few available, but several host antiviral factors have been reported. Here, we used GETV as a model of alphaviruses to screen for additional host factors. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible poly(ADP ribose) polymerase was identified to inhibit GETV replication by inducing ubiquitination of the glycoprotein E2, causing its degradation by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH8 (MARCH8). Using GETV as a model virus, focusing on the relationship between viral structural proteins and host factors to screen antiviral host factors provides new insights for antiviral studies on alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqing Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Ormundo LF, Barreto CT, Tsuruta LR. Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Emerging Arbovirus Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:2177. [PMID: 38005854 PMCID: PMC10675117 DOI: 10.3390/v15112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based passive immunotherapy has been used effectively in the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Outbreaks of emerging viral infections from arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent a global public health problem due to their rapid spread, urging measures and the treatment of infected individuals to combat them. Preparedness in advances in developing antivirals and relevant epidemiological studies protect us from damage and losses. Immunotherapy based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been shown to be very specific in combating infectious diseases and various other illnesses. Recent advances in mAb discovery techniques have allowed the development and approval of a wide number of therapeutic mAbs. This review focuses on the technological approaches available to select neutralizing mAbs for emerging arbovirus infections and the next-generation strategies to obtain highly effective and potent mAbs. The characteristics of mAbs developed as prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral agents for dengue, Zika, chikungunya, West Nile and tick-borne encephalitis virus are presented, as well as the protective effect demonstrated in animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Ormundo
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.F.O.); (C.T.B.)
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina T. Barreto
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.F.O.); (C.T.B.)
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Lilian R. Tsuruta
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.F.O.); (C.T.B.)
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Zimmerman O, Zimmerman MI, Raju S, Nelson CA, Errico JM, Madden EA, Holmes AC, Hassan AO, VanBlargan LA, Kim AS, Adams LJ, Basore K, Whitener BM, Palakurty S, Davis-Adams HG, Sun C, Gilliland T, Earnest JT, Ma H, Ebel GD, Zmasek C, Scheuermann RH, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Vertebrate-class-specific binding modes of the alphavirus receptor MXRA8. Cell 2023; 186:4818-4833.e25. [PMID: 37804831 PMCID: PMC10615782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
MXRA8 is a receptor for chikungunya (CHIKV) and other arthritogenic alphaviruses with mammalian hosts. However, mammalian MXRA8 does not bind to alphaviruses that infect humans and have avian reservoirs. Here, we show that avian, but not mammalian, MXRA8 can act as a receptor for Sindbis, western equine encephalitis (WEEV), and related alphaviruses with avian reservoirs. Structural analysis of duck MXRA8 complexed with WEEV reveals an inverted binding mode compared with mammalian MXRA8 bound to CHIKV. Whereas both domains of mammalian MXRA8 bind CHIKV E1 and E2, only domain 1 of avian MXRA8 engages WEEV E1, and no appreciable contacts are made with WEEV E2. Using these results, we generated a chimeric avian-mammalian MXRA8 decoy-receptor that neutralizes infection of multiple alphaviruses from distinct antigenic groups in vitro and in vivo. Thus, different alphaviruses can bind MXRA8 encoded by different vertebrate classes with distinct engagement modes, which enables development of broad-spectrum inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sathvik Palakurty
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hannah G Davis-Adams
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengqun Sun
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 92037, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Pampeno C, Hurtado A, Opp S, Meruelo D. Channeling the Natural Properties of Sindbis Alphavirus for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14948. [PMID: 37834397 PMCID: PMC10573789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sindbis alphavirus vectors offer a promising platform for cancer therapy, serving as valuable models for alphavirus-based treatment. This review emphasizes key studies that support the targeted delivery of Sindbis vectors to tumor cells, highlighting their effectiveness in expressing tumor-associated antigens and immunomodulating proteins. Among the various alphavirus vectors developed for cancer therapy, Sindbis-vector-based imaging studies have been particularly extensive. Imaging modalities that enable the in vivo localization of Sindbis vectors within lymph nodes and tumors are discussed. The correlation between laminin receptor expression, tumorigenesis, and Sindbis virus infection is examined. Additionally, we present alternative entry receptors for Sindbis and related alphaviruses, such as Semliki Forest virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. The review also discusses cancer treatments that are based on the alphavirus vector expression of anti-tumor agents, including tumor-associated antigens, cytokines, checkpoint inhibitors, and costimulatory immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Meruelo
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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28
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McDougal MB, De Maria AM, Ohlson MB, Kumar A, Xing C, Schoggins JW. Interferon inhibits a model RNA virus via a limited set of inducible effector genes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56901. [PMID: 37497756 PMCID: PMC10481653 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons control viral infection by inducing the expression of antiviral effector proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The field has mostly focused on identifying individual antiviral ISG effectors and defining their mechanisms of action. However, fundamental gaps in knowledge about the interferon response remain. For example, it is not known how many ISGs are required to protect cells from a particular virus, though it is theorized that numerous ISGs act in concert to achieve viral inhibition. Here, we used CRISPR-based loss-of-function screens to identify a markedly limited set of ISGs that confer interferon-mediated suppression of a model alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We show via combinatorial gene targeting that three antiviral effectors-ZAP, IFIT3, and IFIT1-together constitute the majority of interferon-mediated restriction of VEEV, while accounting for < 0.5% of the interferon-induced transcriptome. Together, our data suggest a refined model of the antiviral interferon response in which a small subset of "dominant" ISGs may confer the bulk of the inhibition of a given virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B McDougal
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Anthony M De Maria
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Maikke B Ohlson
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Bioinformatics Core, McDermott CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Chao Xing
- Bioinformatics Core, McDermott CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
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29
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Rabelo VWH, da Silva VD, Sanchez Nuñez ML, dos Santos Corrêa Amorim L, Buarque CD, Kuhn RJ, Abreu PA, Nunes de Palmer Paixão IC. Antiviral evaluation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives against Chikungunya virus. Future Virol 2023; 18:865-880. [PMID: 37974899 PMCID: PMC10636642 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Aim This work aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of two 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (1 and 2) against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication. Materials & methods Cytotoxicity was analyzed using colorimetric assays and the antiviral potential was evaluated using plaque assays and computational tools. Results Compound 2 showed antiviral activity against CHIKV 181-25 in BHK-21 and Vero cells. Also, this compound presented a higher activity against CHIKV BRA/RJ/18 in Vero cells, like compound 1. Compound 2 exhibited virucidal activity and inhibited virus entry while compound 1 inhibited virus release. Molecular docking suggested that these derivatives inhibit nsP1 protein while compound 1 may also target capsid protein. Conclusion Both compounds exhibit promising antiviral activity against CHIKV by blocking different steps of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Verônica Diniz da Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Leonisa Sanchez Nuñez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Leonardo dos Santos Corrêa Amorim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Camilla Djenne Buarque
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, CEP, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Programas de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Marinha e de Neurologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Avila-Trejo AM, Rodríguez-Páez LI, Alcántara-Farfán V, Aguilar-Faisal JL. Multiple Factors Involved in Bone Damage Caused by Chikungunya Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13087. [PMID: 37685893 PMCID: PMC10488091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cases of chikungunya fever represent a public health problem in countries where the virus circulates. The disease is prolonged, in some cases, for years, resulting in disabling pain and bone erosion among other bone and joint problems. As time progresses, tissue damage is persistent, although the virus has not been found in blood or joints. The pathogenesis of these conditions has not been fully explained. Additionally, it has been considered that there are multiple factors that might intervene in the viral pathogenesis of the different conditions that develop. Other mechanisms involved in osteoarthritic diseases of non-viral origin could help explain how damage is produced in chronic conditions. The aim of this review is to analyze the molecular and cellular factors that could be involved in the tissue damage generated by different infectious conditions of the chikungunya virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Avila-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.M.A.-T.); (L.I.R.-P.); (V.A.-F.)
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Secretaría de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Lorena I. Rodríguez-Páez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.M.A.-T.); (L.I.R.-P.); (V.A.-F.)
| | - Verónica Alcántara-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.M.A.-T.); (L.I.R.-P.); (V.A.-F.)
| | - J. Leopoldo Aguilar-Faisal
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Secretaría de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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Pradeep P, Sivakumar KC, Sreekumar E. Host Factor Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1/B23) Exerts Antiviral Effects against Chikungunya Virus by Its Interaction with Viral Nonstructural Protein 3. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0537122. [PMID: 37409962 PMCID: PMC10433958 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05371-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) hijacks host cell machinery to support its replication. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1/B23), a nucleolar phosphoprotein, is one of the host proteins known to restrict CHIKV infection; however, the mechanistic details of the antiviral role of NPM1 are not elucidated. It was seen in our experiments that the level of NPM1 expression affected the expression levels of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that play antiviral roles in CHIKV infection, such as IRF1, IRF7, OAS3, and IFIT1, indicating that one of the antiviral mechanisms could be through modulation of interferon-mediated pathways. Our experiments also identified that for CHIKV restriction, NPM1 must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. A deletion of the nuclear export signal (NES), which confines NPM1 within the nucleus, abolishes its anti-CHIKV action. We observed that NPM1 binds CHIKV nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) strongly via its macrodomain, thereby exerting a direct interaction with viral proteins to limit infection. Based on site-directed mutagenesis and coimmunoprecipitation studies, it was also observed that amino acid residues N24 and Y114 of the CHIKV nsP3 macrodomain, known to be involved in virus virulence, bind ADP-ribosylated NPM1 to inhibit infection. Overall, the results show a key role of NPM1 in CHIKV restriction and indicate it as a promising host target for developing antiviral strategies against CHIKV. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya, a recently reemerged mosquito-borne infection caused by a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, has caused explosive epidemics in tropical regions. Unlike the classical symptoms of acute fever and debilitating arthralgia, incidences of neurological complications and mortality were reported. Currently there are no antivirals or commercial vaccines available against chikungunya. Like all viruses, CHIKV uses host cellular machinery for establishment of infection and successful replication. To counter this, the host cell activates several restriction factors and innate immune response mediators. Understanding these host-virus interactions helps to develop host-targeted antivirals against the disease. Here, we report the antiviral role of the multifunctional host protein NPM1 against CHIKV. The significant inhibitory effect of this protein against CHIKV involves its increased expression and movement from its natural location within the nucleus to the cytoplasm. There, it interacts with functional domains of key viral proteins. Our results support ongoing efforts toward development of host-directed antivirals against CHIKV and other alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvanendhu Pradeep
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Research Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Easwaran Sreekumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Molecular Bioassay Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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32
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Crawford JM, Buechlein AM, Moline DA, Rusch DB, Hardy RW. Host Derivation of Sindbis Virus Influences Mammalian Type I Interferon Response to Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1685. [PMID: 37632027 PMCID: PMC10458878 DOI: 10.3390/v15081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are defined by their ability to replicate in both mosquito vectors and mammalian hosts. There is good evidence that arboviruses "prime" their progeny for infection of the next host, such as via differential glycosylation of their outer glycoproteins or packaging of host ribosomal subunits. We and others have previously shown that mosquito-derived viruses more efficiently infect mammalian cells than mammalian-derived viruses. These observations are consistent with arboviruses acquiring host-specific adaptations, and we hypothesized that a virus derived from either the mammalian host or mosquito vector elicits different responses when infecting the mammalian host. Here, we perform an RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptional response of Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells to infection with either mosquito (Aedes albopictus, C7/10)- or mammalian (Baby Hamster Kidney, BHK-21)-derived Sindbis virus (SINV). We show that the C7/10-derived virus infection leads to a more robust transcriptional response in HEK-293s compared to infection with the BHK-derived virus. Surprisingly, despite more efficient infection, we found an increase in interferon-β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcripts in response to the C7/10-derived virus infection versus the BHK-derived virus infection. However, translation of interferon-stimulated genes was lower in HEK-293s infected with the C7/10-derived virus, starkly contrasting with the transcriptional response. This inhibition of ISG translation is reflective of a more rapid overall shut-off of host cell translation following infection with the C7/10-derived virus. Finally, we show that the C7/10-derived virus infection of HEK-293 cells leads to elevated levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation elongation factor-2 (eEF2), identifying a potential mechanism leading to the more rapid shut-off of host translation. We postulate that the rapid shut-off of host translation in mammalian cells infected with the mosquito-derived virus acts to counter the IFN-β-stimulated transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Crawford
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Aaron M. Buechlein
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.B.R.)
| | - Davis A. Moline
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Douglas B. Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.B.R.)
| | - Richard W. Hardy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
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33
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Yodtaweepornanan P, Pongsittisak W, Satpanich P. Incidence and factors associated with chronic chikungunya arthritis following chikungunya virus infection. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:653-659. [PMID: 37326000 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chikungunya virus infection is a mosquito-borne illness. First-phase symptoms include fever, malaise, rash, and arthritis (self-limiting). Some patients can have chronic-phase symptoms, including chronic tenosynovitis, bursitis, and arthritis. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of chronic arthritis in patients with chikungunya infection. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analysed all adults diagnosed with chikungunya infection between 2015 and 2020 at our centre. Baseline and follow-up symptoms were evaluated in serologically confirmed cases. Chronic chikungunya arthritis was persistent arthritis >3 months after the onset. Patients who had preexisting chronic inflammatory arthritis and were lost to follow-up before 3 months from diagnosis were excluded. RESULTS This study enrolled 120 patients. The median age was 51 (IQR 14) years, and 78% were female. The median number of joints with arthritis was 4 (IQR 8). The initial visual analog scale (VAS) score was 50 mm (IQR 40). Small joints of the hands, wrist, and knee (44.2%, 43.3%, and 42.3%, respectively) were the most affected. The incidence of chronic chikungunya arthritis was 40.4%. From the multivariable logistic regression, the initial number of joints with arthritis, initial VAS scores, and female sex were independently associated with chronic chikungunya arthritis with odds ratios of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.18), 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.06), and 4.17 (95% CI, 1.05-16.67), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Chronic chikungunya arthritis is common in patients with chikungunya virus infection. Its predictive factors include the initial number of joints with arthritis, initial VAS scores, and female sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasathorn Yodtaweepornanan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanjak Pongsittisak
- Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vajira Renal-Rheumatology and Autoimmune Disease Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panchalee Satpanich
- Vajira Renal-Rheumatology and Autoimmune Disease Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abdoullah B, Durand GA, Basco LK, El Bara A, Bollahi MA, Bosio L, Geulen M, Briolant S, Boukhary AOMS. Seroprevalence of Alphaviruses ( Togaviridae) among Urban Population in Nouakchott, Mauritania, West Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:1588. [PMID: 37515274 PMCID: PMC10385508 DOI: 10.3390/v15071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has never been reported in Mauritania. We assessed the seroprevalence of CHIKV among Nouakchott residents. A cross-sectional study involving 1300 non-febrile patients consulting at the Nouakchott hospital center was conducted between January and June 2021. The presence of anti-CHIKV IgG and neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV, O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization test, respectively, and the associated risk factors were investigated. Of the 1300 study participants, serological evidence of previous exposure to CHIKV was observed in 37 individuals (2.8%). Sex, age, reported use of repellants, and bed net ownership and usage were not associated with CHIKV seropositivity. Our results showed the co-circulation of two other alphaviruses, ONNV and SFV, in Nouakchott in 30 (2.3%) individuals. This is the first study that documents the co-circulation of CHIKV, ONNV, and SFV in Mauritania, albeit at low prevalence. Surveillance and routine testing for alphaviruses and other arboviruses in symptomatic patients should be implemented in health facilities to assess the health burden associated with these viruses. Efforts should also be made to strengthen the vector control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Abdoullah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Guillaume André Durand
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed El Bara
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott BP 695, Mauritania
| | | | - Laurent Bosio
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Geulen
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania
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Hu X, Morazzani E, Compton JR, Harmon M, Soloveva V, Glass PJ, Garcia AD, Marugan JJ, Legler PM. In Silico Screening of Inhibitors of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 2 Cysteine Protease. Viruses 2023; 15:1503. [PMID: 37515189 PMCID: PMC10385868 DOI: 10.3390/v15071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.B79) is essential for viral replication. High throughput in silico/in vitro screening using a focused set of known cysteine protease inhibitors identified two epoxysuccinyl prodrugs, E64d and CA074 methyl ester (CA074me) and a reversible oxindole inhibitor. Here, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the CA074-inhibited nsP2 protease and compared it with our E64d-inhibited structure. We found that the two inhibitors occupy different locations in the protease. We designed hybrid inhibitors with improved potency. Virus yield reduction assays confirmed that the viral titer was reduced by >5 logs with CA074me. Cell-based assays showed reductions in viral replication for CHIKV, VEEV, and WEEV, and weaker inhibition of EEEV by the hybrid inhibitors. The most potent was NCGC00488909-01 which had an EC50 of 1.76 µM in VEEV-Trd-infected cells; the second most potent was NCGC00484087 with an EC50 = 7.90 µM. Other compounds from the NCATS libraries such as the H1 antihistamine oxatomide (>5-log reduction), emetine, amsacrine an intercalator (NCGC0015113), MLS003116111-01, NCGC00247785-13, and MLS00699295-01 were found to effectively reduce VEEV viral replication in plaque assays. Kinetic methods demonstrated time-dependent inhibition by the hybrid inhibitors of the protease with NCGC00488909-01 (Ki = 3 µM) and NCGC00484087 (Ki = 5 µM). Rates of inactivation by CA074 in the presence of 6 mM CaCl2, MnCl2, or MgCl2 were measured with varying concentrations of inhibitor, Mg2+ and Mn2+ slightly enhanced inhibitor binding (3 to 6-fold). CA074 inhibited not only the VEEV nsP2 protease but also that of CHIKV and WEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Elaine Morazzani
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Jaimee R Compton
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Moeshia Harmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andres Dulcey Garcia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Patricia M Legler
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Webb EM, Compton A, Rai P, Chuong C, Paulson SL, Tu Z, Weger-Lucarelli J. Expression of anti-chikungunya single-domain antibodies in transgenic Aedes aegypti reduces vector competence for chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1189176. [PMID: 37378291 PMCID: PMC10291133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1189176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related alphaviruses that cause acute febrile illness accompanied by an incapacitating polyarthralgia that can persist for years following initial infection. In conjunction with sporadic outbreaks throughout the sub-tropical regions of the Americas, increased global travel to CHIKV- and MAYV-endemic areas has resulted in imported cases of MAYV, as well as imported cases and autochthonous transmission of CHIKV, within the United States and Europe. With increasing prevalence of CHIKV worldwide and MAYV throughout the Americas within the last decade, a heavy focus has been placed on control and prevention programs. To date, the most effective means of controlling the spread of these viruses is through mosquito control programs. However, current programs have limitations in their effectiveness; therefore, novel approaches are necessary to control the spread of these crippling pathogens and lessen their disease burden. We have previously identified and characterized an anti-CHIKV single-domain antibody (sdAb) that potently neutralizes several alphaviruses including Ross River virus and Mayaro virus. Given the close antigenic relationship between MAYV and CHIKV, we formulated a single defense strategy to combat both emerging arboviruses: we generated transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that express two camelid-derived anti-CHIKV sdAbs. Following an infectious bloodmeal, we observed significant reduction in CHIKV and MAYV replication and transmission potential in sdAb-expressing transgenic compared to wild-type mosquitoes; thus, this strategy provides a novel approach to controlling and preventing outbreaks of these pathogens that reduce quality of life throughout the tropical regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Webb
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Austin Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sally L. Paulson
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Sutton MS, Pletnev S, Callahan V, Ko S, Tsybovsky Y, Bylund T, Casner RG, Cerutti G, Gardner CL, Guirguis V, Verardi R, Zhang B, Ambrozak D, Beddall M, Lei H, Yang ES, Liu T, Henry AR, Rawi R, Schön A, Schramm CA, Shen CH, Shi W, Stephens T, Yang Y, Florez MB, Ledgerwood JE, Burke CW, Shapiro L, Fox JM, Kwong PD, Roederer M. Vaccine elicitation and structural basis for antibody protection against alphaviruses. Cell 2023; 186:2672-2689.e25. [PMID: 37295404 PMCID: PMC10411218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses that represent emerging public health threats. To identify protective antibodies, we immunized macaques with a mixture of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like particles (VLPs), a regimen that protects against aerosol challenge with all three viruses. Single- and triple-virus-specific antibodies were isolated, and we identified 21 unique binding groups. Cryo-EM structures revealed that broad VLP binding inversely correlated with sequence and conformational variability. One triple-specific antibody, SKT05, bound proximal to the fusion peptide and neutralized all three Env-pseudotyped encephalitic alphaviruses by using different symmetry elements for recognition across VLPs. Neutralization in other assays (e.g., chimeric Sindbis virus) yielded variable results. SKT05 bound backbone atoms of sequence-diverse residues, enabling broad recognition despite sequence variability; accordingly, SKT05 protected mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus challenges. Thus, a single vaccine-elicited antibody can protect in vivo against a broad range of alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sutton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria Callahan
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sungyoul Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan G Casner
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Veronica Guirguis
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Beddall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Burgos Florez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Phelps AL, Salguero FJ, Hunter L, Stoll AL, Jenner DC, O'Brien LM, Williamson ED, Lever MS, Laws TR. Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Chemokines, and Leukocyte Infiltrate Are Biomarkers for Pathology in the Brains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)-Infected Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1307. [PMID: 37376607 DOI: 10.3390/v15061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a disease typically confined to South and Central America, whereby human disease is characterised by a transient systemic infection and occasionally severe encephalitis, which is associated with lethality. Using an established mouse model of VEEV infection, the encephalitic aspects of the disease were analysed to identify biomarkers associated with inflammation. Sequential sampling of lethally challenged mice (infected subcutaneously) confirmed a rapid onset systemic infection with subsequent spread to the brain within 24 h of the challenge. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, CCL-2, and CCL-5) and CD45+ cell counts were found to correlate strongly to pathology (R>0.9) and present previously unproven biomarkers for disease severity in the model, more so than viral titre. The greatest level of pathology was observed within the olfactory bulb and midbrain/thalamus. The virus was distributed throughout the brain/encephalon, often in areas not associated with pathology. The principal component analysis identified five principal factors across two independent experiments, with the first two describing almost half of the data: (1) confirmation of a systemic Th1-biased inflammatory response to VEEV infection, and (2) a clear correlation between specific inflammation of the brain and clinical signs of disease. Targeting strongly associated biomarkers of deleterious inflammation may ameliorate or even eliminate the encephalitic syndrome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Phelps
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Dominic C Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Lyn M O'Brien
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - M Stephen Lever
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Thomas R Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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Joseph RE, Bozic J, Werling KL, Urakova N, Rasgon JL. Eilat virus (EILV) causes superinfection exclusion against West NILE virus (WNV) in a strain specific manner in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.25.542294. [PMID: 37292979 PMCID: PMC10245884 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne illness in the United States. There are currently no human vaccines or therapies available for WNV, and vector control is the primary strategy used to control WNV transmission. The WNV vector Culex tarsalis is also a competent host for the insect-specific virus (ISV) Eilat virus (EILV). ISVs such as EILV can interact with and cause superinfection exclusion (SIE) against human pathogenic viruses in their shared mosquito host, altering vector competence for these pathogenic viruses. The ability to cause SIE and their host restriction make ISVs a potentially safe tool to target mosquito-borne pathogenic viruses. In the present study, we tested whether EILV causes SIE against WNV in mosquito C6/36 cells and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. The titers of both WNV strains-WN02-1956 and NY99-were suppressed by EILV in C6/36 cells as early as 48-72 h post superinfection at both multiplicity of infections (MOIs) tested in our study. The titers of WN02-1956 at both MOIs remained suppressed in C6/36 cells, whereas those of NY99 showed some recovery towards the final timepoint. The mechanism of SIE remains unknown, but EILV was found to interfere with NY99 attachment in C6/36 cells, potentially contributing to the suppression of NY99 titers. However, EILV had no effect on the attachment of WN02-1956 or internalization of either WNV strain under superinfection conditions. In Cx. tarsalis, EILV did not affect the infection rate of either WNV strain at either timepoint. However, in mosquitoes, EILV enhanced NY99 infection titers at 3 days post superinfection, but this effect disappeared at 7 days post superinfection. In contrast, WN02-1956 infection titers were suppressed by EILV at 7 days post-superinfection. The dissemination and transmission of both WNV strains were not affected by superinfection with EILV at either timepoint. Overall, EILV caused SIE against both WNV strains in C6/36 cells; however, in Cx. tarsalis, SIE caused by EILV was strain specific potentially owing to differences in the rate of depletion of shared resources by the individual WNV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka E. Joseph
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kristine L. Werling
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Current affiliation: Sherlock Biosciences, Watertown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Current affiliation: Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Kong J, Bie Y, Ji W, Xu J, Lyu B, Xiong X, Qiu Y, Zhou X. Alphavirus infection triggers antiviral RNAi immunity in mammals. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112441. [PMID: 37104090 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a well-established antiviral immunity. However, for mammalian somatic cells, antiviral RNAi becomes evident only when viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) are disabled by mutations or VSR-targeting drugs, thereby limiting its scope as a mammalian immunity. We find that a wild-type alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), triggers the Dicer-dependent production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) in both mammalian somatic cells and adult mice. These SFV-vsiRNAs are located at a particular region within the 5' terminus of the SFV genome, Argonaute loaded, and active in conferring effective anti-SFV activity. Sindbis virus, another alphavirus, also induces vsiRNA production in mammalian somatic cells. Moreover, treatment with enoxacin, an RNAi enhancer, inhibits SFV replication dependent on RNAi response in vitro and in vivo and protects mice from SFV-induced neuropathogenesis and lethality. These findings show that alphaviruses trigger the production of active vsiRNA in mammalian somatic cells, highlighting the functional importance and therapeutic potential of antiviral RNAi in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaobei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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41
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Anderson EJ, Knight AC, Heise MT, Baxter VK. Effect of Viral Strain and Host Age on Clinical Disease and Viral Replication in Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Chikungunya Encephalomyelitis. Viruses 2023; 15:1057. [PMID: 37243143 PMCID: PMC10220978 DOI: 10.3390/v15051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) represents a reemerging public health threat as mosquito vectors spread and viruses acquire advantageous mutations. Although primarily arthritogenic in nature, CHIKV can produce neurological disease with long-lasting sequelae that are difficult to study in humans. We therefore evaluated immunocompetent mouse strains/stocks for their susceptibility to intracranial infection with three different CHIKV strains, the East/Central/South African (ECSA) lineage strain SL15649 and Asian lineage strains AF15561 and SM2013. In CD-1 mice, neurovirulence was age- and CHIKV strain-specific, with SM2013 inducing less severe disease than SL15649 and AF15561. In 4-6-week-old C57BL/6J mice, SL15649 induced more severe disease and increased viral brain and spinal cord titers compared to Asian lineage strains, further indicating that neurological disease severity is CHIKV-strain-dependent. Proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and CD4+ T cell infiltration in the brain were also increased with SL15649 infection, suggesting that like other encephalitic alphaviruses and with CHIKV-induced arthritis, the immune response contributes to CHIKV-induced neurological disease. Finally, this study helps overcome a current barrier in the alphavirus field by identifying both 4-6-week-old CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice as immunocompetent, neurodevelopmentally appropriate mouse models that can be used to examine CHIKV neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis following direct brain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Audrey C. Knight
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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42
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Li FS, Carpentier KS, Hawman DW, Lucas CJ, Ander SE, Feldmann H, Morrison TE. Species-specific MARCO- alphavirus interactions dictate chikungunya virus viremia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112418. [PMID: 37083332 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are public health threats that cause explosive outbreaks. Major determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and pathogenesis are the magnitude and duration of viremia in vertebrate hosts. Previously, we determined that multiple alphaviruses are cleared efficiently from murine circulation by the scavenger receptor MARCO (Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure). Here, we define biochemical features on chikungunya (CHIKV), o'nyong 'nyong (ONNV), and Ross River (RRV) viruses required for MARCO-dependent clearance in vivo. In vitro, MARCO expression promotes binding and internalization of CHIKV, ONNV, and RRV via the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain. Furthermore, we observe species-specific effects of the MARCO SRCR domain on CHIKV internalization, where those from known amplification hosts fail to promote CHIKV internalization. Consistent with this observation, CHIKV is inefficiently cleared from the circulation of rhesus macaques in contrast with mice. These findings suggest a role for MARCO in determining whether a vertebrate serves as an amplification or dead-end host following CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie E Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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43
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Cao D, Ma B, Cao Z, Zhang X, Xiang Y. Structure of Semliki Forest virus in complex with its receptor VLDLR. Cell 2023; 186:2208-2218.e15. [PMID: 37098345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is an alphavirus that uses the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) as a receptor during infection of its vertebrate hosts and insect vectors. Herein, we used cryoelectron microscopy to study the structure of SFV in complex with VLDLR. We found that VLDLR binds multiple E1-DIII sites of SFV through its membrane-distal LDLR class A (LA) repeats. Among the LA repeats of the VLDLR, LA3 has the best binding affinity to SFV. The high-resolution structure shows that LA3 binds SFV E1-DIII through a small surface area of 378 Å2, with the main interactions at the interface involving salt bridges. Compared with the binding of single LA3s, consecutive LA repeats around LA3 promote synergistic binding to SFV, during which the LAs undergo a rotation, allowing simultaneous key interactions at multiple E1-DIII sites on the virion and enabling the binding of VLDLRs from divergent host species to SFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanfang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bingting Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyi Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as Ross River virus (RRV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are responsible for large-scale epidemics that cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal diseases. MXRA8 was recently discovered as an entry receptor for multiple alphaviruses including CHIKV, RRV, Mayaro virus (MAYV), and O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV). However, the role of MXRA8 in the development of alphavirus-induced musculoskeletal inflammation has not yet been fully studied. Here, we attempt to fully characterize the contribution of MXRA8 to RRV disease in an established mouse model. MXRA8 knockout (MXRA8-/-) mice generated on a C57BL/6J background, showed abrogated disease signs and reduced viral replication, which correlated with lower viral load, diminished proinflammatory cytokines, and limited cell infiltrates in inflamed tissues. Immunomodulation genes were upregulated to higher levels in RRV-infected wild-type (WT) mice than in MXRA8-/- mice. Intriguingly, Cdkn1a and Ifi44 genes in blood and CD127/IL7RA, CD45, BatF3, IFNGR, Ly6G/Ly6C, CD40, CD127, F4/80, and MHC-II genes in quadriceps were found to be upregulated in RRV-infected MXRA8-/- mice compared to WT mice. Our results showed an essential role of MXRA8 in the immune response of mice infected with RRV and, more importantly, demonstrated novel changes in immunomodulation genes, which shed light on the immunopathogenesis of alphavirus-induced disease. IMPORTANCE Previous studies have shown the importance of the cell surface protein MXRA8 as an entry receptor for several different prominent alphaviruses such as CHIKV, RRV, MAYV, and ONNV. In particular, the role of MXRA8 in the tissue tropism, viral pathogenesis, and immune response of a CHIKV mouse model have already been briefly characterized. However, the role of MXRA8 warrants further characterization in RRV disease background, since there are noticeable differences in the disease profile between CHIKV and RRV. For example, patients infected with CHIKV are usually affected by sudden onset of severe arthritis and fever, whereas RRV-infected patients generally only have minor joint pain and mild fever. Here, we characterized the role of MXRA8 in RRV disease and assessed several key mechanisms of MXRA8 that may contribute to the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Hann Ng
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zheng L Ling
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Williamson LE, Bandyopadhyay A, Bailey K, Sirohi D, Klose T, Julander JG, Kuhn RJ, Crowe JE. Structural constraints link differences in neutralization potency of human anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213690120. [PMID: 36961925 PMCID: PMC10068833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213690120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics against pathogenic viruses depends on certain functional characteristics. Neutralization potency, or the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, is an important characteristic of candidate therapeutic antibodies. Structural insights into the bases of neutralization potency differences between antiviral neutralizing mAbs are lacking. In this report, we present cryo-electron microscopy (EM) reconstructions of three anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) neutralizing human mAbs targeting overlapping epitopes on the E2 protein, with greater than 20-fold differences in their respective IC50 values. From our structural and biophysical analyses, we identify several constraints that contribute to the observed differences in the neutralization potencies. Cryo-EM reconstructions of EEEV in complex with these Fab fragments reveal structural constraints that dictate intravirion or intervirion cross-linking of glycoprotein spikes by their IgG counterparts as a mechanism of neutralization. Additionally, we describe critical features for the recognition of EEEV by these mAbs including the epitope-paratope interaction surface, occupancy, and kinetic differences in on-rate for binding to the E2 protein. Each constraint contributes to the extent of EEEV inhibition for blockade of virus entry, fusion, and/or egress. These findings provide structural and biophysical insights into the differences in mechanism and neutralization potencies of these antibodies, which help inform rational design principles for candidate vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for all icosahedral viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Williamson
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Abhishek Bandyopadhyay
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT84335
| | - Devika Sirohi
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | | | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - James E. Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
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46
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Nguyen LP, Aldana KS, Yang E, Yao Z, Li MMH. Alphavirus Evasion of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) Correlates with CpG Suppression in a Specific Viral nsP2 Gene Sequence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040830. [PMID: 37112813 PMCID: PMC10145277 DOI: 10.3390/v15040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain re-emerging alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), cause serious disease and widespread epidemics. To develop virus-specific therapies, it is critical to understand the determinants of alphavirus pathogenesis and virulence. One major determinant is viral evasion of the host interferon response, which upregulates antiviral effectors, including zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Here, we demonstrated that Old World alphaviruses show differential sensitivity to endogenous ZAP in 293T cells: Ross River virus (RRV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) are more sensitive to ZAP than o'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV) and CHIKV. We hypothesized that the more ZAP-resistant alphaviruses evade ZAP binding to their RNA. However, we did not find a correlation between ZAP sensitivity and binding to alphavirus genomic RNA. Using a chimeric virus, we found the ZAP sensitivity determinant lies mainly within the alphavirus non-structural protein (nsP) gene region. Surprisingly, we also did not find a correlation between alphavirus ZAP sensitivity and binding to nsP RNA, suggesting ZAP targeting of specific regions in the nsP RNA. Since ZAP can preferentially bind CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA, we identified three 500-bp sequences in the nsP region where CpG content correlates with ZAP sensitivity. Interestingly, ZAP binding to one of these sequences in the nsP2 gene correlated to sensitivity, and we confirmed that this binding is CpG-dependent. Our results demonstrate a potential strategy of alphavirus virulence by localized CpG suppression to evade ZAP recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnn P Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kelly S Aldana
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Yang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhenlan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melody M H Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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47
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Krokovsky L, Lins CRB, Guedes DRD, Wallau GDL, Ayres CFJ, Paiva MHS. Dynamic of Mayaro Virus Transmission in Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes, and a Mice Model. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030799. [PMID: 36992508 PMCID: PMC10053307 DOI: 10.3390/v15030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is transmitted by Haemagogus spp. mosquitoes and has been circulating in Amazon areas in the North and Central West regions of Brazil since the 1980s, with an increase in human case notifications in the last 10 years. MAYV introduction in urban areas is a public health concern as infections can cause severe symptoms similar to other alphaviruses. Studies with Aedes aegypti have demonstrated the potential vector competence of the species and the detection of MAYV in urban populations of mosquitoes. Considering the two most abundant urban mosquito species in Brazil, we investigated the dynamics of MAYV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in a mice model. Mosquito colonies were artificially fed with blood containing MAYV and infection (IR) and dissemination rates (DR) were evaluated. On the 7th day post-infection (dpi), IFNAR BL/6 mice were made available as a blood source to both mosquito species. After the appearance of clinical signs of infection, a second blood feeding was performed with a new group of non-infected mosquitoes. RT-qPCR and plaque assays were carried out with animal and mosquito tissues to determine IR and DR. For Ae. aegypti, we found an IR of 97.5-100% and a DR reached 100% in both 7 and 14 dpi. While IR and DR for Cx. quinquefasciatus was 13.1-14.81% and 60% to 80%, respectively. A total of 18 mice were used (test = 12 and control = 6) for Ae. aegypti and 12 (test = 8 and control = 4) for Cx. quinquefasciatus to evaluate the mosquito-mice transmission rate. All mice that were bitten by infected Ae. aegypti showed clinical signs of infection while all mice exposed to infected Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes remained healthy. Viremia in the mice from Ae. aegypti group ranged from 2.5 × 108 to 5 × 109 PFU/mL. Ae. aegypti from the second blood feeding showed a 50% IR. Our study showed the applicability of an efficient model to complete arbovirus transmission cycle studies and suggests that the Ae. aegypti population evaluated is a competent vector for MAYV, while highlighting the vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti and the possible introduction into urban areas. The mice model employed here is an important tool for arthropod-vector transmission studies with laboratory and field mosquito populations, as well as with other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krokovsky
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ralph Batista Lins
- Biotério de Criação, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Rodovia BR-104, km 59-Nova Caruaru, Caruaru 55002-970, PE, Brazil
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48
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Hoffka G, Lountos GT, Needle D, Wlodawer A, Waugh DS, Tőzsér J, Mótyán JA. Self-inhibited State of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) nsP2 Cysteine Protease: A Crystallographic and Molecular Dynamics Analysis. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168012. [PMID: 36792007 PMCID: PMC10758287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) belongs to the Togaviridae family and is pathogenic to both humans and equines. The VEEV non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) is a cysteine protease (nsP2pro) that processes the polyprotein and thus it is a drug target for inhibitor discovery. The atomic structure of the VEEV nsP2 catalytic domain was previously characterized by both X-ray crystallography and computational studies. A modified nsP2pro harboring a N475A mutation in the N terminus was observed to exhibit an unexpected conformation: the N-terminal residues bind to the active site, mimicking binding of a substrate. The large conformational change of the N terminus was assumed to be induced by the N475A mutation, as N475 has an important role in stabilization of the N terminus and the active site. This conformation was first observed in the N475A mutant, but we also found it while determining a crystal structure of the catalytically active nsP2pro containing the wild-type N475 active site residue and K741A/K767A surface entropy reduction mutations. This suggests that the N475A mutation is not a prerequisite for self-inhibition. Here, we describe a high resolution (1.46 Å) crystal structure of a truncated nsP2pro (residues 463-785, K741A/K767A) and analyze the structure further by molecular dynamics to study the active and self-inhibited conformations of nsP2pro and its N475A mutant. A comparison of the different conformations of the N-terminal residues sheds a light on the interactions that play an important role in the stabilization of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Hoffka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - George T Lountos
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Danielle Needle
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David S Waugh
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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de Carvalho AC, Dias CSB, Coimbra LD, Rocha RPF, Borin A, Fontoura MA, Carvalho M, Proost P, Nogueira ML, Consonni SR, Sesti-Costa R, Marques RE. Characterization of Systemic Disease Development and Paw Inflammation in a Susceptible Mouse Model of Mayaro Virus Infection and Validation Using X-ray Synchrotron Microtomography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4799. [PMID: 36902230 PMCID: PMC10003659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus endemic in Latin America and the causative agent of arthritogenic febrile disease. Mayaro fever is poorly understood; thus, we established an in vivo model of infection in susceptible type-I interferon receptor-deficient mice (IFNAR-/-) to characterize the disease. MAYV inoculations in the hind paws of IFNAR-/- mice result in visible paw inflammation, evolve into a disseminated infection and involve the activation of immune responses and inflammation. The histological analysis of inflamed paws indicated edema at the dermis and between muscle fibers and ligaments. Paw edema affected multiple tissues and was associated with MAYV replication, the local production of CXCL1 and the recruitment of granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes to muscle. We developed a semi-automated X-ray microtomography method to visualize both soft tissue and bone, allowing for the quantification of MAYV-induced paw edema in 3D with a voxel size of 69 µm3. The results confirmed early edema onset and spreading through multiple tissues in inoculated paws. In conclusion, we detailed features of MAYV-induced systemic disease and the manifestation of paw edema in a mouse model extensively used to study infection with alphaviruses. The participation of lymphocytes and neutrophils and expression of CXCL1 are key features in both systemic and local manifestations of MAYV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Bertrand Russel, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49 Box 1042, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Sato B. Dias
- Institut Für Photonenforschung und Synchrotronstrahlung (IPS), Karlsruher Institut Für Technologie (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laís D. Coimbra
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Bertrand Russel, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rebeca P. F. Rocha
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Bertrand Russel, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Borin
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Bertrand Russel, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marina A. Fontoura
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, s/n, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Murilo Carvalho
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory—LNLS, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49 Box 1042, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia (LPV), São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416-Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Sílvio R. Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, s/n, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renata Sesti-Costa
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory—LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials—CNPEM, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000-Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
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50
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Cable J, Denison MR, Kielian M, Jackson WT, Bartenschlager R, Ahola T, Mukhopadhyay S, Fremont DH, Kuhn RJ, Shannon A, Frazier MN, Yuen KY, Coyne CB, Wolthers KC, Ming GL, Guenther CS, Moshiri J, Best SM, Schoggins JW, Jurado KA, Ebel GD, Schäfer A, Ng LFP, Kikkert M, Sette A, Harris E, Wing PAC, Eggenberger J, Krishnamurthy SR, Mah MG, Meganck RM, Chung D, Maurer-Stroh S, Andino R, Korber B, Perlman S, Shi PY, Bárcena M, Aicher SM, Vu MN, Kenney DJ, Lindenbach BD, Nishida Y, Rénia L, Williams EP. Positive-strand RNA viruses-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:46-66. [PMID: 36697369 PMCID: PMC10347887 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses have been the cause of several recent outbreaks and epidemics, including the Zika virus epidemic in 2015, the SARS outbreak in 2003, and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. On June 18-22, 2022, researchers focusing on positive-strand RNA viruses met for the Keystone Symposium "Positive-Strand RNA Viruses" to share the latest research in molecular and cell biology, virology, immunology, vaccinology, and antiviral drug development. This report presents concise summaries of the scientific discussions at the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Division Virus-associated Carcinogenesis, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology; Department of Molecular Microbiology; and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Meredith N Frazier
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Moshiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kellie Ann Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Eggenberger
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Siddharth R Krishnamurthy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcus G Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donghoon Chung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie-Marie Aicher
- Institut Pasteurgrid, Université de Paris Cité, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Michelle N Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Devin J Kenney
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yukiko Nishida
- Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Tokyo, Japan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Evan P Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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