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Nielsen PY, Jensen MK, Mitarai N, Bhatt S. The Gompertz Law emerges naturally from the inter-dependencies between sub-components in complex organisms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1196. [PMID: 38216698 PMCID: PMC10786855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and facilitating healthy aging has become a major goal in medical research and it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that there is a need for understanding the aging phenotype as a whole rather than focusing on individual factors. Here, we provide a universal explanation for the emergence of Gompertzian mortality patterns using a systems approach to describe aging in complex organisms that consist of many inter-dependent subsystems. Our model relates to the Sufficient-Component Cause Model, widely used within the field of epidemiology, and we show that including inter-dependencies between subsystems and modeling the temporal evolution of subsystem failure results in Gompertizan mortality on the population level. Our model also provides temporal trajectories of mortality-risk for the individual. These results may give insight into understanding how biological age evolves stochastically within the individual, and how this in turn leads to a natural heterogeneity of biological age in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Yde Nielsen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Namiko Mitarai
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Khurana MP, Scheidwasser-Clow N, Penn MJ, Bhatt S, Duchêne DA. The limits of the constant-rate birth-death prior for phylogenetic tree topology inference. Syst Biol 2023:syad075. [PMID: 38153910 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Birth-death models are stochastic processes describing speciation and extinction through time and across taxa, and are widely used in biology for inference of evolutionary timescales. Previous research has highlighted how the expected trees under the constant-rate birth-death (crBD) model tend to differ from empirical trees, for example with respect to the amount of phylogenetic imbalance. However, our understanding of how trees differ between the crBD model and the signal in empirical data remains incomplete. In this Point of View, we aim to expose the degree to which the crBD model differs from empirically inferred phylogenies and test the limits of the model in practice. Using a wide range of topology indices to compare crBD expectations against a comprehensive dataset of 1189 empirically estimated trees, we confirm that crBD model trees frequently differ topologically compared with empirical trees. To place this in the context of standard practice in the field, we conducted a meta-analysis for a subset of the empirical studies. When comparing studies that used Bayesian methods and crBD priors with those that used other non-crBD priors and non-Bayesian methods (i.e., maximum likelihood methods), we do not find any significant differences in tree topology inferences. To scrutinize this finding for the case of highly imbalanced trees, we selected the 100 trees with the greatest imbalance from our dataset, simulated sequence data for these tree topologies under various evolutionary rates, and re-inferred the trees under maximum likelihood and using the crBD model in a Bayesian setting. We find that when the substitution rate is low, the crBD prior results in overly balanced trees, but the tendency is negligible when substitution rates are sufficiently high. Overall, our findings demonstrate the general robustness of crBD priors across a broad range of phylogenetic inference scenarios, but also highlights that empirically observed phylogenetic imbalance is highly improbable under the crBD model, leading to systematic bias in data sets with limited information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Khurana
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1352 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neil Scheidwasser-Clow
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1352 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Penn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3LB, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1352 Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - David A Duchêne
- Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, 1352 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Penn MJ, Scheidwasser N, Penn J, Donnelly CA, Duchêne DA, Bhatt S. Leaping through Tree Space: Continuous Phylogenetic Inference for Rooted and Unrooted Trees. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad213. [PMID: 38085949 PMCID: PMC10745275 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetics is now fundamental in life sciences, providing insights into the earliest branches of life and the origins and spread of epidemics. However, finding suitable phylogenies from the vast space of possible trees remains challenging. To address this problem, for the first time, we perform both tree exploration and inference in a continuous space where the computation of gradients is possible. This continuous relaxation allows for major leaps across tree space in both rooted and unrooted trees, and is less susceptible to convergence to local minima. Our approach outperforms the current best methods for inference on unrooted trees and, in simulation, accurately infers the tree and root in ultrametric cases. The approach is effective in cases of empirical data with negligible amounts of data, which we demonstrate on the phylogeny of jawed vertebrates. Indeed, only a few genes with an ultrametric signal were generally sufficient for resolving the major lineages of vertebrates. Optimization is possible via automatic differentiation and our method presents an effective way forward for exploring the most difficult, data-deficient phylogenetic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Penn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Scheidwasser
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph Penn
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Duchêne
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Andersen ZJ, Zhang J, Lim YH, So R, Jørgensen JT, Mortensen LH, Napolitano GM, Cole-Hunter T, Loft S, Bhatt S, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Westendorp R, Ketzel M, Brandt J, Lange T, Kølsen-Fisher T. Long-Term Exposure to AIR Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality and Morbidity in DENmark: Who Is Most Susceptible? (AIRCODEN). Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2023:1-41. [PMID: 38286761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early ecological studies have suggested a link between air pollution and Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19); however, the evidence from individual-level prospective cohort studies is still sparse. Here, we have examined, in a general population, whether long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with the risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and developing severe COVID-19, resulting in hospitalization or death and who is most susceptible. We also examined whether long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with hospitalization or death due to COVID-19 in those who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We included all Danish residents 30 years or older who resided in Denmark on March 1, 2020. and followed them in the National COVID-19 Surveillance System until first positive test (incidence), COVID-19 hospitalization, or death until April 26, 2021. We estimated mean levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ozone (O3) at cohort participants' residence in 2019 by the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model/Urban Background Model. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the associations of air pollutants with COVID-19 incidence, hospitalization, and mortality adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) at the individual and area levels. We examined effect modification by age, sex, SES (education, income, wealth, employment), and comorbidities with cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, acute lower respiratory infections, diabetes, lung cancer, and dementia. We used logistic regression to examine association of air pollutants with COVID-19-related hospitalization or death among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, adjusting for age, sex, individual- and area-level SES. RESULTS Of 3,721,810 people, 138,742 were infected, 11,270 hospitalized, and 2,557 died from COVID-19 during 14 months of follow-up. We detected strong positive associations with COVID-19 incidence, with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.10 (CI: 1.05-1.14) per 0.5-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and 1.18 (CI: 1.14-1.23) per 3.6-μg/m3 increase in NO2. For COVID-19 hospitalizations and for COVID-19 deaths, corresponding HRs and 95% CIs were 1.09 (CI: 1.01-1.17) and 1.19 (CI: 1.12-1.27), respectively for PM2.5, and 1.23 (CI: 1.04-1.44) and 1.18 (CI: 1.03-1.34), respectively for NO2. We also found strong positive and statistically significant associations with BC and negative associations with O3. Associations were strongest in those aged 65 years old or older, participants with the lowest SES, and patients with chronic cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, lung cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Among 138,742 individuals who have tested positive for SARS-Cov-2, we detected positive association with COVID-19 hospitalizations (N = 11,270) with odds ratio and 95% CI of 1.04 (CI: 1.01- 1.08) per 0.5-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and 1.06 (CI: 1.01-1.12) per 3.6-μg/m3 increase in NO2, but no association with PM with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10), BC, or O3, and no association between any of the pollutants and COVID-19 mortality (N = 2,557). CONCLUSIONS This large nationwide study provides strong new evidence in support of association between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Andersen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Zhang
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Y-H Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R So
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J T Jørgensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L H Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G M Napolitano
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Cole-Hunter
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - B Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Rgj Westendorp
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J Brandt
- Climate, Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - T Lange
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Kølsen-Fisher
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
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Murphy C, Lim WW, Mills C, Wong JY, Chen D, Xie Y, Li M, Gould S, Xin H, Cheung JK, Bhatt S, Cowling BJ, Donnelly CA. Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20230132. [PMID: 37611629 PMCID: PMC10446910 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Social distancing measures (SDMs) are community-level interventions that aim to reduce person-to-person contacts in the community. SDMs were a major part of the responses first to contain, then to mitigate, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. Common SDMs included limiting the size of gatherings, closing schools and/or workplaces, implementing work-from-home arrangements, or more stringent restrictions such as lockdowns. This systematic review summarized the evidence for the effectiveness of nine SDMs. Almost all of the studies included were observational in nature, which meant that there were intrinsic risks of bias that could have been avoided were conditions randomly assigned to study participants. There were no instances where only one form of SDM had been in place in a particular setting during the study period, making it challenging to estimate the separate effect of each intervention. The more stringent SDMs such as stay-at-home orders, restrictions on mass gatherings and closures were estimated to be most effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Most studies included in this review suggested that combinations of SDMs successfully slowed or even stopped SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the community. However, individual effects and optimal combinations of interventions, as well as the optimal timing for particular measures, require further investigation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 pandemic: the evidence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Murphy
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wey Wen Lim
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cathal Mills
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Y. Wong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxuan Chen
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmy Xie
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Li
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan Gould
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hualei Xin
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Justin K. Cheung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Nguyen M, Dzianach PA, Castle PECW, Rumisha SF, Rozier JA, Harris JR, Gibson HS, Twohig KA, Vargas-Ruiz CA, Bisanzio D, Cameron E, Weiss DJ, Bhatt S, Gething PW, Battle KE. Trends in treatment-seeking for fever in children under five years old in 151 countries from 1990 to 2020. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002134. [PMID: 37611001 PMCID: PMC10446233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Access to medical treatment for fever is essential to prevent morbidity and mortality in individuals and to prevent transmission of communicable febrile illness in communities. Quantification of the rates at which treatment is accessed is critical for health system planning and a prerequisite for disease burden estimates. In this study, national data on the proportion of children under five years old with fever who were taken for medical treatment were collected from all available countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia (n = 91). We used generalised additive mixed models to estimate 30-year trends in the treatment-seeking rates across the majority of countries in these regions (n = 151). Our results show that the proportions of febrile children brought for medical treatment increased steadily over the last 30 years, with the greatest increases occurring in areas where rates had originally been lowest, which includes Latin America and Caribbean, North Africa and the Middle East (51 and 50% increase, respectively), and Sub-Saharan Africa (23% increase). Overall, the aggregated and population-weighted estimate of children with fever taken for treatment at any type of facility rose from 61% (59-64 95% CI) in 1990 to 71% (69-72 95% CI) in 2020. The overall population-weighted average for fraction of treatment in the public sector was largely unchanged during the study period: 49% (42-58 95% CI) sought care at public facilities in 1990 and 47% (44-52 95% CI) in 2020. Overall, the findings indicate that improvements in access to care have been made where they were most needed, but that despite rapid initial gains, progress can plateau without substantial investment. In 2020 there remained significant gaps in care utilisation that must be factored in when developing control strategies and deriving disease burden estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nguyen
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Susan F. Rumisha
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Rozier
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Joseph R. Harris
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A. Twohig
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donal Bisanzio
- RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Cameron
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter W. Gething
- Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine E. Battle
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Hawryluk I, Mishra S, Flaxman S, Bhatt S, Mellan TA. Application of referenced thermodynamic integration to Bayesian model selection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289889. [PMID: 37578987 PMCID: PMC10424863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating normalising constants is important across a range of topics in statistical learning, notably Bayesian model selection. However, in many realistic problems this involves the integration of analytically intractable, high-dimensional distributions, and therefore requires the use of stochastic methods such as thermodynamic integration (TI). In this paper we apply a simple but under-appreciated variation of the TI method, here referred to as referenced TI, which computes a single model's normalising constant in an efficient way by using a judiciously chosen reference density. The advantages of the approach and theoretical considerations are set out, along with pedagogical 1 and 2D examples. The approach is shown to be useful in practice when applied to a real problem -to perform model selection for a semi-mechanistic hierarchical Bayesian model of COVID-19 transmission in South Korea involving the integration of a 200D density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Hawryluk
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A. Mellan
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Katsiferis A, Bhatt S, Mortensen LH, Mishra S, Jensen MK, Westendorp RGJ. Machine learning models of healthcare expenditures predicting mortality: A cohort study of spousal bereaved Danish individuals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289632. [PMID: 37549164 PMCID: PMC10406307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to accurately predict survival in older adults is crucial as it guides clinical decision making. The added value of using health care usage for predicting mortality remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate if temporal patterns of healthcare expenditures, can improve the predictive performance for mortality, in spousal bereaved older adults, next to other widely used sociodemographic variables. METHODS This is a population-based cohort study of 48,944 Danish citizens 65 years of age and older suffering bereavement within 2013-2016. Individuals were followed from date of spousal loss until death from all causes or 31st of December 2016, whichever came first. Healthcare expenditures were available on weekly basis for each person during the follow-up and used as predictors for mortality risk in Extreme Gradient Boosting models. The extent to which medical spending trajectories improved mortality predictions compared to models with sociodemographics, was assessed with respect to discrimination (AUC), overall prediction error (Brier score), calibration, and clinical benefit (decision curve analysis). RESULTS The AUC of age and sex for mortality the year after spousal loss was 70.8% [95% CI 68.8, 72.8]. The addition of sociodemographic variables led to an increase of AUC ranging from 0.9% to 3.1% but did not significantly reduce the overall prediction error. The AUC of the model combining the variables above plus medical spending usage was 80.8% [79.3, 82.4] also exhibiting smaller Brier score and better calibration. Overall, patterns of healthcare expenditures improved mortality predictions the most, also exhibiting the highest clinical benefit among the rest of the models. CONCLUSION Temporal patterns of medical spending have the potential to significantly improve our assessment on who is at high risk of dying after suffering spousal loss. The proposed methodology can assist in a more efficient risk profiling and prognosis of bereaved individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Katsiferis
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Denmark
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Majken Karoline Jensen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Denmark
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Katsiferis A, Mortensen LH, Khurana MP, Mishra S, Jensen MK, Bhatt S. Predicting mortality risk after a fall in older adults using health care spending patterns: a population-based cohort study. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afad159. [PMID: 37651750 PMCID: PMC10471203 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a prognostic model of 1-year mortality for individuals aged 65+ presenting at the emergency department (ED) with a fall based on health care spending patterns to guide clinical decision-making. DESIGN Population-based cohort study (n = 35,997) included with a fall in 2013 and followed 1 year. METHODS Health care spending indicators (dynamical indicators of resilience, DIORs) 2 years before admission were evaluated as potential predictors, along with age, sex and other clinical and sociodemographic covariates. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed and internally validated (10-fold cross-validation). Performance was assessed via discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC), Brier scores, calibration and decision curve analysis. RESULTS The AUC of age and sex for mortality was 72.5% [95% confidence interval 71.8 to 73.2]. The best model included age, sex, number of medications and health care spending DIORs. It exhibited high discrimination (AUC: 81.1 [80.5 to 81.6]), good calibration and potential clinical benefit for various threshold probabilities. Overall, health care spending patterns improved predictive accuracy the most while also exhibiting superior performance and clinical benefit. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of health care spending have the potential to significantly improve assessments on who is at high risk of dying following admission to the ED with a fall. The proposed methodology can assist in predicting the prognosis of fallers, emphasising the added predictive value of longitudinal health-related information next to clinical and sociodemographic predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Katsiferis
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark P Khurana
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Majken Karoline Jensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Pakkanen MS, Miscouridou X, Penn MJ, Whittaker C, Berah T, Mishra S, Mellan TA, Bhatt S. Unifying incidence and prevalence under a time-varying general branching process. J Math Biol 2023; 87:35. [PMID: 37526739 PMCID: PMC10393927 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Renewal equations are a popular approach used in modelling the number of new infections, i.e., incidence, in an outbreak. We develop a stochastic model of an outbreak based on a time-varying variant of the Crump-Mode-Jagers branching process. This model accommodates a time-varying reproduction number and a time-varying distribution for the generation interval. We then derive renewal-like integral equations for incidence, cumulative incidence and prevalence under this model. We show that the equations for incidence and prevalence are consistent with the so-called back-calculation relationship. We analyse two particular cases of these integral equations, one that arises from a Bellman-Harris process and one that arises from an inhomogeneous Poisson process model of transmission. We also show that the incidence integral equations that arise from both of these specific models agree with the renewal equation used ubiquitously in infectious disease modelling. We present a numerical discretisation scheme to solve these equations, and use this scheme to estimate rates of transmission from serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK and historical incidence data on Influenza, Measles, SARS and Smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko S Pakkanen
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Matthew J Penn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tresnia Berah
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Mellan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Nash RK, Bhatt S, Cori A, Nouvellet P. Estimating the epidemic reproduction number from temporally aggregated incidence data: A statistical modelling approach and software tool. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011439. [PMID: 37639484 PMCID: PMC10491397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The time-varying reproduction number (Rt) is an important measure of epidemic transmissibility that directly informs policy decisions and the optimisation of control measures. EpiEstim is a widely used opensource software tool that uses case incidence and the serial interval (SI, time between symptoms in a case and their infector) to estimate Rt in real-time. The incidence and the SI distribution must be provided at the same temporal resolution, which can limit the applicability of EpiEstim and other similar methods, e.g. for contexts where the time window of incidence reporting is longer than the mean SI. In the EpiEstim R package, we implement an expectation-maximisation algorithm to reconstruct daily incidence from temporally aggregated data, from which Rt can then be estimated. We assess the validity of our method using an extensive simulation study and apply it to COVID-19 and influenza data. For all datasets, the influence of intra-weekly variability in reported data was mitigated by using aggregated weekly data. Rt estimated on weekly sliding windows using incidence reconstructed from weekly data was strongly correlated with estimates from the original daily data. The simulation study revealed that Rt was well estimated in all scenarios and regardless of the temporal aggregation of the data. In the presence of weekend effects, Rt estimates from reconstructed data were more successful at recovering the true value of Rt than those obtained from reported daily data. These results show that this novel method allows Rt to be successfully recovered from aggregated data using a simple approach with very few data requirements. Additionally, by removing administrative noise when daily incidence data are reconstructed, the accuracy of Rt estimates can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Nash
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Cori
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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12
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Pati D, Roy A, Porwal M, Beemkumar N, Patel M G, Bhatt S. INNOVATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL ORGANS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING: FROM 3D PRINTING TO STEM CELL THERAPY. Georgian Med News 2023:101-106. [PMID: 37805882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
"Every year, many individuals with tissue or organ problems require urgent care due to medical emergencies, burns, congenital anomalies, and other causes". Regenerative medicine was created because there aren't enough donors, issues with graft rejection, and insufficient organs or tissues for patients to replace, repair, and regenerate. However, significant tissue defects are difficult to fill with injections alone, making stem cell therapy a crucial component of the area of regenerative medicine. To achieve the intended outcome, the researchers combine stem cells with three-dimensional (3D) printed organs tissue engineering scaffolding. These scaffolds can resemble bone, cartilage, or "extracellular matrix (ECM)" in that they provide structural support and promote adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, finally resulting in the production of functional tissues or organs. In this study on stem cell regenerative medicine, the therapeutic focused mostly on scaffolding for 3D printed organ tissue engineering. The following applications are demonstrated and compared using various 3D printing processes and starting materials. Then, we go over the benefits of 3D printing over conventional methods, touch on certain issues and restrictions, and make some assumptions about potential applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pati
- 1Department of Ayurveda, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Roy
- 2Department of Allied Healthcare & Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - M Porwal
- 3College of Pharmacy, TeerthankerMahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N Beemkumar
- 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India
| | - G Patel M
- 5Department of Community Medicine, Parul University, PO Limda, Tal. Waghodia, District Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Bhatt
- 6Department of Nursing, IIMT University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Zhang J, Lim YH, So R, Jørgensen JT, Mortensen LH, Napolitano GM, Cole-Hunter T, Loft S, Bhatt S, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Westendorp R, Ketzel M, Brandt J, Lange T, Kølsen-Fisher T, Andersen ZJ. Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation or death: Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2300280. [PMID: 37343976 PMCID: PMC10288813 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00280-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early ecological studies have suggested links between air pollution and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but evidence from individual-level cohort studies is still sparse. We examined whether long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with risk of COVID-19 and who is most susceptible. METHODS We followed 3 721 810 Danish residents aged ≥30 years on 1 March 2020 in the National COVID-19 Surveillance System until the date of first positive test (incidence), COVID-19 hospitalisation or death until 26 April 2021. We estimated residential annual mean particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) in 2019 by the Danish DEHM/UBM model, and used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the associations of air pollutants with COVID-19 outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, individual- and area-level socioeconomic status, and population density. RESULTS 138 742 individuals were infected, 11 270 were hospitalised and 2557 died from COVID-19 during 14 months. We detected associations of PM2.5 (per 0.53 μg·m-3) and NO2 (per 3.59 μg·m-3) with COVID-19 incidence (hazard ratio (HR) 1.10 (95% CI 1.05-1.14) and HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.14-1.23), respectively), hospitalisations (HR 1.09 (95% CI 1.01-1.17) and HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.12-1.27), respectively) and death (HR 1.23 (95% CI 1.04-1.44) and HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.34), respectively), which were strongest in the lowest socioeconomic groups and among patients with chronic respiratory, cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. We found positive associations with BC and negative associations with O3. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to air pollution may contribute to increased risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as well as developing severe COVID-19 disease requiring hospitalisation or resulting in death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rina So
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette T Jørgensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laust H Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George M Napolitano
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Cole-Hunter
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Westendorp
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- iCLIMATE, Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thea Kølsen-Fisher
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Penn MJ, Laydon DJ, Penn J, Whittaker C, Morgenstern C, Ratmann O, Mishra S, Pakkanen MS, Donnelly CA, Bhatt S. Intrinsic randomness in epidemic modelling beyond statistical uncertainty. Commun Phys 2023; 6:146. [PMID: 38665405 PMCID: PMC11041706 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-023-01265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Uncertainty can be classified as either aleatoric (intrinsic randomness) or epistemic (imperfect knowledge of parameters). The majority of frameworks assessing infectious disease risk consider only epistemic uncertainty. We only ever observe a single epidemic, and therefore cannot empirically determine aleatoric uncertainty. Here, we characterise both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty using a time-varying general branching process. Our framework explicitly decomposes aleatoric variance into mechanistic components, quantifying the contribution to uncertainty produced by each factor in the epidemic process, and how these contributions vary over time. The aleatoric variance of an outbreak is itself a renewal equation where past variance affects future variance. We find that, superspreading is not necessary for substantial uncertainty, and profound variation in outbreak size can occur even without overdispersion in the offspring distribution (i.e. the distribution of the number of secondary infections an infected person produces). Aleatoric forecasting uncertainty grows dynamically and rapidly, and so forecasting using only epistemic uncertainty is a significant underestimate. Therefore, failure to account for aleatoric uncertainty will ensure that policymakers are misled about the substantially higher true extent of potential risk. We demonstrate our method, and the extent to which potential risk is underestimated, using two historical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikko S. Pakkanen
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Dan S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Monod M, Jaeger VK, Bhatt S, Karch A, Ratmann O. Estimating fine age structure and time trends in human contact patterns from coarse contact data: The Bayesian rate consistency model. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011191. [PMID: 37276210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), large-scale social contact surveys are now longitudinally measuring the fundamental changes in human interactions in the face of the pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here, we present a model-based Bayesian approach that can reconstruct contact patterns at 1-year resolution even when the age of the contacts is reported coarsely by 5 or 10-year age bands. This innovation is rooted in population-level consistency constraints in how contacts between groups must add up, which prompts us to call the approach presented here the Bayesian rate consistency model. The model can also quantify time trends and adjust for reporting fatigue emerging in longitudinal surveys through the use of computationally efficient Hilbert Space Gaussian process priors. We illustrate estimation accuracy on simulated data as well as social contact data from Europe and Africa for which the exact age of contacts is reported, and then apply the model to social contact data with coarse information on the age of contacts that were collected in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to June 2020 across five longitudinal survey waves. We estimate the fine age structure in social contacts during the early stages of the pandemic and demonstrate that social contact intensities rebounded in an age-structured, non-homogeneous manner. The Bayesian rate consistency model provides a model-based, non-parametric, computationally tractable approach for estimating the fine structure and longitudinal trends in social contacts and is applicable to contemporary survey data with coarsely reported age of contacts as long as the exact age of survey participants is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozen Dan
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yining Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Melodie Monod
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika K Jaeger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samir Bhatt
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Karch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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16
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Fornace KM, Topazian HM, Routledge I, Asyraf S, Jelip J, Lindblade KA, Jeffree MS, Ruiz Cuenca P, Bhatt S, Ahmed K, Ghani AC, Drakeley C. No evidence of sustained nonzoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi transmission in Malaysia from modelling malaria case data. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2945. [PMID: 37263994 PMCID: PMC10235043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported incidence of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has markedly increased across Southeast Asia and threatens malaria elimination. Nonzoonotic transmission of P. knowlesi has been experimentally demonstrated, but it remains unknown whether nonzoonotic transmission is contributing to increases in P. knowlesi cases. Here, we adapt model-based inference methods to estimate RC, individual case reproductive numbers, for P. knowlesi, P. falciparum and P. vivax human cases in Malaysia from 2012-2020 (n = 32,635). Best fitting models for P. knowlesi showed subcritical transmission (RC < 1) consistent with a large reservoir of unobserved infection sources, indicating P. knowlesi remains a primarily zoonotic infection. In contrast, sustained transmission (RC > 1) was estimated historically for P. falciparum and P. vivax, with declines in RC estimates observed over time consistent with local elimination. Together, this suggests sustained nonzoonotic P. knowlesi transmission is highly unlikely and that new approaches are urgently needed to control spillover risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of, Singapore, Singapore.
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Hillary M Topazian
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Routledge
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Syafie Asyraf
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Vector-borne Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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17
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Epstein A, Namuganga JF, Nabende I, Kamya EV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Sturrock H, Bhatt S, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B. Mapping malaria incidence using routine health facility surveillance data in Uganda. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-011137. [PMID: 37208120 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maps of malaria risk are important tools for allocating resources and tracking progress. Most maps rely on cross-sectional surveys of parasite prevalence, but health facilities represent an underused and powerful data source. We aimed to model and map malaria incidence using health facility data in Uganda. METHODS Using 24 months (2019-2020) of individual-level outpatient data collected from 74 surveillance health facilities located in 41 districts across Uganda (n=445 648 laboratory-confirmed cases), we estimated monthly malaria incidence for parishes within facility catchment areas (n=310) by estimating care-seeking population denominators. We fit spatio-temporal models to the incidence estimates to predict incidence rates for the rest of Uganda, informed by environmental, sociodemographic and intervention variables. We mapped estimated malaria incidence and its uncertainty at the parish level and compared estimates to other metrics of malaria. To quantify the impact that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have had, we modelled counterfactual scenarios of malaria incidence in the absence of IRS. RESULTS Over 4567 parish-months, malaria incidence averaged 705 cases per 1000 person-years. Maps indicated high burden in the north and northeast of Uganda, with lower incidence in the districts receiving IRS. District-level estimates of cases correlated with cases reported by the Ministry of Health (Spearman's r=0.68, p<0.0001), but were considerably higher (40 166 418 cases estimated compared with 27 707 794 cases reported), indicating the potential for underreporting by the routine surveillance system. Modelling of counterfactual scenarios suggest that approximately 6.2 million cases were averted due to IRS across the study period in the 14 districts receiving IRS (estimated population 8 381 223). CONCLUSION Outpatient information routinely collected by health systems can be a valuable source of data for mapping malaria burden. National Malaria Control Programmes may consider investing in robust surveillance systems within public health facilities as a low-cost, high benefit tool to identify vulnerable regions and track the impact of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Epstein
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Isaiah Nabende
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hugh Sturrock
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Laydon DJ, Cauchemez S, Hinsley WR, Bhatt S, Ferguson NM. Impact of proactive and reactive vaccination strategies for health-care workers against MERS-CoV: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e759-e769. [PMID: 37061313 PMCID: PMC10101755 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several vaccine candidates are in development against MERS-CoV, which remains a major public health concern. In anticipation of available MERS-CoV vaccines, we examine strategies for their optimal deployment among health-care workers. METHODS Using data from the 2013-14 Saudi Arabia epidemic, we use a counterfactual analysis on inferred transmission trees (who-infected-whom analysis) to assess the potential impact of vaccination campaigns targeting health-care workers, as quantified by the proportion of cases or deaths averted. We investigate the conditions under which proactive campaigns (ie vaccinating in anticipation of the next outbreak) would outperform reactive campaigns (ie vaccinating in response to an unfolding outbreak), considering vaccine efficacy, duration of vaccine protection, effectiveness of animal reservoir control measures, wait (time between vaccination and next outbreak, for proactive campaigns), reaction time (for reactive campaigns), and spatial level (hospital, regional, or national, for reactive campaigns). We also examine the relative efficiency (cases averted per thousand doses) of different strategies. FINDINGS The spatial scale of reactive campaigns is crucial. Proactive campaigns outperform campaigns that vaccinate health-care workers in response to outbreaks at their hospital, unless vaccine efficacy has waned significantly. However, reactive campaigns at the regional or national levels consistently outperform proactive campaigns, regardless of vaccine efficacy. When considering the number of cases averted per vaccine dose administered, the rank order is reversed: hospital-level reactive campaigns are most efficient, followed by regional-level reactive campaigns, with national-level and proactive campaigns being least efficient. If the number of cases required to trigger reactive vaccination increases, the performance of hospital-level campaigns is greatly reduced; the impact of regional-level campaigns is variable, but that of national-level campaigns is preserved unless triggers have high thresholds. INTERPRETATION Substantial reduction of MERS-CoV morbidity and mortality is possible when vaccinating only health-care workers, underlining the need for countries at risk of outbreaks to stockpile vaccines when available. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council, UK National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, UK Academy of Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation, The Schmidt Foundation, and Investissement d'Avenir France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Laydon
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Wes R Hinsley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Bertozzi-Villa A, Bever CA, Gerardin J, Proctor JL, Wu M, Harding D, Hollingsworth TD, Bhatt S, Gething PW. An archetypes approach to malaria intervention impact mapping: a new framework and example application. Malar J 2023; 22:138. [PMID: 37101269 PMCID: PMC10131392 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As both mechanistic and geospatial malaria modeling methods become more integrated into malaria policy decisions, there is increasing demand for strategies that combine these two methods. This paper introduces a novel archetypes-based methodology for generating high-resolution intervention impact maps based on mechanistic model simulations. An example configuration of the framework is described and explored. METHODS First, dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques were applied to rasterized geospatial environmental and mosquito covariates to find archetypal malaria transmission patterns. Next, mechanistic models were run on a representative site from each archetype to assess intervention impact. Finally, these mechanistic results were reprojected onto each pixel to generate full maps of intervention impact. The example configuration used ERA5 and Malaria Atlas Project covariates, singular value decomposition, k-means clustering, and the Institute for Disease Modeling's EMOD model to explore a range of three-year malaria interventions primarily focused on vector control and case management. RESULTS Rainfall, temperature, and mosquito abundance layers were clustered into ten transmission archetypes with distinct properties. Example intervention impact curves and maps highlighted archetype-specific variation in efficacy of vector control interventions. A sensitivity analysis showed that the procedure for selecting representative sites to simulate worked well in all but one archetype. CONCLUSION This paper introduces a novel methodology which combines the richness of spatiotemporal mapping with the rigor of mechanistic modeling to create a multi-purpose infrastructure for answering a broad range of important questions in the malaria policy space. It is flexible and adaptable to a range of input covariates, mechanistic models, and mapping strategies and can be adapted to the modelers' setting of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Bertozzi-Villa
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA.
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Caitlin A Bever
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Jaline Gerardin
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Joshua L Proctor
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Meikang Wu
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Dennis Harding
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter W Gething
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Nielsen PY, Bartholdy A, Gjerdrum LMR, Westendorp RGJ, Mortensen LH, Bhatt S, Jensen MK. Danish Pathology Life Course (PATHOLIFE) cohort: a register based cohort extending upon a national tissue biobank. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068483. [PMID: 37085298 PMCID: PMC10124251 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Danish Pathology Life Course (PATHOLIFE) cohort was established to facilitate epidemiological research relating histological and cytological features extracted from patient tissue specimens to the rich life course histories, including both prior and future register data, of the entire Danish population. Research results may increase quality of diagnosis, prognosis and stratification of patient subtypes, possibly identifying novel routes of treatment. PARTICIPANTS All Danish residents from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2019, totalling 8 593 421 individuals. FINDINGS TO DATE We provide an overview of the subpopulation of Danish residents who have had a tissue specimen investigated within the Danish healthcare system, including both the primary sector and hospitals. We demonstrate heterogeneity in sociodemographic and prognostic factors between the general Danish population and the above mentioned subpopulation, and also between the general Danish population and subpopulations of patients with tissue specimens from selected anatomical sites. Results demonstrate the potential of the PATHOLIFE cohort for integrating many different factors into identification and selection of the most valuable tissue blocks for studies of specific diseases and their progression. Broadly, we find that living with a partner, having higher education and income associates with having a biopsy overall. However, this association varies across different tissue and patient types, which also display differences in time-to-death and causes of death. FUTURE PLANS The PATHOLIFE cohort may be used to study specified patient groups and link health related events from several national health registries, and to sample patient groups, for which stored tissue specimens are available for further research investigations. The PATHOLIFE cohort thereby provides a unique opportunity to prospectively follow people that were characterised and sampled in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Bartholdy
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | | | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Data Science Lab, Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Rod NH, Bengtsson J, Elsenburg LK, Davies M, Taylor-Robinson D, Bhatt S, Rieckmann A. Cancer burden among adolescents and young adults in relation to childhood adversity: a nationwide life-course cohort study of 1.2 million individuals. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023; 27:100588. [PMID: 36843914 PMCID: PMC9945708 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Childhood adversity such as poverty, loss of a parent, and dysfunctional family dynamics may be associated with exposure to environmental and behavioral hazards, interfere with normal biological functions, and affect cancer care and outcomes. To explore this hypothesis, we assessed the cancer burden among young men and women exposed to adversity during childhood. Methods We undertook a population-based study using Danish nationwide register data on childhood adversity and cancer outcomes. Children who were alive and resident in Denmark until their 16th birthday were followed into young adulthood (16-38 years). Group-based multi-trajectory modelling was used to categorize individuals into five distinct groups: low adversity, early material deprivation, persistent material deprivation, loss/threat of loss, and high adversity. We assessed the association with overall cancer incidence, mortality, and five-year case fatality; and cancer specific outcomes for the four most common cancers in this age group in sex-stratified survival analyses. Findings 1,281,334 individuals born between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 31, 2001, were followed up until Dec 31, 2018, capturing 8229 incident cancer cases and 662 cancer deaths. Compared to low adversity, women who experienced persistent material deprivation carried a slightly lower risk of overall cancer (hazard ratio (HR) 0.90; 95% CI 0.82; 0.99), particularly due to malignant melanoma and brain and central nervous system cancers, while women who experienced high adversity carried a higher risk of breast cancer (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.09; 2.70) and cervical cancer incidence (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.18; 2.83). While there was no clear association between childhood adversity and cancer incidence in men, those men who had experienced persistent material deprivation (HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.29; 2.31) or high adversity (HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.38; 3.72) carried a disproportionate burden of cancer mortality during adolescence or young adulthood compared to men in the low adversity group. Interpretation Childhood adversity is associated with a lower risk of some subtypes of cancer and a higher risk of others, particular in women. Persistent deprivation and adversity are also associated with a higher risk of adverse cancer outcomes for men. These findings may relate to a combination of biological susceptibility, health behaviors and treatment-related factors. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naja Hulvej Rod
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Bengtsson
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonie K Elsenburg
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Megan Davies
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Andreas Rieckmann
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Lison A, Banholzer N, Sharma M, Mindermann S, Unwin HJT, Mishra S, Stadler T, Bhatt S, Ferguson NM, Brauner J, Vach W. Effectiveness assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e311-e317. [PMID: 36965985 PMCID: PMC10036127 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as school closures and stay-at-home orders, during the COVID-19 pandemic has been assessed in many studies. Such assessments can inform public health policies and contribute to evidence-based choices of NPIs during subsequent waves or future epidemics. However, methodological issues and no standardised assessment practices have restricted the practical value of the existing evidence. Here, we present and discuss lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and make recommendations for standardising and improving assessment, data collection, and modelling. These recommendations could contribute to reliable and policy-relevant assessments of the effectiveness of NPIs during future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lison
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Banholzer
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mrinank Sharma
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sören Mindermann
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Juliette T Unwin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Brauner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Werner Vach
- Basel Academy for Quality and Research in Medicine, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bager
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lise Birk Nielsen
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rai S, Nandy K, Bhatt S, Patel D, Mithi M, Rathod P. Surgical outcomes of T4b oral cancers: assessment of prognostic factors and a need to re-evaluate the current staging system. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:143-151. [PMID: 35610163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T4b oral cancer is a broad umbrella term for all advanced oral cancers, the prognosis of which varies drastically for disease of the same stage, according to the extent of the masticator space involvement. This was a retrospective observational study including all consecutive T4b oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated surgically between January 2015 and January 2016 and followed up until January 2020. The disease was classified as upper disease or lower disease based on the anatomical location in relation to an imaginary plane passing through the base of the retromolar trigone. The prime objective was to evaluate overall survival and prognostic factors affecting overall survival. The projected 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 40.7% and 35.6%, respectively. The assessment of prognostic factors revealed that lower disease (lower anatomical subsites), bone invasion, and lymph nodal spread significantly affected survival. Patients with disease in an upper anatomical location without bone and nodal involvement can achieve fairly good survival (projected 5-year overall survival of 64.2%) when compared to the other subsets of patients. We propose a re-evaluation of the current staging system based on the prognostic features, so that all patients are not considered under a single stage, since their survival differs significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - K Nandy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - D Patel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - M Mithi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - P Rathod
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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25
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Mehrjou A, Soleymani A, Abyaneh A, Bhatt S, Schölkopf B, Bauer S. Pyfectious: An individual-level simulator to discover optimal containment policies for epidemic diseases. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010799. [PMID: 36689461 PMCID: PMC9894541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulating the spread of infectious diseases in human communities is critical for predicting the trajectory of an epidemic and verifying various policies to control the devastating impacts of the outbreak. Many existing simulators are based on compartment models that divide people into a few subsets and simulate the dynamics among those subsets using hypothesized differential equations. However, these models lack the requisite granularity to study the effect of intelligent policies that influence every individual in a particular way. In this work, we introduce a simulator software capable of modeling a population structure and controlling the disease's propagation at an individualistic level. In order to estimate the confidence of the conclusions drawn from the simulator, we employ a comprehensive probabilistic approach where the entire population is constructed as a hierarchical random variable. This approach makes the inferred conclusions more robust against sampling artifacts and gives confidence bounds for decisions based on the simulation results. To showcase potential applications, the simulator parameters are set based on the formal statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the outcome of a wide range of control measures is investigated. Furthermore, the simulator is used as the environment of a reinforcement learning problem to find the optimal policies to control the pandemic. The obtained experimental results indicate the simulator's adaptability and capacity in making sound predictions and a successful policy derivation example based on real-world data. As an exemplary application, our results show that the proposed policy discovery method can lead to control measures that produce significantly fewer infected individuals in the population and protect the health system against saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mehrjou
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany,ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,* E-mail:
| | - Ashkan Soleymani
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Schölkopf
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany,ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Bauer
- KTH Stockholm, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Flaxman S, Whittaker C, Semenova E, Rashid T, Parks RM, Blenkinsop A, Unwin HJT, Mishra S, Bhatt S, Gurdasani D, Ratmann O. Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2253590. [PMID: 36716029 PMCID: PMC9887489 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death for more than 940 000 individuals in the US, including at least 1289 children and young people (CYP) aged 0 to 19 years, with at least 821 CYP deaths occurring in the 1-year period from August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. Because deaths among US CYP are rare, the mortality burden of COVID-19 in CYP is best understood in the context of all other causes of CYP death. Objective To determine whether COVID-19 is a leading (top 10) cause of death in CYP in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants This national population-level cross-sectional epidemiological analysis for the years 2019 to 2022 used data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database on underlying cause of death in the US to identify the ranking of COVID-19 relative to other causes of death among individuals aged 0 to 19 years. COVID-19 deaths were considered in 12-month periods between April 1, 2020, and August 31, 2022, compared with deaths from leading non-COVID-19 causes in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Cause of death rankings by total number of deaths, crude rates per 100 000 population, and percentage of all causes of death, using the National Center for Health Statistics 113 Selected Causes of Death, for ages 0 to 19 and by age groupings (<1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years). Results There were 821 COVID-19 deaths among individuals aged 0 to 19 years during the study period, resulting in a crude death rate of 1.0 per 100 000 population overall; 4.3 per 100 000 for those younger than 1 year; 0.6 per 100 000 for those aged 1 to 4 years; 0.4 per 100 000 for those aged 5 to 9 years; 0.5 per 100 000 for those aged 10 to 14 years; and 1.8 per 100 000 for those aged 15 to 19 years. COVID-19 mortality in the time period of August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022, was among the 10 leading causes of death in CYP aged 0 to 19 years in the US, ranking eighth among all causes of deaths, fifth in disease-related causes of deaths (excluding unintentional injuries, assault, and suicide), and first in deaths caused by infectious or respiratory diseases when compared with 2019. COVID-19 deaths constituted 2% of all causes of death in this age group. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that COVID-19 was a leading cause of death in CYP. It caused substantially more deaths in CYP annually than any vaccine-preventable disease historically in the recent period before vaccines became available. Various factors, including underreporting and not accounting for COVID-19's role as a contributing cause of death from other diseases, mean that these estimates may understate the true mortality burden of COVID-19. The findings of this study underscore the public health relevance of COVID-19 to CYP. In the likely future context of sustained SARS-CoV-2 circulation, appropriate pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions (eg, vaccines, ventilation, air cleaning) will continue to play an important role in limiting transmission of the virus and mitigating severe disease in CYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizaveta Semenova
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Rashid
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie M. Parks
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - H. Juliette T. Unwin
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Katsiferis A, Bhatt S, Mortensen LH, Mishra S, Westendorp RGJ. Sex differences in health care expenditures and mortality after spousal bereavement: A register-based Danish cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282892. [PMID: 36947502 PMCID: PMC10032540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spousal bereavement is a life event that affects older people differently. We investigated the impact of spousal bereavement on medical expenditures and mortality in the general population, emphasizing on age and sex. METHODS Data are from a population-based, retrospective cohort study following 924,958 Danish citizens over the age of 65 years, within 2011-2016. Changes in health care expenditures in those who suffer bereavement were compared with time matched changes among those who did not. Mortality hazards were analysed with time to event analysis. RESULTS A total of 77,722 (~8.4%) individuals experienced bereavement, 65.8% being females. Among males, bereavement was associated with increase of expenditures the year after, that was 42 Euros per week (95% CI, 36 to 48) larger than the non-bereaved group. The corresponding increase for females was 35 Euros per week (95% CI, 30 to 40). The increase of mortality hazards was highest in the first year after bereavement, higher in males than females, in young old and almost absent in the oldest old. Compared with the reference, mortality the year after spousal loss was 70% higher (HR 1.70 [95% CI 1.40 to 2.08]) for males aged 65-69 years and remained elevated for a period of six years. Mortality for females aged 65-69 years was 27% higher in the first year (HR 1.27, [1.07 to 1.52]), normalizing thereafter. CONCLUSION Bereavement affects older people differently with younger males being most frail with limited recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Katsiferis
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yadav KK, Chouhan N, Thubstan R, Norlha S, Hariharan J, Borwankar C, Chandra P, Dhar VK, Mankuzhyil N, Godambe S, Sharma M, Venugopal K, Singh KK, Bhatt N, Bhattacharyya S, Chanchalani K, Das MP, Ghosal B, Godiyal S, Khurana M, Kotwal SV, Koul MK, Kumar N, Kushwaha CP, Nand K, Pathania A, Sahayanathan S, Sarkar D, Tolamati A, Koul R, Rannot RC, Tickoo AK, Chitnis VR, Behere A, Padmini S, Manna A, Joy S, Nair PM, Jha KP, Moitra S, Neema S, Srivastava S, Punna M, Mohanan S, Sikder SS, Jain A, Banerjee S, . K, Deshpande J, Sanadhya V, Andrew G, Patil MB, Goyal VK, Gupta N, Balakrishna H, Agrawal A, Srivastava SP, Karn KN, Hadgali PI, Bhatt S, Mishra VK, Biswas PK, Gupta RK, Kumar A, Thul SG, Kalmady R, Sonvane DD, Kumar V, Gaur UK, Chattopadhyay J, Gupta SK, Kiran AR, Parulekar Y, Agrawal MK, Parmar RM, Reddy GR, Mayya YS, Pithawa CK. Commissioning of the MACE gamma-ray telescope at Hanle, Ladakh, India. CURR SCI INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v123/i12/1428-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brito AF, Semenova E, Dudas G, Hassler GW, Kalinich CC, Kraemer MUG, Ho J, Tegally H, Githinji G, Agoti CN, Matkin LE, Whittaker C, Howden BP, Sintchenko V, Zuckerman NS, Mor O, Blankenship HM, de Oliveira T, Lin RTP, Siqueira MM, Resende PC, Vasconcelos ATR, Spilki FR, Aguiar RS, Alexiev I, Ivanov IN, Philipova I, Carrington CVF, Sahadeo NSD, Branda B, Gurry C, Maurer-Stroh S, Naidoo D, von Eije KJ, Perkins MD, van Kerkhove M, Hill SC, Sabino EC, Pybus OG, Dye C, Bhatt S, Flaxman S, Suchard MA, Grubaugh ND, Baele G, Faria NR. Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7003. [PMID: 36385137 PMCID: PMC9667854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic sequencing is essential to track the evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2, optimize molecular tests, treatments, vaccines, and guide public health responses. To investigate the global SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, we used sequences shared via GISAID to estimate the impact of sequencing intensity and turnaround times on variant detection in 189 countries. In the first two years of the pandemic, 78% of high-income countries sequenced >0.5% of their COVID-19 cases, while 42% of low- and middle-income countries reached that mark. Around 25% of the genomes from high income countries were submitted within 21 days, a pattern observed in 5% of the genomes from low- and middle-income countries. We found that sequencing around 0.5% of the cases, with a turnaround time <21 days, could provide a benchmark for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance. Socioeconomic inequalities undermine the global pandemic preparedness, and efforts must be made to support low- and middle-income countries improve their local sequencing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Instituto Todos pela Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriel W Hassler
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chaney C Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joses Ho
- GISAID Global Data Science Initiative, Munich, Germany
- Bioinformatics Institute & ID Labs, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - George Githinji
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles N Agoti
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lucy E Matkin
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Neta S Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Heather M Blankenship
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza R Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Feevale University, Institute of Health Sciences, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivailo Alexiev
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan N Ivanov
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivva Philipova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nikita S D Sahadeo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ben Branda
- GISAID Global Data Science Initiative, Munich, Germany
| | - Céline Gurry
- GISAID Global Data Science Initiative, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- GISAID Global Data Science Initiative, Munich, Germany
- Bioinformatics Institute & ID Labs, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Karin J von Eije
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Division of Clinical Virology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses Unit, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Perkins
- Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses Unit, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria van Kerkhove
- Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses Unit, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ester C Sabino
- Instituto Todos pela Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, UK
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Mishra S, Scott JA, Laydon DJ, Zhu H, Ferguson NM, Bhatt S, Flaxman S, Gandy A. A COVID-19 model for local authorities of the United Kingdom. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2022; 185:S86-S95. [PMID: 38607865 PMCID: PMC9877769 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We propose a new framework to model the COVID-19 epidemic of the United Kingdom at the local authority level. The model fits within a general framework for semi-mechanistic Bayesian models of the epidemic based on renewal equations, with some important innovations, including a random walk modelling the reproduction number, incorporating information from different sources, including surveys to estimate the time-varying proportion of infections that lead to reported cases or deaths, and modelling the underlying infections as latent random variables. The model is designed to be updated daily using publicly available data. We envisage the model to be useful for now-casting and short-term projections of the epidemic as well as estimating historical trends. The model fits are available on a public website: https://imperialcollegelondon.github.io/covid19local. The model is currently being used by the Scottish government to inform their interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Mishra
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - James A. Scott
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel J. Laydon
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Harrison Zhu
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Axel Gandy
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
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31
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Mishra S, Scott JA, Laydon DJ, Zhu H, Ferguson NM, Bhatt S, Flaxman S, Gandy A. Authors' reply to the discussion of 'A COVID-19 Model for Local Authorities of the United Kingdom' by Mishra et al. in Session 2 of the Royal Statistical Society's Special Topic Meeting on COVID-19 transmission: 11 June 2021. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2022; 185:S110-S111. [PMID: 38607859 PMCID: PMC9877550 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Mishra
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - James A. Scott
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel J. Laydon
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Harrison Zhu
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J‐IDEA)Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Axel Gandy
- Department of MathematicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
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32
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Mishra S, Flaxman S, Berah T, Zhu H, Pakkanen M, Bhatt S. π VAE: a stochastic process prior for Bayesian deep learning with MCMC. Stat Comput 2022; 32:96. [PMID: 36276409 PMCID: PMC9576140 DOI: 10.1007/s11222-022-10151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic processes provide a mathematically elegant way to model complex data. In theory, they provide flexible priors over function classes that can encode a wide range of interesting assumptions. However, in practice efficient inference by optimisation or marginalisation is difficult, a problem further exacerbated with big data and high dimensional input spaces. We propose a novel variational autoencoder (VAE) called the prior encoding variational autoencoder ( π VAE). π VAE is a new continuous stochastic process. We use π VAE to learn low dimensional embeddings of function classes by combining a trainable feature mapping with generative model using a VAE. We show that our framework can accurately learn expressive function classes such as Gaussian processes, but also properties of functions such as their integrals. For popular tasks, such as spatial interpolation, π VAE achieves state-of-the-art performance both in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Perhaps most usefully, we demonstrate an elegant and scalable means of performing fully Bayesian inference for stochastic processes within probabilistic programming languages such as Stan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Mishra
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tresnia Berah
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harrison Zhu
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mikko Pakkanen
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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McCrone JT, Hill V, Bajaj S, Pena RE, Lambert BC, Inward R, Bhatt S, Volz E, Ruis C, Dellicour S, Baele G, Zarebski AE, Sadilek A, Wu N, Schneider A, Ji X, Raghwani J, Jackson B, Colquhoun R, O'Toole Á, Peacock TP, Twohig K, Thelwall S, Dabrera G, Myers R, Faria NR, Huber C, Bogoch II, Khan K, du Plessis L, Barrett JC, Aanensen DM, Barclay WS, Chand M, Connor T, Loman NJ, Suchard MA, Pybus OG, Rambaut A, Kraemer MUG. Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Nature 2022; 610:154-160. [PMID: 35952712 PMCID: PMC9534748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (Pango lineage B.1.617.2) variant of concern spread globally, causing resurgences of COVID-19 worldwide1,2. The emergence of the Delta variant in the UK occurred on the background of a heterogeneous landscape of immunity and relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here we analyse 52,992 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from England together with 93,649 genomes from the rest of the world to reconstruct the emergence of Delta and quantify its introduction to and regional dissemination across England in the context of changing travel and social restrictions. Using analysis of human movement, contact tracing and virus genomic data, we find that the geographic focus of the expansion of Delta shifted from India to a more global pattern in early May 2021. In England, Delta lineages were introduced more than 1,000 times and spread nationally as non-pharmaceutical interventions were relaxed. We find that hotel quarantine for travellers reduced onward transmission from importations; however, the transmission chains that later dominated the Delta wave in England were seeded before travel restrictions were introduced. Increasing inter-regional travel within England drove the nationwide dissemination of Delta, with some cities receiving more than 2,000 observable lineage introductions from elsewhere. Subsequently, increased levels of local population mixing-and not the number of importations-were associated with the faster relative spread of Delta. The invasion dynamics of Delta depended on spatial heterogeneity in contact patterns, and our findings will inform optimal spatial interventions to reduce the transmission of current and future variants of concern, such as Omicron (Pango lineage B.1.1.529).
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Affiliation(s)
- John T McCrone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sumali Bajaj
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ben C Lambert
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rhys Inward
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Volz
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Ruis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Neo Wu
- Google, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Ben Jackson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Colquhoun
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- BlueDot, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David M Aanensen
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas Connor
- Pathogen Genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biostatistics, Biomathematics and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, UK.
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Zheng J, Zhang N, Shen G, Liang F, Zhao Y, He X, Wang Y, He R, Chen W, Xue H, Shen Y, Fu Y, Zhang WH, Zhang L, Bhatt S, Mao Y, Zhu B. Spatiotemporal and Seasonal Trends of Class A and B Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: A Retrospective Analysis (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 9:e42820. [PMID: 37103994 PMCID: PMC10176137 DOI: 10.2196/42820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic triggered the initiation of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the epidemiological features and trends of individual infectious diseases in China; however, few considered the changing spatiotemporal trends and seasonality of these infectious diseases over time. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the spatiotemporal trends and seasonal characteristics of class A and class B notifiable infectious diseases in China during 2005-2020. METHODS We extracted the incidence and mortality data of 8 types (27 diseases) of notifiable infectious diseases from the CISDCP. We used the Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods to investigate the diseases' temporal trends, Moran I statistic for their geographical distribution, and circular distribution analysis for their seasonality. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2020, 51,028,733 incident cases and 261,851 attributable deaths were recorded. Pertussis (P=.03), dengue fever (P=.01), brucellosis (P=.001), scarlet fever (P=.02), AIDS (P<.001), syphilis (P<.001), hepatitis C (P<.001) and hepatitis E (P=.04) exhibited significant upward trends. Furthermore, measles (P<.001), bacillary and amebic dysentery (P<.001), malaria (P=.04), dengue fever (P=.006), brucellosis (P=.03), and tuberculosis (P=.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. We observed marked disease burden-related geographic disparities and heterogeneities. Notably, high-risk areas for various infectious diseases have remained relatively unchanged since 2005. In particular, hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis were largely concentrated in Northeast China; neonatal tetanus, typhoid and paratyphoid, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, and AIDS in Southwest China; BAD in North China; schistosomiasis in Central China; anthrax, tuberculosis, and hepatitis A in Northwest China; rabies in South China; and gonorrhea in East China. However, the geographical distribution of syphilis, scarlet fever, and hepatitis E drifted from coastal to inland provinces during 2005-2020. CONCLUSIONS The overall infectious disease burden in China is declining; however, hepatitis C and E, bacterial infections, and sexually transmitted infections continue to multiply, many of which have spread from coastal to inland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zheng
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoquan Shen
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Liang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiaochen He
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Chen
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research and School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Shen
- Laboratory for Urban Future, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of public administration, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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35
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Christensen B, Laydon D, Chelkowski T, Jemielniak D, Vollmer M, Bhatt S, Krawczyk K. Quantifying Changes in Vaccine Coverage in Mainstream Media as a Result of the COVID-19 Outbreak: Text Mining Study. JMIR Infodemiology 2022; 2:e35121. [PMID: 36348981 PMCID: PMC9631944 DOI: 10.2196/35121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Achieving herd immunity through vaccination depends upon the public's acceptance, which in turn relies on their understanding of its risks and benefits. The fundamental objective of public health messaging on vaccines is therefore the clear communication of often complex information and, increasingly, the countering of misinformation. The primary outlet shaping public understanding is mainstream online news media, where coverage of COVID-19 vaccines was widespread. Objective We used text-mining analysis on the front pages of mainstream online news to quantify the volume and sentiment polarization of vaccine coverage. Methods We analyzed 28 million articles from 172 major news sources across 11 countries between July 2015 and April 2021. We employed keyword-based frequency analysis to estimate the proportion of overall articles devoted to vaccines. We performed topic detection using BERTopic and named entity recognition to identify the leading subjects and actors mentioned in the context of vaccines. We used the Vader Python module to perform sentiment polarization quantification of all collated English-language articles. Results The proportion of front-page articles mentioning vaccines increased from 0.1% to 4% with the outbreak of COVID-19. The number of negatively polarized articles increased from 6698 in 2015-2019 to 28,552 in 2020-2021. However, overall vaccine coverage before the COVID-19 pandemic was slightly negatively polarized (57% negative), whereas coverage during the pandemic was positively polarized (38% negative). Conclusions Throughout the pandemic, vaccines have risen from a marginal to a widely discussed topic on the front pages of major news outlets. Mainstream online media has been positively polarized toward vaccines, compared with mainly negative prepandemic vaccine news. However, the pandemic was accompanied by an order-of-magnitude increase in vaccine news that, due to low prepandemic frequency, may contribute to a perceived negative sentiment. These results highlight important interactions between the volume of news and overall polarization. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first systematic text mining study of front-page vaccine news headlines in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Christensen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Daniel Laydon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Imperial College London London United Kingdom
| | - Tadeusz Chelkowski
- Department of Management in the Network Society Kozminski University Warsaw Poland
| | - Dariusz Jemielniak
- Department of Management in the Network Society Kozminski University Warsaw Poland
| | - Michaela Vollmer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Imperial College London London United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Imperial College London London United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Konrad Krawczyk
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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36
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Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Blake J, Hinsley W, Bhatt S, De Angelis D, Thelwall S, Presanis AM. Misclassification bias in estimating clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants - Authors' reply. Lancet 2022; 400:809-810. [PMID: 36088947 PMCID: PMC9456774 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK.
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Blake
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Wes Hinsley
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK; Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Behavioural Science and Evaluation at the University of Bristol, University of the West of England, and University of Cambridge, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon Thelwall
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Anne M Presanis
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
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Gavenčiak T, Monrad JT, Leech G, Sharma M, Mindermann S, Bhatt S, Brauner J, Kulveit J. Seasonal variation in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in temperate climates: A Bayesian modelling study in 143 European regions. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010435. [PMID: 36026483 PMCID: PMC9455844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although seasonal variation has a known influence on the transmission of several respiratory viral infections, its role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains unclear. While there is a sizable and growing literature on environmental drivers of COVID-19 transmission, recent reviews have highlighted conflicting and inconclusive findings. This indeterminacy partly owes to the fact that seasonal variation relates to viral transmission by a complicated web of causal pathways, including many interacting biological and behavioural factors. Since analyses of specific factors cannot determine the aggregate strength of seasonal forcing, we sidestep the challenge of disentangling various possible causal paths in favor of a holistic approach. We model seasonality as a sinusoidal variation in transmission and infer a single Bayesian estimate of the overall seasonal effect. By extending two state-of-the-art models of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) effects and their datasets covering 143 regions in temperate Europe, we are able to adjust our estimates for the role of both NPIs and mobility patterns in reducing transmission. We find strong seasonal patterns, consistent with a reduction in the time-varying reproduction number R(t) (the expected number of new infections generated by an infectious individual at time t) of 42.1% (95% CI: 24.7%-53.4%) from the peak of winter to the peak of summer. These results imply that the seasonality of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is comparable in magnitude to the most effective individual NPIs but less than the combined effect of multiple interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Gavenčiak
- Centre for Theoretical Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Teperowski Monrad
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Leech
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mrinank Sharma
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sören Mindermann
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Brauner
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Kulveit
- Centre for Theoretical Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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38
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Gavenčiak T, Monrad JT, Leech G, Sharma M, Mindermann S, Bhatt S, Brauner J, Kulveit J. Seasonal variation in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in temperate climates: A Bayesian modelling study in 143 European regions. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010435. [PMID: 36026483 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.10.21258647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although seasonal variation has a known influence on the transmission of several respiratory viral infections, its role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains unclear. While there is a sizable and growing literature on environmental drivers of COVID-19 transmission, recent reviews have highlighted conflicting and inconclusive findings. This indeterminacy partly owes to the fact that seasonal variation relates to viral transmission by a complicated web of causal pathways, including many interacting biological and behavioural factors. Since analyses of specific factors cannot determine the aggregate strength of seasonal forcing, we sidestep the challenge of disentangling various possible causal paths in favor of a holistic approach. We model seasonality as a sinusoidal variation in transmission and infer a single Bayesian estimate of the overall seasonal effect. By extending two state-of-the-art models of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) effects and their datasets covering 143 regions in temperate Europe, we are able to adjust our estimates for the role of both NPIs and mobility patterns in reducing transmission. We find strong seasonal patterns, consistent with a reduction in the time-varying reproduction number R(t) (the expected number of new infections generated by an infectious individual at time t) of 42.1% (95% CI: 24.7%-53.4%) from the peak of winter to the peak of summer. These results imply that the seasonality of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is comparable in magnitude to the most effective individual NPIs but less than the combined effect of multiple interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Gavenčiak
- Centre for Theoretical Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Teperowski Monrad
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Leech
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mrinank Sharma
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sören Mindermann
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Brauner
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Kulveit
- Centre for Theoretical Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Gurung RB, Sapkota P, Bhatt S, Tamang A, Joshi S, Khadka S, Jaisy DN, Chalise S, Shrestha P. Rickettsial Infection amongst Febrile Illness Patient in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2022; 20:366-371. [PMID: 37042381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Rickettsial infection is an emerging neglected tropical disease in the Southeast Asia. In past few years Nepal is also reporting escalating prevalence of rickettsia. The under evaluation is resulting it as undiagnosed or are simply labeled as pyrexia of unknown origin. Objective To find out the prevalence of rickettsia in a hospital setting, assess the sociodemographic and other relevant clinical features of the rickettsia patients. Method This is a hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study from October 2020 to October 2021. This study reviewed the medical records of the department. Result The study included 105 eligible patients and the prevalence rate was 4.38 per 100 patients. The mean age of the participants was 42 years, and the mean hospital stay was 3 (SD ±2.06) days. More than 55% of the participants had fever for less than or equal to 5 days and 9% had Eschar present. Vomiting, headache, and myalgia were the most common symptoms and hypertension, and diabetes were the common comorbidities. Pneumonia and the acute kidney injury were the two complications of the patients as stated in the study. The severity of the thrombocytopenia deducted from admission time to discharge, and the case fatality was 4%. Conclusion The future studies shall consider on collaborative clinical and entomological research. This would help in better understanding of the etiology of supposedly unknown febrile illness and the under-investigated field of emerging rickettsia in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gurung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - P Sapkota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - A Tamang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Khadka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - D N Jaisy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Chalise
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - P Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Bhatt S, Stegger M, Legarth R, Møller CH, Skov RL, Valentiner-Branth P, Voldstedlund M, Fischer TK, Simonsen L, Kirkby NS, Thomsen MK, Spiess K, Marving E, Larsen NB, Lillebaek T, Ullum H, Mølbak K, Krause TG. Risk of hospitalisation associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant versus delta variant in Denmark: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:967-976. [PMID: 35468331 PMCID: PMC9033212 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529) are crucial to assess the public health impact associated with its rapid global dissemination. We estimated the risk of SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalisations after infection with omicron compared with the delta variant (B.1.617.2) in Denmark, a country with high mRNA vaccination coverage and extensive free-of-charge PCR testing capacity. METHODS In this observational cohort study, we included all RT-PCR-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Denmark, with samples taken between Nov 21 (date of first omicron-positive sample) and Dec 19, 2021. Individuals were identified in the national COVID-19 surveillance system database, which included results of a variant-specific RT-PCR that detected omicron cases, and data on SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalisations (primary outcome of the study). We calculated the risk ratio (RR) of hospitalisation after infection with omicron compared with delta, overall and stratified by vaccination status, in a Poisson regression model with robust SEs, adjusted a priori for reinfection status, sex, age, region, comorbidities, and time period. FINDINGS Between Nov 21 and Dec 19, 2021, among the 188 980 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 38 669 (20·5%) had the omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalisations and omicron cases increased during the study period. Overall, 124 313 (65·8%) of 188 980 individuals were vaccinated, and vaccination was associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation (adjusted RR 0·24, 95% CI 0·22-0·26) compared with cases with no doses or only one dose of vaccine. Compared with delta infection, omicron infection was associated with an adjusted RR of hospitalisation of 0·64 (95% CI 0·56-0·75; 222 [0·6%] of 38 669 omicron cases admitted to hospital vs 2213 [1·5%] of 150 311 delta cases). For a similar comparison by vaccination status, the RR of hospitalisation was 0·57 (0·44-0·75) among cases with no or only one dose of vaccine, 0·71 (0·60-0·86) among those who received two doses, and 0·50 (0·32-0·76) among those who received three doses. INTERPRETATION We found a significantly lower risk of hospitalisation with omicron infection compared with delta infection among both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, suggesting an inherent reduced severity of omicron. Our results could guide modelling of the effect of the ongoing global omicron wave and thus health-care system preparedness. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bager
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK,The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Legarth
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Holten Møller
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Leo Skov
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Voldstedlund
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thea K Fischer
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Lone Simonsen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Søren Kirkby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellinor Marving
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Balle Larsen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Test Center Danmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Lillebaek
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brizzi A, Whittaker C, Servo LMS, Hawryluk I, Prete CA, de Souza WM, Aguiar RS, Araujo LJT, Bastos LS, Blenkinsop A, Buss LF, Candido D, Castro MC, Costa SF, Croda J, de Souza Santos AA, Dye C, Flaxman S, Fonseca PLC, Geddes VEV, Gutierrez B, Lemey P, Levin AS, Mellan T, Bonfim DM, Miscouridou X, Mishra S, Monod M, Moreira FRR, Nelson B, Pereira RHM, Ranzani O, Schnekenberg RP, Semenova E, Sonabend R, Souza RP, Xi X, Sabino EC, Faria NR, Bhatt S, Ratmann O. Spatial and temporal fluctuations in COVID-19 fatality rates in Brazilian hospitals. Nat Med 2022; 28:1476-1485. [PMID: 35538260 PMCID: PMC9307484 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Gamma variant of concern has spread rapidly across Brazil since late 2020, causing substantial infection and death waves. Here we used individual-level patient records after hospitalization with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 20 January 2020 and 26 July 2021 to document temporary, sweeping shocks in hospital fatality rates that followed the spread of Gamma across 14 state capitals, during which typically more than half of hospitalized patients aged 70 years and older died. We show that such extensive shocks in COVID-19 in-hospital fatality rates also existed before the detection of Gamma. Using a Bayesian fatality rate model, we found that the geographic and temporal fluctuations in Brazil's COVID-19 in-hospital fatality rates were primarily associated with geographic inequities and shortages in healthcare capacity. We estimate that approximately half of the COVID-19 deaths in hospitals in the 14 cities could have been avoided without pre-pandemic geographic inequities and without pandemic healthcare pressure. Our results suggest that investments in healthcare resources, healthcare optimization and pandemic preparedness are critical to minimize population-wide mortality and morbidity caused by highly transmissible and deadly pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brizzi
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Iwona Hawryluk
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carlos A Prete
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William M de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Renato S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J T Araujo
- Laboratory of Quantitative Pathology, Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Bastos
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lewis F Buss
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Silvia F Costa
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | | | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paula L C Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor E V Geddes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna S Levin
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Mellan
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diego M Bonfim
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Swapnil Mishra
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mélodie Monod
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filipe R R Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruce Nelson
- Environmental Dynamics, INPA, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Otavio Ranzani
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Raphael Sonabend
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Renan P Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Xiaoyue Xi
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nuno R Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Saul J, Cooney C, Hosseini PR, Beamon T, Toiv N, Bhatt S, Zaidi I, Birx D. Modeling DREAMS impact: trends in new HIV diagnoses among women attending antenatal care clinics in DREAMS countries. AIDS 2022; 36:S51-S59. [PMID: 35766575 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the impact of United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR's) DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored, and Safe) Partnership on new HIV diagnoses among women in antenatal care (ANC) settings in 10 African countries from 2015 to 2020. DESIGN We modeled spatiotemporal changes in new HIV diagnoses among women in ANC settings using PEPFAR data. Statistical tests were performed in R to compare differences in new diagnoses rates between DREAMS and non-DREAMS subnational units (SNUs) and to explore predictors of new diagnoses declines within DREAMS SNUs. METHODS We used a predictive geospatial model to forecast the rate of new diagnoses for each time period in a 5 km grid cell (n = 861 SNUs). Linear model analyses were conducted using predictor variables: urbanicity, DREAMS geographic footprint, 'layering' proxy, and community-level male viral load suppression. RESULTS New HIV diagnoses in ANC from 2015 to 2020 declined in nearly all SNUs. 'Always' DREAMS SNUs reported declines of 45% while 'Never' DREAMS SNUs reported a decline of only 37% (F = 8.1, 1 and 829 DF, P < 0.01). Within Always DREAMS SNUs, greater declines were seen in areas with a higher number of minimum services in their DREAMS primary package (t = 2.77, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION New HIV diagnoses among women are declining in both DREAMS and non-DREAMS SNUs; mirroring HIV incidence decreases and reflecting increasing community viral load suppression and voluntary male medical circumcision rates. DREAMS programming may have contributed to accelerated declines of new HIV diagnoses in DREAMS SNUs compared with non-DREAMS SNUs. Increased progress is needed to further reduce the disparities between adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and young men to achieve epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Saul
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Caroline Cooney
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Parviez R Hosseini
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ta'Adhmeeka Beamon
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nora Toiv
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Irum Zaidi
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Deborah Birx
- Department of State, Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington DC, USA
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43
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Semenova E, Xu Y, Howes A, Rashid T, Bhatt S, Mishra S, Flaxman S. PriorVAE: encoding spatial priors with variational autoencoders for small-area estimation. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220094. [PMID: 35673858 PMCID: PMC9174721 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaussian processes (GPs), implemented through multivariate Gaussian distributions for a finite collection of data, are the most popular approach in small-area spatial statistical modelling. In this context, they are used to encode correlation structures over space and can generalize well in interpolation tasks. Despite their flexibility, off-the-shelf GPs present serious computational challenges which limit their scalability and practical usefulness in applied settings. Here, we propose a novel, deep generative modelling approach to tackle this challenge, termed PriorVAE: for a particular spatial setting, we approximate a class of GP priors through prior sampling and subsequent fitting of a variational autoencoder (VAE). Given a trained VAE, the resultant decoder allows spatial inference to become incredibly efficient due to the low dimensional, independently distributed latent Gaussian space representation of the VAE. Once trained, inference using the VAE decoder replaces the GP within a Bayesian sampling framework. This approach provides tractable and easy-to-implement means of approximately encoding spatial priors and facilitates efficient statistical inference. We demonstrate the utility of our VAE two-stage approach on Bayesian, small-area estimation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yidan Xu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Samir Bhatt
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
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44
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Whittaker C, Winskill P, Sinka M, Pironon S, Massey C, Weiss DJ, Nguyen M, Gething PW, Kumar A, Ghani A, Bhatt S. A novel statistical framework for exploring the population dynamics and seasonality of mosquito populations. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220089. [PMID: 35414241 PMCID: PMC9006040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the temporal dynamics of mosquito populations underlying vector-borne disease transmission is key to optimizing control strategies. Many questions remain surrounding the drivers of these dynamics and how they vary between species-questions rarely answerable from individual entomological studies (that typically focus on a single location or species). We develop a novel statistical framework enabling identification and classification of time series with similar temporal properties, and use this framework to systematically explore variation in population dynamics and seasonality in anopheline mosquito time series catch data spanning seven species, 40 years and 117 locations across mainland India. Our analyses reveal pronounced variation in dynamics across locations and between species in the extent of seasonality and timing of seasonal peaks. However, we show that these diverse dynamics can be clustered into four 'dynamical archetypes', each characterized by distinct temporal properties and associated with a largely unique set of environmental factors. Our results highlight that a range of environmental factors including rainfall, temperature, proximity to static water bodies and patterns of land use (particularly urbanicity) shape the dynamics and seasonality of mosquito populations, and provide a generically applicable framework to better identify and understand patterns of seasonal variation in vectors relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Claire Massey
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Michele Nguyen
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter W Gething
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - Azra Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dahal S, Karmacharya RM, Vaidya S, Gautam K, Bhatt S, Bhandari N. A rare case of persistent lateral marginal vein of Servelle in Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome: A successful surgical management. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 94:107052. [PMID: 35405516 PMCID: PMC9006318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder characterized by capillary malformation, varicosities, and tissue overgrowth. It usually affects the unilateral lower extremities manifesting commonly as pain, localized rise of temperature, and venous tortuosity. However, in severe cases, ulceration, cellulitis, and chronic lymphatic malformation may be present. Management is mostly supportive and involves the use of compression stockings. Case presentation Here, we report a case of KTS with a persistent lateral marginal vein of Servelle managed with radiofrequency ablation along with sclerotherapy of selected perforators. On a two-year follow-up, the symptoms had resolved and Doppler ultrasonography revealed resolution of the defective vein along with the absence of incompetent perforators. Clinical discussion In cases with venous malformation with the persistence of embryonic avalvular venous structures, like the lateral marginal vein of Servelle, surgical intervention is warranted especially at a younger age to reduce the risk of future thromboembolic events and recurrence. Conclusion Varicosities of the lateral marginal vein of Servelle can be managed successfully by radiofrequency ablation and adjunct sclerotherapy in selected cases. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a congenital vascular disorder which usually affects the unilateral lower extremities. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein is gradually becoming popular in the treatment of KTS. This case is managed by radiofrequency ablation of lateral marginal vein of Servelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dahal
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal.
| | - R M Karmacharya
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
| | - S Vaidya
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
| | - K Gautam
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
| | - N Bhandari
- Department of Surgery (CTVS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
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Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N, Hinsley W, Bernal JL, Kall M, Bhatt S, Blomquist P, Zaidi A, Volz E, Aziz NA, Harman K, Funk S, Abbott S, Hope R, Charlett A, Chand M, Ghani AC, Seaman SR, Dabrera G, De Angelis D, Presanis AM, Thelwall S. Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study. Lancet 2022; 399:1303-1312. [PMID: 35305296 PMCID: PMC8926413 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 337.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated partial vaccine escape and high transmissibility, with early studies indicating lower severity of infection than that of the delta variant (B.1.617.2). We aimed to better characterise omicron severity relative to delta by assessing the relative risk of hospital attendance, hospital admission, or death in a large national cohort. METHODS Individual-level data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases resident in England between Nov 29, 2021, and Jan 9, 2022, were linked to routine datasets on vaccination status, hospital attendance and admission, and mortality. The relative risk of hospital attendance or admission within 14 days, or death within 28 days after confirmed infection, was estimated using proportional hazards regression. Analyses were stratified by test date, 10-year age band, ethnicity, residential region, and vaccination status, and were further adjusted for sex, index of multiple deprivation decile, evidence of a previous infection, and year of age within each age band. A secondary analysis estimated variant-specific and vaccine-specific vaccine effectiveness and the intrinsic relative severity of omicron infection compared with delta (ie, the relative risk in unvaccinated cases). FINDINGS The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of hospital attendance (not necessarily resulting in admission) with omicron compared with delta was 0·56 (95% CI 0·54-0·58); for hospital admission and death, HR estimates were 0·41 (0·39-0·43) and 0·31 (0·26-0·37), respectively. Omicron versus delta HR estimates varied with age for all endpoints examined. The adjusted HR for hospital admission was 1·10 (0·85-1·42) in those younger than 10 years, decreasing to 0·25 (0·21-0·30) in 60-69-year-olds, and then increasing to 0·47 (0·40-0·56) in those aged at least 80 years. For both variants, past infection gave some protection against death both in vaccinated (HR 0·47 [0·32-0·68]) and unvaccinated (0·18 [0·06-0·57]) cases. In vaccinated cases, past infection offered no additional protection against hospital admission beyond that provided by vaccination (HR 0·96 [0·88-1·04]); however, for unvaccinated cases, past infection gave moderate protection (HR 0·55 [0·48-0·63]). Omicron versus delta HR estimates were lower for hospital admission (0·30 [0·28-0·32]) in unvaccinated cases than the corresponding HR estimated for all cases in the primary analysis. Booster vaccination with an mRNA vaccine was highly protective against hospitalisation and death in omicron cases (HR for hospital admission 8-11 weeks post-booster vs unvaccinated: 0·22 [0·20-0·24]), with the protection afforded after a booster not being affected by the vaccine used for doses 1 and 2. INTERPRETATION The risk of severe outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection is substantially lower for omicron than for delta, with higher reductions for more severe endpoints and significant variation with age. Underlying the observed risks is a larger reduction in intrinsic severity (in unvaccinated individuals) counterbalanced by a reduction in vaccine effectiveness. Documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection offered some protection against hospitalisation and high protection against death in unvaccinated individuals, but only offered additional protection in vaccinated individuals for the death endpoint. Booster vaccination with mRNA vaccines maintains over 70% protection against hospitalisation and death in breakthrough confirmed omicron infections. FUNDING Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation, Department of Health and Social Care, National Institute for Health Research, Community Jameel, and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Sophie G Nash
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Harriet H Webster
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- COVID-19 Surveillance Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Wes Hinsley
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Lopez Bernal
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, UK; COVID-19 Surveillance Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Meaghan Kall
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Blomquist
- Outbreak Surveillance Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Asad Zaidi
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Erik Volz
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nurin Abdul Aziz
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Katie Harman
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sam Abbott
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Russell Hope
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Andre Charlett
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Behavioural Science and Evaluation at the University of Bristol, University of the West of England, and University of Cambridge, Bristol, UK
| | - Meera Chand
- COVID-19 Genomics Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Azra C Ghani
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun R Seaman
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin Dabrera
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Behavioural Science and Evaluation at the University of Bristol, University of the West of England, and University of Cambridge, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne M Presanis
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Thelwall
- COVID-19 National Epidemiology Cell, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
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Sapkota P, Vaidhya N, Bhatt S, Shrestha P. Nitrobenzene Induced Methemoglobinemia with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Treated with Single Volume Exchange Transfusions. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2022; 20:246-248. [PMID: 37017176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated. Conventional treatment of nitrobenzene induced methemoglobinemia dictates the use of methylene blue, which is the antidote of choice. However, its availability in our setting is limited only to the laboratory use. We present a case of a 21-year-old female with intentional ingestion of nitrobenzene. Clinical history and supportive investigations revealed methemoglobinemia and it was successfully managed with single volume exchange transfusions in absence of specific antidote. While exchange transfusions are indicated for severe cases, it may be useful as an alternative treatment in acute life-threatening conditions where methylene blue is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sapkota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - N Vaidhya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - P Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Altman G, Ahuja J, Monrad JT, Dhaliwal G, Rogers-Smith C, Leech G, Snodin B, Sandbrink JB, Finnveden L, Norman AJ, Oehm SB, Sandkühler JF, Kulveit J, Flaxman S, Gal Y, Mishra S, Bhatt S, Sharma M, Mindermann S, Brauner JM. A dataset of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 in Europe. Sci Data 2022; 9:145. [PMID: 35365668 PMCID: PMC8975844 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the second half of 2020, many European governments responded to the resurging transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with wide-ranging non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). These efforts were often highly targeted at the regional level and included fine-grained NPIs. This paper describes a new dataset designed for the accurate recording of NPIs in Europe's second wave to allow precise modelling of NPI effectiveness. The dataset includes interventions from 114 regions in 7 European countries during the period from the 1st August 2020 to the 9th January 2021. The paper includes NPI definitions tailored to the second wave following an exploratory data collection. Each entry has been extensively validated by semi-independent double entry, comparison with existing datasets, and, when necessary, discussion with local epidemiologists. The dataset has considerable potential for use in disentangling the effectiveness of NPIs and comparing the impact of interventions across different phases of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Altman
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Janvi Ahuja
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Joshua Teperowski Monrad
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Gurpreet Dhaliwal
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Charlie Rogers-Smith
- OATML Group (work done while at OATML as an external collaborator), Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin Leech
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Benedict Snodin
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonas B Sandbrink
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas Finnveden
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander John Norman
- Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences (MPLS) Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian B Oehm
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jan Kulveit
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yarin Gal
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mrinank Sharma
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sören Mindermann
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Markus Brauner
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Applied and Theoretical Machine Learning (OATML) Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Unwin HJT, Hillis S, Cluver L, Flaxman S, Goldman PS, Butchart A, Bachman G, Rawlings L, Donnelly CA, Ratmann O, Green P, Nelson CA, Blenkinsop A, Bhatt S, Desmond C, Villaveces A, Sherr L. Global, regional, and national minimum estimates of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death, by age and family circumstance up to Oct 31, 2021: an updated modelling study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2022; 6:249-259. [PMID: 35219404 PMCID: PMC8872796 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 6 months following our estimates from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021, the proliferation of new coronavirus variants, updated mortality data, and disparities in vaccine access increased the amount of children experiencing COVID-19-associated orphanhood. To inform responses, we aimed to model the increases in numbers of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death, as well as the cumulative orphanhood age-group distribution and circumstance (maternal or paternal orphanhood). METHODS We used updated excess mortality and fertility data to model increases in minimum estimates of COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver deaths from our original study period of March 1, 2020-April 30, 2021, to include the new period of May 1-Oct 31, 2021, for 21 countries. Orphanhood was defined as the death of one or both parents; primary caregiver loss included parental death or the death of one or both custodial grandparents; and secondary caregiver loss included co-residing grandparents or kin. We used logistic regression and further incorporated a fixed effect for western European countries into our previous model to avoid over-predicting caregiver loss in that region. For the entire 20-month period, we grouped children by age (0-4 years, 5-9 years, and 10-17 years) and maternal or paternal orphanhood, using fertility contributions, and we modelled global and regional extrapolations of numbers of orphans. 95% credible intervals (CrIs) are given for all estimates. FINDINGS The number of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death is estimated to have increased by 90·0% (95% CrI 89·7-90·4) from April 30 to Oct 31, 2021, from 2 737 300 (95% CrI 1 976 100-2 987 000) to 5 200 300 (3 619 400-5 731 400). Between March 1, 2020, and Oct 31, 2021, 491 300 (95% CrI 485 100-497 900) children aged 0-4 years, 736 800 (726 900-746 500) children aged 5-9 years, and 2 146 700 (2 120 900-2 174 200) children aged 10-17 years are estimated to have experienced COVID-19-associated orphanhood. Globally, 76·5% (95% CrI 76·3-76·7) of children were paternal orphans, whereas 23·5% (23·3-23·7) were maternal orphans. In each age group and region, the prevalence of paternal orphanhood exceeded that of maternal orphanhood. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that numbers of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death almost doubled in 6 months compared with the amount after the first 14 months of the pandemic. Over the entire 20-month period, 5·0 million COVID-19 deaths meant that 5·2 million children lost a parent or caregiver. Our data on children's ages and circumstances should support pandemic response planning for children globally. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation (Global Challenges Research Fund, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and Medical Research Council), Oak Foundation, UK National Institute for Health Research, US National Institutes of Health, and Imperial College London.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Juliette T Unwin
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Hillis
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Social Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Gretchen Bachman
- Office of Global HIV/AIDS, US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Christl A Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Desmond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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50
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Ghafari M, du Plessis L, Raghwani J, Bhatt S, Xu B, Pybus OG, Katzourakis A. Purifying Selection Determines the Short-Term Time Dependency of Evolutionary Rates in SARS-CoV-2 and pH1N1 Influenza. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6509523. [PMID: 35038728 PMCID: PMC8826518 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing enables rapid genome sequencing during infectious disease outbreaks and provides an opportunity to quantify the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens in near real-time. One difficulty of undertaking evolutionary analyses over short timescales is the dependency of the inferred evolutionary parameters on the timespan of observation. Crucially, there are an increasing number of molecular clock analyses using external evolutionary rate priors to infer evolutionary parameters. However, it is not clear which rate prior is appropriate for a given time window of observation due to the time-dependent nature of evolutionary rate estimates. Here, we characterize the molecular evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza during the first 12 months of their respective pandemics. We use Bayesian phylogenetic methods to estimate the dates of emergence, evolutionary rates, and growth rates of SARS-CoV-2 and pH1N1 over time and investigate how varying sampling window and data set sizes affect the accuracy of parameter estimation. We further use a generalized McDonald-Kreitman test to estimate the number of segregating nonneutral sites over time. We find that the inferred evolutionary parameters for both pandemics are time dependent, and that the inferred rates of SARS-CoV-2 and pH1N1 decline by ∼50% and ∼100%, respectively, over the course of 1 year. After at least 4 months since the start of sequence sampling, inferred growth rates and emergence dates remain relatively stable and can be inferred reliably using a logistic growth coalescent model. We show that the time dependency of the mean substitution rate is due to elevated substitution rates at terminal branches which are 2-4 times higher than those of internal branches for both viruses. The elevated rate at terminal branches is strongly correlated with an increasing number of segregating nonneutral sites, demonstrating the role of purifying selection in generating the time dependency of evolutionary parameters during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Ghafari
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louis du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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