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Shun EHK, Situ J, Tsoi JYH, Wu S, Cai J, Lo KHY, Chew NFS, Li Z, Poon RWS, Teng JLL, Cheng VCC, Yuen KY, Sridhar S. Rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) exposure in cats and dogs, Hong Kong. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2337671. [PMID: 38551320 PMCID: PMC11018080 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2337671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) variants infecting humans belong to two species: Paslahepevirus balayani (bHEV) and Rocahepevirus ratti (rat hepatitis E virus; rHEV). R. ratti is a ubiquitous rodent pathogen that has recently been recognized to cause hepatitis in humans. Transmission routes of rHEV from rats to humans are currently unknown. In this study, we examined rHEV exposure in cats and dogs to determine if they are potential reservoirs of this emerging human pathogen. Virus-like particle-based IgG enzymatic immunoassays (EIAs) capable of differentiating rHEV & bHEV antibody profiles and rHEV-specific real-time RT-PCR assays were used for this purpose. The EIAs could detect bHEV and rHEV patient-derived IgG spiked in dog and cat sera. Sera from 751 companion dogs and 130 companion cats in Hong Kong were tested with these IgG enzymatic immunoassays (EIAs). Overall, 13/751 (1.7%) dogs and 5/130 (3.8%) cats were sero-reactive to HEV. 9/751 (1.2%) dogs and 2/130 (1.5%) cats tested positive for rHEV IgG, which was further confirmed by rHEV immunoblots. Most rHEV-seropositive animals were from areas in or adjacent to districts reporting human rHEV infection. Neither 881 companion animals nor 652 stray animals carried rHEV RNA in serum or rectal swabs. Therefore, we could not confirm a role for cats and dogs in transmitting rHEV to humans. Further work is required to understand the reasons for low-level seropositivity in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estie Hon-Kiu Shun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - James Yiu-Hung Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpiao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Hon-Yin Lo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicholas Foo-Siong Chew
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rosana Wing-Shan Poon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jade Lee-Lee Teng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, People’s Republic of China
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Monini M, Ianiro G, De Sabato L, Bivona M, Ostanello F, Di Bartolo I. Persistence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) subtypes 3c and 3e: Long-term cold storage and heat treatments. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104529. [PMID: 38637065 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of foodborne infections occurring in high income countries mainly by consumption of undercooked and raw pork products. The virus is zoonotic with pigs and wild boars as the main reservoirs. Several studies proved the presence of HEV-RNA in pork liver sausages, pâté and other pork by-products. However, the detection of HEV nucleic acids does not necessary correspond to infectious virus and information on the persistence of the virus in the food is still limited. To which extent and how long the virus can survive after conventional industrial and home-made conservation and cooking procedures is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the persistence of two subtypes of HEV-3, by measuring the viral RNA on cell supernatant of infected A549 cells, after long-term storage at +4 °C and -20 °C and after heating for short or long-time span. Results confirmed that either low temperature storage (+4 °C) or freezing (-20 °C) do not influence the survival of the virus, and only a moderate reduction of presence of its RNA after 12 weeks at +4 °C was observed. To the other side, heating at 56 °C for long time (1 h) or at higher temperatures (>65 °C) for shorter time inactivated the virus successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Bivona
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Sheng Y, Deng Y, Li X, Ji P, Sun X, Liu B, Zhu J, Zhao J, Nan Y, Zhou EM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Sun Y, Zhao Q. Hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein hijacking thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5) for its stability to promote viral particle release. J Virol 2024; 98:e0164923. [PMID: 38548704 PMCID: PMC11019958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01649-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, responsible for approximately 20 million infections annually. Among the three open reading frames (ORFs) of the HEV genome, the ORF3 protein is involved in virus release. However, the host proteins involved in HEV release need to be clarified. In this study, a host protein, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5), interacted with the non-palmitoylated ORF3 protein by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. We determined that the overexpression or knockdown of TXNDC5 positively regulated HEV release from the host cells. The 17FCL19 mutation of the ORF3 protein lost the ability to interact with TXNDC5. The releasing amounts of HEV with the ORF3 mutation (FCL17-19SSP) were decreased compared with wild-type HEV. The overexpression of TXNDC5 can stabilize and increase ORF3 protein amounts, but not the TXNDC5 mutant with amino acids 1-88 deletion. Meanwhile, we determined that the function of TXNDC5 on the stabilization of ORF3 protein is independent of the Trx-like domains. Knockdown of TXNDC5 could lead to the degradation of ORF3 protein by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation-proteasome system. However, the ORF3 protein cannot be degraded in the knockout-TXNDC5 stable cells, suggesting that it may hijack other proteins for its stabilization. Subsequently, we found that the other members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), including PDIA1, PDIA3, PDIA4, and PDIA6, can increase ORF3 protein amounts, and PDIA3 and PDIA6 interact with ORF3 protein. Collectively, our study suggested that HEV ORF3 protein can utilize TXNDC5 for its stability in ER to facilitate viral release. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. After the synthesis and modification in the cells, the mature ORF3 protein is essential for HEV release. However, the host protein involved in this process has yet to be determined. Here, we reported a novel host protein, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5), as a chaperone, contributing to HEV release by facilitating ORF3 protein stability in the endoplasmic reticulum through interacting with non-palmitoylated ORF3 protein. However, we also found that in the knockout-TXNDC5 stable cell lines, the HEV ORF3 protein may hijack other proteins for its stabilization. For the first time, our study demonstrated the involvement of TXNDC5 in viral particle release. These findings provide some new insights into the process of the HEV life cycle, the interaction between HEV and host factors, and a new direction for antiviral design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Deng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pinpin Ji
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Csernalabics B, Marinescu MS, Maurer L, Kelsch L, Werner J, Baumann K, Zoldan K, Panning M, Reuken P, Bruns T, Bengsch B, Neumann-Haefelin C, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Dao Thi VL, Boettler T. Efficient formation and maintenance of humoral and CD4 T-cell immunity targeting the viral capsid in acute-resolving hepatitis E infection. J Hepatol 2024; 80:564-575. [PMID: 38154741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4 T cells shape the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response and facilitate viral clearance in various infections. Knowledge of their phenotype, specificity and dynamics in hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is limited. HEV is enterically transmitted as a naked virus (nHEV) but acquires a host-derived quasi-envelope (eHEV) when budding from cells. While nHEV is composed of the open reading frame (ORF)-2-derived capsid, eHEV particles also contain ORF3-derived proteins. We aimed to longitudinally characterize the HEV-specific CD4 T cells targeting ORF1, 2 and 3 and antibodies against nHEV or eHEV in immunocompetent individuals with acute and resolved HEV infection. METHODS HEV-specific CD4 T cells were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with in silico-predicted ORF1- and ORF2-derived epitopes and overlapping peptides spanning the ORF3 region. Ex vivo multiparametric characterization of capsid-specific CD4 T cells was performed using customized MHC class II tetramers. Total and neutralizing antibodies targeting nHEV or eHEV particles were determined. RESULTS HEV-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies and antibody titers are highest in individuals with acute infection and decline in a time-dependent process with an antigen hierarchy. HEV-specific CD4 T cells strongly target the ORF2-derived capsid and ORF3-specific CD4 T cells are hardly detectable. NAbs targeting nHEV are found in high titers while eHEV particles are less efficiently neutralized. Capsid-specific CD4 T cells undergo memory formation and stepwise contraction, accompanied by dynamic phenotypical and transcriptional changes over time. CONCLUSION The viral capsid is the main target of HEV-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies in acute-resolving infection, correlating with efficient neutralization of nHEV. Capsid-specific immunity rapidly emerges followed by a stepwise contraction several years after infection. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The interplay of CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibody responses is critical in the host defense against viral infections, yet little is known about their characteristics in hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. We conducted a longitudinal study of immunocompetent individuals with acute and resolved HEV infection to understand the characteristics of HEV-specific CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies targeting different viral proteins and particles. We found that HEV-specific CD4 T cells mainly target capsid-derived epitopes. This correlates with efficient neutralization of naked virions while quasi-enveloped particles are less susceptible to neutralization. As individuals with pre-existing liver disease and immunocompromised individuals are at risk for fulminant or chronic courses of HEV infection, these individuals might benefit from the development of vaccination strategies which require a detailed knowledge of the composition and longevity of HEV-specific CD4 T-cell and antibody immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Csernalabics
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mircea Stefan Marinescu
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Maurer
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Lara Kelsch
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jill Werner
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Baumann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Dighe A, Khan AI, Bhuiyan TR, Islam MT, Khan ZH, Khan II, Hulse JD, Ahmed S, Rashid M, Hossain MZ, Rashid R, Hegde ST, Gurley ES, Qadri F, Azman AS. Annual risk of hepatitis E virus infection and seroreversion: Insights from a serological cohort in Sitakunda, Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e52. [PMID: 38497497 PMCID: PMC11022260 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute jaundice in South Asia. Gaps in our understanding of transmission are driven by non-specific symptoms and scarcity of diagnostics, impeding rational control strategies. In this context, serological data can provide important proxy measures of infection. We enrolled a population-representative serological cohort of 2,337 individuals in Sitakunda, Bangladesh. We estimated the annual risks of HEV infection and seroreversion both using serostatus changes between paired serum samples collected 9 months apart, and by fitting catalytic models to the age-stratified cross-sectional seroprevalence. At baseline, 15% (95 CI: 14-17%) of people were seropositive, with seroprevalence highest in the relatively urban south. During the study, 27 individuals seroreverted (annual seroreversion risk: 15%, 95 CI: 10-21%), and 38 seroconverted (annual infection risk: 3%, 95CI: 2-5%). Relying on cross-sectional seroprevalence data alone, and ignoring seroreversion, underestimated the annual infection risk five-fold (0.6%, 95 CrI: 0.5-0.6%). When we accounted for the observed seroreversion in a reversible catalytic model, infection risk was more consistent with measured seroincidence. Our results quantify HEV infection risk in Sitakunda and highlight the importance of accounting for seroreversion when estimating infection incidence from cross-sectional seroprevalence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dighe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Dent Hulse
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakir Hossain
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia T. Hegde
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cong C, Xia Y, Gong S, Li T, Liu H, Zhong G, Chen D, Zhao W, Yu W, Yao Y, Liu J, Wei D, Cao H, Huang F. Infectious hepatitis E virus excreted into the vagina. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23500. [PMID: 38441537 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) persists in the male genital tract that associates with infertility. However, the presence of HEV in the female genital tract is unreported. Vaginal secretions, cervical smears, and cervix uteri were collected to explore the presence of HEV in the female genital tract. HEV RNA and/or antigens were detected in the vaginal secretions, cervical smears, and the cervix uteri of women. The infectivity of HEV excreted into vaginal secretions was further validated in vitro. In addition, HEV replicates in the female genital tract were identified in HEV-infected animal models by vaginal injection or vaginal mucosal infection to imitate sexual transmission. Serious genital tract damage and inflammatory responses with significantly elevated mucosal innate immunity were observed in women or animals with HEV vaginal infection. Results demonstrated HEV replicates in the female genital tract and causes serious histopathological damage and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cong
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yueping Xia
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Shilin Gong
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Tengyuan Li
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Huichan Liu
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Guo Zhong
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Dongxue Chen
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wanqiu Zhao
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yinjie Yao
- Kunming City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kunming, PR China
| | - Jiankun Liu
- 920th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, PR China
| | - Daqiao Wei
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fen Huang
- School of Medicine, The Academy for Cells and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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7
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Zicker M, Pinho JRR, Welter EAR, Guardia BD, da Silva PGTM, da Silveira LB, Camargo LFA. The Risk of Reinfection or Primary Hepatitis E Virus Infection at a Liver Transplant Center in Brazil: An Observational Cohort Study. Viruses 2024; 16:301. [PMID: 38400077 PMCID: PMC10893537 DOI: 10.3390/v16020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus is a major etiological agent of chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed individuals. Seroprevalence in the liver transplantation setting varies according to the seroprevalence of the general population in different countries. This was a prospective cohort study of liver transplant recipients in southeastern Brazil. Recipients were systematically followed for one year, with the objective of determining the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of HEV infection in this population. We included 107 liver transplant recipients and 83 deceased donors. Positivity for anti-HEV IgG was detected in 10.2% of the recipients and in 9.7% of the donors. None of the patients tested positive for HEV RNA at baseline or during follow-up. There were no episodes of reactivation or seroconversion, even in cases of serological donor-recipient mismatch or in recipients with acute hepatitis. Acute and chronic HEV infections seem to be rare events in the region studied. That could be attributable to social, economic, and environmental factors. Our data indicate that, among liver transplant recipients, hepatitis E should be investigated only when there are elevated levels of transaminases with no defined cause, as part of the differential diagnosis of seronegative hepatitis after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zicker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - João R. R. Pinho
- Research and Development Sector, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane A. R. Welter
- Research and Development Sector, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca D. Guardia
- Liver Transplant Program, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís F. A. Camargo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05653-120, Brazil
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Ali MM, Gul M, Imran M, Ijaz M, Azeem S, Ullah A, Yaqub HMF. Molecular identification and genotyping of hepatitis E virus from Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:223. [PMID: 38167570 PMCID: PMC10762251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a global health concern. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in Pakistan. HEV has four genotypes: HEV-1 through HEV-4. The genotypes HEV-1 and HEV-2 are associated with infection in humans, especially in countries with poor sanitation. The genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic and human infection takes place by consuming undercooked meat or being in contact with animals. The present study was designed to ascertain the presence of HEV in the Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. First, blood samples (n = 50) were collected from patients suspected of infection with the hepatitis E virus from the Multan District. The serum was separated and the samples were initially screened using an HEV IgM-ELISA. Second, the ELISA-positive samples were subjected to PCR and were genetically characterized. For PCR, the RNA extraction and complementary DNA synthesis were done using commercial kits. The HEV ORF2 (Open Reading Frame-2, capsid protein) was amplified using nested PCR targeting a 348 bp segment. The PCR amplicons were sequenced and an evolutionary tree was constructed using MEGA X software. A protein model was built employing the SWISS Model after protein translation using ExPASy online tool. The positivity rate of anti-HEV antibodies in serum samples was found as 56% (28/50). All Pakistani HEV showed homology with genotype 1 and shared common evolutionary origin and ancestry with HEV isolates of genotype 1 of London (MH504163), France (MN401238), and Japan (LC314158). Sequence analysis of motif regions assessment and protein structure revealed that the sequences had a similarity with the reference sequence. These data suggest that genotype 1 of HEV is circulating in Pakistan. This finding could be used for the diagnosis and control of HEV in the specific geographic region focusing on its prevalent genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mehek Gul
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahan Azeem
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Farooq Yaqub
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Oechslin N, Da Silva N, Ankavay M, Moradpour D, Gouttenoire J. A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies a role for Rab5A and early endosomes in hepatitis E virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307423120. [PMID: 38109552 PMCID: PMC10756275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307423120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. As the other positive-strand RNA viruses, it is believed to replicate its genome in a membrane-associated replication complex. However, current understanding of the host factors required for productive HEV infection is limited and the site as well as the composition of the HEV replication complex are still poorly characterized. To identify host factors required for HEV RNA replication, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in permissive human cell lines harboring subgenomic HEV replicons allowing for positive and negative selection. Among the validated candidates, Ras-related early endosomal protein Rab5A was selected for further characterization. siRNA-mediated silencing of Rab5A and its effectors APPL1 and EEA1, but not of the late and recycling endosome components Rab7A and Rab11A, respectively, significantly reduced HEV RNA replication. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Rab5A and of dynamin-2, required for the formation of early endosomes, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of HEV RNA replication. Colocalization studies revealed close proximity of Rab5A, the HEV ORF1 protein, corresponding to the viral replicase, as well as HEV positive- and negative-strand RNA. In conclusion, we successfully exploited CRISPR/Cas9 and selectable subgenomic replicons to identify host factors of a noncytolytic virus. This approach revealed a role for Rab5A and early endosomes in HEV RNA replication, likely by serving as a scaffold for the establishment of functional replication complexes. Our findings yield insights into the HEV life cycle and the virus-host interactions required for productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Oechslin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne1011, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Da Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne1011, Switzerland
| | - Maliki Ankavay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne1011, Switzerland
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne1011, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne1011, Switzerland
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10
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Chen Z, Li G, Situ J, Li Z, Guo S, Huang Y, Wu S, Tang Z, Wen G, Wang S, Fang M, Wang Y, Yu H, Sridhar S, Zheng Z, Xia N. Redeveloping antigen detection kits for the diagnosis of rat hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0071023. [PMID: 38038482 PMCID: PMC10729709 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00710-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Rocahepevirus ratti [species HEV ratti (r HEV)] as a causative agent of hepatitis E in humans presents a new potential threat to global public health. The R. ratti genotype 1 (r-1 HEV) variant only shares 50%-60% genomic identity with Paslahepevirus balayani [species HEV balayani (b HEV)] variants, which are the main causes of hepatitis E infection in humans. Here, we report antigen diagnoses for r-1 HEV and b HEV using an enzymatic immunoassay (EIA) method. We detected recombinant virus-like particles protein (HEV 239) of r HEV and b HEV using a collection of hepatitis E virus (HEV)-specific monoclonal antibodies. Two optimal candidates, the capture antibody P#1-H4 and the detection antibodies C145 (P#1-H4*/C145#) and C158 (P#1-H4*/C158#), were selected to detect antigen in infected rat samples and r-1 HEV- or b HEV-infected human clinical samples. The two candidates showed similar diagnostic efficacy to the Wantai HEV antigen kit in b HEV-infected clinical samples. Genomic divergence resulted in low diagnostic efficacy of the Wantai HEV antigen kit (0%, 0 of 10) for detecting r-1 HEV infection. Compared with the P#1-H4*/C145# candidate (80%, 8 of 10), the P#1-H4*/C158# candidate had excellent diagnostic efficacy in r-1 HEV-infected clinical samples (100%, 10 of 10). The two candidates bind to a discrete antigenic site that is highly conserved across r HEV and b HEV. P#1-H4*/C145# and P#1-H4*/C158# are efficacious candidate antibody combinations for rat HEV antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zimin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guiping Wen
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Siling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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11
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Corneillie L, Lemmens I, Weening K, De Meyer A, Van Houtte F, Tavernier J, Meuleman P. Virus-Host Protein Interaction Network of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF2-4 by Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assays. Viruses 2023; 15:2412. [PMID: 38140653 PMCID: PMC10748205 DOI: 10.3390/v15122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life cycle, viruses interact with cellular host factors, thereby influencing propagation, host range, cell tropism and pathogenesis. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underestimated RNA virus in which knowledge of the virus-host interaction network to date is limited. Here, two related high-throughput mammalian two-hybrid approaches (MAPPIT and KISS) were used to screen for HEV-interacting host proteins. Promising hits were examined on protein function, involved pathway(s), and their relation to other viruses. We identified 37 ORF2 hits, 187 for ORF3 and 91 for ORF4. Several hits had functions in the life cycle of distinct viruses. We focused on SHARPIN and RNF5 as candidate hits for ORF3, as they are involved in the RLR-MAVS pathway and interferon (IFN) induction during viral infections. Knocking out (KO) SHARPIN and RNF5 resulted in a different IFN response upon ORF3 transfection, compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, infection was increased in SHARPIN KO cells and decreased in RNF5 KO cells. In conclusion, MAPPIT and KISS are valuable tools to study virus-host interactions, providing insights into the poorly understood HEV life cycle. We further provide evidence for two identified hits as new host factors in the HEV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corneillie
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Lemmens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freya Van Houtte
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Kumar A, Hooda P, Puri A, Khatter R, S. Al-Dosari M, Sinha N, Parvez MK, Sehgal D. Methotrexate, an anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits Hepatitis E viral replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2280500. [PMID: 37975328 PMCID: PMC11003484 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2280500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a positively oriented RNA virus having a 7.2 kb genome. HEV consists of three open reading frames (ORF1-3). Of these, ORF1 codes for the enzymes Methyltransferase (Mtase), Papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Unavailability of a vaccine or effective drug against HEV and considering the side effects associated with the off-label use of ribavirin (RBV) and pegylated interferons, an alternative approach is required by the modulation of specific enzymes to prevent the infection. HEV helicase is involved in unwinding the double-stranded RNA, RNA processing, transcriptional regulation, and pre-mRNA processing. Therefore, we screened FDA-approved compounds from the ZINC15 database against the modelled 3D structure of HEV helicase and found that methotrexate and compound A (Pubchem ID BTB07890) inhibit the NTPase and dsRNA unwinding activity leading to inhibition of HEV RNA replication. This may be further authenticated by in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Virology lab, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, India
| | - Preeti Hooda
- Department of Life Sciences, Virology lab, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, India
| | - Anindita Puri
- Department of Life Sciences, Virology lab, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, India
| | - Radhika Khatter
- Department of Life Sciences, Virology lab, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, India
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Sinha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Sehgal
- Department of Life Sciences, Virology lab, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, India
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13
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Yang Y, Liu B, Tian J, Teng X, Liu T. Vital role of autophagy flux inhibition of placental trophoblast cells in pregnancy disorders induced by HEV infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2276336. [PMID: 37882369 PMCID: PMC10796124 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2276336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become one of the important pathogens that threaten the global public health. Type 3 and 4 HEV are zoonotic, which can spread vertically and cause placental damage. At the same time, autophagy plays an important role in the process of embryo development and pregnancy maintenance. However, the relationship between HEV and autophagy, especially in the placenta tissue, has not been clarified. We found lower litter rates in HEV-infected female mice, with significant intrauterine abortion of the embryo (24.19%). To explore the effects of HEV infection on placenta autophagy, chorionic cells (JEG-3) and mice placenta have been employed as research objects, while the expression of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) has been detected in JEG-3 cells with different times of HEV inoculation. The results demonstrated that the expression of protein LC3 decreased and p62 accumulated, meanwhile ATGs such as ATG4B, ATG5, and ATG9A in JEG-3 cells have decreased significantly. In addition, the maturation of autophagosomes, which referred to the process of the combination of autophagosomes and lysosomes was prevented by HEV infection as well. All processes of autophagic flux, which include the initiation, development, and maturation three stages, were suppressed in JEG-3 cells after HEV infection. Similarly, the protein and gene expression of LC3 were significantly decreased in the placenta of pregnant mice with HEV infection. In summary, our results suggested that HEV inhibited autophagy in JEG-3 cells and placenta of pregnant mice, which might be the important pathogenic mechanisms of HEV infection leading to embryo abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jijing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Teng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Orozco-Cordoba J, Mazas C, Du Pont G, Lamoyi E, Cárdenas G, Fierro NA. Viral Biology and Immune Privilege in the Development of Extrahepatic Manifestations During Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:627-641. [PMID: 38064537 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) exhibits tropism toward hepatocytes and thus affects the liver; however, HEV may also affect other tissues, including the heart, kidneys, intestines, testicles, and central nervous system. To date, the pathophysiological links between HEV infection and extrahepatic manifestations have not yet been established. Considering that HEV infects multiple types of cells, the direct effects of virus replication in peripheral tissues represent a plausible explanation for extrahepatic manifestations. In addition, since the immune response is crucial in the development of the disease, the immune characteristics of affected tissues should be revisited to identify commonalities explaining the effects of the virus. This review summarizes the most recent advances in understanding the virus biology and immune-privileged status of specific tissues as major elements for HEV replication in diverse organs. These discoveries may open avenues to explain the multiple extrahepatic manifestations associated with HEV infection and ultimately to design effective strategies for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Orozco-Cordoba
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camila Mazas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gisela Du Pont
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neuroinfectología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora A Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Cancela F, Cravino A, Icasuriaga R, González P, Bentancor F, Leizagoyen C, Echaides C, Ferreiro I, Cabrera A, Arbiza J, Mirazo S. Co-circulation of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genotype 3 and Moose-HEV-Like Strains in Free-Ranging-Spotted Deer (Axis axis) in Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:281-291. [PMID: 37642917 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emerging foodborne zoonosis in industrialized, non-endemic countries. Domestic pigs and wild boars are considered the main reservoir of HEV. However, HEV can also infect an ever-expanding host range of animals, but they exact role in transmitting the virus to other species or humans is mostly unknown. In this work, we investigated the spread of HEV in free-living and captive spotted deer (Axis axis) from Uruguay in a 2-year period (2020-2022) and examined the role of this invasive species as a new potential reservoir of the virus. In addition, with the aim to gain new insights into viral ecology in the context of One Health, by using camera trapping, we identified and quantified temporal and spatial coexistence of spotted deer, wild boars, and cattle. In free-living animals, we detected an anti-HEV seropositivity of 11.1% (6/54). HEV infection and viral excretion in feces were assessed by RT-PCR. Thirteen of 19 samples (68.4%) had HEV RNA. Six samples were amplified using a broadly reactive RT-PCR and sequenced. No captive animal showed evidence of HEV infection. Additionally, HEV RNA was detected in a freshwater pond shared by these species. Phylogenetic and p-distance analysis revealed that zoonotic HEV genotype 3 strains circulate together with unclassified variants related to moose HEV whose potential risk of transmission to humans and other domestic and wild animals is unknown. The data presented here suggest that spotted deer (A. axis) may be a novel host for zoonotic HEV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Cravino
- Grupo Biodiversidad y Ecología de la Conservación, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Icasuriaga
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Carmen Leizagoyen
- Parque Lecocq, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - César Echaides
- Parque Lecocq, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Irene Ferreiro
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Cabrera
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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16
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Khan S, Kumar Y, Sharma C, Gupta SK, Goel A, Aggarwal R, Veerapu NS. Dysregulated metabolites and lipids in serum of patients with acute hepatitis E: A longitudinal study. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:959-969. [PMID: 37697495 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a disease associated with acute inflammation of the liver. It is related to several dysregulated metabolic pathways and alterations in the concentration of several metabolites. However, longitudinal analysis of the alterations in metabolites and lipids is generally lacking. This study investigated the changes in levels of metabolites and lipids over time in sera from men with acute hepatitis E compared to healthy controls similar in age and gender. Untargeted measurement of levels of various metabolites and lipids was done using mass spectrometry on 65 sera sequentially sampled from 14 patients with acute hepatitis E and 25 serum samples from five controls. Temporal changes in intensities of metabolites and lipids were determined over different times at 3-day periods for the hepatitis E virus (HEV) group. In carbohydrate metabolism, glucose levels, fructose 1-6-bisphosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate were increased in the HEV-infected persons compared to the healthy controls. HEV infection is significantly associated with decreased levels of inosine, guanosine, adenosine and urate in purine metabolism and thymine, uracil and β-aminoisobutyrate in pyrimidine metabolism. Glutamate, alanine and valine levels were significantly lower in the HEV group than in healthy individuals. Homogentisate of tyrosine metabolism and cystathionine of serine metabolism were increased, whereas kynurenate of tryptophan metabolism decreased in the HEV group. Metabolites of the bile acid biosynthesis, urea cycle (arginine and citrulline) and ammonia recycling (urocanate) were significantly altered. Co-enzymes, pantothenate and pyridoxal, and co-factors, lipoamide and FAD, were elevated in the HEV group. The acylcarnitines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysoPC and lysoPE tended to be lower in the HEV group. In conclusion, acute hepatitis E is associated with altered metabolite and lipid profiles, significantly increased catabolism of carbohydrates, purines/pyrimidines and amino acids, and decreased levels of several glycerophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Khan
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Naga Suresh Veerapu
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
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17
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Gremmel N, Keuling O, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Johne R, Becher P, Baechlein C. Hepatitis E virus neutralization by porcine serum antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0037323. [PMID: 37823649 PMCID: PMC10662371 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of raw or undercooked meat products poses a serious risk for human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections. In many high-income countries, domestic pigs and wild boars represent the main animal reservoirs for HEV and are usually identified by reverse transcription-PCR and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to characterize the humoral immune response in more detail, a cell culture-based serum neutralization assay using a culture-adapted HEV strain was established here. Measurement of neutralizing antibodies was only possible after removing the viral quasi-envelope by detergent treatment. Serum samples of 343 wild boars from Northern Germany were first analyzed for anti-HEV IgG using an in-house ELISA, resulting in 19% positive samples. Subsequently, a subset of 41 representative samples was tested with the neutralization assay, and the results correlated well with those obtained by ELISA. Not only the human HEV strain 47832c but also two porcine HEV strains were shown to be neutralized by porcine serum antibodies. Neutralizing activity was also found in samples containing both HEV-specific antibodies and HEV RNA. Testing of serum samples derived from two experimentally infected domestic pigs showed a steep increase in neutralizing activity at 24 or 51 days post infection, dependent on the used infectious dose. The developed assay can be useful for characterization of the humoral immune response after HEV infection and for assessing the efficiency of HEV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Gremmel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Baechlein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Melchert J, Radbruch H, Hanitsch LG, Baylis SA, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Bleicker T, Hofmann J, Jones TC, Drosten C, Corman VM. Whole genome sequencing reveals insights into hepatitis E virus genome diversity, and virus compartmentalization in chronic hepatitis E. J Clin Virol 2023; 168:105583. [PMID: 37716229 PMCID: PMC10643812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis and can cause chronic infections in immunocompromised patients. Although HEV infections can be treated with ribavirin, antiviral efficacy is hampered by resistance mutations, normally detected by virus sequencing. OBJECTIVES High-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows for cost-effective complete viral genome sequencing. This enables the discovery and delineation of new subtypes, and revised the recognition of quasispecies and putative resistance mutations. However, HTS is challenged by factors including low viral load, sample degradation, high host background, and high viral diversity. STUDY DESIGN We apply complete genome sequencing strategies for HEV, including a targeted enrichment approach. These approaches were used to investigate sequence diversity in HEV RNA-positive animal and human samples and intra-host diversity in a chronically infected patient. RESULTS Here, we describe the identification of potential novel subtypes in a blood donation (genotype 3) and in an ancient livestock sample (genotype 7). In a chronically infected patient, we successfully investigated intra-host virus diversity, including the presence of ribavirin resistance mutations. Furthermore, we found convincing evidence for HEV compartmentalization, including the central nervous system, in this patient. CONCLUSIONS Targeted enrichment of viral sequences enables the generation of complete genome sequences from a variety of difficult sample materials. Moreover, it enables the generation of greater sequence coverage allowing more advanced analyses. This is key for a better understanding of virus diversity. Investigation of existing ribavirin resistance, in the context of minorities or compartmentalization, may be critical in treatment strategies of HEV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Melchert
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sally A Baylis
- Viral Safety Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany; Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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19
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León-Janampa N, Caballero-Posadas I, Barc C, Darrouzain F, Moreau A, Guinoiseau T, Gatault P, Fleurot I, Riou M, Pinard A, Pezant J, Rossignol C, Gaudy-Graffin C, Brand D, Marlet J. A pig model of chronic hepatitis E displaying persistent viremia and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0274. [PMID: 37938097 PMCID: PMC10635601 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by pig meat and responsible for chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. It has proved challenging to reproduce this disease in its natural reservoir. We therefore aimed to develop a pig model of chronic hepatitis E to improve the characterization of this disease. METHODS Ten pigs were treated with a tacrolimus-based regimen and intravenously inoculated with HEV. Tacrolimus trough concentration, HEV viremia, viral diversity, innate immune responses, liver histology, clinical disease and biochemical markers were monitored for 11 weeks post-infection (p.i.). RESULTS HEV viremia persisted for 11 weeks p.i. HEV RNA was detected in the liver, small intestine, and colon at necropsy. Histological analysis revealed liver inflammation and fibrosis. Several mutations selected in the HEV genome were associated with compartmentalization in the feces and intestinal tissues, consistent with the hypothesis of extrahepatic replication in the digestive tract. Antiviral responses were characterized by a downregulation of IFN pathways in the liver, despite an upregulation of RIG-I and ISGs in the blood and liver. CONCLUSIONS We developed a pig model of chronic hepatitis E that reproduced the major hallmarks of this disease. This model revealed a compartmentalization of HEV genomes in the digestive tract and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver. These original features highlight the relevance of our model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis E and for validating future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy León-Janampa
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | - Céline Barc
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - François Darrouzain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Thibault Guinoiseau
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- EA4245, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Pinard
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Catherine Gaudy-Graffin
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Denys Brand
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Julien Marlet
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
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20
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Kuznetsova T, Moor D, Khanirzayeva G, Geller J. Evaluation of Prevalence of Hepatitis E Clinical Markers among Donors in Estonia. Viruses 2023; 15:2118. [PMID: 37896895 PMCID: PMC10612021 DOI: 10.3390/v15102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is now considered the most common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. There are no published data about the prevalence of antibodies to HEV and RNA in donor sera in Estonia, and this precludes planning measures for preventing HEV proliferation through blood transfusion services. Here, were report data from an analysis of 1002 sera on the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM and the viral RNA. The antibodies were found in 48 donor sera (4.8%); of these, 40 (4%) harbored anti-HEV IgG, 15 (1.5%) contained anti-HEV IgM, and 7 donors had anti-HEV antibodies of both classes simultaneously. HEV RNA was not detected in any blood serum. Statistical associations of infection risk factors (gender, age, travel in the last six months, contact with pigs and/or wild boars in the last six months, consumption of thermally unprocessed/raw pork or boar meat, raw/unfiltered tap water or water from natural sources, unpasteurized farm dairy products, and unwashed berries and/or vegetables) were assessed. None of the listed factors were found to be associated with a higher or lower risk of anti-HEV antibody presence. At the same time, an increasing share of anti-HEV IgG carriers with age was found. The absence of HEV RNA in the analyzed donor plasma samples proves that HEV acute infection prevalence in Estonia does not exceed the average level of European countries. There is no urgent necessity to enter a requirement for a total screening of blood plasma for HEV RNA prevalence in Estonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Diana Moor
- North Estonia Medical Centre’s Blood Center, North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Gulara Khanirzayeva
- North Estonia Medical Centre’s Blood Center, North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Julia Geller
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
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21
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Cao LC, Martin V, Linh LTK, Giang TT, Chau NTM, Anh TNP, Nghia VX, The NT, My TN, Sy BT, Toan NL, Song LH, Bock CT, Velavan TP. High Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Seroprevalence and No Evidence of HEV Viraemia in Vietnamese Blood Donors. Viruses 2023; 15:2075. [PMID: 37896852 PMCID: PMC10611202 DOI: 10.3390/v15102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the Vietnamese population remains underestimated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of HEV IgG/IgM antibodies and the presence of HEV RNA in blood donors as a part of epidemiological surveillance for transfusion-transmitted viruses. Serum samples from blood donors (n = 553) were analysed for markers of past (anti-HEV IgG) and recent/ongoing (anti-HEV IgM) HEV infections. In addition, all serum samples were subsequently tested for HEV RNA positivity. The overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 26.8% (n = 148/553), while the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgM was 0.5% (n = 3/553). Anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in male and female donors was similar (27.1% and 25.5%, respectively). A higher risk of hepatitis E exposure was observed with increasing age. None of the blood donors were HEV RNA positive, and there was no evidence of HEV viraemia. Although the absence of HEV viraemia in blood donors from Northern Vietnam is encouraging, further epidemiological surveillance in other geographical regions is warranted to rule out transfusion-transmitted HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chi Cao
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (L.C.C.); (V.M.); (L.T.K.L.)
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (T.T.G.); (N.T.M.C.); (T.N.P.A.)
| | - Vanessa Martin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (L.C.C.); (V.M.); (L.T.K.L.)
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (L.C.C.); (V.M.); (L.T.K.L.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Tran Thi Giang
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (T.T.G.); (N.T.M.C.); (T.N.P.A.)
| | - Ngo Thi Minh Chau
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (T.T.G.); (N.T.M.C.); (T.N.P.A.)
| | - Ton Nu Phuong Anh
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (T.T.G.); (N.T.M.C.); (T.N.P.A.)
| | - Vu Xuan Nghia
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Trong The
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Truong Nhat My
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - C.-Thomas Bock
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (L.C.C.); (V.M.); (L.T.K.L.)
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (L.C.C.); (V.M.); (L.T.K.L.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (T.N.M.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
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22
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Teles SA, Caetano KAA, Carneiro MADS, Villar LM, Stacciarini JM, Martins RMB. Hepatitis E Prevalence in Vulnerable Populations in Goiânia, Central Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:2070. [PMID: 37896847 PMCID: PMC10612069 DOI: 10.3390/v15102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A transversal study was conducted among 472 vulnerable individuals (recyclable waste pickers, immigrants and refugees, homeless individuals, as well as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transexual individuals) in Goiânia City, the capital of the State of Goiás, Brazil, to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. A total of 459 (97.2%) serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies using fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassays (Liaison® Murex Anti-HEV IgG and IgM assays, DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy). Positive samples were tested for the presence of HEV RNA by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. A seroprevalence of 0.87% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-2.22) was found for anti-HEV IgG. Furthermore, anti-HEV IgM was detected in only one individual (0.22%; 95% CI: 0.04-1.22), who was also negative for HEV RNA. These findings revealed that HEV infection is infrequent in vulnerable individuals in Central Brazil, with low seroprevalence of past and recent HEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Livia Melo Villar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
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23
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Kinast V, Andreica I, Ahrenstorf G, Gömer A, Elsner C, Schlienkamp S, Schrader JA, Klöhn M, Ulrich RG, Broering R, Vondran FWR, Todt D, Behrendt P, Dittmer U, Hamprecht A, Witte T, Baraliakos X, Steinmann E. Janus kinase-inhibition modulates hepatitis E virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105690. [PMID: 37517633 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes a self-limiting disease, but especially immunocompromised individuals are at risk to develop a chronic and severe course of infection. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (JAKi) are a novel drug class for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIRD). As JAKs play a key role in innate immunity, viral infections and reactivations are frequently reported during JAKi treatment in AIRD patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of JAKis on HEV replication. To this end, we evaluated liver enzymes of an AIRD patient under JAKi therapy with hepatitis E. Further, experiments with HEV (Kernow-C1 p6) were performed by infection of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) followed by immunofluorescence staining of viral markers and transcriptomic analysis. Infection experiments in PHHs displayed an up to 50-fold increase of progeny virus production during JAKi treatment and transcriptomic analysis revealed induction of antiviral programs during infection. Upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) was perturbed in the presence of JAKis, concomitant with elevated HEV RNA levels. The obtained results suggest that therapeutic JAK inhibition increases HEV replication by modulating the HEV-triggered immune response. Therefore, JAKi treatment and the occurrence of elevated liver enzymes requires a monitoring of potential HEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kinast
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ioana Andreica
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Gerrit Ahrenstorf
- Klinik für Immunologie und Rheumatologie, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlienkamp
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jil Alexandra Schrader
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Disease, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Klinik für Immunologie und Rheumatologie, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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Ánosi N, Kenyeres B, Szentgyörgyi V, Mátyus M, Orosz L, Bosnyákovits T, Bányai K, Burián K, Lengyel G. Seroprevalence of emerging hepatitis E virus in patients with acute hepatitis between 2004 and 2018 in Csongrád County, Hungary. Cent Eur J Public Health 2023; 31:166-170. [PMID: 37934479 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently become endemic in Europe, however, it is often a remnant neglected by clinicians as the causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis and is often misdiagnosed as a drug-induced liver injury. The infection rate in European pig farms is estimated to be around 15-20%, therefore, the primary source of HEV infections might be poorly prepared pork meat. As HEV infections may occur more often in clinical practice than previously thought, the present paper aims to analyse the seroprevalence of HEV in patients with acute hepatitis over a period of 14 years in Csongrád County, Hungary. METHODS The sera of 4,270 hepatitis patients collected between 2004-2018 were tested for cumulative anti-HEV IgG/IgM. Furthermore, 170 IgM positive sera were tested for the presence of viral RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Between 2012-2018, the cumulative seroprevalence has increased 9.18 times, and between 2013-2018, IgM prevalence has increased 12.49 times. Viral RNA was detectable in 12.35% of IgM positive sera. CONCLUSION The present paper presents data showing that the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus has increased markedly over the course of the last decade in Hungary and in other European countries as well. The exact reason behind this phenomenon is yet to be determined. To assess the dynamics and the reason for this increase in prevalence, pan-European, multicentre studies should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ánosi
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kenyeres
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Mária Mátyus
- Military Medical Centre of Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Orosz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tünde Bosnyákovits
- Public Health and Food Chain Safety Service of Government Office for Csongrad County, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Lengyel
- Infection Control Department, Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Subramaniam S, Fares-Gusmao R, Sato S, Cullen JM, Takeda K, Farci P, McGivern DR. Distinct disease features of acute and persistent genotype 3 hepatitis E virus infection in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011664. [PMID: 37703304 PMCID: PMC10519604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limited acute hepatitis in immunocompetent individuals and can establish chronic infection in solid organ transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs. A well characterized small animal model is needed to understand HEV pathogenesis. In this study, we established a robust model to study acute and persistent HEV infection using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with or without immunosuppression. Gerbils were implanted subcutaneously with continuous release tacrolimus pellet to induce immunosuppression. Gerbils with or without tacrolimus treatment were inoculated with HEV intraperitoneally. Viremia, fecal virus shedding, serum antibody and ALT levels, liver histopathological lesions, hepatocyte apoptosis, and liver macrophage distribution were assessed. Mild to moderate self-limited hepatitis and IgM and IgG antibody responses against HEV ORF2 were observed in immunocompetent gerbils. Levels of HEV-specific IgM responses were higher and lasted longer in immunocompetent gerbils with higher peak viremia. Persistent viremia and fecal virus shedding with either weak, or absent HEV antibody levels were seen in immunosuppressed gerbils. Following HEV infection, serum ALT levels were increased, with lower and delayed peaks observed in immunosuppressed compared to immunocompetent gerbils. In immunocompetent gerbils, foci of apoptotic hepatocytes were detected that were distributed with inflammatory infiltrates containing CD68+ macrophages. However, these foci were absent in immunosuppressed gerbils. The immunosuppressed gerbils showed no inflammation with no increase in CD68+ macrophages despite high virus replication in liver. Our findings suggest adaptive immune responses are necessary for inducing hepatocyte apoptosis, CD68+ macrophage recruitment, and inflammatory cell infiltration in response to HEV infection. Our studies show that Mongolian gerbils provide a promising model to study pathogenesis during acute and persistent HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rafaelle Fares-Gusmao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shinya Sato
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John M. Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. McGivern
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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26
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Bennett C, Hunt K, Butler F, Keaveney S, Fanning S, De Gascun C, Coughlan S, O'Gorman J. Detection of Hepatitis A RNA, Hepatitis E RNA, Human Adenovirus F DNA, and Norovirus RNA in Fresh and Frozen Berry Products at Point of Retail in Ireland. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:246-254. [PMID: 37528267 PMCID: PMC10499670 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft fruits are at particular risk of contamination with enteric viruses such as Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), Norovirus (NoV), Human Adenovirus (HAdV) and Sapovirus (SaV). The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the presence of these biological agents in ready to eat (RTE) berries at point of retail in Ireland. A sampling strategy was designed in which RTE fresh and frozen strawberries and raspberries were purchased from five retailers between May and October 2018. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) assays for HEV RNA, Nov RNA, SaV RNA, and human Adenovirus species F DNA (HAdV-F) were performed on 239 samples (25g portions). Viral nucleic acid was present in 6.7% (n = 16) of samples tested as follows: HAV RNA (n = 5), HAdV-F DNA (n = 5), HEV RNA (n = 3) and NoV GII RNA (n = 3). Sapovirus RNA was not detected in any product. No significant differences were found between berry type, fresh/frozen status, or supermarket source. This study suggests a risk that exists across all retail outlets however only low levels of nucleic acid ranging from 0 to 16 genome copies/g were present. Although these findings may reflect non-viable/non-infectious virus the continued provision of risk mitigation advice to consumers is warranted and further work is required to ensure control measures to reduce contamination are implemented and enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Bennett
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Kevin Hunt
- UCD-School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- UCD-School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | | | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Cillian De Gascun
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Suzie Coughlan
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Joanne O'Gorman
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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27
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Fatawou MA, Chavely MG, Henri MYM, Daniel KN, Claire EZM, Richard N. First Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage Samples in Cameroon. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:255-261. [PMID: 37553482 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents an important public health concern in many developing countries, including Africa. Transmission of HEV to humans by contaminated drinking water is the most important mode of transmission in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the presence of HEV in the environment in Cameroon through molecular analysis of sewage samples. Retrospectively, a total of 157 sewage samples collected between January 2018 and December 2019 were randomly selected and analyzed by molecular techniques to detect and characterize the HEV followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Three samples (1.9%) collected from North, Far North, and Adamawa regions were positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerization chain reaction. Among these, 2 samples were positive for HEV ribonucleic acid by nested reverse transcription polymerization chain reaction and only one yielded a good sequencing product. Phylogenetic analysis of this unique HEV strain showed that this HEV strain belonged to genotype 3, subtype 3a, and clustered with swine HEV strains from Cameroon, Argentina, and the USA. This study provides preliminary data on the circulation of HEV in wastewater in Cameroon. Further studies will be needed to assess the overall situation in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Njouom Richard
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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28
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Ju X, Yu Y, Ren W, Dong L, Meng X, Deng H, Nan Y, Ding Q. The PRMT5/WDR77 complex restricts hepatitis E virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011434. [PMID: 37276230 PMCID: PMC10270597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main pathogenic agents of acute hepatitis in the world. The mechanism of HEV replication, especially host factors governing HEV replication is still not clear. Here, using HEV ORF1 trans-complementation cell culture system and HEV replicon system, combining with stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry (MS), we aimed to identify the host factors regulating HEV replication. We identified a diversity of host factors associated with HEV ORF1 protein, which were putatively responsible for viral genomic RNA replication, in these two cell culture models. Of note, the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)/WDR77 complex was identified in both cell culture models as the top hit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PRMT5 and WDR77 can specifically inhibit HEV replication, but not other viruses such as HCV or SARS-CoV-2, and this inhibition is conserved among different HEV strains and genotypes. Mechanistically, PRMT5/WDR77 can catalyse methylation of ORF1 on its R458, impairing its replicase activity, and virus bearing R458K mutation in ORF1 relieves the restriction of PRMT5/WDR77 accordingly. Taken together, our study promotes more comprehensive understanding of viral infections but also provides therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Yu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlin Ren
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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29
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Mahsoub HM, Heffron CL, Hassebroek AM, Sooryanarain H, Wang B, LeRoith T, Rodríguez GR, Tian D, Meng XJ. Fetal Loss in Pregnant Rabbits Infected with Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus Is Associated with Altered Inflammatory Responses, Enhanced Virus Replication, and Extrahepatic Virus Dissemination with Positive Correlations with Increased Estradiol Level. mBio 2023; 14:e0041823. [PMID: 36939322 PMCID: PMC10128027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00418-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes adverse clinical outcomes in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To delineate the mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse effects during HEV infection, we utilized a genotype 3 HEV from rabbit (HEV-3ra) and its cognate host (rabbits) to systematically investigate the clinical consequences, viral replication dynamics, and host immune and hormonal responses of HEV infection during pregnancy. We found a significant fetal loss of 23% in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits, indicating an early-stage miscarriage. HEV infection in pregnant rabbits was characterized by higher viral loads in feces, intestinal contents, liver, and spleen tissues, as well as a longer and earlier onset of viremia than in infected nonpregnant rabbits. HEV infection altered the pattern of cytokine gene expressions in the liver of pregnant rabbits and caused a transient increase of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) shortly after a notable increase in viral replication, which may contribute to early fetal loss. Histological lesions in the spleen were more pronounced in infected pregnant rabbits, although moderate liver lesions were seen in both infected pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. Total bilirubin was elevated in infected pregnant rabbits. The serum levels of estradiol (E2) in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits were significantly higher than those in mock-infected pregnant rabbits at 14 days postinoculation (dpi) and correlated positively with higher viral loads in feces, liver, and spleen tissues at 28 dpi, suggesting that it may play a role in extrahepatic virus dissemination. The results have important implications for understanding the severe diseases associated with HEV infection during pregnancy. IMPORTANCE HEV causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, with a mortality rate of >30% in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we utilized HEV-3ra and its cognate host (pregnant rabbit) to delineate the potential underlying mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse outcomes during HEV infection. We found that infected pregnant rabbits had a fetal loss of 23%, which coincided with enhanced viral replication and an elevated systemic IFN-γ response, followed by longer viremia duration and extrahepatic viral dissemination. Estradiol levels were increased in infected pregnant rabbits and correlated positively with higher fecal viral shedding and higher viral loads in liver and spleen tissues. Infected pregnant rabbits had more pronounced splenic lesions, higher serum total bilirubin, and an altered cytokine gene expression profile in the liver. The results will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of HEV-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - C. Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna M. Hassebroek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guillermo Raimundi Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Tanaka T, Jirintai S, Takahashi M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Development and Characterization of Efficient Cell Culture Systems for Genotype 1 Hepatitis E Virus and Its Infectious cDNA Clone. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040845. [PMID: 37112827 PMCID: PMC10146093 DOI: 10.3390/v15040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. Genotype 1 HEV (HEV-1) is responsible for multiple outbreaks in developing countries, causing high mortality rates in pregnant women. However, studies on HEV-1 have been hindered by its poor replication in cultured cells. The JE04-1601S strain recovered from a Japanese patient with fulminant hepatitis E who contracted HEV-1 while traveling to India was serially passaged 12 times in human cell lines. The cell-culture-generated viruses (passage 12; p12) grew efficiently in human cell lines, but the replication was not fully supported in porcine cells. A full-length cDNA clone was constructed using JE04-1601S_p12 as a template. It was able to produce an infectious virus, and viral protein expression was detectable in the transfected PLC/PRF/5 cells and culture supernatants. Consistently, HEV-1 growth was also not fully supported in the cell culture of cDNA-derived JE04-1601S_p12 progenies, potentially recapitulating the narrow tropism of HEV-1 observed in vivo. The availability of an efficient cell culture system for HEV-1 and its infectious cDNA clone will be useful for studying HEV species tropism and mechanisms underlying severe hepatitis in HEV-1-infected pregnant women as well as for discovering and developing safer treatment options for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Toshinori Tanaka
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-285-58-7404
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Srivastava M, Bhukya PL, Barman MK, Bhise N, Lole KS. Modulation of cellular autophagy by genotype 1 hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 36809248 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) egresses from infected hepatocytes as quasienveloped particles containing open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein. HEV ORF3 (small phosphoprotein) interacts with host proteins to establish a favourable environment for virus replication. It is a functional viroporin that plays an important role during virus release. Our study provides evidence that pORF3 plays a pivotal role in inducing Beclin1-mediated autophagy that helps HEV-1 replication as well as its exit from cells. The ORF3 interacts with host proteins involved in regulation of transcriptional activity, immune response, cellular and molecular processes, and modulation of autophagy, by interacting with proteins, DAPK1, ATG2B, ATG16L2 and also several histone deacetylases (HDACs). For autophagy induction, the ORF3 utilizes non-canonical NF-κB2 pathway and sequesters p52NF-κB and HDAC2 to upregulate DAPK1 expression, leading to enhanced Beclin1 phosphorylation. By sequestering several HDACs, HEV may prevent histone deacetylation to maintain overall cellular transcription intact to promote cell survival. Our findings highlight a novel crosstalk between cell survival pathways participating in ORF3-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prudhvi Lal Bhukya
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Neha Bhise
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kavita S Lole
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Feng Y, Cui X, Lv J, Yan B, Meng X, Zhang L, Guo Y. Deep learning models for hepatitis E incidence prediction leveraging meteorological factors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282928. [PMID: 36913401 PMCID: PMC10010535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are a major threat to public health, causing serious medical consumption and casualties. Accurate prediction of infectious diseases incidence is of great significance for public health organizations to prevent the spread of diseases. However, only using historical incidence data for prediction can not get good results. This study analyzes the influence of meteorological factors on the incidence of hepatitis E, which are used to improve the accuracy of incidence prediction. METHODS We extracted the monthly meteorological data, incidence and cases number of hepatitis E from January 2005 to December 2017 in Shandong province, China. We employ GRA method to analyze the correlation between the incidence and meteorological factors. With these meteorological factors, we achieve a variety of methods for incidence of hepatitis E by LSTM and attention-based LSTM. We selected data from July 2015 to December 2017 to validate the models, and the rest was taken as training set. Three metrics were applied to compare the performance of models, including root mean square error(RMSE), mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) and mean absolute error(MAE). RESULTS Duration of sunshine and rainfall-related factors(total rainfall, maximum daily rainfall) are more relevant to the incidence of hepatitis E than other factors. Without meteorological factors, we obtained 20.74%, 19.50% for incidence in term of MAPE, by LSTM and A-LSTM, respectively. With meteorological factors, we obtained 14.74%, 12.91%, 13.21%, 16.83% for incidence, in term of MAPE, by LSTM-All, MA-LSTM-All, TA-LSTM-All, BiA-LSTM-All, respectively. The prediction accuracy increased by 7.83%. Without meteorological factors, we achieved 20.41%, 19.39% for cases in term of MAPE, by LSTM and A-LSTM, respectively. With meteorological factors, we achieved 14.20%, 12.49%, 12.72%, 15.73% for cases, in term of MAPE, by LSTM-All, MA-LSTM-All, TA-LSTM-All, BiA-LSTM-All, respectively. The prediction accuracy increased by 7.92%. More detailed results are shown in results section of this paper. CONCLUSIONS The experiments show that attention-based LSTM is superior to other comparative models. Multivariate attention and temporal attention can greatly improve the prediction performance of the models. Among them, when all meteorological factors are used, multivariate attention performance is better. This study can provide reference for the prediction of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiya Cui
- School of Data and Computer Science, Shandong Women’s Unversity, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (YG)
| | - Yanhui Guo
- School of Data and Computer Science, Shandong Women’s Unversity, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (YG)
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Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Ritonavir Blocks Hepatitis E Virus Internalization and Clears Hepatitis E Virus In Vitro with Ribavirin. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112440. [PMID: 36366538 PMCID: PMC9697947 DOI: 10.3390/v14112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly recognized as the leading cause of acute hepatitis. Although HEV infections are mostly self-limiting, a chronic course can develop especially in those with immunocompromised state. Ribavirin is currently used to treat such patients. According to various reports on chronic HEV infections, a sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in approximately 80% of patients receiving ribavirin monotherapy. To increase the SVR rate, drug combination might be a viable strategy, which we attempted in the current study. Ritonavir was identified in our previous drug screening while searching for candidate novel anti-HEV drugs. It demonstrated potent inhibition of HEV growth in cultured cells. In the present study, ritonavir blocked HEV internalization as shown through time-of-addition and immunofluorescence assays. Its combination with ribavirin significantly increased the efficiency of inhibiting HEV growth compared to that shown by ribavirin monotherapy, even in PLC/PRF/5 cells with robust HEV production, and resulted in viral clearance. Similar efficiency was seen for HEV genotypes 3 and 4, the main causes of chronic infection. The present findings provide insight concerning the advantage of combination therapy using drugs blocking different steps in the HEV life cycle (internalization and RNA replication) as a potential novel treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis E.
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Jelicic P, Ferenc T, Mrzljak A, Jemersic L, Janev-Holcer N, Milosevic M, Bogdanic M, Barbic L, Kolaric B, Stevanovic V, Vujica M, Jurekovic Z, Pavicic Saric J, Vilibic M, Vilibic-Cavlek T. Insights into hepatitis E virus epidemiology in Croatia. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5494-5505. [PMID: 36312833 PMCID: PMC9611701 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i37.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging virus of global health concern. The seroprevalence rates differ greatly according to geographic region and population group.
AIM To analyze the seroprevalence of HEV in exposed (animal-related professions) and nonexposed populations, as well as solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.
METHODS Forestry workers (n = 93), hunters (n = 74), and veterinarians (n = 151) represented the exposed population. The general population (n = 126) and pregnant women (n = 118) constituted the control group. Transplant patients included liver transplant recipients (LTRs) (n = 83), kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) (n = 43), and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCRs) (n = 39). HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by the immunoblot test.
RESULTS The HEV seroprevalence significantly differed between groups: Veterinarians 15.2%, hunters 14.9%, forestry workers 6.5%, general population 7.1%, and pregnant women 1.7%. In transplant patients, the seropositivity was highest in LTRs (19.3%), while in KTRs and HSCRs, the seroprevalence was similar to the general population (6.9% and 5.1%, respectively). A significant increase in seropositivity with age was observed from 2.9% in individuals less than 30 years to 23.5% in those older than 60 years. Sociodemographic characteristics (sex, educational level, area of residence, and number of household members), eating habits (game meat, offal, and pork products consumption), and environmental and housing conditions (drinking water supply, type of water drainage/sewer, waste disposal, domestic animals) were not associated with HEV seropositivity. However, individuals who reported a pet ownership were more often seropositive compared to those who did not have pet animals (12.5% vs 7.0%).
CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that individuals in professional contact with animals and LTRs are at higher risk for HEV infection. In addition, age is a significant risk factor for HEV seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Jelicic
- Department of Environmental Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Department of Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lorena Jemersic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Natasa Janev-Holcer
- Department of Environmental Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Milan Milosevic
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolaric
- Department of Gerontology and Social Medicine, Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mateja Vujica
- Institute of Emergency Medicine of Krapina-Zagorje County, Krapina 49000, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Jurekovic
- Department of Nephrology, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Maja Vilibic
- Department for Social Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychodiagnostics, University Clinical Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Zheng J, Zhang N, Shen G, Liang F, Zhao Y, He X, Wang Y, He R, Chen W, Xue H, Shen Y, Fu Y, Zhang WH, Zhang L, Bhatt S, Mao Y, Zhu B. Spatiotemporal and Seasonal Trends of Class A and B Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: A Retrospective Analysis (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 9:e42820. [PMID: 37103994 PMCID: PMC10176137 DOI: 10.2196/42820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic triggered the initiation of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the epidemiological features and trends of individual infectious diseases in China; however, few considered the changing spatiotemporal trends and seasonality of these infectious diseases over time. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the spatiotemporal trends and seasonal characteristics of class A and class B notifiable infectious diseases in China during 2005-2020. METHODS We extracted the incidence and mortality data of 8 types (27 diseases) of notifiable infectious diseases from the CISDCP. We used the Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods to investigate the diseases' temporal trends, Moran I statistic for their geographical distribution, and circular distribution analysis for their seasonality. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2020, 51,028,733 incident cases and 261,851 attributable deaths were recorded. Pertussis (P=.03), dengue fever (P=.01), brucellosis (P=.001), scarlet fever (P=.02), AIDS (P<.001), syphilis (P<.001), hepatitis C (P<.001) and hepatitis E (P=.04) exhibited significant upward trends. Furthermore, measles (P<.001), bacillary and amebic dysentery (P<.001), malaria (P=.04), dengue fever (P=.006), brucellosis (P=.03), and tuberculosis (P=.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. We observed marked disease burden-related geographic disparities and heterogeneities. Notably, high-risk areas for various infectious diseases have remained relatively unchanged since 2005. In particular, hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis were largely concentrated in Northeast China; neonatal tetanus, typhoid and paratyphoid, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, and AIDS in Southwest China; BAD in North China; schistosomiasis in Central China; anthrax, tuberculosis, and hepatitis A in Northwest China; rabies in South China; and gonorrhea in East China. However, the geographical distribution of syphilis, scarlet fever, and hepatitis E drifted from coastal to inland provinces during 2005-2020. CONCLUSIONS The overall infectious disease burden in China is declining; however, hepatitis C and E, bacterial infections, and sexually transmitted infections continue to multiply, many of which have spread from coastal to inland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zheng
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoquan Shen
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Liang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiaochen He
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Chen
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research and School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Shen
- Laboratory for Urban Future, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of public administration, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ndip L, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Oyono MG, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Nkie Esemu S, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Hepatitis E Virus in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Food Environ Virol 2022; 14:223-235. [PMID: 36036329 PMCID: PMC9458591 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans, through foodborne, zoonotic, and waterborne transmission routes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HEV in water matrices. Six categories were defined: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water (river, lake, and seawater), drinking water, groundwater, and other water environments (irrigation water, grey water, reservoir water, flood water, and effluent of pig slaughterhouse). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Study selection and data extraction were performed by at least two independent investigators. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameter. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021289116. We included 87 prevalence studies from 58 papers, 66.4% of which performed in Europe. The overall prevalence of HEV in water was 9.8% (95% CI 6.4-13.7). The prevalence was higher in untreated wastewater (15.1%) and lower in treated wastewater (3.8%) and in drinking water (4.7%). In surface water, prevalence was 7.4%, and in groundwater, the percentage of positive samples, from only one study available, was 8.3%. Overall, only 36.8% of the studies reported the genotype of HEV, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) prevalent (168 samples), followed by HEV-1 (148 sample), and HEV-4 (2 samples). High-income countries were the most represented with 59/87 studies (67.8%), while only 3/87 (3.5%) of the studies were performed in low-income countries. The overall prevalence obtained of this study was generally higher in industrialized countries. Risk of bias was low in 14.9% of the studies and moderate in 85.1%. The results of this review showed the occurrence of HEV in different waters environments also in industrialized countries with sanitation and safe water supplies. While HEV transmission to humans through water has been widely demonstrated in developing countries, it is an issue still pending in industrialized countries. Better knowledge on the source of pollution, occurrence, survival in water, and removal by water treatment is needed to unravel this transmission path.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - L Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M G Oyono
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - S Nkie Esemu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Hooda P, Chaudhary M, Parvez MK, Sinha N, Sehgal D. Inhibition of Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Novel Inhibitor Targeting Methyltransferase. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081778. [PMID: 36016400 PMCID: PMC9415367 DOI: 10.3390/v14081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped virus having a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (~7.2 kb), flanked with a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail. The HEV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) encodes a 186-kDa polyprotein speculated to get processed and produce Methyltransferase (MTase), one of the four essential replication enzymes. In this study, we report the identification of the MTase inhibitor, which may potentially deplete its enzymatic activity, thus causing the cessation of viral replication. Using in silico screening through docking, we identified ten putative compounds, which were tested for their anti-MTase activity. This resulted in the identification of 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPPA), with an IC50 value of 0.932 ± 0.15 μM, which could be perceived as an effective HEV inhibitor. Furthermore, the compound was tested for inhibition of HEV replication in the HEV culture system. The viral RNA copies were markedly decreased from ~3.2 × 106 in untreated cells to ~4.3 × 102.8 copies in 800 μM HPPA treated cells. Therefore, we propose HPPA as a potential drug-like inhibitor against HEV-MTase, which would need further validation through in vivo analysis using animal models and the administration of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Hooda
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Meenakshi Chaudhary
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.K.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Neha Sinha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deepak Sehgal
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida 201314, India
- Correspondence: (M.K.P.); (D.S.)
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Pisano MB, Campbell C, Anugwom C, Ré VE, Debes JD. Hepatitis E virus infection in the United States: Seroprevalence, risk factors and the influence of immunological assays. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272809. [PMID: 35930611 PMCID: PMC9355204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States (U.S.), a hepatitis E virus (HEV) seroprevalence between 6 and 21% has been described, with a decreasing trend. We aimed to investigate HEV infection in the U.S. population from 2009 to 2016, and examine the differences in seroprevalence using different assays. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-CDC) to estimate HEV seroprevalence and analyze demographic variables related to the infection. Additionally, we compared 4 serological tests used. The estimated HEV seroprevalence between 2009–2016 was 6.1% (95% CI: 5.6%-7.0%) for IgG and 1.02% (0.8%-1.2%) for IgM. Higher HEV IgG prevalences were found in older people, females, non-Hispanic Asians and those born outside of the U.S. The in-house immunoassay and the Wantai HEV-IgG ELISA presented the highest sensitivity values in the tested population. The highest specificity values corresponded to the DSI-EIA-ANTI-HEV-IgG assay. The kappa statistical values showed concordances no greater than 0.64 between the assays. HEV prevalence in our study was similar to previously reported, and a decline in the prevalence was observed through the NHANES assessments (from 1988 to 2016). The sensitivity and specificity of the assays varied widely, making comparisons difficult and highlighting the need to develop a gold standard assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J. M. Vanella”, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail: (JDD); (MBP)
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Cancer Control Section, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Chimaobi Anugwom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Viviana Elizabeth Ré
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J. M. Vanella”, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José D. Debes
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDD); (MBP)
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Go HJ, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Han SH, Kim DH, Lyoo EL, Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Choi IS. Immunization with Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Protects Rabbits against Hepatitis E-3 Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071432. [PMID: 35891413 PMCID: PMC9322348 DOI: 10.3390/v14071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, rabbits were immunized with a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine prepared by expressing 239 amino acids of the swine hepatitis E virus (HEV)-3 capsid protein using a baculovirus system. Thirty specific-pathogen-free rabbits were divided into five groups (negative and positive control and 10, 50, and 100 μg VLP-vaccinated). Positive control group rabbits showed viremia and fecal viral shedding, whereas rabbits vaccinated with 10 μg VLP showed transient fecal viral shedding, and rabbits vaccinated with 50 and 100 μg VLP did not show viremia or fecal viral shedding. Serum anti-HEV antibody titers increased in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-HEV antibody titers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 100 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits than in the negative control rabbits at week 4. Anti-HEV antibody titers were significantly higher in 50 and 10 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits than in the negative control rabbits at weeks 8 and 11, respectively. Serum IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in rabbits vaccinated with 50 and 100 μg VLP than in the negative control rabbits at weeks 4 and 6. Liver tissues of 50 and 100 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits displayed significantly less (p < 0.05) fibrosis than those of the positive control rabbits. The prepared VLP vaccine demonstrated dose-dependent immunogenicity sufficient for inducing anti-HEV antibody production, thus protecting rabbits against swine HEV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Eu-Lim Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Da-Yoon Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Jae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6055
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Chew N, Situ J, Wu S, Yao W, Sridhar S. Independent Evaluation of Cell Culture Systems for Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061254. [PMID: 35746725 PMCID: PMC9227121 DOI: 10.3390/v14061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans is primarily caused by genotypes within Paslahepevirus species balayani (HEV-A). Rocahepevirus species ratti (HEV-C1, otherwise known as rat HEV) can also infect humans. HEV grows poorly in cell culture. Recent studies have reported that hyper-confluent cell layers, amphotericin B, MgCl2, progesterone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) increase HEV yield in vitro. Here, we describe an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of these modifications in improving the yield of HEV-A genotype 4 (HEV-A4) and HEV-C1 from clinical samples in PLC/PRF/5 cells. We found that amphotericin B, MgCl2, and DMSO increased HEV yield from high-viral-load patient stool samples, while progesterone was not effective. Yield of HEV-C1 was lower than HEV-A4 across all medium conditions, but was boosted by DMSO. HEV-A4 could be maintained for over 18 months in amphotericin B- and MgCl2-containing medium, with the demonstration of viral antigen in supernatants and infected cells. We also evaluated various protocols to remove pseudo-envelopes from cell culture-derived HEV. Treating cell culture supernatant with NP-40 was the most effective. Our findings identify key modifications that boost HEV growth in vitro and illustrate the importance of independent verification of such studies using diverse HEV variants and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chew
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weiming Yao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-22552408
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Wolff A, Günther T, Johne R. Stability of Hepatitis E Virus After Drying on Different Surfaces. Food Environ Virol 2022; 14:138-148. [PMID: 35084668 PMCID: PMC8793819 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The zoonotic HEV genotype 3 is mainly transmitted by consumption of contaminated food produced from infected animals. However, transmission via contaminated surfaces has also to be considered. Here, the genotype 3c strain 47832c was dried on steel, wood, plastics and ceramics, stored at 23 °C or 3 °C for up to 8 weeks and remaining infectivity was titrated on cell culture. During the drying process, only a mean 0.2 log10 decrease of HEV infectivity was observed. At 23 °C, remaining infectious virus was detected until week 4 on most surfaces, but HEV was completely inactivated (> 4 log10 decrease) after 8 weeks. At 3 °C, HEV was detectable up to 8 weeks on most surfaces, with an average 2.3 log10 decrease. HEV showed the highest stability on plastics, which was lower on ceramics and steel, and lowest on wood. The addition of bovine serum albumin mimicking high protein load had only a slight stabilizing effect. In conclusion, HEV shows a high stability against drying and subsequent storage on different surfaces. Strict application of hygienic measures during food production is therefore crucial in order to prevent HEV persistence on surfaces and subsequent cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taras Günther
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Fernández Villalobos NV, Kessel B, Rodiah I, Ott JJ, Lange B, Krause G. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269253. [PMID: 35648773 PMCID: PMC9159553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is responsible for inflammatory liver disease and can cause severe health problems. Because the seroprevalence of HEV varies within different population groups and between regions of the continent, we conducted a systematic review on the topic in order to provide evidence for targeted prevention strategies.
Methods
We performed a systematic review in PubMed, SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library and included reports up to 25 May 2021 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173934). We assessed the risk of bias, publication bias, and heterogeneity between studies and conducted a random-effect meta-analysis for proportions using a (binomial-normal) generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) fitted by Maximum Likelihood (ML). We also reported other characteristics like genotype and risk factors.
Results
Of 1212 identified records, 142 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis and 132 in the quantitative analysis. Our random-effects GLMM pooled overall estimate for past infection (IgG) was 7.7% (95% CI 6.4%–9.2%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%). We found higher seroprevalence in certain population groups, for example in people with pig related exposure for IgG (ranges from 6.2%–28% and pooled estimate of 13.8%, 95% CI: 7.6%–23.6%), or with diagnosed or suspected acute viral hepatitis for IgM (ranges from 0.3%–23.9% and pooled estimate of 5.5%, 95% CI: 2.0%–14.1%). Increasing age, contact with pigs and meat products, and low socioeconomic conditions are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Genotype 1 and 3 were documented across the region.
Conclusion
HEV seroprevalence estimates demonstrated high variability within the Americas. There are population groups with higher seroprevalence and reported risk factors for HEV infection that need to be prioritized for further research. Due to human transmission and zoonotic infections in the region, preventive strategies should include water sanitation, occupational health, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbora Kessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isti Rodiah
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jördis Jennifer Ott
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
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Schemmerer M, Erl M, Wenzel JJ. HuH-7-Lunet BLR Cells Propagate Rat Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in a Cell Culture System Optimized for HEV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051116. [PMID: 35632857 PMCID: PMC9147593 DOI: 10.3390/v14051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Hepeviridae comprises the species Orthohepevirus A–D (HEV-A to -D). HEV-C genotype 1 (HEV-C1, rat HEV) is able to infect humans. This study investigated whether an optimized HEV-A cell culture system is able to propagate the cell culture-derived rat HEV, and if de novo isolation of the virus from rat liver is possible. We tested the liver carcinoma cell lines PLC/PRF/5, HuH-7, and HuH-7-Lunet BLR for their susceptibility to HEV-C1 strains. Cells were infected with the cell culture-derived HEV-C1 strain R63 and rat liver-derived strain R68. Cells were maintained in MEMM medium, which was refreshed every 3–4 days. The viral load of HEV-C1 was determined by RT-qPCR in the supernatant and expressed as genome copies per mL (c/mL). Rat HEV replication was most efficient in the newly introduced HuH-7-Lunet BLR cell line. Even if the rat HEV isolate had been pre-adapted to PLC/PRF/5 by multiple passages, replication in HuH-7-Lunet BLR was still at least equally effective. Only HuH-7-Lunet BLR cells were susceptible to the isolation of HEV-C1 from the liver homogenate. These results suggest HuH-7-Lunet BLR as the most permissive cell line for rat HEV. Our HEV-C1 cell culture system may be useful for basic research, the animal-free generation of large amounts of the virus as well as for the testing of antiviral compounds and drugs.
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Behrendt P, Friesland M, Wißmann JE, Kinast V, Stahl Y, Praditya D, Hueffner L, Nörenberg PM, Bremer B, Maasoumy B, Steinmann J, Becker B, Paulmann D, Brill FHH, Steinmann J, Ulrich RG, Brüggemann Y, Wedemeyer H, Todt D, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus is highly resistant to alcohol-based disinfectants. J Hepatol 2022; 76:1062-1069. [PMID: 35085595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide and is mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route or through consumption of contaminated food products. Due to the lack of efficient cell culture systems for the propagation of HEV, limited data regarding its sensitivity to chemical disinfectants are available. Consequently, preventive and evidence-based hygienic guidelines on HEV disinfection are lacking. METHODS We used a robust HEV genotype 3 cell culture model which enables quantification of viral infection of quasi-enveloped and naked HEV particles. For HEV genotype 1 infections, we used the primary isolate Sar55 in a fecal suspension. Standardized quantitative suspension tests using end point dilution and large-volume plating were performed for the determination of virucidal activity of alcohols (1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethanol), WHO disinfectant formulations and 5 different commercial hand disinfectants against HEV. Iodixanol gradients were conducted to elucidate the influence of ethanol on quasi-enveloped viral particles. RESULTS Naked and quasi-enveloped HEV was resistant to alcohols as well as alcohol-based formulations recommended by the WHO. Of the tested commercial hand disinfectants only 1 product displayed virucidal activity against HEV. This activity could be linked to phosphoric acid as an essential ingredient. Finally, we observed that ethanol and possibly non-active alcohol-based disinfectants disrupt the quasi-envelope structure of HEV particles, while leaving the highly transmissible and infectious naked virions intact. CONCLUSIONS Different alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants were insufficient to eliminate HEV infectivity with the exception of 1 commercial ethanol-based product that included phosphoric acid. These findings have major implications for the development of measures to reduce viral transmission in clinical practice. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis E virus (HEV) showed a high level of resistance to alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants. The addition of phosphoric acid to alcohol was essential for virucidal activity against HEV. This information should be used to guide improved hygiene measures for the prevention of HEV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Martina Friesland
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Wißmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yannick Stahl
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimas Praditya
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lucas Hueffner
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Pia Maria Nörenberg
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Bremer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Benjamin Maasoumy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Clinic Nuernberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Wang XL, Li YT, Ma XJ, Ling YS, Wu T, Niu JJ. [Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis patients]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 56:464-467. [PMID: 35488544 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20220223-00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine(HEV)in Maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients. Methods: Based on an open-labeled controlled trial, from May 2016 to March 2018, 35 eligible MHD patients were recruited in the Hemodialysis Center of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University as the experimental group, and 70 MHD patients with matched age, gender and underlying diseases as the control group. The experimental group received HEV at 0, 1 and 6 months according to the standard vaccination procedures, while the control group received routine diagnosis and treatment without vaccine and placebo injection to observe the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. The safety of vaccine in MHD population was evaluated by the incidence of adverse reactions/events in the experimental and control groups. The immunogenicity of HEV in MHD patients was evaluated by comparing the data from the phase Ⅲ clinical trial. Results: The overall incidence of adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (18/105), and there were no grade 3-4 adverse reactions/events related to vaccination. In the experimental group, the incidence of local adverse reactions/events was 20.0% (7/35), and the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (6/35).There was no significant difference in the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). There were 23 patients receiving 3 doses with the standard schedule. The positive rate of HEV-IgG antibody was 100% and the GMC was 14.47(95%CI:13.14-15.80) WU/ml, which showed no significant difference compared with the 46 patients in Phase Ⅲ clinical trial (t=-1.04, P>0.05). Conclusion: Recombinant HEV has good safety and immunogenicity in MHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Wang
- Hospital Infection Management Department,Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Y T Li
- Xiamen Zhong Shan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - X J Ma
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Y S Ling
- Xiamen Zhong Shan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - T Wu
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - J J Niu
- Xiamen Zhong Shan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
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Qu C, Li Y, Li Y, Pan Y. Full-length MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, inhibits hepatitis E virus replication, requiring JAK-STAT signaling. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1293-1300. [PMID: 35322318 PMCID: PMC8942808 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated interferon (IFN) response plays a pivotal role in hepatic antiviral immunity. However, little is known about the effect of overexpression of MAVS on HEV infection. Full-length MAVS (FL-MAVS) is the main form of MAVS that increases the production of IFNs. Here, we studied the effect of FL-MAVS on HEV infection. We found that overexpression of FL-MAVS profoundly inhibited HEV replication. Furthermore, we showed that the anti-HEV effect of FL-MAVS is largely dependent on JAK-STAT signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qu
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yihang Pan
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Chen Y, Yang Y, Li S, Lin M, Xie X, Shi H, Jiang Y, Zheng S, Shao H, Yang N, Lu M. Changes and Clinical Significance of PIVKA-II in Hepatitis E Patients. Front Public Health 2022; 9:784718. [PMID: 35145947 PMCID: PMC8821524 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.784718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) levels had been widely reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic hepatitis. However, the role of PIVKA-II in hepatitis E is unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the changes related with PIVKA-II and its clinical significance in hepatitis E. We enrolled 84 patients with hepatitis E hospitalized in two hospitals from December 2019 to June 2021. The levels of serum PIVKA-II and related serological indicators in the patients were determined to elucidate the role of PIVKA-II in hepatitis E. We observed that 59.51% (50/84) of patients showed an increase in PIVKA-II levels. Compared with the normal PIVKA-II group (<32 mAU/L), patients in the elevated PIVKA-II group (>32 mAU/L) had much higher serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), and total bile acid (TBA) levels (p < 0.05 for each). Compared with the slightly elevated PIVKA-II group (32–125 mAU/L), patients in the significantly elevated PIVKA-II group (>125 mAU/L) had much lower serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and longer days for the hospital stay (p < 0.05 for each). The association of PIVKA-II with TBIL and DBIL was an inverted U-shaped curve with an inflection point at 199.1 mAU/L). The association of PIVKA-II with IBIL was a U-shaped curve with an inflection point at 18.6 mAU/L while the association of PIVKA-II with albumin was an inverted U-shaped curve with an inflection point at 18.6 mAU/L. With the improvement of the disease, PIVKA-II levels were gradually decreased and finally returned to normal. This trend was consistent with that of bilirubin, and a peak appeared in the third week. Therefore, findings from our study show that the increase in PIVKA-II levels can be related to the degree of hepatic insufficiency in patients with hepatitis E, wherein PIVKA-II levels are transiently increased, and the trend of change can be related to the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minghao Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueting Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huifang Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China
| | - Naibin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Naibin Yang
| | - Mingqin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Mingqin Lu
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Smith I, Said B, Vaughan A, Haywood B, Ijaz S, Reynolds C, Brailsford S, Russell K, Morgan D. Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Acquired Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Blood Donors, United Kingdom, 2018-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1654-1661. [PMID: 34013866 PMCID: PMC8153866 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in England. Substantial yearly increases of autochthonous infections were observed during 2003–2016 and again during 2017–2019. Previous studies associated acute HEV cases with consumption of processed pork products, we investigated risk factors for autochthonous HEV infections in the blood donor population in England. Study participants were 117 HEV RNA–positive blood donors and 564 HEV RNA–negative blood donors. No persons with positive results were vegetarian; 97.4% of persons with positive results reported eating pork products. Consuming bacon (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.7–5.5; p<0.0001), cured pork meats (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.2–5.4; p<0.0001), and pigs’ liver (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0–8.3; p = 0.04) were significantly associated with HEV infection. Our findings confirm previous links to pork products and suggest that appropriate animal husbandry is essential to reduce the risk for HEV infection.
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Yang YL, Nan YC. Open reading frame 3 protein of hepatitis E virus: Multi-function protein with endless potential. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2458-2473. [PMID: 34092969 PMCID: PMC8160619 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i20.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen, causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. Since the identification of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. HEV-open reading frame (ORF) 3, the smallest ORF in HEV genomes, initially had been perceived as an unremarkable HEV accessory protein. However, as novel HEV-ORF3 function has been discovered that is related to the existence of a putative third virion structural form, referred to as “quasi-enveloped” HEV particles, HEV is challenging the conventional virion structure-based classification scheme, which assigns all viruses to two groups, “enveloped” or “non-enveloped”. In this review, we systematically describe recent progress that has identified multiple pathogenic roles of HEV-ORF3, including roles in HEV virion release, biogenesis of quasi-enveloped virus, regulation of the host innate immune response, and interference with host signaling pathways. In addition, implications of HEV-ORF3-associated quasi-enveloped virions are discussed to guide future development of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou People's Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Practice, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Chen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, accounting for 20 million infections per year and 70,000 deaths. In developed regions, sporadic locally acquired infections are most commonly caused by HEV3, and in this setting Hepatitis E is mainly asymptomatic. However, certain group of patients HEV infection may present as a fulminant disease or progressive fibrosis. Chronic HEV infection can occur in immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients. A high proportion of solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to HEV are at risk of developing a chronic infection, frequently associated to extrahepatic manifestations. However, clinical phenotype of sporadic cases of HEV infection is still poorly characterized. A recent work, focused on the retrospective study of HEV as a causative agent of viral hepatitis in adults form Mexico, pose novel challenges to understanding the HEV threat to human health. Main findings are brought into discussion herein, in light of the current knowledge concerning viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction. The role of HEV infection in the development of chronic liver disease is also discussed. Hepatitis E is a cause of mortality and morbidity which negatively impacts the prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease. Recognition of HEV infection must be improved, by increasing awareness and knowledge of the clinical phenotype of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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