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Sheng Y, Deng Y, Li X, Ji P, Sun X, Liu B, Zhu J, Zhao J, Nan Y, Zhou EM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Sun Y, Zhao Q. Hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein hijacking thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5) for its stability to promote viral particle release. J Virol 2024; 98:e0164923. [PMID: 38548704 PMCID: PMC11019958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01649-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, responsible for approximately 20 million infections annually. Among the three open reading frames (ORFs) of the HEV genome, the ORF3 protein is involved in virus release. However, the host proteins involved in HEV release need to be clarified. In this study, a host protein, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5), interacted with the non-palmitoylated ORF3 protein by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. We determined that the overexpression or knockdown of TXNDC5 positively regulated HEV release from the host cells. The 17FCL19 mutation of the ORF3 protein lost the ability to interact with TXNDC5. The releasing amounts of HEV with the ORF3 mutation (FCL17-19SSP) were decreased compared with wild-type HEV. The overexpression of TXNDC5 can stabilize and increase ORF3 protein amounts, but not the TXNDC5 mutant with amino acids 1-88 deletion. Meanwhile, we determined that the function of TXNDC5 on the stabilization of ORF3 protein is independent of the Trx-like domains. Knockdown of TXNDC5 could lead to the degradation of ORF3 protein by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation-proteasome system. However, the ORF3 protein cannot be degraded in the knockout-TXNDC5 stable cells, suggesting that it may hijack other proteins for its stabilization. Subsequently, we found that the other members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), including PDIA1, PDIA3, PDIA4, and PDIA6, can increase ORF3 protein amounts, and PDIA3 and PDIA6 interact with ORF3 protein. Collectively, our study suggested that HEV ORF3 protein can utilize TXNDC5 for its stability in ER to facilitate viral release. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. After the synthesis and modification in the cells, the mature ORF3 protein is essential for HEV release. However, the host protein involved in this process has yet to be determined. Here, we reported a novel host protein, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5), as a chaperone, contributing to HEV release by facilitating ORF3 protein stability in the endoplasmic reticulum through interacting with non-palmitoylated ORF3 protein. However, we also found that in the knockout-TXNDC5 stable cell lines, the HEV ORF3 protein may hijack other proteins for its stabilization. For the first time, our study demonstrated the involvement of TXNDC5 in viral particle release. These findings provide some new insights into the process of the HEV life cycle, the interaction between HEV and host factors, and a new direction for antiviral design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Deng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pinpin Ji
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Deng Y, Sheng Y, Zhang G, Sun Y, Wang L, Ji P, Zhu J, Wang G, Liu B, Zhou EM, Cai X, Tu Y, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Mu Y, Zhao Q. A novel strategy for an anti-idiotype vaccine: nanobody mimicking neutralization epitope of porcine circovirus type 2. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165023. [PMID: 38271227 PMCID: PMC10878242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01650-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to protect humans and animals from diseases. Anti-idiotype vaccines are safer due to their absence of pathogens. However, the commercial production of traditional anti-idiotype vaccines using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (mAb and pAb) is complex and has a high failure rate. The present study designed a novel, simple, low-cost strategy for developing anti-idiotype vaccines with nanobody technology. We used porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as a viral model, which can result in serious economic loss in the pig industry. The neutralizing mAb-1E7 (Ab1) against PCV2 capsid protein (PCV2-Cap) was immunized in the camel. And 12 nanobodies against mAb-1E7 were screened. Among them, Nb61 (Ab2) targeted the idiotype epitope of mAb-1E7 and blocked mAb-1E7's binding to PCV2-Cap. Additionally, a high-dose Nb61 vaccination can also protect mice and pigs from PCV2 infection. Epitope mapping showed that mAb-1E7 recognized the 75NINDFL80 of PCV2-Cap and 101NYNDFLG107 of Nb61. Subsequently, the mAb-3G4 (Ab3) against Nb61 was produced and can neutralize PCV2 infection in the PK-15 cells. Structure analysis showed that the amino acids of mAb-1E7 and mAb-3G4 respective binding to PCV2-Cap and Nb61 were also similar on the amino acids sequences and spatial conformation. Collectively, our study first provided a strategy for producing nanobody-based anti-idiotype vaccines and identified that anti-idiotype nanobodies could mimic the antigen on amino acids and structures. Importantly, as more and more neutralization mAbs against different pathogens are prepared, anti-idiotype nanobody vaccines can be easily produced against the disease with our strategy, especially for dangerous pathogens.IMPORTANCEAnti-idiotype vaccines utilize idiotype-anti-idiotype network theory, eliminating the need for external antigens as vaccine candidates. Especially for dangerous pathogens, they were safer because they did not contact the live pathogenic microorganisms. However, developing anti-idiotype vaccines with traditional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is complex and has a high failure rate. We present a novel, universal, simple, low-cost strategy for producing anti-idiotype vaccines with nanobody technology. Using a neutralization antibody against PCV2-Cap, a nanobody (Ab2) was successfully produced and could mimic the neutralizing epitope of PCV2-Cap. The nanobody can induce protective immune responses against PCV2 infection in mice and pigs. It highlighted that the anti-idiotype vaccine using nanobody has a very good application in the future, especially for dangerous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Deng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Guixi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Pinpin Ji
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
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Duan H, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Nan Y, Liu B, Zhang A, Sun Y, Zhao Q. A nanobody inhibiting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication via blocking self-interaction of viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 2024; 98:e0131923. [PMID: 38084961 PMCID: PMC10804987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious global pig industry disease. Understanding the mechanism of viral replication and developing efficient antiviral strategies are necessary for combating with PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, nanobody is considered to be a promising antiviral drug, especially for respiratory viruses. The present study evaluated two nanobodies against PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein (PRRSV-N-Nb1 and -Nb2) for their anti-PRRSV activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that intracellularly expressed PRRSV-N-Nb1 significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in MARC-145 cells (approximately 100%). Then, the PRRSV-N-Nb1 fused with porcine IgG Fc (Nb1-pFc) as a delivering tag was produced and used to determine its effect on PRRSV-2 replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and pigs. The inhibition rate of Nb1-pFc against PRRSV-2 in PAMs could reach >90%, and it can also inhibit viral replication in vivo. Epitope mapping showed that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-2 N protein was the key amino acid binding to PRRSV-N-Nb1, which is also pivotal for the self-interaction of N protein via binding to Arginine 97. Moreover, viral particles were not successfully rescued when the S105 motif was mutated to Alanine (S105A). Attachment, entry, genome replication, release, docking model analysis, and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that the binding of PRRSV-N-Nb1 to N protein could block its self-binding, which prevents the viral replication of PRRSV. PRRSV-N-Nb1 may be a promising drug to counter PRRSV-2 infection. We also provided some new insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding and assembly of viral particles.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes serious economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, and there are no highly effective strategies for prevention. Nanobodies are considered a promising novel approach for treating diseases because of their ease of production and low costing. Here, we showed that PRRSV-N-Nb1 against PRRSV-N protein significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-N protein was the key amino acid to interact with PRRSV-N-Nb1 and bond to its motif R97, which is important for the self-binding of N protein. The PRRSV-N-Nb1 could block the self-interaction of N protein following viral assembly. These findings not only provide insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding as a key factor for viral replication for the first time but also highlight a novel target for the development of anti-PRRSV replication drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Dang J, Shu J, Wang R, Yu H, Chen Z, Yan W, Zhao B, Ding L, Wang Y, Hu H, Li Z. The glycopatterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential biomarker for its carbapenem resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0200123. [PMID: 37861315 PMCID: PMC10714932 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacterial surface glycans are an attractive therapeutic target in response to antibiotics; however, current knowledge of the corresponding mechanisms is rather limited. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, genome sequencing, and MALDI-TOF MS, commonly used in recent years to analyze bacterial resistance, are unable to rapidly and efficiently establish associations between glycans and resistance. The discovery of new antimicrobial strategies still requires the introduction of promising analytical methods. In this study, we applied lectin microarray technology and a machine-learning model to screen for important glycan structures associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. This work highlights that specific glycopatterns can be important biomarkers associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance, which promises to provide a rapid entry point for exploring new resistance mechanisms in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dang
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbo Yan
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingxiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Ding
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuzi Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huizheng Hu
- Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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