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Ianevski A, Frøysa IT, Lysvand H, Calitz C, Smura T, Schjelderup Nilsen HJ, Høyer E, Afset JE, Sridhar A, Wolthers KC, Zusinaite E, Tenson T, Kurg R, Oksenych V, Galabov AS, Stoyanova A, Bjørås M, Kainov DE. The combination of pleconaril, rupintrivir, and remdesivir efficiently inhibits enterovirus infections in vitro, delaying the development of drug-resistant virus variants. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105842. [PMID: 38417531 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a significant global health concern, causing a spectrum of diseases from the common cold to more severe conditions like hand-foot-and-mouth disease, meningitis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, and poliomyelitis. Current treatment options for these infections are limited, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. To find better treatment option we analyzed toxicity and efficacy of 12 known broad-spectrum anti-enterovirals both individually and in combinations against different enteroviruses in vitro. We identified several novel, synergistic two-drug and three-drug combinations that demonstrated significant inhibition of enterovirus infections in vitro. Specifically, the triple-drug combination of pleconaril, rupintrivir, and remdesivir exhibited remarkable efficacy against echovirus (EV) 1, EV6, EV11, and coxsackievirus (CV) B5, in human lung epithelial A549 cells. This combination surpassed the effectiveness of single-agent or dual-drug treatments, as evidenced by its ability to protect A549 cells from EV1-induced cytotoxicity across seven passages. Additionally, this triple-drug cocktail showed potent antiviral activity against EV-A71 in human intestinal organoids. Thus, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the pleconaril-rupintrivir-remdesivir combination as a broad-spectrum treatment option against a range of enterovirus infections. The study also paves the way towards development of strategic antiviral drug combinations with virus family coverage and high-resistance barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Irene Trøen Frøysa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erling Høyer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Egil Afset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Dept of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Kurg
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Angel S Galabov
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelina Stoyanova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Giammanco GM, Filizzolo C, Pizzo M, Sanfilippo GL, Cacioppo F, Bonura F, Fontana S, Buttinelli G, Stefanelli P, De Grazia S. Detection of Echovirus 11 lineage 1 in wastewater samples in Sicily. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170519. [PMID: 38316300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We report the presence of Echovirus 11 (E11) in wastewater in Sicily (Southern Italy), since August 2022. Overall, the 5.4 % of sewage samples (7/130) collected in 2022 were positives for E11 and then the percentage of E11-positive sewage samples reached the value of 27.27(18/66) in the first semester of 2023. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences showed for most E11-positive samples (16/25: 64 %) close genetic correlation (98.4-99.4 % nucleotide identity) to E11 lineage 1 strains involved in recently reported severe neonatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa L Sanfilippo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Cacioppo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fontana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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3
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Gong YN, Yang SL, Chen YC, Liu YC, Huang YC, Tsao KC. Novel intertypic recombination of Echovirus 11 in the Enterovirus species B. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29323. [PMID: 38164047 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, can be classified into four species (A-D), which have previously been linked to a diverse range of disease manifestations and infections affecting the central nervous system. In the Enterovirus species B (EV-B), Echovirus type 11 (E11) has been observed to occasionally circulate in Taiwan, which was responsible for an epidemic of enterovirus infections in 2018. Here, 48 clinical specimens isolated in 2003, 2004, 2009, and 2018 were collected for the high-throughput sequencing. Notably, we identified 2018 Taiwanese strains having potential recombinations in the 3D gene, as well as one 2003 strain having a double recombination with E6 and Coxsackievirus B5 in the P2 and P3 regions, respectively. Additionally, one amino acid signature mutated from the Histidine (H) in throat swab specimens to the Tyrosine (Y) in cerebral spinal fluid specimens was detected at position 1496 (or 57) of the genomic coordinate (or 3A gene) to further demonstrate intra-host evolution in different organs. In conclusion, this study identifies potential intertypic recombination events and an intra-host signature mutation in E11 strains, isolated during a 2018 neurological disease outbreak in Taiwan, contributing to our understanding of its evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- International Master Degree Program for Molecular Medicine in Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Anderson CA, Barrera MD, Boghdeh NA, Smith M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Brilacidin as a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Enveloped, Acutely Infectious Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 38257881 PMCID: PMC10819233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, belonging to the Togaviridae family, and bunyaviruses, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, are globally distributed and lack FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutics. The alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are known to cause severe encephalitis, whereas Sindbis virus (SINV) causes arthralgia potentially persisting for years after initial infection. The bunyavirus Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) can lead to blindness, liver failure, and hemorrhagic fever. Brilacidin, a small molecule that was designed de novo based on naturally occurring host defensins, was investigated for its antiviral activity against these viruses in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) and African green monkey kidney cells (Veros). This testing was further expanded into a non-enveloped Echovirus, a Picornavirus, to further demonstrate brilacidin's effect on early steps of the viral infectious cycle that leads to inhibition of viral load. Brilacidin demonstrated antiviral activity against alphaviruses VEEV TC-83, VEEV TrD, SINV, EEEV, and bunyavirus RVFV. The inhibitory potential of brilacidin against the viruses tested in this study was dependent on the dosing strategy which necessitated compound addition pre- and post-infection, with addition only at the post-infection stage not eliciting a robust inhibitory response. The inhibitory activity of brilacidin was only modest in the context of the non-enveloped Picornavirus Echovirus, suggesting brilacidin may be less potent against non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.A.A.); (M.D.B.); (N.A.B.); (M.S.); (F.A.)
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5
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Wang Y, Shah PT, Liu Y, Bahoussi AN, Xing L. Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeographic Dynamics of Echovirus. J Microbiol 2023; 61:865-877. [PMID: 37713068 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Echoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family, forming a large group of Enterovirus B (EV-B) within the Enteroviruses. Previously, Echoviruses were classified based on the coding sequence of VP1. In this study, we performed a reliable phylogenetic classification of 277 sequences isolated from 1992 to 2019 based on the full-length genomes of Echovirus. In this report, phylogenetic, phylogeographic, recombination, and amino acid variability landscape analyses were performed to reveal the evolutional characteristics of Echovirus worldwide. Echoviruses were clustered into nine major clades, e.g., G1-G9. Phylogeographic analysis showed that branches G2-G9 were linked to common strains, while the branch G1 was only linked to G5. In contrast, strains E12, E14, and E16 clustered separately from their G3 and G7 clades respectively, and became a separate branch. In addition, we identified a total of 93 recombination events, where most of the events occurred within the VP1-VP4 coding regions. Analysis of amino acid variation showed high variability in the a positions of VP2, VP1, and VP3. This study updates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of Echovirus and indicates that extensive recombination and significant amino acid variation in the capsid proteins drove the emergence of new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Amina Nawal Bahoussi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Fall A, Forman M, Morris CP, Gniazdowski V, Luo CH, Hanlon A, Miller H, Bergman Y, Mostafa HH. Enterovirus characterized from cerebrospinal fluid in a cohort from the Eastern United States. J Clin Virol 2023; 161:105401. [PMID: 36805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses (EVs) are predominant causes of a spectrum of neurological diseases. To better understand the origins of the outbreaks of disease associated with EV, it is essential to develop an efficient surveillance system that identifies the circulating EVs and correlate their genomic evolution with the disease presentations. METHODS The clinical presentations of patients with positive EV from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between 2014 and 2022, diagnosed at the Johns Hopkins Medical Microbiology Laboratory, were compared from year to year. EV typing and whole genome sequencing were performed and correlated to the spectrum of disease. RESULTS A total of 95 CSF specimens were positive for EV between 2014 and 2022. The percentage positivity ranged from the lowest of 1.1% in 2020 to the highest of 3.2% in 2015. The median ages declined from 22 years in 2014 to less than one year starting in 2016 to 34 in 2022. Typing using VP1 sequencing revealed that E30 and E6 were associated with meningitis in adults but coxsackieviruses (CVs-B3 and B5) were detected from pediatric patients with fever. Whole genome sequencing revealed multiple recombination events. In 2020, a recombinant CV-A9 was detected in a CSF sample associated with unusual presentation of sepsis, profound acute bilateral sensory neural hearing loss, and myofasciitis. CONCLUSIONS EV genomic surveillance is needed for a better understanding of the genetic determinants of neurovirulence. Whole genome sequencing can reveal recombination events missed by traditional molecular surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Michael Forman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - C Paul Morris
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Gniazdowski
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Ann Hanlon
- Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Meyer B-130, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Heather Miller
- Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Meyer B-130, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Yehudit Bergman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA.
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Larivé O, Brandani J, Dubey M, Kohn T. An integrated cell culture reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (ICC-RTqPCR) method to simultaneously quantify the infectious concentrations of eight environmentally relevant enterovirus serotypes. J Virol Methods 2021; 296:114225. [PMID: 34216645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infectivity is typically measured as a bulk parameter, yet EV serotypes vary in their susceptibility to natural and engineered stressors. Here we developed an integrated cell culture reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (ICC-RTqPCR) method to simultaneously and specifically quantify the infectious concentrations of eight EV serotypes commonly encountered in sewage (coxsackieviruses A9, B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5, and echoviruses 25 and 30). The method uses two cell lines for virus replication and serotype-specific qPCR primers for quantification. Primers were designed to target multiple environmental strains of a given serotype and displayed high specificity. The ICC-RTqPCR method exhibited a linear calibration range between 50 and 1000 (echoviruses) or 5000 (coxsackieviruses) infectious units per mL. Over this range, measurements were not influenced by the presence of non-target serotypes, and calibration slopes were reproducible for different virus batches and cell ages. The ICC-RTqPCR method was able to accurately quantify the infectious concentration of a virus after inactivation by heat, and the concentration of a virus within a wastewater matrix. This method will be valuable to assess the differing fates of EV serotypes in natural or engineered systems, and to portray the associated changes in EV population composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jade Brandani
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manupriyam Dubey
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Rauff B, Malik A, Bhatti YA, Chudhary SA, Fatima K, Rafiq S, Tahir A, Sharif S, Qadri I. Association of Viruses in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3913-3923. [PMID: 33902408 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210426094502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), primarily inflammatory cardiomyopathy, are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium. It has a relatively high risk of deteriorating heart function and has heterogeneous etiologies. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is mainly mediated by viral infections but can also be mediated by protozoa, fungal or bacterial infections. Besides that, there are a wide variety of drugs, toxic substances, and systemic immune-mediated diseases that result in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite broad research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis. The roles of the pathogens, host genomic counterparts and environmental triggers in the progression of disease are still under consideration, including the role of some viruses as active inducers and others as bystanders. In this review article, we review the available evidence on the types, pathogenesis and treatment of myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis with a particular focus on virus-associated cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Rauff
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | | | - Shafiq Ahmad Chudhary
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences (IBAHS), University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafquat Rafiq
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Croydon University Hospital NHS Trust, 503 London Road, Croydon CR7 7YE. United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sharif
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Morsli M, Vincent JJ, Milliere L, Colson P, Drancourt M. Direct next-generation sequencing diagnosis of echovirus 9 meningitis, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2037-2039. [PMID: 33694039 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of central nervous system infections caused by enteroviruses partially depends on the viral genotype, which is not provided by current point-of-care diagnostic methods. In this study, next-generation sequencing identified an echovirus 9 directly from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient presenting with meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjid Morsli
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vincent
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Milliere
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Miao ZP, Yan JY, Sun Y, Chen Y, Gong LM, Ge Q, Shi W, Pan JH, Mao HY, Zhang YJ. [Etiology and molecular-epidemiological characteristics of viral meningo-encephalitis in Zhejiang province, 2002-2018]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020; 41:562-566. [PMID: 32344483 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190625-00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To understand the pathogens and molecular-epidemiologic characteristics of viral meningo-encephalitis in Zhejiang province during 2002 to 2018. Methods: All the samples were collected from suspected patients admitted to the hospitals under the monitoring program. Of the total samples, 2 173 were cerebrospinal fluids while the other 455 were stool specimens. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were subject to real-time qPCR for the detection of Human enterovirus (HEV), Mumps virus (MuV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Stool sample were subject to real-time qPCR for HEV. ELISA was used to detect the IgM antibodies in CSF, in the 5 kinds of virus mentioned above. VP1 genes from all RNA-positive specimen were amplified, sequenced, for typing and for evolution analysis. Results: 871 (40.1%) of the 2 173 samples were detected as HEV nucleic acid positive during 2002 to 2018. 654 (38.1%) of the 1 718 CSF sample were HEV nucleic acid positive while 217 (47.7%) of the 455 stool sample were HEV nucleic acid positive. Among the total positive nucleic acid sample, 670 of them were VP1 sequence positive, including 5 HEV-A and 665 HEV-B. There were 23 HEV serotypes, including Coxsackievirus (CV) CVA4, CVA6, CVA9, CVA10, CVB1-5, Echovirus (EchoV; E) E3, E4, E6,E7, E9, E11, E14, E16, E18, E21, E25, E30, E33 and EV-71. The top three serotypes went to E30, E6 and CVB5. These three serotypes presented enhanced viral activity in every several years. 795 CSF samples were detected as virus nucleic acid positive, including 374 HEV, 6 MuV, 5 HSV and 5 CMV, from 2012 to 2015 and in 2018. 5 kinds of IgM antibodies were detected simultaneously in 368 CSF samples, including 2 HEV positive, 6 JEV positive and 1 MuV positive for 5 viruses, respectively. Except for EV-71, there were 517 EchoV and 152 CV viruses presented, with the ratio of 3.4∶1. These two kinds of viruses alternately changed for each predominant epidemic strains in every 3-5 years. Based on VP1, results from the phylogenetic tree showed that HEV from Zhejiang province clustered into HEV-A and HEV-B clades respectively. E30 developed both h and i sub-genotypes. Conclusions: HEV-B seemed the main pathogen for viral meningo-encephalitis in Zhejiang province. Ratio of positive detection on EchoV was significantly higher than that on CV. These two kinds of virus alternately presented changing tendency in every several years. Predominant epidemic strains E30, CVB5 and E6 were presenting enhanced viral activity, also in every several years. High correlation was found in both HEV viral activity from the surveillance sites and in time line of the viral meningo-encephalitis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - J Y Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Y Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Y Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - L M Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Q Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - W Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - J H Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - H Y Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Y J Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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11
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Graf J, Hartmann CJ, Lehmann HC, Otto C, Adams O, Karenfort M, Schneider C, Ruprecht K, Bosse HM, Diedrich S, Böttcher S, Schnitzler A, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P. Meningitis gone viral: description of the echovirus wave 2013 in Germany. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1010. [PMID: 31783807 PMCID: PMC6883514 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aseptic meningitis epidemics may pose various health care challenges. Methods We describe the German enterovirus meningitis epidemics in the university hospital centers of Düsseldorf, Cologne and Berlin between January 1st and December 31st, 2013 in order to scrutinize clinical differences from other aseptic meningitis cases. Results A total of 72 enterovirus (EV-positive) meningitis cases were detected in our multicenter cohort, corresponding to 5.8% of all EV-positive cases which were voluntarily reported within the National Enterovirus surveillance (EVSurv, based on investigation of patients with suspected aseptic meningitis/encephalitis and/or acute flaccid paralysis) by physicians within this period of time. Among these 72 patients, 38 (52.8%) were enterovirus positive and typed as echovirus (18 pediatric and 20 adult cases, median age 18.5 years; echovirus 18 (1), echovirus 2 (1), echovirus 30 (31), echovirus 33 (1), echovirus 9 (4)). At the same time, 45 aseptic meningitis cases in our cohort were excluded to be due to enteroviral infection (EV-negative). Three EV-negative patients were tested positive for varicella zoster virus (VZV) and 1 EV-negative patient for herpes simplex virus 2. Hospitalization was significantly longer in EV-negative cases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not reveal significant differences between the two groups. After discharge, EV-meningitis resulted in significant burden of sick leave in our pediatric cohort as parents had to care for the children at home. Conclusions Voluntary syndromic surveillance, such as provided by the EVSurv in our study may be a valuable tool for epidemiological research. Our analyses suggest that EV-positive meningitis predominantly affects younger patients and may be associated with a rather benign clinical course, compared to EV-negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Graf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian J Hartmann
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Otto
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Bosse
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- FG 15 Nationales Referenzzentrum für Poliomyelitis und Enteroviren, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sindy Böttcher
- FG 15 Nationales Referenzzentrum für Poliomyelitis und Enteroviren, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Heffron J, McDermid B, Maher E, McNamara PJ, Mayer BK. Mechanisms of virus mitigation and suitability of bacteriophages as surrogates in drinking water treatment by iron electrocoagulation. Water Res 2019; 163:114877. [PMID: 31349091 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging water treatment technologies using ferrous and zero-valent iron show promising virus mitigation by both inactivation and adsorption. In this study, iron electrocoagulation was investigated for virus mitigation in drinking water via bench-scale batch experiments. Relative contributions of physical removal and inactivation, as determined by recovery via pH 9.5 beef broth elution, were investigated for three mammalian viruses (adenovirus, echovirus, and feline calicivirus) and four bacteriophage surrogates (fr, MS2, P22, and ΦX174). Though no one bacteriophage exactly represented mitigation of the mammalian viruses in all water matrices, bacteriophage ΦX174 was the only surrogate that showed overall removal comparable to that of the mammalian viruses. Bacteriophages fr, MS2, and P22 were all more susceptible to inactivation than the three mammalian viruses, raising concerns about the suitability of these common surrogates as indicators of virus mitigation. To determine why some bacteriophages were particularly susceptible to inactivation, mechanisms of bacteriophage mitigation due to electrocoagulation were investigated. Physical removal was primarily due to inclusion in flocs, while inactivation was primarily due to ferrous iron oxidation. Greater electrostatic attraction, virus aggregation, and capsid durability were proposed as reasons for virus susceptibility to ferrous-based inactivation. Results suggest that overall treatment claims based on bacteriophage mitigation for any iron-based technology should be critically considered due to higher susceptibility of bacteriophages to inactivation via ferrous oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brad McDermid
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Emily Maher
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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13
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Heffron J, Ryan DR, Mayer BK. Sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation for virus mitigation in drinking water. Water Res 2019; 160:435-444. [PMID: 31174071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water treatment is a promising alternative for small-scale and remote water systems that lack operational capacity or convenient access to reagents for chemical coagulation and disinfection. In this study, the mitigation of viruses was investigated using electrocoagulation as a pretreatment prior to electrooxidation treatment using boron-doped diamond electrodes. This research is the first to investigate a sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment system for virus removal. Bench-scale, batch reactors were used to evaluate mitigation of viruses in variable water quality via: a) electrooxidation, and b) a sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train. Electrooxidation of two bacteriophages, MS2 and ΦX174, was inhibited by natural organic matter and turbidity, indicating the probable need for pretreatment. However, the electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train was beneficial only in the model surface waters employed. In model groundwaters, electrocoagulation alone was as good or better than the combined electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train. Reduction of human echovirus was significantly lower than one or both bacteriophages in all model waters, though bacteriophage ΦX174 was a more representative surrogate than MS2 in the presence of natural organic matter and turbidity. Compared to conventional treatment by ferric salt coagulant and free chlorine disinfection, the electrocoagulation-electrooxidation system was less effective in model surface waters but more effective in model groundwaters. Sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation was beneficial for some applications, though practical considerations may currently outweigh the benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Donald R Ryan
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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14
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Lizasoain A, Burlandy FM, Victoria M, Tort LFL, da Silva EE, Colina R. An Environmental Surveillance in Uruguay Reveals the Presence of Highly Divergent Types of Human Enterovirus Species C and a High Frequency of Species A and B Types. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:343-352. [PMID: 29907902 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Information about Human Enterovirus circulation in Uruguay is scarce. The aim of this study was to generate the first description about their circulation in the country through the study of sewage samples collected before and after the switch from Oral Poliovirus Vaccine to Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine. Viruses were concentrated by an adsorption-elution to a negatively charged membrane, and real-time quantitative PCR and qualitative PCR methods were used to detect, quantify, and characterize enteroviruses. Positive samples were inoculated in RD cells and two passages were performed. Additionally, RD+ samples were subsequently passed onto L20B cells. Human Enteroviruses were detected in 67.6% of the samples, with concentrations between 4.9 and 6.6 Log10 genomic copies per liter. 10% of positive samples replicated in RD cells, of which none in L20B cells. Molecular characterization of Human Enterovirus strains directly detected from sewage sample concentrates allowed the identification of highly divergent members of species C such as Enterovirus C99 and Coxsackievirus A13, as well as the frequent detection of species A and B members (particularly Coxsackievirus A16 and Echovirus 6, respectively). Other detected types were Coxsackievirus A2, A22, B1, B5, Echovirus 5, and 9. The characterization of viruses isolated in cell culture revealed the presence of Echovirus 6 and Coxsackievirus B3. Despite the absence of poliovirus, a wide circulation of different enterovirus types was evidenced in Uruguayan sewage samples, highlighting that the local populations are exposed to different kinds of diseases originated by several human enterovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda M Burlandy
- Laboratório de Enterovírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avda. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Luis F López Tort
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Edson E da Silva
- Laboratório de Enterovírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avda. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
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15
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Teo KW, Lai FY, Bandi S, Allen DJ, Tang JW. Emergence of Coxsackie A6 hand-foot-and-mouth disease and comparative severity of Coxsackie B vs. echovirus infections, 2014-2016, UK. J Infect 2018; 78:75-86. [PMID: 30134142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kah Wee Teo
- Leicester Childrens Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust (UHL), Leicester, UK
| | - Florence Yl Lai
- Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Srini Bandi
- Leicester Childrens Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust (UHL), Leicester, UK
| | - David J Allen
- Virus Reference Department, National Infections Service, Public Health England, London, UK; Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Julian W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, UHL, Leicester, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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16
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Shabani A, Makvandi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Teimoori A, Rasti M, Karami C, Rastegarvand N, Nikfar R, Shamsizadeh A, Salehi A, Angali KA. Echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus A9 infection among young neonates with sepsis in Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2018; 10:258-265. [PMID: 30483379 PMCID: PMC6243150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human enteroviruses (EV) are the most common causes of neonatal sepsis-like disease. The frequencies of EV including coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B and Echovirus serotypes have been studied in young infants (younger than three months) with sepsis. So far, the role of enteroviruses among neonates with sepsis was not determined in Ahvaz, Iran. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the frequency of EV among hospitalized young infants with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis in Ahvaz. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood specimens from 128 neonates (younger than 90 days), including 56 (43.75%) girls and 72 (56.25%) boys, were collected from hospitalized neonates with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis-like symptoms. All blood samples were negative for bacterial culture. RNA was extracted from all sera and tested for detection of 5'UTR (Untranslated Region) of the EV by RT-PCR. To determine specific strains of EV, positive 5'UTR samples were further tested for detection of the VP1 region of EV by RT-PCR. RESULTS Overall, 50/128 (39.06%) specimens, including 24 (48%) girls and 26 (52%) boys, were positive for EV. 21/50 (42%) specimens were positive for the VP1 region. Randomly, 8 positive VP1 were selected and sequenced. Analysis of sequencing data showed 7/21 (33.33%) samples were positive for Echovirus 30 and 1/21 (4.76%) samples were positive for CVA9. CONCLUSION The results of this survey indicate high prevalence of 39.06% of EV among young neonates with sepsis. A high prevalence of 33.3% Echoviruses 30 and a low rate of 4.76% coxsackievirus A9 infection has been observed in neonatal patients with viral sepsis. This outbreak is probably one of the first Enterovirus outbreaks to be reported in Ahvaz, Iran. The results of this survey will help to minimize unneeded use of antimicrobial drugs and reduce unnecessary hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolnabi Shabani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding author: Manoochehr Makvandi, Ph.D, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Tel: +98 61 33738313, Fax: +98 61 33738313,
| | - Alireza Samarbafzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rasti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasteran Rastegarvand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Infectious Diseases, Abozar Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Nikfar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shamsizadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Abozar Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azam Salehi
- Parasitology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Biostatistic Department, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Echevarría Mayo JM, Avellón Calvo AAC, Cabrerizo Sanz M, Casas Flecha I, Echevarría Mayo JE, de Ory Manchón FDOM, Negredo Antón A, Pozo Sánchez F, Sánchez-Seco Fariñas MP, Tarragó Asensio D, Trallero Masó G. [Viral epidemic outbreaks and public health alerts studied at the National Centre of Microbiology during a two-year period (2012-2013]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2016; 90:E16. [PMID: 27007553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
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18
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Suppiah J, Saraswathy TS, Amry K, Yusof A, Saat Z. Echovirus serotypes circulating in Malaysia from 2002 to 2013. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:252-5. [PMID: 26972396 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the circulating serotypes of human echovirus in Malaysia from 2002 to 2013. METHODS A total of 31 retrospective samples from non-polio acute flacid paralysis, hand-food-and-mouth disease, viral meningitis and enterovirus cases were subjected to amplification of partial VP1 gene by RT-PCR. RESULTS Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequences identified presence of human echovirus and human coxsackie viruses. It was found that echovirus 11 was the commonly circulating serotype followed by echovirus 6, echovirus 7, echovirus 3, echovirus 9, echovirus 30 and echovirus 1 in decreasing order. Additionally two types of human coxsackie virus isolates were detected which were coxsackie A24 and B3. CONCLUSIONS From the findings, there is a possibility that echovirus 11 is the predominant serotype among Malaysian patients with echovirus infection. However, a larger sample size will yield a more confident result to support this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyanthi Suppiah
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - T S Saraswathy
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Amry
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Apandi Yusof
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainah Saat
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Rao CD, Reddy H, Naidu JR, Raghavendra A, Radhika NS, Karande A. An enzyme-linked immuno focus assay for rapid detection and enumeration, and a newborn mouse model for human non-polio enteroviruses associated with acute diarrhea. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:47-52. [PMID: 26300372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported significant association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute and persistent diarrhea (18-21% of total diarrheal cases), and non-diarrheal Increased Frequency of Bowel Movements (IFoBM-ND) (about 29% of the NPEV infections) in children and that the NPEV-associated diarrhea was as significant as rotavirus diarrhea. However, their diarrhea-causing potential is yet to be demonstrated in an animal model system. Since the determination of virus titers by the traditional plaque assay takes 4-7 days, there is a need for development of a rapid method for virus titer determination to facilitate active clinical research on enterovirus-associated diarrhea. The goal of this study is to develop a cell-based rapid detection and enumeration method and to demonstrate the diarrhea-inducing potential of purified and characterized non-polio enteroviruses, which were isolated from diarrheic children. Here we describe generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against purified strains belonging to different serotypes, and development of an enzyme-linked immuno focus assay (ELIFA) for detection and enumeration of live NPEV particles in clinical and purified virus samples, and a newborn mouse model for NPEV diarrhea. Plaque-purified NPVEs, belonging to different serotypes, isolated from children with diarrhea, were grown in cell culture and purified by isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation. By ELIFA, NPEVs could be detected and enumerated within 12h post-infection. Our results demonstrated that Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and CVB5 strains, isolated from diarrheic children, induced severe diarrhea in orally-inoculated 9-12 day-old mouse pups, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The methods described here would facilitate studies on NPEV-associated gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Durga Rao
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Harikrishna Reddy
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Jagadish R Naidu
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India; Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - A Raghavendra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - N S Radhika
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjali Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Healy EG, Phadke R, Kidd M, Reilly MM, Lunn MP. Clinical, neuropathological and radiological evidence for a rare complication of rituximab therapy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:589-92. [PMID: 25958339 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a rare case of myofasciitis and meningitis with deafness caused by systemic enterovirus infection in the setting of hypogammaglobulinaemia induced by rituximab. Whilst effective and generally safe, anti- CD 20 antibody therapy is increasingly recognised to result in unusual infectious complications to be considered in a treated patient presenting with neurological symptoms. These cases may pose diagnostic difficulties and can have atypical presentations. We present this rare complication of rituximab therapy, with histopathological confirmation of myofasciitis. In the older literature, enterovirus associated myofasciitis may have erroneously been termed dermatomyositis and we review the literature to demonstrate this important nosological point.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Healy
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, London, UK
| | - R Phadke
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - M Kidd
- Department of Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M M Reilly
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, London, UK; Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - M P Lunn
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, London, UK; Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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