Antagonism of the Platelet-Activating Factor Pathway Mitigates Inflammatory Adverse Events Driven by Anti-erythrocyte Antibody Therapy in Mice

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by low platelet counts primarily due to antiplatelet autoantibodies. Anti-D is a donor-derived polyclonal Ab against the rhesus D Ag on erythrocytes used to treat ITP. Unfortunately, adverse inflammatory/hypersensitivity reactions and a Food and Drug Administration-issued black box warning have limited its clinical use. This underscores the imperative to understand the inflammatory pathway associated with anti-erythrocyte Ab-based therapies. TER119 is an erythrocyte-specific Ab with anti-D-like therapeutic activity in murine ITP, while also exhibiting a distinct inflammatory signature involving production of CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL9 but not IFN-γ. Therefore, TER119 has been used to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the adverse inflammatory activity associated with anti-erythrocyte Ab therapy in murine ITP. Prior work has demonstrated that TER119 administration is associated with a dramatic decrease in body temperature and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. The work presented in the current study demonstrates that inhibiting the highly inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) pathway with PAF receptor antagonists prevents TER119-driven changes in body temperature and inhibits the production of the CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL9 inflammatory cytokines in CD-1 mice. Phagocytic cells and a functional TER119 Fc region were found to be necessary for TER119-induced body temperature changes and increases in CXCL9 and CCL2. Taken together, this work reveals the novel requirement of the PAF pathway in causing adverse inflammatory activity associated with anti-erythrocyte Ab therapy in a murine model and provides a strategy of mitigating these potential reactions without altering therapeutic activity.

SHIV-C109p5 NHP induces rapid disease progression in elderly macaques with extensive GI viral replication

CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) with clade C transmitted/founder envelopes represent a critical tool for the investigation of HIV experimental vaccines and microbicides in nonhuman primates, although many such isolates lead to spontaneous viral control post infection. Here, we generated a high-titer stock of pathogenic SHIV-C109p5 by serial passage in two rhesus macaques (RM) and tested its virulence in aged monkeys. The co-receptor usage was confirmed before infecting five geriatric rhesus macaques (four female and one male). Plasma viral loads were monitored by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), cytokines by multiplex analysis, and biomarkers of gastrointestinal damage by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses were also measured. Viral dissemination into tissues was determined by RNAscope. Intravenous SHIV-C109p5 infection of aged RMs leads to high plasma viremia and rapid disease progression; rapid decrease in CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD8+ T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; and wasting necessitating euthanasia between 3 and 12 weeks post infection. Virus-specific cellular immune responses were detected only in the two monkeys that survived 4 weeks post infection. These were Gag-specific TNFα+CD8+, MIP1β+CD4+, Env-specific IFN-γ+CD4+, and CD107a+ T cell responses. Four out of five monkeys had elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels at the viral peak, while regenerating islet-derived protein 3α showed marked increases at later time points in the three animals surviving the longest, suggesting gut antimicrobial peptide production in response to microbial translocation post infection. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-15, and interleukin-12/23 were also elevated. Viral replication in gut and secondary lymphoid tissues was extensive.IMPORTANCESimian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) are important reagents to study prevention of virus acquisition in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection, especially those representing transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. However, many R5-tropic SHIV have limited fitness in vivo leading to many monkeys spontaneously controlling the virus post acute infection. Here, we report the generation of a pathogenic SHIV clade C T/F stock by in vivo passage leading to sustained viral load set points, a necessity to study pathogenicity. Unexpectedly, administration of this SHIV to elderly rhesus macaques led to extensive viral replication and fast disease progression, despite maintenance of a strict R5 tropism. Such age-dependent rapid disease progression had previously been reported for simian immunodeficiency virus but not for R5-tropic SHIV infections.

Essential role of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in Mayaro virus-induced disease

Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arbovirus member of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus. MAYV infection causes an acute febrile illness accompanied by persistent polyarthralgia and myalgia. Understanding the mechanisms involved in arthritis caused by alphaviruses is necessary to develop specific therapies. In this work, we investigated the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of MAYV-induced disease. For this, wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and CCR2-/- mice were infected with MAYV subcutaneously and evaluated for disease development. MAYV infection induced an acute inflammatory disease in WT mice. The immune response profile was characterized by an increase in the production of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, TNF, and CCL2. Higher levels of CCL2 at the local and systemic levels were followed by the significant recruitment of CCR2+ macrophages and a cellular response orchestrated by these cells. CCR2-/- mice showed an increase in CXCL-1 levels, followed by a replacement of the macrophage inflammatory infiltrate by neutrophils. Additionally, the absence of the CCR2 receptor protected mice from bone loss induced by MAYV. Accordingly, the silencing of CCL2 chemokine expression in vivo and the pharmacological blockade of CCR2 promoted a partial improvement in disease. Cell culture data support the mechanism underlying the bone pathology of MAYV, in which MAYV infection promotes a pro-osteoclastogenic microenvironment mediated by CCL2, IL-6, and TNF, which induces the migration and differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells. Overall, these data contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of MAYV infection and the identification future of specific therapeutic targets in MAYV-induced disease.IMPORTANCEThis work demonstrates the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in MAYV-induced disease. The infection of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and CCR2-/- mice was associated with high levels of CCL2, an important chemoattractant involved in the recruitment of macrophages, the main precursor of osteoclasts. In the absence of the CCR2 receptor, there is a mitigation of macrophage migration to the target organs of infection and protection of these mice against bone loss induced by MAYV infection. Much evidence has shown that host immune response factors contribute significantly to the tissue damage associated with alphavirus infections. Thus, this work highlights molecular and cellular targets involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis triggered by MAYV and identifies novel therapeutic possibilities directed to the host inflammatory response unleashed by MAYV.

Effect of roasted peanut allergen Ara h 3 protein on the sensitization of Caco-2 cells

BACKGROUND

Roasted peanut is widely loved as a kind of food with rich taste. However, peanut allergy is one of the major threats to human health, which affects about 5% of children and 1.4-2% of adults in the world.

RESULTS

To evaluate the sensitization mechanism of peanut allergen Ara h 3, Caco-2 cells as the model, which has the similar structure and function to differentiated small intestinal epithelial cells. Compared with Ara h 3-raw (purified from raw peanut) group, more significant results such as the inhibited Caco-2 cell viability and proliferation, the increased secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decreased transepithelial electrical resistance were obtained in Ara h 3-roasted (purified from roasted peanut) group. Accordingly, oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling pathway were more imbalanced, which lead to the increased of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Then, the gene expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin and JAM-1 were reduced, which proved that the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer barrier is severely damaged.

CONCLUSION

These finding identify the mechanisms of the allergenicity of roasted peanut allergy proteins are probably associated with intestinal uptake and cytokine dependent allergies. The aggravated allergic reaction might be caused by the increment of TSLP, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 due to the activated NF-κB signaling pathway, and the enhanced transport of Ara h 3-roasted protein by Caco-2 monolayer. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Germacranolides from Carpesium divaricatum: Some New Data on Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc., a traditional medicinal plant used as an inflammation-relieving remedy, is a rich source of terpenoids. At least 40 germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones, representatives of four different structural groups, were isolated from the plant. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vitro is the most frequently described biological activity of the compounds. However, little is known about the selectivity of the cytotoxic effect. The anti-inflammatory activity of the germacranolides is also poorly documented. The objective of the present study was to assess the cytotoxic activity of selected C. divaricatum germacranolides-derivatives of 4,5,8,9-tetrahydroxy-3-oxo-germacran-6,12-olide towards cancer and normal cell lines (including cells of different p53 status). Moreover, to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compounds, the release of four proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human neutrophils was measured by ELISA. The investigated sesquiterpene lactones demonstrated nonselective activity towards prostate cancer (Du145 and PC3) and normal prostate epithelial cells (PNT2) as well as against melanoma cells (A375 and HTB140) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Cytotoxic activity against osteosarcoma cells was independent of their p53 status. In sub-cytotoxic concentrations (0.5-2.5 µM) the studied compounds significantly decreased cytokine/chemokine release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human leukocytes.

Tumor-targeted gene therapy with lipid nanoparticles inhibits tumor-associated adipocytes and remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer

Adipocytes are the primary cellular components within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Increasing evidence suggests that tumor-associated adipocytes (TAAs) can aggravate tumor progression, exacerbate the immunosuppressive TME and compromise therapeutic efficacy. In this study, the biological effect of TAAs within the breast cancer TME is first investigated, and the C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) which is mainly secreted by TAAs in the extracellular environment is identified as the key mediator. CCL2 recruits immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages that further differentiated into immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2 macrophages. To manipulate CCL2-mediated immune response, a protein trap that binds with CCL2 with high affinity and specificity is designed. The plasmid DNA encoding the CCL2 trap (pCCL2) is specifically delivered to the TME by using targeted lipid-protamine-DNA (LPD) nanoparticles to locally express the CCL2 trap and ameliorate the immunosuppressive TME. Significantly, compared with the commercially available CCL2 antibody, this strategy shows enhanced therapeutic efficacy and appreciable tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, the pCCL2 trap treatment successfully suppresses TAAs, increases T cell infiltration and decreases the population of immunosuppressive M2 macrophages and MDSCs. Further studies show that the pCCL2 trap could facilitate PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy, demonstrating its translation potential.

Deficiency in CCR2 increases susceptibility of mice to infection with an intracellular pathogen, Francisella tularensis LVS, but does not impair development of protective immunity

CCR2 is the major chemokine receptor that regulates appropriate trafficking of inflammatory monocytes, but the role of this chemokine receptor and its ligands during primary and secondary infection with intracellular infections remains incompletely understood. Here we used murine infection with the Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis to evaluate the role of CCR2 during primary and secondary parenteral responses to this prototype intracellular bacterium. We find that mice deficient in CCR2 are highly compromised in their ability to survive intradermal infection with LVS, indicating the importance of this receptor during primary parenteral responses. Interestingly, this defect could not be readily attributed to the activities of the known murine CCR2 ligands MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7, or MCP-5/CCL12. Nonetheless, CCR2 knockout mice vaccinated by infection with low doses of LVS generated optimal T cell responses that controlled the intramacrophage replication of Francisella, and LVS-immune CCR2 knockout mice survived maximal lethal Francisella challenge. Thus, fully protective adaptive immune memory responses to this intracellular bacterium can be readily generated in the absence of CCR2.

An immune-based biomarker signature is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients

Immune and inflammatory responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contribute to disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the utility of specific immune-based biomarkers to predict clinical outcome remains elusive. Here, we analyzed levels of 66 soluble biomarkers in 175 Italian patients with COVID-19 ranging from mild/moderate to critical severity and assessed type I IFN-, type II IFN-, and NF-κB-dependent whole-blood transcriptional signatures. A broad inflammatory signature was observed, implicating activation of various immune and nonhematopoietic cell subsets. Discordance between IFN-α2a protein and IFNA2 transcript levels in blood suggests that type I IFNs during COVID-19 may be primarily produced by tissue-resident cells. Multivariable analysis of patients' first samples revealed 12 biomarkers (CCL2, IL-15, soluble ST2 [sST2], NGAL, sTNFRSF1A, ferritin, IL-6, S100A9, MMP-9, IL-2, sVEGFR1, IL-10) that when increased were independently associated with mortality. Multivariate analyses of longitudinal biomarker trajectories identified 8 of the aforementioned biomarkers (IL-15, IL-2, NGAL, CCL2, MMP-9, sTNFRSF1A, sST2, IL-10) and 2 additional biomarkers (lactoferrin, CXCL9) that were substantially associated with mortality when increased, while IL-1α was associated with mortality when decreased. Among these, sST2, sTNFRSF1A, IL-10, and IL-15 were consistently higher throughout the hospitalization in patients who died versus those who recovered, suggesting that these biomarkers may provide an early warning of eventual disease outcome.

Successful use of an artificial placenta-based life support system to treat extremely preterm ovine fetuses compromised by intrauterine inflammation

BACKGROUND

Ex vivo uterine environment therapy is an experimental intensive care strategy for extremely preterm infants born between 21 and 24 weeks of gestation. Gas exchange is performed by membranous oxygenators connected by catheters to the umbilical vessels. The fetus is submerged in a bath of synthetic amniotic fluid. The lungs remain fluid filled, and pulmonary respiration does not occur. Intrauterine inflammation is strongly associated with extremely preterm birth and fetal injury. At present, there are no data that we are aware of to show that artificial placenta-based systems can be used to support extremely preterm fetuses compromised by exposure to intrauterine inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the ability of our ex vivo uterine environment therapy platform to support extremely preterm ovine fetuses (95-day gestational age; approximately equivalent to 24 weeks of human gestation) exposed to intrauterine inflammation for a period of 120 hours, the following primary endpoints were chosen: (1) maintenance of key physiological variables within normal ranges, (2) absence of infection and inflammation, (3) absence of brain injury, and (4) gross fetal growth and cardiovascular function matching that of age-matched in utero controls.

STUDY DESIGN

Ten ewes with singleton pregnancies were each given a single intraamniotic injection of 10-mg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides under ultrasound guidance 48 hours before undergoing surgical delivery for adaptation to ex vivo uterine environment therapy at 95-day gestation (term=150 days). Fetuses were adapted to ex vivo uterine environment therapy and maintained for 120 hours with constant monitoring of key vital parameters (ex vivo uterine environment group) before being killed at 100-day equivalent gestational age. Umbilical artery blood samples were regularly collected to assess blood gas data, differential counts, biochemical parameters, inflammatory markers, and microbial load to exclude infection. Ultrasound was conducted at 48 hours after intraamniotic lipopolysaccharides (before surgery) to confirm fetal viability and at the conclusion of the experiments (before euthanasia) to evaluate cardiac function. Brain injury was evaluated by gross anatomic and histopathologic investigations. Eight singleton pregnant control animals were similarly exposed to intraamniotic lipopolysaccharides at 93-day gestation and were killed at 100-day gestation to allow comparative postmortem analyses (control group). Biobanked samples from age-matched saline-treated animals served as an additional comparison group. Successful instillation of lipopolysaccharides into the amniotic fluid exposure was confirmed by amniotic fluid analysis at the time of administration and by analyzing cytokine levels in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid. Data were tested for mean differences using analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Six of 8 lipopolysaccharide control group (75%) and 8 of 10 ex vivo uterine environment group fetuses (80%) successfully completed their protocols. Six of 8 ex vivo uterine environment group fetuses required dexamethasone phosphate treatment to manage profound refractory hypotension. Weight and crown-rump length were reduced in ex vivo uterine environment group fetuses at euthanasia than those in lipopolysaccharide control group fetuses (P<.05). There were no biologically significant differences in cardiac ultrasound measurement, differential leukocyte counts (P>.05), plasma tumor necrosis factor α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations (P>.05), or liver function tests between groups. Daily blood cultures were negative for aerobic and anaerobic growth in all ex vivo uterine environment group animals. No cases of intraventricular hemorrhage were observed. White matter injury was identified in 3 of 6 lipopolysaccharide control group fetuses and 3 of 8 vivo uterine environment group fetuses.

CONCLUSION

We report the use of an artificial placenta-based system to support extremely preterm lambs compromised by exposure to intrauterine inflammation. Our data highlight key challenges (refractory hypotension, growth restriction, and white matter injury) to be overcome in the development and use of artificial placenta technology for extremely preterm infants. As such challenges seem largely absent from studies based on healthy pregnancies, additional experiments of this nature using clinically relevant model systems are essential for further development of this technology and its eventual clinical application.

Consumption of Interesterified Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols Improves Lipid Metabolism and Reduces Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) were synthesized from rapeseed oil (RO), one kind of commonly used edible long-chain triacylglycerols (TGs), and then delivered to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Compared with RO, MLCT consumption exhibited more potent effects on reducing body and tissue weight gains, plasma TG, and total cholesterol (TC) levels and on improving hepatic TG, TC, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and lipoprteinlipase contents. Meanwhile, lower amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and endotoxin in plasma, lower levels of interleukin-6 and TNF-α, and higher levels of interleukin-10 in both livers and white adipose tissues were detected in MLCT-fed rats. MLCT intake also remarkably suppressed the size of adipocytes and the number of macrophages. In conclusion, our study suggested that the interesterified MLCT was more efficacious in improving the lipid metabolism and inflammation in HFD-induced obese rats than RO.

Macrophage polarization in innate immune responses contributing to pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by inflammation, injury and fibrosis. Dysregulated innate immune responses mediated by macrophages play critical roles in progressive renal injury. The differentiation and polarization of macrophages into pro-inflammatory 'M1' and anti-inflammatory 'M2' states represent the two extreme maturation programs of macrophages during tissue injury. However, the effects of macrophage polarization on the pathogenesis of CKD are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the innate immune mechanisms underlying macrophage polarization and the role of macrophage polarization in the initiation, progression, resolution and recurrence of CKD. Macrophage activation and polarization are initiated through recognition of conserved endogenous and exogenous molecular motifs by pattern recognition receptors, chiefly, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are located on the cell surface and in endosomes, and NLR inflammasomes, which are positioned in the cytosol. Recent data suggest that genetic variants of the innate immune molecule apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) that are associated with increased CKD prevalence in people of African descent, mediate an atypical M1 macrophage polarization. Manipulation of macrophage polarization may offer novel strategies to address dysregulated immunometabolism and may provide a complementary approach along with current podocentric treatment for glomerular diseases.

Differential lung inflammation and injury with tobacco smoke exposure in Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats

OBJECTIVE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide and has been associated with periods of intense lung inflammation. The objective of this study was to characterize whether similar rat strains, possessing different genetic predispositions, might play a role in exacerbating the pathophysiology of COPD-like cellular and structural changes with progressive 12-week exposure to tobacco smoke (TS). Normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were compared.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

WKY and SH rats were exposed to filtered air or to tobacco smoke at a particulate concentration of 80 mg/m3 for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Necropsy was performed 24 h after the last exposure to obtain cells by bronchoalveolar lavage for total cell and differential counts. Scoring of lung tissues and immunohistochemical staining for M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages were performed on paraffin-embedded lung sections.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

With progressive exposure, TS-exposed SH rats demonstrated significant airspace enlargement, mucin production, and lung inflammation compared to their FA control and TS-matched WKY rats. Moreover, SH rats also demonstrated increased expression of the M1 marker in alveolar macrophages compared to FA control, as well as the M2 marker compared to controls and TS-exposed WKY rats.

CONCLUSION

The progressive tobacco smoke exposure contributes to persistent lung injury and inflammation that can be significantly enhanced by rat strain susceptibility in the genesis of COPD.

3'-Hydroxypterostilbene Potently Alleviates Obesity Exacerbated Colitis in Mice

Epidemiological surveys show that obesity and the western diet increase the risk of colitis. Studies have also confirmed that the high-fat-diet (HFD) promoted the deterioration of colitis-related indicators in mice. Compared with stilbenoids, the results showed that 3'-hydroxypterostilbene (HPSB) was found to be the most effective inhibitor for the antiadipogenesis and anti-inflammation. However, its role in ameliorating obesity-promoted colitis is still unknown. We intend to investigate the protective effect and related molecular mechanisms of HPSB on HFD promoted dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The results indicate that colitis in the HFD+DSS group tends to be more apparent in the DSS-only group, while feeding 0.025% of HPSB at different stages can improve the colitis induced by HFD+DSS. HPSB significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by HFD+DSS in mice. Furthermore, the Western blotting revealed that the administration of HPSB significantly downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV-1), and phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) expressions in HFD+DSS treated mice. Presented results reveal that HPSB is a novel functional agent capable of preventing HFD exacerbated colitis.

Anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects of polyphenol-rich extracts from Thymus atlanticus: An in vitro and in vivo study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Thymus atlanticus (TA) is used in traditional medicine in Morocco to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, after local and oral treatment.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of an aqueous extract (AE) and polyphenol fraction (PF) derived from TA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effect of AE and PF on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production by naïve and LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57Bl/6 mice was assessed by ELISA assay. The effect of chronic administration of the extracts at three different doses by oral rout for 2 weeks on blood coagulation and inflammation induced by carrageenan in Wistar rats was evaluated. In addition, the in vitro anticoagulant effect was tested on blood plasma collected from healthy rats using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) tests. The acute toxicity of AE was investigated. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by HPLC.

RESULTS

Analysis by HPLC indicated rosmarinic acid as the main phenolic acid in TA extracts. Compared to control macrophages, MCP-1 level was lower in medium supplemented with AE at 50 and 500 μg/mL and PF at 500 μg/mL, but higher in medium with PF at 50 μg/mL. Rosmarinic and chicoric acids, served as controls, significantly decreased MCP-1 production. Chronic oral administration of TA extracts prevented inflammation induced by carrageenan and induced a significant prolongation of blood coagulation time, in a dose dependant manner, in Wistar rats. The results of the in vitro assay showed that the coagulation time was significantly prolonged in plasma incubated with extracts in APTT, PT and TT tests. Lethal dose 50 of AE in mice was 27.90 ± 1.19 g/kg.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated TA as an herb with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant proprieties and supports the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

The blockade of CC chemokine receptor type 1 influences the level of nociceptive factors and enhances opioid analgesic potency in a rat model of neuropathic pain

A growing body of evidence has indicated that the release of nociceptive factors, such as interleukins and chemokines, by activated immune and glial cells has crucial significance for neuropathic pain generation and maintenance. Moreover, changes in the production of nociceptive immune factors are associated with low opioid efficacy in the treatment of neuropathy. Recently, it has been suggested that CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) signaling is important for nociception. Our study provides evidence that the development of hypersensitivity in rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve is associated with significant up-regulation of endogenous CCR1 ligands, namely, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL6, CCL7 and CCL9 in the spinal cord and CCL2, CCL6, CCL7 and CCL9 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We showed that single and repeated intrathecal administration of J113863 (an antagonist of CCR1) attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Moreover, repeated administration of a CCR1 antagonist enhanced the analgesic properties of morphine and buprenorphine after CCI. Simultaneously, repeated administration of J113863 reduced the protein levels of IBA-1 in the spinal cord and MPO and CD4 in the DRG and, as a consequence, the level of pronociceptive factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-18. The data obtained provide evidence that CCR1 blockade reduces hypersensitivity and increases opioid-induced analgesia through the modulation of neuroimmune interactions.

Plasma Cytokines Profile in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Associated with Mutations in GBA Gene

Plasma cytokine concentration in patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation in GBA gene, in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease, and in healthy volunteers were measured by ELISA and multiplex analysis. In patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation in GBA gene, elevated plasma concentrations of IL-1β and TNFα were revealed by ELISA in comparison with both controls and patients with sporadic form of Parkinson's disease. Multiplex analysis revealed enhanced secretion of IL-1β, IL-2, IFNγ and reduced plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation in GBA gene (in comparison with other groups) and increased plasma levels of IL-13 (only in comparison with the healthy volunteers). Our results support the hypothesis that the concentrations of inflammatory mediators are increased in patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation in GBA gene.

Sex-specific adipose tissue imprinting of regulatory T cells

Adipose tissue is an energy store and a dynamic endocrine organ1,2. In particular, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is critical for the regulation of systemic metabolism3,4. Impaired VAT function-for example, in obesity-is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes5,6. Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor FOXP3 are critical for limiting immune responses and suppressing tissue inflammation, including in the VAT7-9. Here we uncover pronounced sexual dimorphism in Treg cells in the VAT. Male VAT was enriched for Treg cells compared with female VAT, and Treg cells from male VAT were markedly different from their female counterparts in phenotype, transcriptional landscape and chromatin accessibility. Heightened inflammation in the male VAT facilitated the recruitment of Treg cells via the CCL2-CCR2 axis. Androgen regulated the differentiation of a unique IL-33-producing stromal cell population specific to the male VAT, which paralleled the local expansion of Treg cells. Sex hormones also regulated VAT inflammation, which shaped the transcriptional landscape of VAT-resident Treg cells in a BLIMP1 transcription factor-dependent manner. Overall, we find that sex-specific differences in Treg cells from VAT are determined by the tissue niche in a sex-hormone-dependent manner to limit adipose tissue inflammation.

Inflammation inhibition and gut microbiota regulation by TSG to combat atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is the main active component of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, a root of the homonymous plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. TSG has protective effects on the liver, reduces cholesterol and possesses anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. However, the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of Polygonum multiflorum on atherosclerosis (AS) have not been studied yet.

PURPOSE

The aim of this research was to study the effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP) and its major active chemical constituent TSG on AS in ApoE-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mice fed with high fat diets to provide a scientific basis in the use of PMRP and TSG against cardiovascular diseases.

METHODS

High fat diet induced AS in ApoE^-/- mice were treated with PMRP, TSG (low and high doses), and simvastatin (SIM) for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment, mouse serum lipid levels, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured by an oxidase method (other indicators were determined by ELISA), while the content in oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the serum and aortic samples were measured by ELISA. Atherosclerotic plaque morphology was evaluated by oil red O in thoracic aorta. In addition, 16S rDNA-V4 hypervariable region genome sequence of all microbes in the fecal sample from each group was analyzed to evaluate potential structure changes in the gut microbiota after treatment with PMRP and TSG.

RESULTS

TSG markedly inhibited AS plaque formation in ApoE^-/- mice. Furthermore, PMRP and TSG improved lipid accumulation by reducing TG and ox-LDL levels. TSG inhibited inflammation by the down-regulation of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression in serum, and PMRP inhibited inflammation by reducing VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CCRA expression in aortic tissue. In addition, TSG reduced or prevented AS by the regulation of the composition of the overall gut microbiota, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria phyla, Akkermensia genera and Helicobacter pylori.

CONCLUSION

PMRP and TSG improved lipid accumulation and inflammation, and regulated the intestinal microbial imbalance in ApoE^-/- mice. TSG exerted a preventive effect in the development and progression of AS.

MiR-222 inhibition alleviates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-induced inflammatory acute lung injury by targeting Foxo3

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common acute and severe disease in clinical practice. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) is a superantigen that can cause inflammatory ALI. MiR-222 has been demonstrated to be upregulated in SEB-induced inflammatory ALI, but its exact roles and functions remain ill-defined. In this study, SEB exposure led to inflammatory ALI and high expression of miR-222 in model mice and lung infiltrating mononuclear cells, but the inflammatory response and high expression of miR-222 were restored in miR-222^-/- mice. Moreover, we investigated the roles of miR-222 in vitro and observed that the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of miR-222 were all elevated in SEB-activated splenocytes and miR-222 inhibition reversed the effects. Foxo3 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-222. Interestingly, SEB exposure led to a decrease of Foxo3 expression, and Foxo3 knockdown partially reversed the promotion of Foxo3 and the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines induced by miR-222 inhibitor in SEB-activated splenocytes. Our data indicated that miR-222 inhibition could alleviate SEB-induced inflammatory ALI by directly targeting Foxo3, shedding light on the potential therapeutic of miR-222 for SEB-induced inflammation in the lung.

Eosinophilic recruitment in thermally injured older animals is associated with worse outcomes and higher conversion to full thickness burn

BACKGROUND

Partial burn injury in older patients is associated with higher rates of morbidity, mortality, and conversion to full thickness burn (Finnerty et al., 2009; Pham et al., 2009). Both human and mouse models demonstrate an altered systemic immune response in older subjects, however less is known about the localized response (Jeschke et al., 2016; Farinas et al., 2018; Mohs et al., 2017). We hypothesized that a mouse model could demonstrate differences in the localized inflammatory response of the old.

METHODS

Six old (66 weeks) and young (8 weeks) mice received partial thickness thermal burns. Localized and systemic expression of nine chemokines (TNFalpha, MCP-1, MIP-2, S100A9, EGF, IL-10, RANTES, G-CSF, and EOTAXIN) were evaluated at day 3 after burn using Luminex analysis. Vimentin immunostaining was used to evaluate injury depth.

RESULTS

Vimentin staining demonstrated increased burn depth in old mice (449±38μm) as compared to young (166±18μm) (p<0.05). Both groups exhibited increased localized expression of EOTAXIN after burn (p<0.05), however expression in old mice (83.6±6.1pg/ml) was lower than that of young (126.8±18.7pg/ml) (p<0.05). Systemically, however, old mice had increased baseline EOTAXIN expression (1332.40±110.78pg/ml) compared to young (666.12±45.8pg/ml) (p<0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

EOTAXIN is one of the primary chemoattractants for selective eosinophilic recruitment and activation. While eosinophils are important for wound healing, a hyperactive eosinophilic response can result in tissue damage. We hypothesize that the increased baseline serum EOTAXIN in the old may prime their hyperactive response, and may contribute to their worse clinical outcomes. Long-term eosinophil activation requires further study, however our findings indicate a role for EOTAXIN and eosinophils in burn response.

Interleukin-22 secreted by ectopic endometrial stromal cells and natural killer cells promotes the recruitment of macrophages through promoting CCL2 secretion

PROBLEM

During endometriosis, there is an increase in the number of dysfunctional macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying macrophage recruitment are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated secretion of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in the recruitment of macrophages.

METHOD OF STUDY

Normal ESCs (nESC) and ectopic ESCs (eESCs) were separately co-cultured with NK cells for a macrophage chemotaxis assay, and the number of chemotactic macrophages was counted. The expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and IL-22 receptors was detected by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. eESCs were treated with 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/mL recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) to determine the most effective concentration for stimulating CCL2 production. Following treatment with 1 ng/mL rhIL-22, secretion of CCL2 was detected from both the eESC monoculture and the eESC/NK co-culture.

RESULTS

Compared with the eESC monoculture, the eESC/NK co-culture recruited a significantly higher number of chemotactic macrophages. There was also an increase in the levels of IL-22 and CCL2 secreted when eESCs were co-cultured compared with the monoculture. Treatment with rhIL-22 resulted in an increase in the levels of CCL2 secreted by eESCs, and the IL-22-induced CCL2 secretion was reversed by the IL-22 antagonist, αIL-22. Increased expression of IL-22 resulted in an increase in the number of chemotactic macrophages, but was reversed by αIL-22 and CCL2 antagonist (αCCL2).

CONCLUSION

Interleukin-22 and CCL2 secretion by eESCs stimulated by NK cells contributes to the induction of macrophage recruitment and is thus implicated in the development of endometriosis.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells extracts VEGF protein levels and VEGF mRNA: Associations with inflammatory molecules in a healthy population

Background

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signal protein, implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes together with other common inflammatory biomarkers. However, their associations have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated associations between VEGF and four specific VEGF mRNA isoforms with levels of 11 inflammation molecules, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) extracts.

Methods

Healthy participants from the STANISLAS Family Study (n = 285) were included. Levels of VEGF (four mRNA isoforms and protein levels) and inflammatory molecules (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, INF-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, EGF) were measured in PBMCs extracts. Multiple regression analyses were performed, adjusted for age and gender.

Results

The analyses revealed significant associations between VEGF protein levels and levels of IL-4 (β = 0.028, P = 0.013), MCP-1 (β = 0.015, P<0.0001) and EGF (β = 0.017, P<0.0001). Furthermore, mRNA isoform VEGF₁₆₅ was associated with MCP-1 and IL-1α (P = 0.002 and P = 0.008, respectively); and mRNA isoform VEGF₁₈₉ was associated with IL-4 and IL-6 (P = 0.019 and P = 0.034, respectively).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, the present study represents the first investigation that successfully demonstrates links between VEGF protein levels and inflammatory molecules levels derived from PBMCs extracts and identifies associations between specific VEGF mRNA isoforms and inflammatory molecules.

Impact

These findings provide novel insights that may assist in the development of new tissue and mRNA isoform specific measurements of VEGF levels, which may positively contribute to predicting the risk of common complex diseases and response of currently used anti-VEGF agents, and developing of novel targeted therapies for VEGF-related pathophysiology.

Interaction between galectin-3 and cystinosin uncovers a pathogenic role of inflammation in kidney involvement of cystinosis

Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of many disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are often unknown. Here, we test whether cystinosin, the protein involved in cystinosis, is a critical regulator of galectin-3, a member of the β-galactosidase binding protein family, during inflammation. Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disorder and, despite ubiquitous expression of cystinosin, the kidney is the primary organ impacted by the disease. Cystinosin was found to enhance lysosomal localization and degradation of galectin-3. In Ctns-/- mice, a mouse model of cystinosis, galectin-3 is overexpressed in the kidney. The absence of galectin-3 in cystinotic mice ameliorates pathologic renal function and structure and decreases macrophage/monocyte infiltration in the kidney of the Ctns-/-Gal3-/- mice compared to Ctns-/- mice. These data strongly suggest that galectin-3 mediates inflammation involved in kidney disease progression in cystinosis. Furthermore, galectin-3 was found to interact with the pro-inflammatory cytokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, which stimulates the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, and proved to be significantly increased in the serum of Ctns-/- mice and also patients with cystinosis. Thus, our findings highlight a new role for cystinosin and galectin-3 interaction in inflammation and provide an additional mechanistic explanation for the kidney disease of cystinosis. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets to delay cystinosis progression.

Separation and Enrichment of Three Coumarins from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix by Macroporous Resin with Preparative HPLC and Evaluation of Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

In order to enrich and separate three coumarins (columbianetin acetate, osthole and columbianadin) from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix (APR), an efficient method was established by combining macroporous resins (MARs) with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC). Five different macroporous resins (D101, AB-8, DA-201, HP-20 and GDX-201) were used to assess the adsorption and desorption characteristics of three coumarins. The result demonstrated that HP-20 resin possessed the best adsorption and desorption capacities for these three coumarins. Moreover, the adsorption dynamics profiles of three coumarins were well fitted to the pseudo second order equation (R² > 0.99) for the HP-20 resin. The adsorption process was described by the three isotherms models including Langmuir (R² > 0.98, 0.046 ≤ R_L ≤ 0.103), Freundlich (R² > 0.99, 0.2748 ≤ 1/n ≤ 0.3103) and Dubinin Radushkevich (R² > 0.97). The contents of columbianetin acetate, osthole and columbianadin in the product were increased 10.69-fold, 19.98-fold and 19.68-fold after enrichment, respectively. Three coumarins were further purified by PHPLC and the purities of them reached above 98%. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of these three coumarins were assessed by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. It was found that the production of NO and MCP-1 was obviously inhibited by three coumarins. Columbianetin acetate, osthole and columbianadin could be used as potentially natural anti-inflammatory ingredients in pharmaceutical products. It was concluded that the new method combining MARs with PHPLC was efficient and economical for enlarging scale separation and enrichment of columbianetin acetate, osthole and columbianadin with anti-inflammatory effect from the APR extract.

Tumour-associated macrophages exhibit anti-tumoural properties in Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma, which is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, has a 70% survival rate, but standard treatments often lead to devastating life-long side effects and recurrence is fatal. One of the emerging strategies in the search for treatments is to determine the roles of tumour microenvironment cells in the growth and maintenance of tumours. The most attractive target is tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are abundantly present in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) subgroup of medulloblastoma. Here, we report an unexpected beneficial role of TAMs in SHH medulloblastoma. In human patients, decreased macrophage number is correlated with significantly poorer outcome. We confirm macrophage anti-tumoural behaviour in both ex vivo and in vivo murine models of SHH medulloblastoma. Taken together, our findings suggest that macrophages play a positive role by impairing tumour growth in medulloblastoma, in contrast to the pro-tumoural role played by TAMs in glioblastoma, another common brain tumour.

A recombinant fungal defensin-like peptide-P2 combats multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms

There is an urgent need to discover new active drugs to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is a serious threat to humans and animals and incompletely eliminated by antibiotics due to its intracellular accumulation in host cells, production of biofilms, and persisters. Fungal defensin-like peptides (DLPs) are emerging as a potential source of new antibacterial drugs due to their potent antibacterial activity. In this study, nine novel fungal DLPs were firstly identified by querying against UniProt databases and expressed in Pichia pastoris, and their antibacterial and anti-biofilm ability were tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus. Results showed that among them, P2, the highest activity and expression level, showed low toxicity, no resistance, and high stability. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of P2 against Gram-positive bacteria were < 2 μg/mL. P2 exhibited the potent activity against intracellular MDR S. aureus (bacterial reduction in 80-97%) in RAW264.7 macrophages. P2 bound to/disrupted bacterial DNA, wrinkled outer membranes and permeabilized cytoplasmic membranes, but maintained the integrity of bacterial cells. P2 inhibited/eradicated the biofilm and killed 99% persister bacteria, which were resistant to 100× MIC vancomycin. P2 upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α/IL-1β) and chemokine (MCP-1) levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in mice, respectively. Five milligram per kilogram P2 enhanced the survival of S. aureus-infected mice (100%), superior to vancomycin (30 mg/kg), inhibited the bacterial translocation, and alleviated multiple-organ injuries (liver, spleen, kidney, and lung). These data suggest that P2 may be a candidate for novel antimicrobial agents against MDR staphylococcal infections.

A novel CC chemokine ligand 2 like gene from ayu Plecoglossus altivelis is involved in the innate immune response against to Vibrio anguillarum

Chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), is one of the key chemokines that regulate migration and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) in mammals. However, the functional repertoire of fish CCL2 remains unclear. Here, we identified a cDNA sequence encoding a novel CCL2-like protein (PaCCL2L) in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Sequence analysis revealed that PaCCL2L grouped with CCL2 homologs, and is most closely related to Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) homologs. PaCCL2 transcripts were expressed in all tested tissues from healthy ayu, with the highest level in the spleen. Upon Vibrio anguillarum infection, PaCCL2L transcripts increased significantly in tested tissues, including the liver, spleen, and head kidney. We then produced the recombinant PaCCL2L mature peptide (rPaCCL2L) by prokaryotic expression and generated the corresponding antibodies (anti-PaCCL2L). A significant increase in PaCCL2L protein and mRNA expression was observed in ayu MO/MФ following V. anguillarum challenge. Intraperitoneal injection of rPaCCL2L resulted in significantly improved survival and reduced tissue bacterial load in V. anguillarum-infected ayu. rPaCCL2L had a positive effect on the chemotaxis of MO/MΦ and neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, rPaCCL2L exhibited a positive effect on the chemotaxis of LPS-stimulated MO/MΦ (M1 type) in vitro, whereas it exhibited no chemotaxis effect on cAMP-stimulated MO/MΦ (M2 type). In addition, rPaCCL2L treatment exhibited an enhanced effect on MO/MΦ phagocytosis, bacterial killing, respiratory burst, and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas anti-PaCCL2L treatment had an inhibitory effect. Our study demonstrates that PaCCL2L might play a role in the immune response of ayu against V. anguillarum infection through chemotactic recruitment and activation of MO/MΦ.

Leptin decreases circulating inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1 in mice

Leptin influences inflammation and immune response. Dose-dependent effects of leptin on biomarkers of inflammation have not been studied in vivo, so far. Leptin-deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout (LDLR^-/- ;ob/ob) female mice were treated with three different leptin doses or saline for 12 weeks. The effect of leptin on plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 concentrations and Il-6 and Mcp-1 mRNA expression in vivo were assessed. Macrophage infiltration in epididymal adipose tissue (epiAT) after leptin treatment was determined by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Aortic root atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by oil red O staining. Mean plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 decreased significantly in the 3.0 mg/kg BW/day group as compared to control mice (both P < 0.01). Messenger RNA expression of Il-6 and Mcp-1 was significantly down-regulated by leptin treatment in different adipose tissues in vivo. Characteristic crown-like structures formed by adipose tissue macrophages were significantly reduced by leptin treatment in epiAT. Recombinant leptin dose-dependently diminished plaque area in the aortic root. Leptin administration within the subphysiological to physiological range diminishes circulating pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1. Reduction of Il-6 and Mcp-1 gene expression in adipose tissue, as well as decreased adipose tissue macrophage infiltration might contribute. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):43-48, 2019.

Protective Effects of cis-2-Dodecenoic Acid in an Experimental Mouse Model of Vaginal Candidiasis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) in the treatment and prevention of vaginal candidiasis in vivo.

METHODS

The activities of different concentrations of BDSF against the virulence factors of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were determined in vitro. An experimental mouse model of Candida vaginitis was treated with 250 μmol/L BDSF. Treatment efficiency was evaluated in accordance with vaginal fungal burden and inflammation symptoms.

RESULTS

In vitro experiments indicated that BDSF attenuated the adhesion and damage of C. albicans to epithelial cells by decreasing phospholipase secretion and blocking filament formation. Treatment with 30 μmol/L BDSF reduced the adhesion and damage of C. albicans to epithelial cells by 36.9% and 42.3%, respectively. Treatment with 200 μmol/L BDSF completely inhibited phospholipase activity. In vivo mouse experiments demonstrated that BDSF could effectively eliminate vaginal infection and relieve inflammatory symptoms. Four days of treatment with 250 μmol/L BDSF reduced vaginal fungal loads by 6-fold and depressed inflammation. Moreover, BDSF treatment decreased the expression levels of the inflammatory chemokine-associated genes MCP-1 and IGFBP3 by 2.5- and 2-fold, respectively.

CONCLUSION

BDSF is a novel alternative drug that can efficiently control vaginal candidiasis by inhibiting the virulence factors of C. albicans.

Protectin DX attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes via AMPK-mediated suppression of the NF-κB pathway

Several studies have demonstrated that protectins, ω-3 fatty acid-derived proresolution mediators, may ameliorate inflammation. Recently, protectin DX (PDX) was also reported to attenuate inflammation and insulin resistance in several cell types. However, the effects of PDX on inflammation in adipocytes remain ambiguous. In this study, we found that PDX treatment suppressed adipogenesis and lipid accumulation during 3T3-L1 differentiation. Treatment of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with PDX stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. PDX-induced AMPK phosphorylation blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with PDX alleviated LPS-induced NF-κB and inhibitory factor κB phosphorylation. Furthermore, PDX treatment diminished LPS-induced impairment of insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, as well as fatty acid oxidation. These effects were decreased by silencing AMPK expression with small-interfering RNA. In conclusion, the current findings suggest that PDX attenuates inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes via an AMPK-dependent pathway, which in turn provides evidence that PDX has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects in adipocytes.

Anti-inflammatory effect on genes expression after four days of Qigong training in peripheral mononuclear blood cells in healthy women

INTRODUCTION

Some studies have shown the influence of Qigong on gene expression in different cells, but there is little data associated with the influence of this kind of therapy on genes expression in pheripheral monocellucar blood cells.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the expression of genes associated with cellular stress response in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBC) in healthy women.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment took place at the Japanese Martial Arts Centre "DOJO" in Stara Wieś, Poland, conducted over the course of a 4-day qigong training session. To evaluate the genes effect of this training, blood samples were taken before and after the training period. This experiment involved 20 healthy women (aged 56.2±9.01, body height 164.8±6.5 and mass 65.5±8.2). To determine the expression of HSF-1, HSPA1A, NF-kB, IL10 and CCL2 mRNA, 3 ml of venous blood was collected. The blood samples were placed in tubes allowing for separation (BD Vacutainer CPT ^TM) before and after the 4 days of qigong training. Isolated PMBC were used to determine gene expression using real-time qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction).

RESULTS

Significant decreases in NF-kB and CCL2 mRNA and increases in IL10, HSF1 and HSPA1A m-RNA were detected after 4 days of qigong training. The obtained findings suggest that qigong caused a reduction in the inflammatory and intensified anti-inflammatory gene expression, as well as a higher expression of HSF-1 and HSPA1A.

CONCLUSIONS

The adaptive response to qigong training was similar to the adaptive response to physical activity and was detected through gene expression in PMBC. Furthermore, this kind of training is especially indicated for women because of their higher susceptibility to psychosocial stress when compared to men.

Neonatal BCG Vaccination Influences Cytokine Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands and Heterologous Antigens

Background

BCG vaccination is associated with a reduction in all-cause infant mortality in high-mortality settings. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, but long-term modulation of the innate immune response (trained immunity) may be involved.

Methods

Whole-blood specimens, collected 7 days after randomization from 212 neonates enrolled in a randomized trial of neonatal BCG vaccination, were stimulated with killed pathogens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to interrogate cytokine responses.

Results

BCG-vaccinated infants had increased production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in unstimulated samples and decreased production of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, and IL-10 and the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) following stimulation with peptidoglycan (TLR2) and R848 (TLR7/8). BCG-vaccinated infants also had decreased MCP-1 responses following stimulation with heterologous pathogens. Sex and maternal BCG vaccination status interacted with neonatal BCG vaccination.

Conclusions

Neonatal BCG vaccination influences cytokine responses to TLR ligands and heterologous pathogens. This effect is characterized by decreased antiinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in the context of higher levels of IL-6 in unstimulated samples. This supports the hypothesis that BCG vaccination modulates the innate immune system. Further research is warranted to determine whether there is an association between these findings and the beneficial nonspecific (heterologous) effects of BCG vaccine on all-cause mortality.

Upregulation of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2B in Epstein‒Barr Virus-Positive Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines with the Latency III Program

CCR2 is the cognate receptor to the chemokine CCL2. CCR2–CCL2 signaling mediates cancer progression and metastasis dissemination. However, the role of CCR2–CCL2 signaling in pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies is not clear. Previously, we showed that CCR2B was upregulated in ex vivo peripheral blood B cells upon Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) infection and in established lymphoblastoid cell lines with the EBV latency III program. EBV latency III is associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients. The majority of EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumors are characterized by latency I, but the BL cell lines drift towards latency III during in vitro culture. In this study, the CCR2A and CCR2B expression was assessed in the isogenic EBV-positive BL cell lines with latency I and III using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining analyses. We found that CCR2B is upregulated in the EBV-positive BL cells with latency III. Consequently, we detected the migration of latency III cells toward CCL2. Notably, the G190A mutation, corresponding to SNP CCR2-V64I, was found in one latency III cell line with a reduced migratory response to CCL2. The upregulation of CCR2B may contribute to the enhanced migration of malignant B cells into CCL2-rich compartments.

Prophylactic role of vitamin K supplementation on vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes by regulating the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating Gla proteins

There is no previous study that has examined the relationship between circulating vitamin K1 (VK1) and vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims to examine the hypothesis that circulating VK1 deficiency may be associated with higher inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D patients and that VK1 supplementation regulates the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins and reduces vascular inflammation. The results showed that plasma VK1 levels were significantly lower and MCP-1, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in T2D patients compared to those in the controls. The lower levels of VK1 in T2D patients were significantly and inversely correlated with MCP-1 and HOMA-IR, which suggests that VK1 supplementation may reduce the vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D. Using a high fat diet-fed T2D mice model this study further demonstrated that VK1 supplementation (1, 3, 5 μg per kg BW, 8 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the body weight gain, glucose intolerance, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, and cytokine secretion (MCP-1 and IL-6) in T2D mice. Further cell culture studies showed that VK1 supplementation (1, 5, or 10 nM) decreased NF-κB phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion and increased Nrf2 protein expression in high glucose (HG, 25 mM)-treated monocytes. Signal silencing studies with GGCX siRNA again depicted the role of VK-dependent Gla proteins in mediating the effect of VK1 on vascular inflammation in HG-treated cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that circulating VK1 has a positive effect in lowering vascular inflammation in T2D by regulating NF-κB/Nrf2 transcription factors via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins.

Nuclear factor kappa B regulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/chemokine CC motif receptor-2 expressing in spinal cord contributes to the maintenance of cancer-induced bone pain in rats

BACKGROUND

Chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), is a potential factor to cause cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). NF-κB signaling is very important in mediating the expression of chemokines and may have a role in CIBP. However, the mechanism is still unclear. This study investigates the role of NF-κB in CIBP by regulating MCP-1/chemokine CC motif receptor-2 (CCR2) signaling pathway.

METHODS

A rat CIBP model was established by injecting Walker-256 cells into the tibia medullary cavity. Nine days later, animals were intrathecally administrated with MCP-1 neutralizing antibody, CCR2 antagonist (RS504393), or NF-кB inhibitor (BAY11-7081). Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold was used to assess pain behavior and sciatic functional index, and radiographic images were adopted to evaluate the damage of nerve and bone. The spinal cords were harvested for Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of MCP-1, CCR2, and NF-кB was detected by double immunofluorescent staining.

RESULTS

CIBP caused remarkable bone destruction, injury of sciatic and femoral nerve, and persistent (>15 days) mechanical allodynia in rats. Tumor cell inoculation upregulate MCP-1 and NF-кB in activated neurons as well as CCR2 in neurons and microglia of the spinal cord. MCP-1 antibody, RS504393, and BAY11-7081 partially reversed CIBP-induced mechanical allodynia, and CIBP regulated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 4, and BAY11-7081 lowered CIBP-induced MCP-1 and CCR2 expressions in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, NF-кB signaling pathway regulates the expressions of MCP-1/CCR2-induced inflammatory factors in the spinal cord of CIBP rats.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) with its most severe form chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory bone disorder. We summarize the clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, most recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology, and available treatment options and outcomes in CNO/CRMO.

RECENT FINDINGS

Though the exact molecular pathophysiology of CNO/CRMO remains somewhat elusive, it appears likely that variable defects in the TLR4/MAPK/inflammasome signaling cascade result in an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions in monocytes from CNO/CRMO patients. In this context, we present previously unpublished data on cytokine and chemokine expression in monocytes and tissues. CNO/CRMO is an autoinflammatory bone disorder resulting from imbalanced cytokine expression from innate immune cells. Though the exact molecular pathophysiology remains unclear, variable molecular defects appear to result in inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in monocytes from CNO/CRMO patients. Recent advances suggest signaling pathways and single molecules as biomarkers for CNO/CRMO as well as future treatment targets.

Early pregnancy immune biomarkers in peripheral blood may predict preeclampsia

We performed a prospective cohort study in 197 pregnant women. Peripheral blood was collected between 5 and 16 weeks of gestation. Intracellular cytokine analysis and immunophenotype were performed by flow-cytometry. Serum levels of cytokines and chemokines were analyzed by multiplex assay. 86 patients were eligible for the analysis and 10.5% (n=9) developed preeclampsia. Patients with preeclampsia had significantly higher percentage of CD3⁺CD4⁺TNFα⁺ T helper (Th) 1 cells (45.4±10.3 vs 37.1±8.5, P=0.032) and CD3⁺CD4⁺IL17⁺ Th 17 cells (2.4±1.3 vs 1.6±1.1, P=0.029) when compared to those of patients without preeclampsia. CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^dim/- T regulatory cells (Treg) cells (5.7±1.2% vs 7.0±1.6%, P=0.015) were significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia when compared to those without preeclampsia. Patients with preeclampsia had significantly higher TNFα/IL-10 cell ratio (43.8±10.3 vs 34.3±7.9, P=0.005) and Th17/Treg cell ratio (0.5±0.3 vs 0.2±0.2, P=0.011) when compared to those of patients without preeclampsia. IL-8 and Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α serum levels were significantly higher in patients with preeclampsia when compared with patients without preeclampsia (Median=341.0 vs 87.6, U=152, P=0.020 and Median=35.7 vs 17.7, U=120, P=0.029 respectively). Serum MCP-1 levels were significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia when compared with patients without preeclampsia (Median=233.8 vs 390.9, U=183, P=0.021). The logistic regression predictive model combining TNFα/IL-10 ratios, IL-8 and MCP-1 serum levels had the best performance (AUC=0.886, 95%CI 0.8-0.9). We concluded that elevated Th1 and Th17 cell percentages, elevated TNFα/IL-10 and Th17/Treg cell ratios and decreased Treg cell percentages in early pregnancy are associated with preeclampsia.

CCL2 recruits T cells into the brain in a CCR2-independent manner

CCL2 is a chemokine that can be induced during neuroinflammation to recruit immune cells, but its role in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. Our aim was to better understand its role. We induced CCL2 in CNS of naive CCL2-deficient mice using intrathecally administered replication-defective adenovirus and examined cell infiltration by flow cytometry. CCL2 expression induced pronounced and unexpected recruitment of regulatory and IFNγ-producing T cells to CNS from blood, possibly related to defective egress of monocytes from CCL2-deficient bone marrow. Infiltration also occurred in mice lacking CCR2, a receptor for CCL2. Expression of another receptor for CCL2, CCR4, and CXCR3, a receptor for CXCL10, which was also induced, were both increased in CCL2-treated CNS. CCR4 was expressed by neurons and astrocytes as well as CD4 T cells, and CXCR3 was expressed by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Chemokine-recruited T cells did not lead to CNS pathology. Our findings show a role for CCL2 in recruitment of CD4 T cells to the CNS and show that redundancy among chemokine receptors ensures optimal response.

Basophil Recruitment to Skin Lesions of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mediated by CCR1 and CCR2

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Basophils have been reported to infiltrate skin lesions in various skin diseases, but not in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study investigated basophil infiltration in SLE and its mechanism.

METHODS

Twenty newly diagnosed SLE patients and twenty healthy controls were enrolled. Nine SLE patients underwent skin biopsies. Flow cytometric analysis the phenotype of peripheral basophils and their migration rate toward RANTES and MCP-1 were analyzed with the transwell culture system, also the expression of these two chemokines in skin tissue were analyzed with immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Increased activation and decreased numbers of peripheral basophils were observed in SLE patients compared with controls. Basophil migration into skin lesions of SLE patients were observed, but not in normal skin tissue. This migration was related to the upregulation of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2 on basophils. In vitro studies showed that migration rate toward RANTES and MCP-1 increased significantly in basophils from SLE patients compared with those from controls. Consistently, high levels of RANTES and MCP-1 expression were observed in skin lesions from SLE patients but not in normal skin tissue.

CONCLUSION

Basophil recruitment to skin lesions of SLE patients mediated by CCR1 and CCR2, which may contribute to tissue damage in SLE.

Notch Shapes the Innate Immunophenotype in Breast Cancer

Notch activation, which is associated with basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), normally directs tissue patterning, suggesting that it may shape the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that Notch in tumor cells regulates the expression of two powerful proinflammatory cytokines, IL1β and CCL2, and the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Notch also regulates TGFβ-mediated activation of tumor cells by TAMs, closing a Notch-dependent paracrine signaling loop between these two cell types. We use a mouse model in which Notch can be regulated in spontaneous mammary carcinoma to confirm that IL1β and CCL2 production, and macrophage recruitment are Notch-dependent. In human disease, expression array analyses demonstrate a striking association between Notch activation, IL1β and CCL2 production, macrophage infiltration, and BLBC. These findings place Notch at the nexus of a vicious cycle of macrophage infiltration and amplified cytokine secretion and provide immunotherapeutic opportunities in BLBC.Significance: BLBC is aggressive and has an unmet need for effective targeted treatment. Our data highlight immunotherapeutic opportunities in Notch-activated BLBC. Effective IL1β and CCL2 antagonists are currently in clinical review to treat benign inflammatory disease, and their transition to the cancer clinic could have a rapid impact. Cancer Discov; 7(11); 1320-35. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1201.

Polyphenols from Lonicera caerulea L. Berry Inhibit LPS-Induced Inflammation through Dual Modulation of Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mediators

Lonicera caerulea L. berry polyphenols (LCBP) are considered as major components for bioactivity. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by monitoring inflammatory and antioxidant mediator actions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse paw edema and macrophage cell model. LCBP significantly attenuated LPS-induced paw edema (3.0 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.1 mm, P < 0.05) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, 100.9 ± 2.3 to 58.3 ± 14.5 ng/mL), interleukin (IL)-10 (1596.1 ± 424.3 to 709.7 ± 65.7 pg/mL), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (1761.9 ± 208.3 to 1369.1 ± 56.4 pg/mL), IL-6 (1262.8 ± 71.7 to 499.0 ± 67.1 pg/mL), IL-4 (93.3 ± 25.7 to 50.7 ± 12.5 pg/mL), IL-12(p-70) (580.4 ± 132.0 to 315.2 ± 35.1 pg/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 2045.5 ± 264.9 to 1270.7 ± 158.6 pg/mL). Cell signaling analysis revealed that LCBP inhibited transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in earlier response. Moreover, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and (-)-epicatechin (EC), two major components of LCBP, directly bound to TAK1. These data demonstrated that LCBP might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by modulating both inflammatory and antioxidant mediators.

The innate immune response to lower respiratory tract E. Coli infection and the role of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in neonatal mice

Neonates have greater morbidity/mortality from lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) compared to older children. Lack of conditioning of the pulmonary immune system due to limited environmental exposures and/or infectious challenges likely contributes to the increase susceptibility in the neonate. In this study, we sought to gain insights into the nature and dynamics of the neonatal pulmonary immune response to LRTI using a murine model.

METHODS

Wildtype (WT) and Ccr2^-/- C57BL/6 neonatal and juvenile mice received E. coli or PBS by direct pharyngeal aspiration. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune cell dynamics and identify cytokine-producing cells. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to measure cytokine/chemokine expression.

RESULTS

Innate immune cell recruitment in response to E. coli-induced LRTI was delayed in the neonatal lung compared to juvenile lung. Lung clearance of bacteria was also significantly delayed in the neonate. Ccr2^-/- neonates, which lack an intact CCL2-CCR2 axis, had higher mortality after E. coli challenged than Ccr2^+/+ neonates. A greater percentage of CD8⁺ T cells and monocytes from WT neonates challenged with E. coli produced TNF compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

The pulmonary immune response to E. coli-induced LRTI differed significantly between neonatal and juvenile mice. Neonates were more susceptible to increasing doses of E. coli and exhibited greater mortality than juveniles. In the absence of an intact CCL2-CCR2 axis, susceptibility to LRTI-induced mortality was further increased in neonatal mice. Taken together these findings underscore the importance of age-related differences in the innate immune response to LRTI during early stages of postnatal life.

RIG-I-like Receptor Triggering by Dengue Virus Drives Dendritic Cell Immune Activation and TH1 Differentiation

Dengue virus (DENV) causes 400 million infections annually and is one of several viruses that can cause viral hemorrhagic fever, which is characterized by uncontrolled immune activation resulting in high fever and internal bleeding. Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, massive cytokine secretion is thought to be involved. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main target cells of DENV, and we investigated their role in DENV-induced cytokine production and adaptive immune responses. DENV infection induced DC maturation and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF. Inhibition of DENV RNA replication abrogated these responses. Notably, silencing of RNA sensors RIG-I or MDA5 abrogated DC maturation, as well as cytokine responses by DENV-infected DCs. DC maturation was induced by type I IFN responses because inhibition of IFN-α/β receptor signaling abrogated DENV-induced DC maturation. Moreover, DENV infection of DCs resulted in CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 expression, which was abrogated after RIG-I and MDA5 silencing. DCs play an essential role in TH cell differentiation, and we show that RIG-I and MDA5 triggering by DENV leads to TH1 polarization, which is characterized by high levels of IFN-γ. Notably, cytokines IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ and chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 have been associated with disease severity, endothelial dysfunction, and vasodilation. Therefore, we identified RIG-I and MDA5 as critical players in innate and adaptive immune responses against DENV, and targeting these receptors has the potential to decrease hemorrhagic fever in patients.

Proinflammatory Effects of Hypoglycemia in Humans With or Without Diabetes

Severe hypoglycemic events have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes, which may be explained by hypoglycemia-induced inflammation. We used ex vivo stimulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes obtained during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (5.0 mmol/L)-hypoglycemic (2.6 mmol/L) clamps in 11 healthy participants, 10 patients with type 1 diabetes and normal awareness of hypoglycemia (NAH), and 10 patients with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness (IAH) to test whether the composition and inflammatory function of immune cells adapt to a more proinflammatory state after hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia increased leukocyte numbers in healthy control participants and patients with NAH but not in patients with IAH. Leukocytosis strongly correlated with the adrenaline response to hypoglycemia. Ex vivo, PBMCs and monocytes displayed a more robust cytokine response to microbial stimulation after hypoglycemia compared with euglycemia, although it was less pronounced in patients with IAH. Of note, hypoglycemia increased the expression of markers of demargination and inflammation in PBMCs. We conclude that hypoglycemia promotes mobilization of specific leukocyte subsets from the marginal pool and induces proinflammatory functional changes in immune cells. Inflammatory responses were less pronounced in IAH, indicating that counterregulatory hormone responses are key modulators of hypoglycemia-induced proinflammatory effects. Hypoglycemia-induced proinflammatory changes may promote a sustained inflammatory state.

Thrombolysis of deep vein thrombosis and inhibiting chemotaxis of macrophage by MCP-1 blockage

OBJECTIVE

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one common vascular complication after trauma or surgery. Macrophage plays an important role in recanalization of thrombosis and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) has a potent chemotactic role for macrophage. This study investigated the role of MCP-1 and macrophage in DVT thrombolysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DVT mice model was established for evaluating thrombosis grades, and divided into DVT, DVT + MCP-1 recombinant protein, and DVT + MCP-1 neutralizing antibody groups. MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression, weight/length ratio of thrombosis were tested at 1, 5, 9 and 15 day after DVT. F4/80 protein expression in thrombosis on day 9 was measured to reflect infiltration of macrophage.

RESULTS

DVT model mice had thrombosis grade at 2.47 ± 0.22 whilst no thrombosis occurred in sham group. DVT group had gradually increased MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression, which reached the peak at day 9, followed by decreased expression. Thrombosis weight/length ratio showed decreasing trends. MCP-1 protein injection significantly elevated MCP-1 expression, decreased thrombosis weight/length ratio, and elevated macrophage infiltration. Injection of MCP-1 antibody remarkably decreased MCP-1 expression, elevated thrombosis weight/length ratio and macrophage infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

MCP-1 up-regulation participates in macrophage chemotaxis and thrombolysis after DVT formation. The blockade of MCP-1 weakens its thrombolysis effects.

Immune Endophenotypes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Varied immunological findings have been reported in children with ASD. To address the question of heterogeneity in immune responses, we sought to examine the diversity of immune profiles within a representative cohort of boys with ASD.

METHODS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from male children with ASD (n = 50) and from typically developing age-matched male control subjects (n = 16) were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or phytohemagglutinin. Cytokine production was assessed after stimulation. The ASD study population was clustered into subgroups based on immune responses and assessed for behavioral outcomes.

RESULTS

Children with ASD who had a proinflammatory profile based on lipopolysaccharide stimulation were more developmentally impaired as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. They also had greater impairments in social affect as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. These children also displayed more frequent sleep disturbances and episodes of aggression. Similarly, children with ASD and a more activated T cell cytokine profile after phytohemagglutinin stimulation were more developmentally impaired as measured by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with ASD may be phenotypically characterized based upon their immune profile. Those showing either an innate proinflammatory response or increased T cell activation/skewing display a more impaired behavioral profile than children with noninflamed or non-T cell activated immune profiles. These data suggest that there may be several possible immune subphenotypes within the ASD population that correlate with more severe behavioral impairments.

Astragalin Inhibits Allergic Inflammation and Airway Thickening in Ovalbumin-Challenged Mice

Lung inflammation and oxidative stress are the major contributors to the development of obstructive pulmonary diseases. Macrophages are involved in pulmonary inflammation and alveolar damage in emphysema. Astragalin is an anti-inflammatory flavonoid present in persimmon leaves and green tea seeds. This study elucidated that astragalin inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration induced by 20 μM H₂O₂ and blocked airway thickening and alveolar emphysema induced by 20 μg of ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. OVA induced mouse pulmonary MCP-1, and H₂O₂ enhanced the expression of MCP-1/ICAM-1/αv integrin in bronchial airway epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Such induction was inhibited by supplying 10-20 mg/kg of astragalin to OVA-challenged mice and 1-20 μM astragalin to oxidant-stimulated cells. Oral administration of 20 mg/kg of astragalin reduced the induction of F4/80/CD68/CD11b in airways of mice challenged with OVA. Additionally, emphysema tissue damage was observed in OVA-exposed alveoli. Mast cell recruitment in the airway subepithelium was blocked by supplementing astragalin to OVA-challenged mice. Orally treating 20 mg/kg of astragalin reduced α-SMA induction in inflammation-occurring airways and appeared to reverse airway thickening and constriction induced by an OVA episode. These results revealed that astragalin may improve airway thickening and alveolar destruction with blockade of allergic inflammation in airways. Therefore, astragalin may be a therapeutic agent antagonizing asthma and obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester alleviates asthma by regulating the airway microenvironment via the ROS-responsive MAPK/Akt pathway

In the pathophysiology of asthma, structural cell dysfunction and concomitant microenvironment changes in airways are crucial to pathological progression, which involves oxidative stress. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active anti-oxidative component obtained from propolis, and has been shown to have beneficial effects on several respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. However, the impact of CAPE on asthma is not well understood. Therefore, this study investigated the advantages of using CAPE to treat asthma and demonstrated the roles of CAPE in the regulation of airway microenvironments. In ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, CAPE treatments notably reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, attenuated extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition and fibrosis. In addition, CAPE improved the airway microenvironment in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting OVA-induced increases in immunoglobulin E, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 and suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression as well as malondialdehyde production. To determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects, we used TNF-α-stimulated BECs and TGF-β1-challenged human ASMCs to explore the impacts of CAPE on pro-inflammatory proteins and ASMC proliferation. The results indicated that CAPE significantly limited the secretion of eotaxin-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and dramatically inhibited the proliferation of ASMCs. These effects were shown to be associated with decreased reactive oxidant species (ROS) levels. The phosphorylation of Akt and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) caused by increased ROS was significantly decreased by CAPE, which implied a contribution of ROS-MAPK/Akt signaling to the attenuation of asthma. Our findings indicated for the first time that CAPE alleviates airway inflammation and remodeling in chronic asthma by balancing the airway microenvironment, which highlights a novel profile of CAPE as a potent agent for asthma management.

Caspase-1 deficiency promotes high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and the development of obesity

Caspase-1 is a cysteine protease responsible for the processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and activated by the formation of inflammasome complexes. Although several investigations have found a link between diet-induced obesity and caspase-1, the relationship remains controversial. Here, we found that mice deficient in caspase-1 were susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity with increased adiposity as well as normal lipid and glucose metabolism. Caspase-1 deficiency clearly promoted the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and increased the production of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the adipose tissue. The dominant cellular source of CCL2 was stromal vascular fraction rather than adipocytes in the adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate a critical role of caspase-1 in macrophage-driven inflammation in the adipose tissue and the development of obesity. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity.

The Deficiency of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Aggravates the CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice

In the present study, we examined the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. The liver fibrosis induced by repetitive administration with CCl4 was aggravated in IDO-KO mice compared to WT mice. In IDO-KO mice treated with CCl4, the number of several inflammatory cells and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in the liver. In the results, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and fibrogenic factors on HSCs increased after repetitive CCl4 administration in IDO-KO mice compared to WT mice. Moreover, the treatment with l-tryptophan aggravated the CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in WT mice. Our findings demonstrated that the IDO deficiency enhanced the inflammation in the liver and aggravated liver fibrosis in repetitive CCl4-treated mice.