1
|
Zhang J, Liu ZH, Wu JL, Ding YT, Ma QG, Hayat W, Liu Y, Wang PJ, Dang Z, Rittmann B. Deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen conjugates in sewage and wastewater treatment plant: New insights from model prediction and on-site investigations. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:172071. [PMID: 38554960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural estrogen conjugates play important roles in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), but their deconjugation potentials are poorly understood. This work is the first to investigate the relationships between the enzyme activities of arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase and deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen conjugates. This work led to three important findings. First, the enzyme activity of β-glucuronidase in sewage is far higher than that of arylsulfatase, while their corresponding activities in activated sludge were similar. Second, a model based on β-glucuronidase could successfully predict the deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen glucuronide conjugates in sewage. Third, the enzyme activity of arylsulfatase in sewage was too low to lead to evident deconjugation of sulfate conjugates, which means that the deconjugation rate of estrogen sulfates can be regarded as zero. By comparing their theoretical removal based on enzyme activity and on-site investigation, it is reasonable to conclude that reverse deconjugation of estrogen conjugates (i.e., conjugation of natural estrogens to form conjugated estrogens) likely exist in WWTP, which explains well why natural estrogen conjugates cannot be effectively removed in WWTP. Meanwhile, this work provides new insights how to improve the removal performance of WWTP on natural estrogen conjugates. SYNOPSIS: This work is the first to show how arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase could affect deconjugation of natural estrogen conjugates and possible way to enhance their removal in wastewater treatment plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Labora tory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jia-le Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Peng-Jie Wang
- Shijing Water Purification Branch, Guangzhou Water Purification Co. LTD, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-5701, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Zhang S, Li L, Zhang Q, Yang L, Yang K, Liu Y, Zhu H, Lai B, Wu J, Hua L. Airborne ARGs/MGEs from two sewage types during the COVID-21: Population, microbe interactions, cytotoxicity, formation mechanism, and dispersion. Water Res 2024; 254:121368. [PMID: 38417267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-2021 epidemic, a large number of antibiotics were used for clinical treatment in hospitals or daily prevention. Sewage from hospital sewage treatment centers (HSTC) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) produced a lot of antibiotic-resistance genes/mobile genetic elements (ARGs/MGEs). In this study, the sewage and bioaerosol in the biochemical tank (BT) of an HSTC and a WWTP were sampled throughout the year. The results showed that the average absolute abundance of sewage in BT of WWTP (BTW-W) was higher than sewage in BT of HSTC (BTW-H). Sewage was an important source of microorganisms and ARGs/MGEs in the air of BT. Microorganisms and MGEs were the factors affecting the differences in ARGs/MGEs. Cytotoxicity experiment proved that the cytotoxicity changed from Grade III to Grade IV with the increase in drug-resistant Escherichia coli concentration. According to the formation mechanism formula, the average generation rate of ARGs/MGEs in BT of HSTC was lower than that in WWTP. The diffusion range of ARGs/MGEs of HSTC was larger than that of WWTP. According to the above results, this study found that when people were far away from BT, the health risk of HSTC caused by the diffusion of bioaerosol was higher than WWTP; When people were close to BT, the health risk of WWTP was higher than HSTC due to the aeration of BT. This study provided a basis for public protection of ARGs. In the future, the elimination of airborne ARGs and crowd protection can be further studied in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Liying Yang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bisheng Lai
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Linlin Hua
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Advanced Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu J, Wang Q, Tang O, Liao J, Zhao Q, Liang J, Feng H, Wang L, Wang H, Shen Q. On-site monitoring of nandrolone in cattle farming samples by portable atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry with ambient sampling. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1238:124107. [PMID: 38581929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nandrolone (NT) is a type of androgen anabolic steroid that is often illegally used in cattle farming, leading to unpredictable harm to human health via the food chain. In this study, a rapid detection method for NT in the samples of cattle farming was established using a portable mass spectrometer. The instrument parameters were optimized, including a thermal desorption temperature of 220 °C, a pump speed of 30 %, an APCI ionization voltage of 3900 v, and an injection volume of 6 μL. The samples of bovine urine, feed, sewage, and tissue were selected, and extracted using a solution of methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), followed by spiking a NT standard solution (1000 ng·mL-1) and ionization through the APCI ion source for detection. The results showed that NT could not be detected in beef and feed due to the complexity of the matrix, while clear signals of NT ions were observed in bovine urine and sewage samples, with LODs of 1000 and 100 ng·mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis was attempted, and a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9952) was observed for NT in sewage within the range of 100 to 1000 ng·mL-1. At spiked levels of 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ng mL-1, the recovery rates ranged from 74.3 % to 92.8 %, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) of less than 15 %. In conclusion, this detection method offers the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, strong timeliness, and specificity, making it suitable for on-site detection. It can be used for qualitative screening of nandrolone in bovine urine and quantitative analysis of nandrolone in sewage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Oushan Tang
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute of Calibration and Testing for Quality and Technical Supervision, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Huina Feng
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Linhua Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China.
| | - Haixing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province, National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Shen
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma A, Sarma VVSS. Response of coastal phytoplankton to pollution from various sources in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33354-2. [PMID: 38639903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The coastal ocean receives nutrient pollutants from various sources, such as aerosols, municipal sewage, industrial effluents and groundwater discharge, with variable concentrations and stoichiometric ratios. The objective of this study is to examine the response of phytoplankton to these pollutants in the coastal water under silicate-rich and silicate-poor coastal waters. In order to achieve this, a microcosm experiment was conducted by adding the pollutants from various sources to the coastal waters during November and January, when the water column physicochemical characteristics are different. Low salinity and high silicate concentration were observed during November due to the influence of river discharge contrasting to that observed during January. Among the various sources of pollutants used, aerosols and industrial effluents did not contribute silicate whereas groundwater and municipal sewage contained high concentrations of silicate along with nitrate and phosphate during both the study periods. During November, an increase in phytoplankton biomass was noticed in all pollutant-added samples, except municipal sewage, due to the limitation of growth by nitrate. On the other hand, an increase in biomass and abundance of phytoplankton was observed in all pollutant-added samples, except for aerosol, during January. Increase in phytoplankton abundance associated with decrease in biomass was observed in aerosol-added sample due to co-limitation of silicate and phosphate during January. A significant response of Thalassiothrix sp. was observed for industrial effluent-added sample during November, whereas Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema sp. increased significantly during January. Higher increase in phytoplankton biomass was observed during November associated with higher availability of silicate in the coastal waters in January. Interestingly, an increase in the contribution of dinoflagellates was observed during January associated with low silicate in the coastal waters, suggesting that the concentration of silicate in the coastal waters determines the response of the phytoplankton group to pollutant inputs. This study suggested that silicate concentration in the coastal waters must be considered, in addition to the coastal currents, while computing dilution factors for the release of pollutants to the coastal ocean to avoid occurrence of unwanted phytoplankton blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - V V S S Sarma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clark AI, Nanninga GB. Coastal groynes reduce beach litter accumulation along the East coast of England. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 202:116342. [PMID: 38626635 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic marine litter (AML) is a global environmental concern. One of the most conspicuous effects of AML is beach litter accumulation, the distribution of which is typically heterogenous. Little information is available on the potential effects of coastal topographic features on litter dispersal. We analysed the abundance, composition, and sources of beach litter on the East coast of England in relation to the presence of coastal groyne structures. Six beaches were surveyed in autumn and winter 2021 using the OSPAR methodology for monitoring beach litter. Litter abundance was lower on beaches with groynes present, which could infer that groynes deflect or bury AML. The presence of groynes had no significant effect on the composition/sources of beach litter. Single-use plastic packaging, fishing waste, and sewage-related debris were the largest contributors of beach litter in this region. Our findings indicate that man-made topographic features may affect marine litter dispersal and coastal accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Clark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Rico A, Huerta Lwanga E, van Gestel CAM, Koelmans AA. Source-specific probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics in soils applying quality criteria and data alignment methods. J Hazard Mater 2024; 467:133732. [PMID: 38350316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The risk characterization of microplastics (MP) in soil is challenging due to the non-alignment of existing exposure and effect data. Therefore, we applied data alignment methods to assess the risks of MP in soils subject to different sources of MP pollution. Our findings reveal variations in MP characteristics among sources, emphasizing the need for source-specific alignments. To assess the reliability of the data, we applied Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) screening tools. Risk assessment was carried out probabilistically, considering uncertainties in data alignments and effect thresholds. The Hazardous Concentrations for 5% (HC5) of the species were significantly higher compared to earlier studies and ranged between 4.0 × 107 and 2.3 × 108 particles (1-5000 µm)/kg of dry soil for different MP sources and ecologically relevant metrics. The highest risk was calculated for soils with MP entering via diffuse and unspecified local sources, i.e., "background pollution". However, the source with the highest proportion of high-risk values was sewage, followed by background pollution and mulching. Notably, locations exceeding the risk threshold obtained low scores in the QA/QC assessment. No risks were observed for soils with compost. To improve future risk assessments, we advise to primarily test environmentally relevant MP mixtures and adhere to strict quality criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081H Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baztarrika I, Salazar-Sánchez A, Laorden L, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Alonso R, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I. Foodborne and waterborne Arcobacter species exhibit a high virulent activity in Caco-2. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104424. [PMID: 38049262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection mechanisms of Arcobacter remain uncertain. This study aimed to determine whether 65 food and waterborne isolates of at least six species were able to adhere and invade Caco-2 cells; and whether this ability could be related to cadF, cj1349, ciaB, and/or hecA, specific genetic markers related to host cell adhesion and invasion. All adhered and invaded the cells, and harboured at least two virulence markers. The mean virulent activity shown by A. butzleri was superior to that of A. cryaerophilus (p < 0.05); but the mean adhesion and invasion values of A. lanthieri, A. skirrowii, and A. vitoriensis were even higher. Sewage isolates were significantly (p < 0.05) more adherent and invasive than the rest, and their associated gene content was higher (p < 0.05). For the first time, an association between cadF and hecA and a high adhesion capability was identified (p < 0.05). The results provide new data on the pathogenic potential of Arcobacter species present in food and water by highlighting the superiority of A. butzleri over A. cryarophilus; providing evidence on the virulence of minority species as A. lanthieri and A. vitoriensis; and confirming sewage as an important source of potentially more virulent arcobacters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Baztarrika
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Adrián Salazar-Sánchez
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lorena Laorden
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saldaña-Serrano M, Bastolla CLV, Mattos JJ, de Lima D, Piazza CE, Righetti BPH, Martiol R, Dias VHV, Ferreira CP, Nogueira DJ, de Miranda Gomes CHA, Taniguchi S, Bícego MC, Bainy ACD. Biochemical responses in Pacific oysters Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793): Tools to evaluate the environmental quality of aquaculture areas. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 201:116244. [PMID: 38489909 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of sanitary sewage into the bays of the Florianópolis Metropolitan Area (Southern Brazil), has led to the contamination of oyster farms. Consequently, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were quantified in the sediment, and the biochemical responses in gills and digestive gland of oysters from six farms were assessed. Our findings revealed elevated levels of LABs in the sediment of the Imaruim and Serraria farms. Additionally, alterations were observed in the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in both oyster tissue from the Serraria, Santo Antonio de Lisboa and Sambaqui farms. Furthermore, correlation analyses indicated strong and moderate associations between biochemical responses, organic contaminants, and certain physicochemical parameters. Consequently, our results demonstrated the activation of the antioxidant system in oysters, representing a protective response to the presence of sanitary sewage and other contaminants. Therefore, we propose the utilization of biochemical biomarkers for monitoring the environmental quality of farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saldaña-Serrano
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Camila Lisarb Velasquez Bastolla
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research Center-NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Daína de Lima
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clei Endrigo Piazza
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pacheco Harrison Righetti
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Renata Martiol
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Vera Helena Vidal Dias
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pellegrini Ferreira
- Department of Fisheries Engineering and Biological Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State, UDESC, Laguna, SC 88.790-000, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Araujo de Miranda Gomes
- Laboratory of Marine Mollusks-LMM, Department of Aquaculture, Center of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Marcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Najam T, Hashmi I. Monitoring of university wastewater within the sewage system and its performance evaluation through integrated constructed wetlands. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:403. [PMID: 38556601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapid increase in population and industrialization has not only improved the lifestyle but adversely affected the quality and availability of water leading to ample amount of wastewater generation. The major contribution towards wastewater production is from sewage. Regular monitoring and treatment of sewage water is necessary to conserve and enhance the quality of water. The present study focuses on monitoring of sewage water within the sewage system of a residential university. A total of 16 samples from different manholes were collected for physicochemical and heavy metals analysis and compared with final effluent collected from integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs) to assess its removal efficiency. The mean concentrations of influent and effluent were compared with national environmental quality standards (NEQS) for municipal discharge (pH 6-9, COD 150 mg/L, TSS 200 mg/L and TDS 3500 mg/L) and international agricultural reuse standards (IARS) (pH 6-8, COD <150 mg/L, TSS < 100 mg/L) respectively. Among all physicochemical parameters, influent values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (169.56-258.36) mg/L exceeded the limit of NEQS for discharge into inland waters, whereas for total suspended solids (TSS) the concentration exceeded for discharge into STP (406 mg/L) and inland waters (202.33 mg/L). However, effluent concentrations for all the parameters were found within the permissible limit set by IARS. The removal efficiency for different parameters such as phosphate- phosphorus (PO43-P), COD, TSS, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 52, 53, 54, 35, and 36%, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were compared with WHO guidelines among which lead (Pb) in effluent and chromium (Cr) in influent exceeded the limit (Pb 0.01 and Cr 0.05 mg/L). Interpolation results showed that zone 2 was highly contaminated in comparison to zone 1 & 3. Statistical analysis showed that correlation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals was found significant (p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talyaa Najam
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Hashmi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Das R, Hn C, Rao L. Foam control in lakes and sewage receiving water bodies: A pre-emptive approach using decentralized inline water treatment design. Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123622. [PMID: 38395137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hideous and persistent foams on surface water bodies are global issues with far-reaching environmental consequences. This study examines Bellandur Lake (Bengaluru, India) plagued by foam since 2005 due to surfactant-laden untreated sewage ingress. Bellandur Lake receives 258 million liters of inadequately treated sewage daily, constituting 47% of its total volume. Yearlong water quality monitoring reveals that a) high surfactant levels (up to 17.8 ± 1 ppm) and b) prevalent anoxic conditions at lake inlets. Laboratory experiments show that controlled aeration achieved >90% surfactant degradation within 30 h at 3.5 ppm of dissolved oxygen conditions, indicating the need for an aeration chamber design based on the required residence time for inline water treatment. Based on these findings, a design of an inline wastewater treatment system to be installed at sewage entry points into the lake is presented in this work. The inline system was based on experimentally validated BioWin software. Simulations show that recirculating sludge enhances treatment efficiency, achieving effective surfactant degradation in 20 h (2/3rd original time) of residence time. Predictions suggest <1 ppm surfactant levels in the receiving water body, meeting local discharge norms to prevent frothing. This holistic approach, proposed for the first time, could serve as a blueprint for managing foam-related challenges in other waterbodies, offering insights into design, stakeholder engagement, and process optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Das
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
| | - Chanakya Hn
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Rao
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rangel-Buitrago N, Galgani F, Neal WJ. Addressing the global challenge of coastal sewage pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 201:116232. [PMID: 38457879 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Coastal environments, essential for about half of the world's population living near coastlines, face severe threats from human-induced activities such as intensified urbanization, aggressive development, and particularly, coastal sewage pollution. This type of pollution, comprising untreated sewage discharging nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, microplastics, and organic compounds, significantly endangers these ecosystems. The issue of sewage in coastal areas is complex, influenced by factors like inadequate sewage systems, septic tanks, industrial and agricultural runoff, and natural processes like coastal erosion, further complicated by oceanic dynamics like tides and currents. A global statistic reveals that over 80 % of sewage enters the environment without treatment, contributing significantly to nitrogen pollution in coastal ecosystems. This pollution not only harms marine life and ecosystems through chemical contaminants and eutrophication, leading to hypoxic zones and biodiversity loss, but also affects human health through waterborne diseases and seafood contamination. Additionally, it has substantial economic repercussions, impacting tourism, recreation, and fisheries, and causing revenue and employment losses. Addressing this issue globally involves international agreements and national legislations, but their effectiveness is hindered by infrastructural disparities, particularly in developing countries. Thus, effective management requires a comprehensive approach including advanced treatment technologies, stringent regulations, regular monitoring, and international cooperation. The international scientific community plays a crucial role in fostering a collaborative and equitable response to this pressing environmental challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
- Programade Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Francois Galgani
- Unité Ressources marines en Polynésie Francaise, Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer), BP 49, Vairao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - William J Neal
- Department of Geology, Grand Valley State University, The Seymour K. & Esther R. Padnos Hall of Science 213A, Allendale, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen S, Yang H, Zhang S, Zhu F, Liu S, Gao H, Diao Q, Ding W, Chen Y, Luo P, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of 28 illegal drugs in sewage by high throughput online SPE-ISTD-UHPLC-MS/MS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27897. [PMID: 38524584 PMCID: PMC10957417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study developed an online solid-phase extraction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Online-SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 28 illegal drugs in sewage. To achieve this, 28 isotope internal standards (ISTDs) were added to 3 mL sewage samples, the pH was adjusted to 7-8 using hydrochloric acid or 20% ammonia water, followed by centrifugation, filtration, and analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS. The results indicated an excellent linearity of 1-300 ng L-1, and cotinine in the concentration range of 20-6000 ng L-1, linear correlation coefficient R2 > 0.995, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01-6 ng L-1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1-20 ng L-1. The addition of three concentrates of low (2 ng L-1/40 ng L-1), medium (20 ng L-1/400 ng L-1), and high concentration (200 ng L-1/4000 ng L-1) demonstrated the matrix effect of the target compound between ± 22.0%. The extraction recovery was 70.0-119.4%, and a percent accuracy of 75.7-118.1%. Similarly, the intra- and inter-day precisions were 1.8-20.0% and 1.5-18.9%, respectively. The results cemented the sensitivity, accuracy, reliability, strong specificity, and reproducibility, which can be used to screen 28 illegal drugs in sewage for trace analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunqin Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| | - Faze Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Guiyang City Public Security Bureau Drug Testing Center, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550008, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Guiyang City Public Security Bureau Drug Testing Center, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550008, China
| | - Qing Diao
- Guizhou Wanfu Xianyi Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550009, China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Guizhou Wanfu Xianyi Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550009, China
| | - Yuemeng Chen
- Guiyang City Public Security Bureau Drug Testing Center, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550008, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550001, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ousset MJ, Pianciola LA, Mazzeo M, Oteiza JM, Jaureguiberry MS, Venturino A, Barril PA. Improved SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery in wastewater matrices using a CTAB-based extraction method. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114918. [PMID: 38556176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has allowed tracking the magnitude and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in communities, allowing public health officials to prepare for impending outbreaks. While many factors influence recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater, proper extraction, concentration, and purification of RNA are key steps to ensure accurate detection of viral particles. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of four commonly used RNA extraction methods for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in sewage samples artificially inoculated with the virus, in order to identify a protocol that improves viral recovery. These methods included CTAB-based, TRIzol-based, and guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC)-based extraction procedures coupled with silica spin column-based purification, and an automated extraction/purification protocol using paramagnetic particles. Following RNA extraction, virus recovery rates were compared using RT-qPCR-based detection. The CTAB-based approach yielded the highest recovery rates and was the only method to consistently demonstrate stable virus recovery percentages regardless of the specific physicochemical characteristics of the samples tested. The TRIzol method proved to be the second most effective, yielding significantly higher recovery rates compared to both the GTC-based and the automated extraction methods. These results suggest that the CTAB-based approach could be a useful tool for the recovery of viral RNA from complex wastewater matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ousset
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alfredo Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, Centenario, Neuquén 8309, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Jaureguiberry
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Patricia Angélica Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, Centenario, Neuquén 8309, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adamopoulos PG, Diamantopoulos MA, Boti MA, Zafeiriadou A, Galani A, Kostakis M, Markou A, Sideris DC, Avgeris M, Thomaidis NS, Scorilas A. Spike-Seq: An amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing approach for the sensitive detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variations in environmental samples. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169747. [PMID: 38159750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ever since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease in Wuhan, China, different variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been identified. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), an approach that has been successfully applied in numerous case studies worldwide, offers a cost-effective and rapid way for monitoring trends of SARS-Cov-2 in the community level without selection bias. Despite being a gold-standard procedure, WBE is a challenging approach due to the sample instability and the moderate efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater. In the present study, we introduce Spike-Seq, a custom amplicon-based approach for the S gene sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples, which enables not only the accurate identification of the existing Spike-related genetic markers, but also the estimation of their frequency in the investigated samples. The implementation of Spike-Seq involves the combination of nested PCR-based assays that efficiently amplify the entire nucleotide sequence of the S gene and next-generation sequencing, which enables the variant detection and the estimation of their frequency. In the framework of the current work, Spike-Seq was performed to investigate the mutational profile of SARS-CoV-2 in samples from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Athens, Greece, which originated from multiple timepoints, ranging from March 2021 until July 2022. Our findings demonstrate that Spike-Seq efficiently detected major genetic markers of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta) as well as B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants in wastewater samples and provided their frequency levels, showing similar variant distributions with the published clinical data from the National Public Health organization. The presented approach can prove to be a useful tool for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in challenging wastewater samples and the identification of the existing genetic variants of S gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios A Diamantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michaela A Boti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zafeiriadou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Kostakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Markou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Diamantis C Sideris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Campos CJA, Gyawali P, Hewitt J. Study of Shellfish Growing Area During Normal Harvesting Periods and Following Wastewater Overflows in an Urban Estuary With Complex Hydrography. Food Environ Virol 2024; 16:79-96. [PMID: 38329699 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Viral testing combined with hydrographic studies is considered standard good practice in determining microbiological impacts on shellfish growing areas following wastewater overflows. In this study, norovirus genogroup I and II, indicators of viral contamination (F-RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA GII), crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus) and Escherichia coli were monitored during periods of normal harvesting and following overflows in two commercial shellfish growing areas in Otago Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). Dye tracing, drogue tracking and analysis of particle tracking modelling were also undertaken to assess the dispersion, dilution and time of travel of wastewater discharged from a pump station discharge that impacts the growing areas. Norovirus was not detected in any of the 218 shellfish samples tested. PMMoV and crAssphage were more prevalent than F-RNA GII as determined by RT-qPCR. The dye study indicated long residence time of the waters (≥5 days) in the embayment impacted by the discharge. No relationships were found between the concentrations of viral indicators or E. coli and wastewater dilution, distance between the discharge and the growing areas or time since the last overflow. For the three spills studied (≤327 m3), there was little evidence of microbiological impact on the growing areas. This was likely associated with a deep shipping channel that enhances water flushing in the harbour and reduces contaminant transport to the growing areas. We recommend flexibility in the approach for closure/reopening growing areas impacted by spills, particularly for small duration/volume spills and when norovirus is not present in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J A Campos
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.
- Jacobs, 47 Hereford Street Level 2, Wynn Williams Building, Christchurch, 8013, New Zealand.
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao LY, Qin M, Wu GP, Zhou YT, Zhu JX, Peng H. Quantitative determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in sewage and urine by hybrid monolithic column solid-phase microextraction coupled with UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 269:125437. [PMID: 38070282 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A needle-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method based on hybrid monolithic column (HMC) was proposed for simultaneous separation and extraction of seven amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) (amphetamine, methamphetamine, cathinone, methcathinone, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine), combining with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS). Thiol functionalized HMC (T-HMC) showed high extraction efficiency and excellent elution results towards target analytes, among three kinds of single/bi-functionalized HMCs. Various parameters of SPME operation and analytical performance were investigated systematically. The adsorption mechanism of T-HMC to ATSs was also discussed and explained as a mixed mode of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the proposed T-HMC needle-SPME-UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS method was rapid and convenient with good accuracy, low sample consumption, high sensitivity and strong anti-interference ability. This method was successfully applied to quantitative determination of seven trace ATSs in complex sewage and urine samples. In view of abundant types of HMCs, the needle-SPME based on functional HMC also had the potential to selectively separating and enriching other tract new psychoactive substances in complex matrices, and could provide a reliable tool for drug monitoring, especially in applications for forensic analysis and drug abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Zhao
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Technical and Criminal Inspection of Food, Drug and Environmental Cases, Nanjing 210031, China.
| | - Mian Qin
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Technical and Criminal Inspection of Food, Drug and Environmental Cases, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Guo-Ping Wu
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Technical and Criminal Inspection of Food, Drug and Environmental Cases, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhou
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Zhu
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rathore C, Saha M, de Boer J, Desai A, Gupta P, Naik A, Subha HY. Unraveling the land-based discharge of microplastics from sewers to oceans - A comprehensive study and risk assessment in wastewaters of Goa, India. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169621. [PMID: 38157900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their pervasive dispersion in the environment and their potential ramifications on both marine life and human health, microplastics (MPs) are of increasing concern. However, there is still a lack of research on the release of MPs from different land-based pathways like creeks, drainage outfalls, and conduits into coastal water systems in India. This study represents comprehensive research into the attribution of MPs in the estuarine system, specifically those emanating from wastewater sources in Panjim City, Goa, India. Urban wastewater collected from different locations in and around Panjim City exhibited values ranging from 79 ± 21 to 338 ± 7 MPs/L, with a prevalence of fibrous and black MP particles. The size range of the MPs at all sampling sites was 100-300 μm. Analysis by μ-FTIR revealed 35 distinct polymeric compositions in wastewater, with a dominance of polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA). Additionally, primary and secondary MPs were studied to unravel the contributions from land-based sources. This included the quantification of MPs in ten samples from personal care products (PCPs) and twenty samples from washing machine effluents (WMEs). MPs in PCPs ranged from 1.8 to 1554 MPs/g. Microfibres and fragments were predominant in WMEs (3986 to 4898 MPs/L). This study suggests a strong relation between polymers found in wastewater effluent and those present in PCPs and WMEs. The identified polymers showed high polymer hazard indices (IV and V), posing a significant threat to the ecosystem and a potential risk to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Rathore
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mahua Saha
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniket Desai
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyansha Gupta
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akshata Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - Haritha Yespal Subha
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Department of Marine Chemistry, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi 682506, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kaown D, Lee E, Koh DC, Mayer B, Mahlknecht J, Park DK, Yoon YY, Kim RH, Lee KK. The effects of heavy rain on the fate of urban and agricultural pollutants in the riverside area around weirs using multi-isotope, microbial data and numerical simulation. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169422. [PMID: 38135072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase in extreme heavy rain due to climate change is a critical factor in the fate of urban and agricultural pollutants in aquatic system. Nutrients, including NO3- and PO43-, are transported with surface and seepage waters into rivers, lakes and aquifers and can eventually lead to algal blooms. δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and δ11B combined with hydrogeochemical and microbial data for groundwater and surface water samples were interpreted to evaluate the fate of nutrients in a riverside area around weirs in Daegu, South Korea. Most of the ions showed similar concentrations in the groundwater samples before and after heavy rain while concentrations of major ions in surface water samples were diluted after heavy rain. However, Si, PO43-, Zn, Ce, La, Pb, Cu and a number of waterborne pathogens increased in surface water after heavy rain. The interpretation of δ11B, δ15N-NO3-, and δ18O-NO3- values using a Bayesian mixing model revealed that sewage and synthetic fertilizers were the main sources of contaminants in the groundwater and surface water samples. δ18O and SiO2 interpreted using the Bayesian mixing model indicated that the groundwater component in the surface water increased from 4.4 % to 17.9 % during the wet season. This is consistent with numerical simulation results indicating that the direct surface runoff and the groundwater baseflow contributions to the river system had also increased 6.4 times during the wet season. The increase in proteobacteria and decrease of actinobacteria in the surface water samples after heavy rain were also consistent with an increase of surface runoff and an increased groundwater component in the surface water. This study suggests that source apportionment based on chemical and multi-isotope data combined with numerical modeling approaches can be useful for identifying main hydrological and geochemical processes in riverside areas around weirs and can inform suggestions of effective methods for water quality management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dugin Kaown
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Koh
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernhard Mayer
- Department of Earth, Energy and Environment, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Dong Kyu Park
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Yeol Yoon
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kang-Kun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang W, Zhang J, Yu D, Zhu Z, Miao Y. Increasing carbon to nitrogen ratio promoted anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacterial enrichment and advanced nitrogen removal in mainstream anammox system. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130169. [PMID: 38072077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fluctuating organic carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios on mainstream simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) process were studied over 376-day period. The nitrogen removal efficiency decreased from 85.0 ± 6.6 % to 75.8 ± 2.8 % as C/N ratio decreased (3.4 → 1.7), but increased to 82.0 ± 1.9 % when C/N ratio raised to 2.9 and to 78.4 ± 3.0 % when C/N ratio decreased again (2.9 → 2.1), indicating that high C/N ratios promoted nitrogen removal. As C/N ratio raised (1.7 → 2.9), anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) abundance increased from 1.3 × 109 to 2.0 × 109 copies/L, which explained the improved nitrogen removal. With an elevated C/N ratio, partial nitrification and endogenous partial denitrification reactions were enhanced, providing more nitrite for AnAOB. Additionally, the aerobic_chemoheterotrophy function and particle sizes increased, forming more stable anoxic microenvironment for AnAOB. Overall, increasing C/N ratio promoted the stability of mainstream SNAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Deshuang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ze Zhu
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Yuanyuan Miao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rodríguez-Alcántara JS, Cruz-Pérez N, Rodríguez-Martín J, García-Gil A, Santamarta JC. Effect of tourist activity on wastewater quality in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:15172-15185. [PMID: 38289556 PMCID: PMC10884041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Unregulated sewage discharge into the sea poses a considerable danger to marine ecosystems, with coastal regions being particularly vulnerable to this because of the impact of tourism. This issue is amplified during the summer season, as the Balearic Islands are a heavily frequented destination. This study aims to determine the water quality in five different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representative on the islands. For this purpose, we analysed several parameters, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), treated water flow, suspended solids (SS), nitrates (N) and phosphorus (P), at the inlet and outlet of the WWTPs for 5 years. We set particular thresholds for each parameter and documented any breach by comparing the findings with the existing regulations. The least favourable results indicate non-compliance regarding N and P levels throughout the entire study period, as well as a lack of reduction percentage. Furthermore, flow analysis reflects the significant influence of tourism on water quality, with notable increases in both population and treated water volume during the peak tourist season. Overall, the investigation offers a robust foundation for comprehending water quality in relation to coastal landscape in the Balearic Islands. It pinpoints significant worry spots and underscores tourism's immediate impact on this ecological feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joselin S Rodríguez-Alcántara
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Noelia Cruz-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesica Rodríguez-Martín
- Departamento de Técnicas y Proyectos en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Gil
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Santamarta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yu D, Li J, Zhao X, Ma G, Zhi J, Dong G, Miao Y. Migration of microorganisms between nitrification-denitrification flocs, anammox biofilms and blank carriers during mainstream anammox start-up. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130129. [PMID: 38040314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
To solve the shortage of inoculum, the feasibility of establishing simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) reactor through inoculating nitrification-denitrification sludge, anammox biofilm and blank carriers was investigated. Advanced nitrogen removal efficiency of 91.2 ± 3.6 % was achieved. Bacteria related to nitrogen removal and fermentation were enriched in anammox biofilm, blank carriers and flocs, and the abundance of dominant anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), Candidatus Brocadia, reached 3.4 %, 0.5 % and 0.3 %, respectively. Candidatus Competibacter and Calorithrix became the dominant denitrifying bacteria (DNB) and fermentative bacteria (FB), respectively. The SNAD system was successfully established, and new mature biofilms formed in blank carriers, which could provide inoculum for other anammox processes. Partial nitrification, partial denitrification and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy were existed and facilitated AnAOB enrichment. Microbial correlation networks revealed the cooperation between DNB, FB and AnAOB that promoted nitrogen removal. Overall, the SNAD process was started up through inoculating more accessible inoculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, PR China
| | - Deshuang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jiawen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xinchao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Guocheng Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jiaru Zhi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Guoqing Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Miao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu M, Wang L, Feng P, Wang Z, Zhu S. Treatment of mixed wastewater by vertical rotating microalgae-bacteria symbiotic biofilm reactor. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130057. [PMID: 37984669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel vertical rotating microalgae-bacteria symbiotic biofilm reactor was built to treat the mixed wastewater containing municipal and soybean soaking wastewater. The reactor was operated in both sequential batch and semi-continuous modes. Under the sequential batch operation mode, the maximum removal rates for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4+-N) of the mixed wastewater were 95.6 %, 96.1 %, 97.6 %, and 100 %, respectively. During the semi-continuous operation, the water discharge indices decreased gradually and eventually stabilized. At stabilization, the removal rates of COD, TN, and NH4+-N achieved 98 %, 95 %, and 99.9 %, respectively. The maximum biomass productivity of the biofilm was 2.69 g·m-2·d-1. Additionally, the carbohydrate, protein and lipid comprised approximately 22 %, 51 % and 10 % of the dry weight of Chlorella. This study demonstrates the great potential of the microalgae-bacteria symbiotic biofilm system to treat food and domestic wastewater while harvesting microalgal biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingran Yu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pingzhong Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shunni Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Taniwaki RH, Bueno RF, Bispo GBS, Augusto MR, Souza GS, Chyoshi B, Benassi RF, Gouveia N, Camilo LMB, Duran AFA, Schiesari LC. Incomplete sanitation in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo results in detection of SARS-CoV-2 in headwater streams. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168006. [PMID: 37871821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the largest metropolitan regions in the world, the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) represents an important case study for the COVID-19 respiratory disease pandemic because it is home to >20 million people, making it one of the largest metropolitan regions in the global south. Besides the high population density, the MRSP has several problems related to social and economic aspects, which may reflect in the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as low income, lack of sanitation and social vulnerability in the peripheral regions of MRSP. In these regions, the input of untreated sewage on the streams and rivers can be frequently observed, which may represent an indicator of poor sewer system. Therefore, this study aimed to identify if streams draining urbanized regions without appropriate sanitation are prone to receive higher loads of detectable SARS-CoV-2 in its waters. For this, we collected water samples from 45 headwater streams distributed across an urbanization gradient (0-100 % of urbanization) in the MRSP, with three replicates in each stream and analyzed the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA targeting the nucleocapsid N1 and N2 genomic regions. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and sanitation and social variables. Our results showed that the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were higher in the streams draining medium to high urbanized catchments, especially because of the lack of sanitation and the higher probabilities to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stream water was associated with households without a septic tank or sewage system within the catchment, followed by per capita household income. These results reflect the lack of urbanization planning and the lack of sanitation, especially in the poor regions from the MRSP, adding another risk for the already vulnerable population in a metropolitan region from the global south during a pandemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Taniwaki
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo F Bueno
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Giulia B S Bispo
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, B. Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus R Augusto
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Souza
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Bruna Chyoshi
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Roseli F Benassi
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Lívia M B Camilo
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Adriana F A Duran
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, B. Bangú, Santo André, SP 09070-200, Brazil
| | - Luís C Schiesari
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, B. Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Katayama YA, Hayase S, Iwamoto R, Kuroita T, Okuda T, Kitajima M, Masago Y. Simultaneous extraction and detection of DNA and RNA from viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes in wastewater using a modified COPMAN. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167866. [PMID: 37863234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance can offer a comprehensive grasp of infectious disease prevalence and human health because wastewater contains various human-derived microbial pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, methods capable of simultaneous detection of multiple groups of targets in the automated systems and large-scale surveillance are still under development. Here, we demonstrated the modification, involving the addition of bead-beating, to the existing COPMAN (COagulation and Proteolysis method using MAgnetic beads for detection of Nucleic acids in wastewater) enabled enhanced detection of various microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2. The modified method, termed bead-beating COPMAN (BB-COPMAN), was evaluated through spike-and-recovery experiments and comparative analysis against three previously reported methods for simultaneous DNA/RNA detection. Our study targeted a range of microorganisms, including enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses (SARS-CoV-2, PMMoV), a DNA virus (crAssphage), archaea, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (E. coli, Lachnospiraceae), antibiotic resistance gene (ampC), and fungi (Candida albicans). The recovery rates of BB-COPMAN for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were 17 and 2.1-fold higher, respectively, compared to the method for DNA/RNA detection. Additionally, BB-COPMAN exhibited the highest extraction efficiency among the tested methods, achieving 1.2-5.7 times more DNA and 1.1-69 times more RNA yield on average. BB-COPMAN allowed the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from all nine samples and PMMoV at concentrations 39-97 times higher than other methods. Moreover, BB-COPMAN detected larger amounts of DNA for four out of six DNA targets than the previously reported DNA/RNA detection method. These results demonstrated that BB-COPMAN enables enhanced detection of multiple targets in a single flow of nucleic acid extraction, making the method well-suited for automated systems. In conclusion, BB-COPMAN is a promising method in wastewater surveillance for assessing the prevalence of wide range of pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Adachi Katayama
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shin Hayase
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Head Office, 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan; AdvanSentinel Inc., 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kuroita
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Head Office, 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan; AdvanSentinel Inc., 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yusaku Masago
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gracia-Marín E, Rico A, Fabregat-Safont D, López FJ, Hernández F, Pitarch E, Bijlsma L. Comprehensive study on the potential environmental risk of temporal antibiotic usage through wastewater discharges. Chemosphere 2024; 346:140587. [PMID: 37918528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues can reach aquatic ecosystems through urban wastewater discharges, posing an ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms and favoring the development of bacterial resistance. To assess the emission rate and hazardousness of these compounds, it is important to carry out periodic chemical monitoring campaigns that provide information regarding the actual performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the potential impact of the treated wastewater in the aquatic environment. In this study, 18 of the most widely consumed antibiotics in Spain were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in both influent (IWW) and effluent wastewater (EWW) samples collected over four seasons along 2021-2022. Eleven antibiotics were detected in EWW with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin showing the highest concentration levels (around 2 μg L-1 of azithromycin and 0.4 μg L-1 of quinolone compounds). Data showed that only 4 out of the 11 compounds were removed by more than 50 % in the WWTP, with sulfamethoxazole standing out with an average removal efficiency >80 %. The risk that treated water could pose to the aquatic environment was also assessed, with 6 compounds indicating a potential environmental risk by exceeding established ecotoxicological and resistance thresholds. Based on the risk assessment, the WWTP removal efficiency required to reduce such risk for antibiotics was estimated. In addition, pooled wastewater samples were screened by LC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation, searching for metabolites and transformation products of the antibiotics investigated to widen future research. Studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and risk prevention monitoring programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain; Applied Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute - (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J López
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cutrupi F, Cadonna M, Postinghel M, Foladori P. SARS-CoV-2 removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants: Focus on conventional activated sludge, membrane bioreactor and anaerobic digestion. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167434. [PMID: 37774861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the various stages of a full-scale municipal WWTP characterised by two biological processes in parallel: (i) conventional activated sludge (CAS) and (ii) membrane bioreactor (MBR). The monitoring was carried out during the Omicron wave in 2022, a period characterised by a high concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater. The average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater was 3.7 × 104 GU/L. In the primary sedimentation, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 was not appreciable. The largest log removal value of SARs-CoV-2 occurred in the biological stages, with 1.8 ± 0.9 and 2.2 ± 0.7 logs in CAS and MBR systems. The mean concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in the CAS and MBR effluents were 6.8 × 102 GU/L and 6.4 × 102 GU/L, respectively. The MBR effluent showed more negative samples, because small particles are retained by membrane and cake layer. The analysis of the different types of sludge confirmed the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in primary (5.2 × 104 GU/L) and secondary sludge (3.5 × 104 GU/L), due to the affinity of enveloped viruses towards biosolids. A SARS-CoV-2 concentration in the digested sludge equal to 4.8 × 104 GU/L denotes a negligible reduction in the mesophilic anaerobic digester at temperature of 31-33 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cutrupi
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A) - University of Trento, via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all' Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Maria Cadonna
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Postinghel
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dutra LB, Stein JF, da Rocha BS, Berger A, de Souza BA, Prandi BA, Mangini AT, Jarenkow A, Campos AAS, Fan FM, de Almeida Silva MC, Lipp-Nissinen KH, Loncan MR, Augusto MR, Franco AC, de Freitas Bueno R, Rigotto C. Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:2129-2144. [PMID: 38057673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since starts the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic identified the presence of genomic fragments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in various environmental matrices: domestic sewage, surface waters, and contaminated freshwater. Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 is a tool for evaluating trend curves over the months, compared to several clinical cases of the disease. The objective of this study was to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected in different sites in a metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. During 10 months from 2020 to 2021, 300 samples were collected weekly and biweekly from nine points located in 3 cities: one point from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in São Leopoldo (fortnightly collection), two points in Dilúvio Stream in Porto Alegre (fortnightly collection), two points in Pampa and Luiz Rau Streams (weekly collection), and two points in public fountains (fortnightly collection) in Novo Hamburgo. After collection, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted using MagMax® Core Nucleic Acid Purifications kits and submitted to RT-qPCR, using E, N1, and N2 gene targets of SARS-CoV-2. Only 7% (3/41) samples from public fountains were positive, with a mean viral load (VL) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA of 5.02 × 101 gc/l (2.41~8.59 × 101 gc/l), while the streams had average VL of 7.43 × 105 gc/l (Pampa), 7.06 × 105 gc/l (Luiz Rau), 2.01 × 105 gc/l (Dilúvio), and 4.46 × 105 cg/l (WWTP). The results showed varying levels of viral presence in different sample types, with a demonstrated correlation between environmental viral load and clinical COVID-19 cases. These findings contribute to understanding virus persistence and transmission pathways in the environment. Continuous monitoring, especially in less developed regions, is crucial for early detection of vaccine resistance, new variants, and potential COVID-19 resurgence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Batista Dutra
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Janaína Francieli Stein
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Seixas da Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Andresa Berger
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Andrade de Souza
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Bruno Aschidamini Prandi
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Arthur Tonietto Mangini
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - André Jarenkow
- State Center for Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90119-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Alves Scarpellini Campos
- State Center for Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90119-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mainardi Fan
- Hydraulic Research Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Helena Lipp-Nissinen
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Manuel Rodrigues Loncan
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ribeiro Augusto
- Center of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno
- Center of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiang J, Shi Y, Ma NL, Ye H, Verma M, Ng HS, Ge S. Utilizing adsorption of wood and its derivatives as an emerging strategy for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122830. [PMID: 37918773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of the industrial sector has resulted in tremendous economic growth. However, this growth has also presented environmental challenges, specifically due to the substantial sewage generated and its contribution to the early warning of global water resource depletion. Large concentrations of poisonous heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), are found in industrial effluent. Therefore, various studies are currently underway to provide effective solutions to alleviate heavy metal ion pollution in sewage. One emerging strategy for sewage pollution remediation is adsorption using wood and its derivatives. This approach is gaining popularity due to the porous structure, excellent mechanical properties, and easy chemical modification of wood. Recent studies have focused on removing heavy metal ions from sewage, summarising and analysing different technical principles, affecting factors, and mainstream chemical modification methods on wood. Furthermore, this work provides insight into potential future development direction for enhanced adsorption of heavy metal ions using wood and its derivatives in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to raise awareness of environmental pollution caused by heavy metals in sewage and promote green environmental protection, low-carbon energy-saving, and sustainable solutions for sewage heavy metal treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, 21030, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Haoran Ye
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bartáčková J, Kouba V, Dostálková A, Čermáková E, Lopez Marin MA, Chmel M, Milanová M, Demnerová K, Rumlová M, Sýkora P, Bartáček J, Zdeňková K. Monitoring of monkeypox viral DNA in Prague wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:166110. [PMID: 37567313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (Mpxv) is a dsDNA virus that has become a global concern for human health in 2022. As both infected people and non-human hosts can shed the virus from their skin, faeces, urine and other body fluids, and the resulting sewage contains viral load representative of the whole population, it is highly promising to detect the spread of monkeypox virus in municipal wastewater. We established a methodology for sewage-based monitoring of Mpxv in Prague and analysed samples (n = 24) already early August-October of 2022 in a municipality with 1.4 million inhabitants that only reported 29 cumulative cases in this period. We isolated Mpxv DNA with the Wizard Enviro Total Nucleic Acid Kit, and thereafter detected Mpxv DNA using the EliGene® Monkeypox RT-PCR Kit. Prague wastewater was positive for Mpxv (in total 9 positive samples in periods with 1-9 new cases per week, coinciding with a weekly incidence of 0.07-0.64 per 100,000 inhabitants. The method for confirmation of wastewater positivity via semi-nested PCR and Sanger sequencing was successfully confirmed on positive controls including Mpxv particles and Mpxv-positive wastewater from the Netherlands. However, for Prague wastewater samples, amplification of Mpxv DNA via semi-semi-nested PCR was unsuccessful. This was probably due to extremely low case count, leading to the amplification of non-target bacterial DNA. Compared to other studies with much higher Mpxv prevalence, we show the outstanding sensitivity of our approach for monitoring the spread of monkeypox using wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bartáčková
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Kouba
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia.
| | - Alžběta Dostálková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Eliška Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Marco A Lopez Marin
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Chmel
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Czechia; Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marcela Milanová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Demnerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Sýkora
- Prazske vodovody a kanalizace, a.s., Czechia
| | - Jan Bartáček
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| | - Kamila Zdeňková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lepper HC, Perry MR, Wee BA, Wills D, Nielsen H, Otani S, Simon M, Aarestrup FM, Woolhouse MEJ, van Bunnik BAD. Distinctive hospital and community resistomes in Scottish urban wastewater: Metagenomics of a paired wastewater sampling design. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:165978. [PMID: 37544442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater microbiome contains a multitude of resistant bacteria of human origin, presenting an opportunity for surveillance of resistance in the general population. However, wastewater microbial communities are also influenced by clinical sources, such as hospitals. Identifying signatures of the community and hospital resistome in wastewater is needed for interpretation and risk analysis. In this study, we compare the resistome and microbiome of hospital, community, and mixed municipal wastewater to investigate how and why the composition of these different sites differ. We conducted shotgun metagenomic analysis on wastewater samples from eight wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), four hospitals, and four community sites in Scotland, using a paired sampling design. Cluster analysis and source attribution random forest models demonstrated that the hospital resistome was distinct from community and WWTP resistomes. Hospital wastewater had a higher abundance and diversity of resistance genes, in keeping with evidence that hospitals act as a reservoir and enricher of resistance. However, this distinctive 'hospital' signature appeared to be weak in the resistome of downstream WWTPs, likely due to dilution. We conclude that hospital and community wastewater resistomes differ, with the hospital wastewater representing a reservoir of patient- and hospital environment-associated bacteria. However, this 'hospital' signature is transient and does not overwhelm the community signature in the resistome of the downstream WWTP influent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Lepper
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Meghan R Perry
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom; Clinical Infection Research Group, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Bryan A Wee
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - David Wills
- Scottish Water, Currie, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, United Kingdom.
| | - Hanne Nielsen
- National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bygning 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Saria Otani
- National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bygning 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Moray Simon
- Scottish Water, Currie, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, United Kingdom.
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bygning 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Bram A D van Bunnik
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Triggiano F, De Giglio O, Apollonio F, Brigida S, Fasano F, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Lucentini L, Ungaro N, Di Vittorio G, Mongelli O, Albano N, Montagna MT. Wastewater-based Epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2: Variant Trends in the Apulia Region (Southern Italy) and Effect of Some Environmental Parameters. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:331-341. [PMID: 37735299 PMCID: PMC10654208 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater monitoring has been used to monitor the levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA entering the sewerage system. In Italy, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità coordinated the SARI project (Sorveglianza Ambientale Reflue in Italia) to detect SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In this study, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in raw wastewater against COVID-19 cases was evaluated together with the effect of temperature and precipitation on virus spread. We validated a predictive model, proposed by De Giglio et al., 2021, to establish the number of COVID-19 cases/100,000 inhabitants. A receiver operating characteristic curve model was applied to predict the number of COVID-19 cases and Poisson regression was applied to study the effect of temperature and rainfall on viral load. In Apulia, from October 2021 to December 2022, we analyzed 1041 samples, of which 985 (94.6%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Median atmospheric temperature was inversely proportional to viral load in wastewater; no correlation was found with precipitation. The predictive model confirmed that at least 11 cases/100,000 inhabitants would occur in the 15 days following the detection of the virus in wastewater. Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 can be used to map the virus and its variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Triggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy.
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Silvia Brigida
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Monteroni di Lecce, Lecce, 73047, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fasano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Nicola Ungaro
- Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Onofrio Mongelli
- Department of Health Promotion and Animal Welfare, Apulia Region, Bari, Italy
| | - Nelhudoff Albano
- Department of Health Promotion and Animal Welfare, Apulia Region, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang YC, Reddy MV, Tsukiori Y, Mawatari Y, Choi D. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using sewage and cheese whey. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23130. [PMID: 38144304 PMCID: PMC10746463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been produced using raw sewage in our laboratory; however, the production concentrations are low. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance PHA production by applying different strategies. PHA production was higher in sewage-containing medium than in mineral salt medium and was enhanced 22-fold after glucose supplementation. A relatively high degree of glucose consumption (83.6 ± 1.59 %) was also achieved. Bacteria incubated with cheese whey diluted with sewage showed higher PHA production than bacteria incubated with cheese whey diluted with distilled water did. The expression of the PHA synthase gene (phaC) was evaluated via real-time polymerase chain reaction using low- and high-carbon-containing sewage. Relatively higher phaC expression levels were observed in high-carbon-containing sewage but at lower nitrogen concentrations. The characteristics of the produced PHA were comparable to those of standard PHA. Therefore, this study revealed that the bacterium Bacillus sp. CYR1 can produce PHA from low- or high-carbon-containing wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Chang
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - M. Venkateswar Reddy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yusei Tsukiori
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Mawatari
- Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - DuBok Choi
- Faculty of Advanced Industry Convergence, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Acosta N, Dai X, Bautista MA, Waddell BJ, Lee J, Du K, McCalder J, Pradhan P, Papparis C, Lu X, Chekouo T, Krusina A, Southern D, Williamson T, Clark RG, Patterson RA, Westlund P, Meddings J, Ruecker N, Lammiman C, Duerr C, Achari G, Hrudey SE, Lee BE, Pang X, Frankowski K, Hubert CRJ, Parkins MD. Wastewater-based surveillance can be used to model COVID-19-associated workforce absenteeism. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165172. [PMID: 37379934 PMCID: PMC10292917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) of infectious diseases is a powerful tool for understanding community COVID-19 disease burden and informing public health policy. The potential of WBS for understanding COVID-19's impact in non-healthcare settings has not been explored to the same degree. Here we examined how SARS-CoV-2 measured from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) correlates with workforce absenteeism. SARS-CoV-2 RNA N1 and N2 were quantified three times per week by RT-qPCR in samples collected at three WWTPs servicing Calgary and surrounding areas, Canada (1.4 million residents) between June 2020 and March 2022. Wastewater trends were compared to workforce absenteeism using data from the largest employer in the city (>15,000 staff). Absences were classified as being COVID-19-related, COVID-19-confirmed, and unrelated to COVID-19. Poisson regression was performed to generate a prediction model for COVID-19 absenteeism based on wastewater data. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 95.5 % (85/89) of weeks assessed. During this period 6592 COVID-19-related absences (1896 confirmed) and 4524 unrelated absences COVID-19 cases were recorded. A generalized linear regression using a Poisson distribution was performed to predict COVID-19-confirmed absences out of the total number of absent employees using wastewater data as a leading indicator (P < 0.0001). The Poisson regression with wastewater as a one-week leading signal has an Akaike information criterion (AIC) of 858, compared to a null model (excluding wastewater predictor) with an AIC of 1895. The likelihood-ratio test comparing the model with wastewater signal with the null model shows statistical significance (P < 0.0001). We also assessed the variation of predictions when the regression model was applied to new data, with the predicted values and corresponding confidence intervals closely tracking actual absenteeism data. Wastewater-based surveillance has the potential to be used by employers to anticipate workforce requirements and optimize human resource allocation in response to trackable respiratory illnesses like COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Acosta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maria A Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Barbara J Waddell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kristine Du
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Janine McCalder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Puja Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chloe Papparis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xuewen Lu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thierry Chekouo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander Krusina
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danielle Southern
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tyler Williamson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Rhonda G Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raymond A Patterson
- Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, SH 250, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jon Meddings
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Norma Ruecker
- Water Services, City of Calgary, 625 25 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta T2G 4k8, Canada
| | - Christopher Lammiman
- Calgary Emergency Management Agency (CEMA), City of Calgary, 673 1 St NE, Calgary, Alberta T2E 6R2, Canada
| | - Coby Duerr
- Calgary Emergency Management Agency (CEMA), City of Calgary, 673 1 St NE, Calgary, Alberta T2E 6R2, Canada
| | - Gopal Achari
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 622 Collegiate Pl NW, T2N 4V8, Canada
| | - Steve E Hrudey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; Women & Children's Health Research Institute, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kevin Frankowski
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta T0L 0X0, Canada
| | - Casey R J Hubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael D Parkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Verovšek T, Celma A, Heath D, Heath E, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Screening for new psychoactive substances in wastewater from educational institutions. Environ Res 2023; 237:117061. [PMID: 37659634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug (ab)use among young people is a serious issue, negatively impacting their well-being and prospects. The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) further complicates the situation as they are easily accessible (e.g., online), but users are at high risk of intoxication as their chemical identity is often unknown and toxicity poorly understood. While surveys and drug testing are traditionally used in educational institutions to comprehend drug use trends and establish effective prevention programs, they are not without their limitations. Accordingly, we investigated the occurrence of NPS in educational institutions through wastewater analysis and critically evaluated the viability of the approach. The study included eight wastewater samples from primary schools (ages 6-15 years), six from secondary schools (ages 15-19 years), three from institutions for both secondary and higher education (ages 15+), and six from higher educational institutions (ages 19+). Samples were obtained mid-week and evaluated in two Slovenian municipalities; the capital Ljubljana and a smaller one (M1). Samples were screened using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-HRMS), and NPS identified at three levels of confidence (Level 1: unequivocal, Level 2: probable, Level 3: tentative) from a suspect list containing over 5600 entries. NPS were identified in all types of educational institutions. Most were synthetic stimulants, with 3-MMC, ephedrine, 4-chloro-α-PPP, and ethcathinone being unequivocally identified. Also, NPS were present in wastewater from all educational institution types revealing potential spatial but no inter-institutional trends. Although specific groups cannot be targeted, the study, as a proof-of-concept, demonstrates that a suspect screening of wastewater employing LC-IMS-HRMS can be used as a radar for NPS in educational institutions and potentially replace invasive drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
van Puijenbroek PJTM, Beusen AHW, Bouwman AF, Ayeri T, Strokal M, Hofstra N. Quantifying future sanitation scenarios and progress towards SDG targets in the shared socioeconomic pathways. J Environ Manage 2023; 346:118921. [PMID: 37738725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Two main targets of SDG 6 (Sustainable Development Goal), clean water and sanitation, are SDG 6.2, to achieve universal and equitable access to improved sanitation and to phase out unimproved sanitation (include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines, bucket latrines and open defecation) and SDG 6.3, to halve the proportion of untreated wastewater by 2030. We compiled a global sanitation database for 200 countries. Starting from recent trends, we constructed a wide spectrum of contrasting future scenarios, i.e. the five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP1-5) whereby the SSP2 scenario is 'middle of the road' scenario. The sanitation scenarios differ due to contrasting pathways for population growth and urbanization, economic growth and the SSP narratives. Our results indicate that it will be difficult to achieve the SDG 6 target. Target 6.2 on improved sanitation is expected to be achieved between 2070 and 2090 in SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5, while the target will not be achieved by 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. Unimproved sanitation is projected to be phased out by 2070 in SSP1 and SSP5, or beyond 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. The percentage of households with sewerage connection will be between 51% in SSP3 and 75% in SSP5 in 2050, and respectively 60% and 95% in 2100. Target SDG 6.3 on improving wastewater treatment will be reached by 2030 only in SSP1, followed by SSP2 and SSP5 between 2040 and 2050, while in SSP3 and SSP4 this target is not reached by 2100. The developments in wastewater treatment, expressed as percentage nutrient removal, showed an increase from 14% in 2015 to 45% in 2050 and 80% in 2100 in SSP1. But in SSP3, the global percentage is expected to have hardly changed by 2050 and have declined to 12% by 2100 due to the population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a major contrast between countries and regions. In the period between 2000 and 2015, although globally the percentage of people with unimproved sanitation declined, in 7% of the 200 countries the number of people with unimproved sanitation increased. Also, wastewater treatment globally improved, but in 16 countries it deteriorated. This inequality is particularly important in SSP3 and SSP4 where the lack of improved sanitation will continue till 2100.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J T M van Puijenbroek
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500, GH The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - A H W Beusen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500, GH The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508, TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A F Bouwman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508, TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T Ayeri
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang Z, Qi J, Yu Q, Wang S, Wang H. Fecal-related anthropogenic sources are key determinants of lake microbiomes through microbial source tracking. Environ Pollut 2023; 336:122507. [PMID: 37673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Lake microbiomes are essential indicators of lake health and are strongly influenced by allochthonous microbial communities from various sources within the watershed. However, quantifying the contributions of multiple inputs to lake microbiomes is challenging because of the complex nature of river‒lake systems and the presence of many untraceable sources. Here, Jianhu Lake‒‒a geographically simple and closed plateau lake in southwestern China, was surveyed to disentangle the contributions of five distinct sources (three input rivers that receive town sewage, stormwater runoff, and creek spring water, as well as two nonpoint sources, duck ponds and dry farmland) to the overall lake microbiomes. We found that feces-loading sources, namely town sewage and duck aquaculture, accounted for 48.7% of the total variations in lake microbiomes. In contrast, the combined contribution of the remaining three sources amounted to 13.21%, despite these less-influential sources (e.g., stormwater runoff) may introduce an even larger volume of allochthonous materials into the lake. In addition, approximately 38.1% of the variations in the lake microbiomes were attributed to unknown sources. Sewage effluents also caused a significant loss of lake microbial diversity, and there was a tendency for large-scale microbial homogeneity in lake sediments that resembled those from duck ponds. We then used a targeted approach to track host-specific fecal pollution, and found that human feces were the primary source, followed by ruminant and chicken/duck feces, all of which can be successfully traced back to the feces-loading sources. In our further modelling of sediment transport from three rivers into the whole lake, we observed a significant relationship between sediment accumulation and adsorbed microorganisms only for the sewage-receiving river. Together, lines of evidence indicate that both point and nonpoint fecal-related anthropogenic sources possess discriminatory power for shaping microbial geographic patterns of the lake, posing threats to the survival of local indigenous lake microbiomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alex-Sanders N, Woodhall N, Farkas K, Scott G, Jones DL, Walker DI. Development and validation of a duplex RT-qPCR assay for norovirus quantification in wastewater samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 321:114804. [PMID: 37643662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a highly contagious enteric virus that causes widespread outbreaks and a substantial number of deaths across communities. As clinical surveillance is often insufficient, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) may provide novel pathways of tracking outbreaks. To utilise WBE, it is important to use accurate and sensitive methods for viral quantification. In this study, we developed a one-step duplex RT-qPCR assay to simultaneously test the two main human pathogenic NoV genogroups, GI and GII, in wastewater samples. The assay had low limits of detection (LOD), namely 0.52 genome copies (gc)/µl for NoVGI and 1.37 gc/µl for NoVGII. No significant concentration-dependent interactions were noted for both NoVGI and for NoVGII when the two targets were mixed at different concentrations in the samples. When tested on wastewater-derived RNA eluents, no significant difference between duplex and singleplex concentrations were found for either target. Low levels of inhibition (up to 32 %) were noted due to organic matter present in the wastewater extracts. From these results we argue that the duplex RT-qPCR assay developed enables the sensitive detection of both NoVGI and NoVGII in wastewater-derived RNA eluents, in a time and cost-effective way and may be used for surveillance to monitor public and environmental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Woodhall
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - George Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zaheer M, Ali MS, Huang N, Ashraf MA. Using walnut shells as low-cost adsorbent materials in an anaerobic filter medium of a De-centralized wastewater treatment system (DEWATS). Chemosphere 2023; 341:140080. [PMID: 37678602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The flow of unprocessed sewage through municipal sewers is a great source of water contamination. This study aims to observe the pollutants removal efficiencies of walnut shells as an efficient low-cost adsorbent material compared to gravel materials as an anaerobic filter medium. Two models of the De-Centralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) were constructed. The wastewater flowing from toilets and handwashing places was connected to anaerobic filters filled with walnut shells and gravel. The efficiency of both filter media in the removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO43), pH and temperature were observed at the influent of the settler tank and then at the effluent of the collection tank (CT). Temperature and pH were within the acceptable limit of wastewater discharge. The results also indicated that the walnut shells filter media was more efficient at removing organic pollutants (TSS 94%, BOD5 88%, COD 85%, Nitrate 57%, phosphate 46%, and TDS 29%) than the gravel (TSS 81%, BOD5 82%, COD 84%, Nitrate 35%, phosphate 38%, and TDS 26%) at the successive stages. The average removal efficiency of the walnut shell was 88% while in the gravel case, it was 83%. The removal efficiency of walnut shell filters was extensively better over the complete experiment compared to gravel filters for the removal of pollutants, representing the high sorption capability of the walnut shell material. The results of this study show that the walnut shells may be a very useful substitute for other conventional fillers for anaerobic treatment in the anaerobic filter of DEWATS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaheer
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, The Ministry of Education of China, 730000, China; Department of Mechanics, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Shaham Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, And Management Sciences, 87300, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, The Ministry of Education of China, 730000, China; Department of Mechanics, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- International Water Air and Soil Conservation Society, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu W, Van Tendeloo M, De Paepe J, Vlaeminck SE. Comparison of typical nitrite oxidizing bacteria suppression strategies and the effect on nitrous oxide emissions in a biofilm reactor. Bioresour Technol 2023; 387:129607. [PMID: 37544532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In mainstream partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A), suppression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and mitigation of N2O emissions are two essential operational goals. The N2O emissions linked to three typical NOB suppression strategies were tested in a covered rotating biological contactor (RBC) biofilm system at 21 °C: (i) low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, and treatments with (ii) free ammonia (FA), and (iii) free nitrous acids (FNA). Low emerged DO levels effectively minimized NOB activity and decreased N2O emissions, but NOB adaptation appeared after 200 days of operation. Further NOB suppression was successfully achieved by periodic (3 h per week) treatments with FA (29.3 ± 2.6 mg NH3-N L-1) or FNA (3.1 ± 0.3 mg HNO2-N L-1). FA treatment, however, promoted N2O emissions, while FNA did not affect these. Hence, biofilm PN/A should be operated at relatively low DO levels with periodic FNA treatment to maximize nitrogen removal efficiency while avoiding high greenhouse gas emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhu
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium; School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Michiel Van Tendeloo
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Paepe
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang H, Churqui MP, Tunovic T, Enache L, Johansson A, Lindh M, Lagging M, Nyström K, Norder H. Measures against COVID-19 affected the spread of human enteric viruses in a Swedish community, as found when monitoring wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165012. [PMID: 37353026 PMCID: PMC10284612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of viral genomes in wastewater reflects the prevalence of viral infections within the community. Knowledge of how the spread of common enteric viruses in the community was affected by the Swedish COVID-19 interventions is limited. To investigate this, the weekly wastewater samples collected for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic at the Rya sewage treatment plant in Gothenburg were also analyzed for adenovirus, norovirus GII, astrovirus, and rotavirus. The amount of each viral genome was quantified by real-time-qPCR and compared with the quantity of these viral genomes in wastewater from 2017. The results showed that the winter seasonality of norovirus GII and rotavirus in wastewater observed in 2017 was interrupted shortly after the introduction of the COVID-19 interventions, and they remained at low level throughout the pandemic. The circulation pattern of astrovirus and adenovirus was less affected. When the COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in 2022, a dramatic increase was observed in the amount of norovirus GII, rotavirus, and adenovirus genomes in wastewater. The changes in abundance and seasonality of some viruses identified through wastewater monitoring were consistent with changes in the number of patients diagnosed with these viruses. These findings suggest that moderate intervention to prevent COVID-19 significantly reduced the spread of some enteric viruses in the community. The results show that wastewater monitoring is a valuable tool for detecting the spread and outbreaks of viral infections that may cause gastroenteritis also when people do not seek medical help, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Tunovic
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Magnus Lindh
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Müller V, Kindness A, Feldmann J. Fluorine mass balance analysis of PFAS in communal waters at a wastewater plant from Austria. Water Res 2023; 244:120501. [PMID: 37647770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment; moreover, long chain PFAS are known to accumulate in sewage sludge. Although publications on PFAS in wastewater are available from around the globe, little information is available from Central Europe. In this study influent, effluent, and sludge from two wastewater treatment plants from Austria were analysed for target PFAS compounds with HPLC MS/MS and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) content with combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The sum of 31 target PFAS increased from 22 to 47 ng L-1 in influent to 140 - 213 ng L-1 in effluent and around 10 ng g-1 in sludge, while EOF were found to be consistent (2.3 - 3.5 µg F L-1) in influent/effluent and 280 ng F g-1 in sludge. Mass balance analysis showed an increase in the identified PFAS compounds in the effluent compared to the influent (from 0.9% - 1.3% to 3.6% - 6.1%), suggesting biotransformation of non-targeted PFAS precursor compounds. In conclusion, wastewater treatment plants transform some PFAS, and wastewater effluent is a source of PFAS contamination in surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Müller
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitatsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew Kindness
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitatsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Baldovin T, Amoruso I, Fonzo M, Bertoncello C, Groppi V, Pitter G, Russo F, Baldo V. Trends in SARS-CoV-2 clinically confirmed cases and viral load in wastewater: A critical alignment for Padua city (NE Italy). Heliyon 2023; 9:e20571. [PMID: 37822618 PMCID: PMC10562905 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been depicted as a promising environmental surveillance tool and early warning system. Predictive models for the estimate of COVID-19 cases from wastewater viral loads also earned lot of interest and are currently under development. Hereby a pilot study that compares WBE surveillance data with confirmed cases, total hospitalizations, doses of vaccine administered and predominance of coronavirus variants. Composite 24hrs wastewater samples were collected weekly between September 2021 and July 2022 from Padua wastewater treatment plant. Samples were processed following a previously published method. One-step RT-qPCR was performed for quantification, adapting an Orf1b-nsp14 gene assay. Variant replacement was derived from the monthly bulletins of the Italian National Health Institute. Aggregate data on vaccine doses administered and on COVID-19 prevalence and hospitalizations were retrieved from official reports. Eighty-two samples were processed. Viral loads highlighted 3 major peaks in January, April and July 2022. Quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and clinical surveillance resulted temporally juxtaposable. However, variation of the two curves is not proportional. SARS-CoV-2 showed its highest peak in April, whereas maximum COVID-19 prevalence was achieved in January. Total hospitalizations followed the prevalence trend. Omicron BA.1 started to replace the Delta variant in December 2021. Subsequently, the shift towards Omicron BA.2 occurred between February and April 2022. Finally, BA.4/5 attested around June, somehow preceding the summer peak. Emergence of Omicron BA.1 over Delta could be a possible driver of the increase in both clinical cases and wastewater viral load in January 2022. In late March 2022, Omicron BA.2 replaced BA.1: this reflected in a steep increase of wastewater viral load, but not of COVID-19 confirmed cases. When a dramatic drop in the testing capacity of clinical surveillance occurred, WBE was possibly capable of detecting a substantial increase in viral circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Baldovin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Amoruso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Fonzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertoncello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vanessa Groppi
- UO Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare, Veterinaria, Regione Del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Gisella Pitter
- UOC Screening e Valutazione Impatto Sanitario, Azienda Zero, Regione Del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- UO Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare, Veterinaria, Regione Del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chang WCW, Hsu MC, Liao PC. Detection of emerging patterns of drug misuse in sports via wastewater monitoring: A mini-review and potential strategies. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122087. [PMID: 37348696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Biological testing is a key component of the current anti-doping programme implemented by the authorities to detect doping in sports. Strategies such as longitudinal individualised data analysis and sport-specific analysis have been developed to increase the comprehensiveness of the testing. However, the trends of drug misuse in sports might not be effectively captured through today's testing plan. Wastewater testing, assembling individual-level data of a designated group to produce population-level results in one single aggregated sample, can be employed to as a complementary strategy offering added value for doping control. This paper presents an updated summary of the status of anti-doping testing and analytical methodologies for wastewater. The available literature on wastewater-based analyses of drugs prohibited in sports is reviewed. Publications surrounding sporting activities or competitions and others relevant to sports doping are selected. We debate between potential strategies and major limitations of using wastewater monitoring in anti-doping. Knowledge gaps and research directions, specifically on metabolites, stability, sensitivity, and ethical and legal considerations, are discussed. Choosing different wastewater sampling sites allows target sub-population that involved competing athletes and potentially reveal sport-specific or athlete-level-specific behaviour. Sampling from on-board toilets or athlete villages could target international-level athletes, sampling from the dormitories of national training centres allows monitoring of national-level athletes on a daily basis, and sampling from sports stadiums provides a full picture of drug use in the general population during an event. Confounding occurs as (i) the presence of non-athlete composition and the difficulty of analyses to be completely selective to the athlete population; and (ii) the identification of compounds prescribed legitimately with Therapeutic Use Exemptions, only banned in-competition, and naturally occurring. The practicalities of the approach are contextualised in monitoring the non-threshold substances such as anabolic agents, selective androgen receptor modulators, metabolic modulators, and hypoxia-inducible factor activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fatawou MA, Chavely MG, Henri MYM, Daniel KN, Claire EZM, Richard N. First Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage Samples in Cameroon. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:255-261. [PMID: 37553482 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents an important public health concern in many developing countries, including Africa. Transmission of HEV to humans by contaminated drinking water is the most important mode of transmission in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the presence of HEV in the environment in Cameroon through molecular analysis of sewage samples. Retrospectively, a total of 157 sewage samples collected between January 2018 and December 2019 were randomly selected and analyzed by molecular techniques to detect and characterize the HEV followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Three samples (1.9%) collected from North, Far North, and Adamawa regions were positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerization chain reaction. Among these, 2 samples were positive for HEV ribonucleic acid by nested reverse transcription polymerization chain reaction and only one yielded a good sequencing product. Phylogenetic analysis of this unique HEV strain showed that this HEV strain belonged to genotype 3, subtype 3a, and clustered with swine HEV strains from Cameroon, Argentina, and the USA. This study provides preliminary data on the circulation of HEV in wastewater in Cameroon. Further studies will be needed to assess the overall situation in Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Njouom Richard
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hayase S, Katayama YA, Hatta T, Iwamoto R, Kuroita T, Ando Y, Okuda T, Kitajima M, Natsume T, Masago Y. Near full-automation of COPMAN using a LabDroid enables high-throughput and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater as a leading indicator. Sci Total Environ 2023; 881:163454. [PMID: 37061063 PMCID: PMC10098305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising tool to efficiently monitor COVID-19 prevalence in a community. For WBE community surveillance, automation of the viral RNA detection process is ideal. In the present study, we achieved near full-automation of a previously established method, COPMAN (COagulation and Proteolysis method using MAgnetic beads for detection of Nucleic acids in wastewater), which was then applied to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater for half a year. The automation line employed the Maholo LabDroid and an automated-pipetting device to achieve a high-throughput sample-processing capability of 576 samples per week. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was quantified with the automated COPMAN using samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants in the Sagami River basin in Japan between 1 November 2021 and 24 May 2022, when the numbers of daily reported COVID-19 cases ranged from 0 to 130.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. The automated COPMAN detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA from 81 out of 132 samples at concentrations of up to 2.8 × 105 copies/L. These concentrations showed direct correlations with subsequently reported clinical cases (5-13 days later), as determined by Pearson's and Spearman's cross-correlation analyses. To compare the results, we also conducted testing with the EPISENS-S (Efficient and Practical virus Identification System with ENhanced Sensitivity for Solids, Ando et al., 2022), a previously reported detection method. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected with EPISENS-S correlated with clinical cases only when using Spearman's method. Our automated COPMAN was shown to be an efficient method for timely and large-scale monitoring of viral RNA, making WBE more feasible for community surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hayase
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuka Adachi Katayama
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Robotic Biology Institute, Inc., 2-5-10, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- AdvanSentinel Inc., 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kuroita
- AdvanSentinel Inc., 3-1-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ando
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Robotic Biology Institute, Inc., 2-5-10, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yusaku Masago
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adolph ML, Dreßler M, Troelstra V, Wrozyna C, Haberzettl T. Eutrophication and contamination dynamics of Schweriner See, NE-Germany, during the past 670 years - A multi-proxy approach on lacustrine surface sediments and sediment cores. Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162745. [PMID: 36907417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A multi-proxy study on sedimentary records from Schweriner See (See = lake), NE-Germany, covering the past 670 years (from 1350 CE to today) combined with sediment surface samples to better understand lake internal dynamics enables to reconstruct local and supra-regional eutrophication and contamination trends. Our approach shows that a thorough understanding of depositional processes is crucial for core site selection since at Schweriner See wave- and wind-induced processes in shallow water areas (e.g. reworking) or carbonate precipitation resulting from groundwater inflow may have altered the desired (in this case anthropogenic) signal. In Schweriner See both eutrophication and contamination have been directly influenced by sewage and population dynamics of the city of Schwerin and its surroundings. A higher population density resulted in increased sewage volume, which was discharged directly into Schweriner See since 1893 CE. Maximum eutrophication was reached in the 1970s but a solid improvement in water quality only occurred after the German reunification (1990) as a combined result of a decrease in population density and the connection of all households to a new sewage treatment plant, which stopped the discharge of sewage waters into Schweriner See. These counter measurements were traced within the sediment records. Eutrophication and contamination trends were detected within the lake basin as shown by remarkable similarities in signals between several sediment cores. To get an understanding of regional contamination tendencies east of the former inner German border in the recent past we compared our results with sediment records from the southern Baltic Sea area, which show similar contamination trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Adolph
- Department of Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mirko Dreßler
- Department of Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Veerle Troelstra
- Department of Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Wrozyna
- Department of Palaeontology, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Torsten Haberzettl
- Department of Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li Y, Liu S, Lu L, Wang J, Huang G, Chen F, Zuo JE. Non-uniform dissolved oxygen distribution and high sludge concentration enhance simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a novel air-lifting reactor for municipal wastewater treatment: A pilot-scale study. Bioresour Technol 2023:129306. [PMID: 37328012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Achieving simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal with sludge-liquid separation in a single reactor offers a solution to land shortages and improves treatment efficiency in municipal wastewater treatment plants of megacities. This study proposes a novel air-lifting continuous-flow reactor configuration with an alternative-aeration strategy that creates multi-functional zones for anoxic, oxic, and settlement processes. The optimal operational conditions for the reactor include a long anoxic hydraulic retention time, low dissolved oxygen (DO) in the oxic zone, and no specific reflux for external nitrifying liquid, which exhibit a high nitrogen removal efficiency of over 90% in treating real sewage with C/N < 4 in the pilot-scale study. Results show that a high sludge concentration and a low DO concentration facilitate simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and a well mixing of sludge and substrate in different reaction zones promotes nitrogen removal. The long-term operation enriches functional microbes for carbon storage and nutrient removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China; Research Centre of Environmental Microbial Resource Development and Application Engineering, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Shujie Liu
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lanlan Lu
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Jinghou Wang
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Guangrong Huang
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Fuming Chen
- Qingyan Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mahmoud Ali I, Mohamed Halby HM, Abd-Elrady BEA, Taha Salim M, Ahmed Mohamed H. Biodegradation of 17 β-estradiol by Serratia marcescens and Stenotrophomonas tumulicola co-culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Upper Egypt. Iran J Microbiol 2023; 15:448-455. [PMID: 37448674 PMCID: PMC10336294 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i3.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives 17 β-estradiol (E2) is an important pollutant of the aquatic system. It is responsible for sexual disruptions in the majority of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to search for bacteria with high potential degradation of E2 as an important method for bioremediation. Materials and Methods Sewage water samples were collected and treated to isolate bacterial strains which were identified by conventional methods and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. The biodegradation of E2 by the isolated strains was evaluated under different environmental conditions. Results Two bacterial strains were recovered from sewage water samples and identified as Stenotrophomonas tumulicola and Serratia marcescens, (named ASc2 and ASc5 respectively). Co-culture of the two strains showed biodegradation of approximately 93.6 % of E2 (50 mg. L-1) within 48 hours. However, the biodegradation capacity of the same E2 concentration was 69.4% and 71.2% for ASc2 and ASc5 each alone, respectively. The optimum cultivation conditions for efficient E2 biodegradation by co-culture were 5% (v/v) inoculation volume with 50 mg. L-1 of E2 as the initial concentration at pH 7 and 30°C within 48 hours inoculation period. Conclusion This study detected new bacterial strains that are capable of rapid degradation of estrogen as an environmental pollutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mahmoud Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hamada Mohamed Mohamed Halby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Bahaa-Eldin Anwar Abd-Elrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Taha Salim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Heba Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Lin C, Wang H, Wang W, Wang S, Zheng R. Implementation of pollution source assessment and treatment strategy for plateau railway construction in China: an AHP-cloud model approach. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:749. [PMID: 37247155 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the construction process of railways in the plateau region, various types of pollution sources can have serious or even irreversible impacts on the plateau ecology. To address pollution source treatment during the construction process, protect the ecological environment along the railway, and maintain the ecological balance, we collected geological and environmental data and analyzed the influencing factors of pollution sources. Taking sewage as the main research subject, we propose a new method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-cloud model to classify the pollution source treatment level, establish an index system, and select the ecological environment level, sewage rate, and pollutant characteristics as the three main influencing factors. Finally, we divide the pollution source treatment level into I, II, and III, corresponding to V1 = {I-level} = {high impact}, V2 = {II-level} = {moderate impact}, and V3 = {III-level} = {low impact}. Based on the comprehensive factor weight analysis and the field engineering conditions of the studied railway in the western plateau of China, we classify the pollution source treatment level of six tunnels and propose treatment suggestions for each level. To advance the efficient implementation of environmental protection during the construction of the plateau railway, we propose three policy recommendations that can positively contribute to environmental protection and green development. This work provides theoretical and technical guidance for the treatment of pollution sources in the construction of the plateau railway, which also serves as a significant reference for other similar projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youshi Wang
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Chunjin Lin
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Hanpeng Wang
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Su Wang
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Ruijie Zheng
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Iliopoulou A, Arvaniti OS, Deligiannis M, Gatidou G, Vyrides I, Fountoulakis MS, Stasinakis AS. Combined use of strictly anaerobic MBBR and aerobic MBR for municipal wastewater treatment and removal of pharmaceuticals. J Environ Manage 2023; 343:118211. [PMID: 37253313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated lab-scale wastewater treatment system consisting of an anaerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (AnMBBR) and an aerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AeMBR) in series was used to study the removal and fate of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment. Continuous-flow experiments were conducted applying different temperatures to the AnMBBR (Phase A: 35 °C; Phase B: 20 °C), while batch experiments were performed for calculating sorption and biotransformation kinetics. The total removal of major pollutants and target pharmaceuticals was not affected by the temperature of the AnMBBR. In Phase A, the average removal of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was 86%, 91% and 96% while in Phase B, 91%, 96% and 96%, respectively. Removal efficiencies ranging between 65% and 100% were observed for metronidazole (MTZ), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and valsartan (VAL), while slight (<30%) or no removal was observed for carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF), respectively. Application of a mass balance model showed that the predominant mechanism for the removal of pharmaceuticals was biotransformation, while the role of sorption was of minor importance. The AeMBR was critical for VAL, SMX and TMP biodegradation; the elimination of MTZ was strongly enhanced by the AnMBBR. In both bioreactors, Bacteroidetes was the dominant phylum in both bioreactors over time. In the AnMBBR, Cloacibacterium and Bacteroides had a higher abundance in the biocarriers compared to the suspended biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Iliopoulou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Olga S Arvaniti
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece; Department of Agricultural Development, Agrofood and Management of Natural Resources, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna, 34400, Greece
| | - Michalis Deligiannis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vyrides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., Limassol, 3603, Cyprus
| | - Michalis S Fountoulakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|