4
|
Caswell-Jin JL, McNamara K, Reiter JG, Sun R, Hu Z, Ma Z, Suarez CJ, Tilk S, Raghavendra A, Forte V, Chin SF, Bardwell H, Provenzano E, Caldas C, Lang J, West R, Tripathy D, Press MF, Curtis C. Abstract P3-06-01: Clonal evolution and heterogeneity in breast tumors treated with neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p3-06-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Understanding to what extent a breast tumor's genetic composition may change over the course of a few months of neoadjuvant therapy has implications for optimal therapeutic approach. However, genomic changes observed across treatment may result from either treatment-induced clonal evolution or geographically disparate sampling of a heterogeneous tumor. We sought to characterize the geographic heterogeneity in primary breast tumors, and to incorporate this information into analysis of clonal evolution with neoadjuvant therapy.
Methods: We assembled the largest cohort to date of multi-region (n=2-3) whole-exome sequenced (WES) or whole-genome sequenced untreated primary breast tumors with matched normal and adequate tumor purity for analysis: four tumors with data generated for this study and five tumors compiled from three previous studies. We also generated the first cohort of multi-region (n=2-6) WES breast tumors post-neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy and chemotherapy, sequencing one region from a pre-treatment diagnostic specimen, multiple regions from the post-treatment surgical specimen, and matched normal for five HER2+ breast tumors that did not achieve a pathologic complete response. We used an agent-based model of spatial tumor growth to investigate whether the mutational patterns we observed with treatment were consistent with pre-existing heterogeneity or treatment-induced selection.
Results: In untreated primary breast tumors, on average 30% (range 1-70%) of apparently clonal mutations from a single region were absent or rare in a second, spatially disparate region (high-frequency regional, or HFR). Intra-tumor heterogeneity was similar post-treatment (HFR 28%, range 10-54%), and was higher in breast tumors than in previously analyzed colon, brain, lung, and esophageal tumors. Simulation studies confirmed that with high heterogeneity as observed in breast tumors, analysis of one pre-treatment and one post-treatment region could not distinguish treatment-induced clonal evolution from pre-existing heterogeneity; however, obtaining at least two post-treatment regions allowed for detection of clonal shifts with treatment. Analysis of multi-region data revealed that clonal replacement occurred with neoadjuvant therapy in two of the five tumors. Candidate causes of therapeutic resistance included amplifications in CCND1, ERBB4, and MYC in one subclone, and functional protein-altering mutations in ERCC2, SMO, and WT1 in another. Mathematical modeling suggested that these putative resistant subclones comprised 0.02-12.5% of the overall pre-treatment cell population, substantially larger than previous estimates of resistant tumor clone size.
Conclusions: WES data from multiple regions of untreated and treated primary breast tumors revealed considerable heterogeneity that remained present throughout treatment with chemotherapy and HER2-targeted therapy, even while major clonal sweeps took place in a minority of tumors. Obtaining at least two samples for analysis from breast tumors post-neoadjuvant therapy may reveal the tumor's evolutionary path and, especially as increasing numbers of molecular and immune therapeutic targets are identified, inform new clinical strategies.
Citation Format: Caswell-Jin JL, McNamara K, Reiter JG, Sun R, Hu Z, Ma Z, Suarez CJ, Tilk S, Raghavendra A, Forte V, Chin S-F, Bardwell H, Provenzano E, Caldas C, Lang J, West R, Tripathy D, Press MF, Curtis C. Clonal evolution and heterogeneity in breast tumors treated with neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JL Caswell-Jin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K McNamara
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - JG Reiter
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Sun
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Z Hu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Z Ma
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - CJ Suarez
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Tilk
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A Raghavendra
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - V Forte
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S-F Chin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H Bardwell
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E Provenzano
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Caldas
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Lang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R West
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Tripathy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - MF Press
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Curtis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCart Reed AE, Kalaw E, Nones K, Bettington M, Lim M, Bennett J, Johnstone K, Kutasovic JR, Kazakoff S, Xu QC, Saunus JM, Reid LE, Black D, Niland C, Ferguson K, Gresshoff I, Raghavendra A, Liu JC, Kalinowski L, Reid AS, Davidson M, Pearson JV, Yamaguchi R, Harris G, Tse G, Papadimos D, Pathmanathan R, Pathmanathan N, Tan PH, Fox S, O'Toole S, Waddell N, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR. Abstract P3-08-03: Dissecting the heterogeneity of metaplastic breast cancer: A morphological, immunohistochemical and genomic analysis of a large cohort. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p3-08-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although rare, Metaplastic Breast Carcinomas (MBC) account for significant global breast cancer mortality. This subgroup is extremely heterogeneous and by definition exhibits metaplastic change to squamous and/or mesenchymal elements, including but not limited to spindle, squamous, chondroid, osseous and rhabdomyoid elements. The WHO working group recognizes that the current classification is inadequate and in the interim, has suggested a purely descriptive classification. The mixed epithelial-mesenchymal morphology has led to speculation that MBC represent 'stem cell tumours'; in support of this, MBC have been shown to have a CD44+/CD24-/low phenotype. Clinically, patients present with tumours that are larger (higher stage), have increased likelihood of distant metastases at presentation and overall, have a reduced 5-year survival rate compared to Invasive Carcinoma-NST. Hence, this is a unique subtype with poor outcome but without a robust classification or understanding of the biology to aid clinical management. We present a detailed morphological, immunohistochemical and genomic analysis of a large series of MBC (n=347), as amassed through the Asia-Pacific MBC consortium. We consider our morphological dissection using the WHO subtyping guidelines and show that an increasing number of phenotypes in a mixed MBC (classified as WHO_1) significantly associates with a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that a pure spindle (WHO_5) is significantly less likely to express vimentin, CK5/6, CK14, and CK19 than a mixed WHO_1 with spindle features. Similarly, a WHO_1 with chondroid features is less likely to express EGFR than WHO_1 with chondroid features and rhabdoid or osseous differentiation. Across the cohort, positivity for the AE1/3 antibody and a lack of EGFR expression both significantly associate with a better outcome. We report no significant association between patient age at diagnosis and breast cancer specific survival, nor between age and specific WHO MBC subtypes. We report a significant association between WHO_1 types and increasing tumour grade, and also between tumour size and grade, with tumour size being a highly significant prognostic indicator in this cohort. Our exome sequencing confirms a significant enrichment for TP53 and PTEN mutations in MBC, and intriguingly for concurrent mutations of TP53, PTEN and PIK3CA. A novel enrichment for NF1 mutations is also presented. In summary, we provide a thorough assessment of a large cohort of MBC, including morphology, survival, IHC and exome sequencing, and present our analysis contextualized by the WHO guidelines, extending the existing knowledge base of this rare tumour type.
Citation Format: McCart Reed AE, Kalaw E, Nones K, Bettington M, Lim M, Bennett J, Johnstone K, Kutasovic JR, Kazakoff S, Xu QC, Saunus JM, Reid LE, Black D, Niland C, Ferguson K, Gresshoff I, Raghavendra A, Liu JC, Kalinowski L, Reid AS, Davidson M, Pearson JV, Yamaguchi R, Harris G, Tse G, Papadimos D, Pathmanathan R, Pathmanathan N, Tan PH, Fox S, O'Toole S, Waddell N, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR. Dissecting the heterogeneity of metaplastic breast cancer: A morphological, immunohistochemical and genomic analysis of a large cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-03.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AE McCart Reed
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - E Kalaw
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Nones
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Bettington
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Lim
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Bennett
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Johnstone
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - JR Kutasovic
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Kazakoff
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - QC Xu
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - JM Saunus
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - LE Reid
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Black
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Niland
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Ferguson
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Gresshoff
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Raghavendra
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - JC Liu
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Kalinowski
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - AS Reid
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Davidson
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - JV Pearson
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Yamaguchi
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Harris
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Tse
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Papadimos
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Pathmanathan
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Pathmanathan
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - PH Tan
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Fox
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - S O'Toole
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Waddell
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - PT Simpson
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - SR Lakhani
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia; Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia; Westmead Breast Cancer Institute; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|