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Bose D, Deb Adhikary N, Xiao P, Rogers KA, Ferrell DE, Cheng-Mayer C, Chang TL, Villinger F. SHIV-C109p5 NHP induces rapid disease progression in elderly macaques with extensive GI viral replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165223. [PMID: 38299866 PMCID: PMC10878093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01652-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) with clade C transmitted/founder envelopes represent a critical tool for the investigation of HIV experimental vaccines and microbicides in nonhuman primates, although many such isolates lead to spontaneous viral control post infection. Here, we generated a high-titer stock of pathogenic SHIV-C109p5 by serial passage in two rhesus macaques (RM) and tested its virulence in aged monkeys. The co-receptor usage was confirmed before infecting five geriatric rhesus macaques (four female and one male). Plasma viral loads were monitored by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), cytokines by multiplex analysis, and biomarkers of gastrointestinal damage by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses were also measured. Viral dissemination into tissues was determined by RNAscope. Intravenous SHIV-C109p5 infection of aged RMs leads to high plasma viremia and rapid disease progression; rapid decrease in CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD8+ T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; and wasting necessitating euthanasia between 3 and 12 weeks post infection. Virus-specific cellular immune responses were detected only in the two monkeys that survived 4 weeks post infection. These were Gag-specific TNFα+CD8+, MIP1β+CD4+, Env-specific IFN-γ+CD4+, and CD107a+ T cell responses. Four out of five monkeys had elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels at the viral peak, while regenerating islet-derived protein 3α showed marked increases at later time points in the three animals surviving the longest, suggesting gut antimicrobial peptide production in response to microbial translocation post infection. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-15, and interleukin-12/23 were also elevated. Viral replication in gut and secondary lymphoid tissues was extensive.IMPORTANCESimian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) are important reagents to study prevention of virus acquisition in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection, especially those representing transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. However, many R5-tropic SHIV have limited fitness in vivo leading to many monkeys spontaneously controlling the virus post acute infection. Here, we report the generation of a pathogenic SHIV clade C T/F stock by in vivo passage leading to sustained viral load set points, a necessity to study pathogenicity. Unexpectedly, administration of this SHIV to elderly rhesus macaques led to extensive viral replication and fast disease progression, despite maintenance of a strict R5 tropism. Such age-dependent rapid disease progression had previously been reported for simian immunodeficiency virus but not for R5-tropic SHIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nihar Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Douglas E. Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Theresa L. Chang
- The Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Bell SM, Bedford T. Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006466. [PMID: 28672035 PMCID: PMC5510905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission (CST) has led to many devastating epidemics, but is still a poorly understood phenomenon. HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2), which have collectively caused over 35 million deaths, are the result of multiple CSTs from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabeys. While the immediate history of HIV is known, there are over 45 lentiviruses that infect specific species of primates, and patterns of host switching are not well characterized. We thus took a phylogenetic approach to better understand the natural history of SIV recombination and CST. We modeled host species as a discrete character trait on the viral phylogeny and inferred historical host switches and the pairwise transmission rates between each pair of 24 primate hosts. We identify 14 novel, well-supported, ancient cross-species transmission events. We also find that lentiviral lineages vary widely in their ability to infect new host species: SIVcol (from colobus monkeys) is evolutionarily isolated, while SIVagms (from African green monkeys) frequently move between host subspecies. We also examine the origins of SIVcpz (the predecessor of HIV-1) in greater detail than previous studies, and find that there are still large portions of the genome with unknown origins. Observed patterns of CST are likely driven by a combination of ecological circumstance and innate immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M. Bell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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3
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Asmal M, Lane S, Tian M, Nickel G, Venner C, Dirk B, Dikeakos J, Luedemann C, Mach L, Balachandran H, Buzby A, Rao S, Letvin N, Gao Y, Arts EJ. Pathogenic infection of Rhesus macaques by an evolving SIV-HIV derived from CCR5-using envelope genes of acute HIV-1 infections. Virology 2016; 499:298-312. [PMID: 27723488 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For studies on vaccines and therapies for HIV disease, SIV-HIV chimeric viruses harboring the HIV-1 env gene (SHIVenv) remain the best virus in non-human primate models. However, there are still very few SHIVenv viruses that can cause AIDS in non-CD8-depleted animals. In the present study, a recently created CCR5-using SHIVenv_B3 virus with env gene derived from acute/early HIV-1 infections (AHI) successfully established pathogenic infection in macaques. Through a series of investigations on the evolution, mutational profile, and phenotype of the virus and the resultant humoral immune response in infected rhesus macaques, we found that the E32K mutation in the Env C1 domain was associated with macaque pathogenesis, and that the electrostatic interactions in Env may favor E32K at the gp120 N terminus and "lock" the binding to heptad repeat 1 of gp41 in the trimer and produce a SHIVenv with increased fitness and pathogenesis during macaque infections.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/classification
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/classification
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sophie Lane
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meijuan Tian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Nickel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Colin Venner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Brennan Dirk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jimmy Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Corinne Luedemann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adam Buzby
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norman Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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4
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Nakano Y, Matsuda K, Yoshikawa R, Yamada E, Misawa N, Hirsch VM, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Down-modulation of primate lentiviral receptors by Nef proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and related SIVs: implication for the evolutionary event at the emergence of SIVcpz. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2867-2877. [PMID: 26041873 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been estimated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 originated from the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of chimpanzees, SIVcpz, and that SIVcpz emerged by the recombination of two lineages of SIVs in Old World monkeys (SIVgsn/mon/mus in guenons and SIVrcm in red-capped mangabeys) and SIVcpz Nef is most closely related to SIVrcm Nef. These observations suggest that SIVrcm Nef had an advantage over SIVgsn/mon/mus during the evolution of SIVcpz in chimpanzees, although this advantage remains uncertain. Nef is a multifunctional protein which downregulates CD4 and coreceptor proteins from the surface of infected cells, presumably to limit superinfection. To assess the possibility that SIVrcm Nef was selected by its superior ability to downregulate viral entry receptors in chimpanzees, we compared its ability to down-modulate viral receptor proteins from humans, chimpanzees and red-capped mangabeys with Nef proteins from eight other different strains of SIVs. Surprisingly, the ability of SIVrcm Nef to downregulate CCR5, CCR2B and CXCR6 was comparable to or lower than SIVgsn/mon/mus Nef, indicating that ability to down-modulate chemokine receptors was not the selective pressure. However, SIVrcm Nef significantly downregulates chimpanzee CD4 over SIVgsn/mon/mus Nefs. Our findings suggest the possibility that the selection of SIVrcm Nef by ancestral SIVcpz is due to its superior capacity to down-modulate chimpanzees CD4 rather than coreceptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakano
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Eri Yamada
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Naoko Misawa
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
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5
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Etienne L, Hahn BH, Sharp PM, Matsen FA, Emerman M. Gene loss and adaptation to hominids underlie the ancient origin of HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:85-92. [PMID: 23870316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 resulted from cross-species transmission of SIVcpz, a simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects chimpanzees. SIVcpz, in turn, is a recombinant between two SIV lineages from Old World monkeys. Lentiviral interspecies transmissions are partly driven by the evolution and capacity of viral accessory genes, such as vpx, vpr, and vif, to antagonize host antiviral factors, such as SAMHD1 and the APOBEC3 proteins. We show that vpx, which in other lentiviruses antagonizes SAMHD1, was deleted during the creation of SIVcpz. This genomic deletion resulted in the reconstruction of the overlapping vif gene by "overprinting," creating a unique vif that overlaps in its 3' end with the vpr gene and can antagonize hominid APOBEC3s. Moreover, passage of SIVs through chimpanzees facilitated the subsequent adaptation of HIV-1 to humans. Thus, HIV-1 originated through a series of gene loss and adaptation events that generated its chimpanzee precursor and lowered the species barrier to human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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6
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Yu C, He RL, Yau SST. Viral genome phylogeny based on Lempel-Ziv complexity and Hausdorff distance. J Theor Biol 2014; 348:12-20. [PMID: 24486229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a novel method to study the viral genome phylogeny. We apply Lempel-Ziv complexity to define the distance between two nucleic acid sequences. Then, based on this distance we use the Hausdorff distance (HD) and a modified Hausdorff distance (MHD) to make the phylogenetic analysis for multi-segmented viral genomes. The results show the MHD can provide more accurate phylogenetic relationship. Our method can have global comparison of all multi-segmented genomes simultaneously, that is, we treat the multi-segmented viral genome as an entirety to make the comparative analysis. Our method is not affected by the number or order of segments, and each segment can make contribution for the phylogeny of whole genomes. We have analyzed several groups of real multi-segmented genomes from different viral families. The results show that our method will provide a new powerful tool for studying the classification of viral genomes and their phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Rong Lucy He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, IL 60628, USA
| | - Stephen S-T Yau
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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7
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Peeters M, D’Arc M, Delaporte E. Origin and diversity of human retroviruses. AIDS Rev 2014; 16:23-34. [PMID: 24584106 PMCID: PMC4289907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses, simian T‑cell lymphotropic viruses, and simian foamy viruses from nonhuman primates have crossed the species barrier to humans at several time points, leading to the HIV and human T lymphotropic virus epidemic and to sporadic cases of human infections with simian foamy viruses, respectively. Efficient infection and spread in humans differs between simian foamy virus, simian lymphotropic virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus, but seems also to differ among the different viruses from the same simian lineage, as illustrated by the different spread of HIV‑1 M, N O, P or for the different HIV‑2 groups. Among the four HIV‑1 groups, only HIV‑1 group M has spread worldwide, and the actual diversity within HIV‑1 M (subtypes, circulating recombinants) is the result of subsequent evolution and spread in the human population. HIV‑2 only spread to some extent in West Africa, and similarly as for HIV‑1, the nine HIV‑2 groups have also a different epidemic history. Four types of human T lymphotropic virus, type 1 to 4, have been described in humans and for three of them simian counterparts (simian T lymphotropic virus‑1, ‑2, ‑3) have been identified in multiple nonhuman primate species. The majority of human infections are with human T lymphotropic virus‑1, which is present throughout the world as clusters of high endemicity. Humans are susceptible to a wide variety of simian foamy viruses and seem to acquire these viruses more readily than simian immunodeficiency viruses or simian T lymphotropic viruses, but neither signs of disease in humans nor human‑to‑human transmission of simian foamy virus have been documented yet. The current HIV‑1 M epidemic illustrates the impact of a single cross‑species transmission. The recent discovery of HIV‑1 P, HIV‑2 I, new human T lymphotropic virus‑1 and ‑3 variants, as well as simian foamy virus infections in humans in Central Africa, show that our knowledge of genetic diversity and cross‑species transmissions of simian retroviruses is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Computational Biology Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Mirela D’Arc
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universitary Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
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8
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Ma ZM, Keele BF, Qureshi H, Stone M, Desilva V, Fritts L, Lifson JD, Miller CJ. SIVmac251 is inefficiently transmitted to rhesus macaques by penile inoculation with a single SIVenv variant found in ramp-up phase plasma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1259-69. [PMID: 21732792 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Despite the fact that approximately half of all HIV patients acquire infection through penile exposure, there have been no recent studies of penile SIV transmission in rhesus macaques and the nature of the virus variants transmitted, target cells, and pathways of virus dissemination to systemic lymphoid tissues are not known. Single genome amplification (SGA) and sequencing of HIV-1 RNA in plasma of acutely infected humans allows the identification and enumeration of transmitted/founder viruses responsible for productive systemic infection. Studies using the SGA strategy have shown that intrarectal and intravaginal SIV transmission to macaques recapitulates key features of human HIV transmission. To date, no studies have used the SGA assay to identify transmitted/founder virus(es) in macaques infected after penile SIV exposure. Here we report that SIV can be transmitted by penile SIV exposure. However, similar exposure to a high-dose inoculum infects only about half the animals, which is about 50% less efficient transmission than occurs after vaginal SIV challenge. In addition, only a single SIV env variant established the systemic infection in all five animals that became infected after penile exposure, a result that is consistent with low incidence and few transmitted HIV variants in heterosexually infected men. Our results suggest that the penile transmission of SIVmac251 in rhesus macaques recapitulates the key features of penile HIV-1 transmission and may provide insight into host or viral factors that permit penile transmission and dissemination. Furthermore, this SIV challenge exposure route will be useful in testing vaccines and other prophylactic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Ma
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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9
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Reed JS, Sidney J, Piaskowski SM, Glidden CE, León EJ, Burwitz BJ, Kolar HL, Eernisse CM, Furlott JR, Maness NJ, Walsh AD, Rudersdorf RA, Bardet W, McMurtrey CP, O’Connor DH, Hildebrand WH, Sette A, Watkins DI, Wilson NA. The role of MHC class I allele Mamu-A*07 during SIV(mac)239 infection. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:789-807. [PMID: 21732180 PMCID: PMC3706270 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells play an important role in controlling HIV/SIV replication. These T cells recognize intracellular pathogen-derived peptides displayed on the cell surface by individual MHC class I molecules. In the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model, five Mamu class I alleles have been thoroughly characterized with regard to peptide binding, and a sixth was shown to be uninvolved. In this study, we describe the peptide binding of Mamu-A1*007:01 (formerly Mamu-A*07), an allele present in roughly 5.08% of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (n = 63 of 1,240). We determined a preliminary binding motif by eluting and sequencing endogenously bound ligands. Subsequently, we used a positional scanning combinatorial library and panels of single amino acid substitution analogs to further characterize peptide binding of this allele and derive a quantitative motif. Using this motif, we selected and tested 200 peptides derived from SIV(mac)239 for their capacity to bind Mamu-A1*007:01; 33 were found to bind with an affinity of 500 nM or better. We then used PBMC from SIV-infected or vaccinated but uninfected, A1*007:01-positive rhesus macaques in IFN-γ Elispot assays to screen the peptides for T-cell reactivity. In all, 11 of the peptides elicited IFN-γ(+) T-cell responses. Six represent novel A1*007:01-restricted epitopes. Furthermore, both Sanger and ultradeep pyrosequencing demonstrated the accumulation of amino acid substitutions within four of these six regions, suggestive of selective pressure on the virus by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, it appears that Mamu-A1*007:01 presents SIV-derived peptides to antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and is part of the immune response to SIV(mac)239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Chrystal E. Glidden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Enrique J. León
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Holly L. Kolar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | | | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Andrew D. Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Richard A. Rudersdorf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Curtis P. McMurtrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - William H. Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
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10
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Ndembi N, Kaptue L, Ido E. Exposure to SIVmnd-2 in southern Cameroon: public health implications. AIDS Rev 2009; 11:135-139. [PMID: 19654855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence appeared in 2002 of human exposure to a plethora of primate lentiviruses through hunting, handling of bushmeat, and/or animals kept as pets in Cameroon. To determine SIV prevalence in pet animals, an analysis of 28 sera of nonhuman primates found no SIV infection in greater spot-nosed monkeys (0/5) or chimpanzees (0/10), and a prevalence rate of 23.1% (3/13) in mandrills kept as household pets in southern Cameroon. Phylogenetical analysis based on pol-integrase region and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene showed that the newly found SIV from Mandrillus sphinx (SIVmndCM-202, SIVmndCM-211, and SIVmndCM-218) clustered significantly with SIVmnd-2. Questionnaire data were also collected to assess whether owners had experienced bites, scratches, or exposure to blood and/or body fluid. Risk to human health from cross-species transmission of the newly identified SIVmnd-2 to infect humans remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicaise Ndembi
- Department of Hematology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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11
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Reeve AB, Patel K, Pearce NC, Augustus KV, Domingues HG, O'Neil SP, Novembre FJ. Reduced genetic diversity in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues and selection-induced tissue-specific compartmentalization of neuropathogenic SIVsmmFGb during acute infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:583-601. [PMID: 19500015 PMCID: PMC2853841 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian lentivirus strain SIVsmmFGb is a viral swarm population inducing neuropathology in over 90% of infected pigtailed macaques and serves as a reliable model for HIV neuropathogenesis. However, little is understood about the genetic diversity of this virus, how said diversity influences the initial seeding of the central nervous system and lymph nodes, or whether the virus forms distinct genetic compartments between tissues during acute infection. In this study, we establish that our SIVsmmFGb stock virus contains four genetically distinct envelope V1 region groups, three distinct integrase groups, and two Nef groups. We demonstrate that initial central nervous system and lymph node seeding reduces envelope V1 and integrase genetic diversity but has a variable effect on Nef diversity. SIVsmmFGb envelope V1 region genes from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus form distinct genetic compartments from each other, the midfrontal cortex, and the lymph nodes. Basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and midfrontal cortex-derived nef genes all form distinct genetic compartments from each other, as well as from the lymph nodes. We also find basal ganglia, hippocampus, and midfrontal cortex-derived integrase sequences forming distinct compartments from both of the lymph nodes and that the hippocampus and midfrontal cortex form separate compartments from the cerebellum, while the axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes compartmentalize separately from each other. Compartmentalization of the envelope V1 genes resulted from positive selection, and compartmentalization of the nef and integrase genes from negative selection. These results indicate restrictions on virus genetic diversity during initial tissue seeding in neuropathogenic SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B. Reeve
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas C. Pearce
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katherine V. Augustus
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heber G. Domingues
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Shawn P. O'Neil
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Klots IN. [Immunodeficiency viruses and nonhuman primate models of AIDS]. Vopr Virusol 2009; 54:8-12. [PMID: 19537090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monkeys as the phylogenetically closed animals to human beings are widely used for simulating many human diseases. Moreover, nonhuman primate models of AIDS take a special place and vaccine testing without their participation is simply inconceivable. The article reviews the data available in the literature on immunodeficiency viruses and the basic nonhuman models of AIDS.
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13
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Takehisa J, Kraus MH, Ayouba A, Bailes E, Van Heuverswyn F, Decker JM, Li Y, Rudicell RS, Learn GH, Neel C, Ngole EM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origin and biology of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild-living western gorillas. J Virol 2009; 83:1635-48. [PMID: 19073717 PMCID: PMC2643789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02311-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVgor) that is closely related to chimpanzee and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz and HIV-1, respectively) in west central Africa. Although existing data suggest a chimpanzee origin for SIVgor, a paucity of available sequences has precluded definitive conclusions. Here, we report the molecular characterization of one partial (BQ664) and three full-length (CP684, CP2135, and CP2139) SIVgor genomes amplified from fecal RNAs of wild-living gorillas at two field sites in Cameroon. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all SIVgor strains clustered together, forming a monophyletic lineage throughout their genomes. Interestingly, the closest relatives of SIVgor were not SIVcpzPtt strains from west central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) but human viruses belonging to HIV-1 group O. In trees derived from most genomic regions, SIVgor and HIV-1 group O formed a sister clade to the SIVcpzPtt lineage. However, in a tree derived from 5' pol sequences ( approximately 900 bp), SIVgor and HIV-1 group O fell within the SIVcpzPtt radiation. The latter was due to two SIVcpzPtt strains that contained mosaic pol sequences, pointing to the existence of a divergent SIVcpzPtt lineage that gave rise to SIVgor and HIV-1 group O. Gorillas appear to have acquired this lineage at least 100 to 200 years ago. To examine the biological properties of SIVgor, we synthesized a full-length provirus from fecal consensus sequences. Transfection of the resulting clone (CP2139.287) into 293T cells yielded infectious virus that replicated efficiently in both human and chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells and used CCR5 as the coreceptor for viral entry. Together, these results provide strong evidence that P. t. troglodytes apes were the source of SIVgor. These same apes may also have spawned the group O epidemic; however, the possibility that gorillas served as an intermediary host cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takehisa
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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14
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Eastman D, Piantadosi A, Wu X, Forthal DN, Landucci G, Kimata JT, Overbaugh J. Heavily glycosylated, highly fit SIVMne variants continue to diversify and undergo selection after transmission to a new host and they elicit early antibody dependent cellular responses but delayed neutralizing antibody responses. Virol J 2008; 5:90. [PMID: 18680596 PMCID: PMC2518139 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentiviruses such as human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) undergo continual evolution in the host. Previous studies showed that the late-stage variants of SIV that evolve in one host replicate to significantly higher levels when transmitted to a new host. However, it is unknown whether HIVs or SIVs that have higher replication fitness are more genetically stable upon transmission to a new host. To begin to address this, we analyzed the envelope sequence variation of viruses that evolved in animals infected with variants of SIVMne that had been cloned from an index animal at different stages of infection. RESULTS We found that there was more evolution of envelope sequences from animals infected with the late-stage, highly replicating variants than in animals infected with the early-stage, lower replicating variant, despite the fact that the late virus had already diversified considerably from the early virus in the first host, prior to transmission. Many of the changes led to the addition or shift in potential-glycosylation sites-, and surprisingly, these changes emerged in some cases prior to the detection of neutralizing antibody responses, suggesting that other selection mechanisms may be important in driving virus evolution. Interestingly, these changes occurred after the development of antibody whose anti-viral function is dependent on Fc-Fcgamma receptor interactions. CONCLUSION SIV variants that had achieved high replication fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies in one host continued to evolve upon transmission to a new host. Selection for viral variants with glycosylation and other envelope changes may have been driven by both neutralizing and Fcgamma receptor-mediated antibody activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawnnica Eastman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Chenine AL, Shai-Kobiler E, Steele LN, Ong H, Augostini P, Song R, Lee SJ, Autissier P, Ruprecht RM, Secor WE. Acute Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to systemic SHIV clade C infection in rhesus macaques after mucosal virus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e265. [PMID: 18648516 PMCID: PMC2447882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals living in sub-Saharan Africa represent 10% of the world's population but almost 2/3 of all HIV-1/AIDS cases. The disproportionate HIV-1 infection rates in this region may be linked to helminthic parasite infections that affect many individuals in the developing world. However, the hypothesis that parasite infection increases an individual's susceptibility to HIV-1 has never been prospectively tested in a relevant in vivo model. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured whether pre-existing infection of rhesus monkeys with a parasitic worm would facilitate systemic infection after mucosal AIDS virus exposure. Two groups of animals, one consisting of normal monkeys and the other harboring Schistosoma mansoni, were challenged intrarectally with decreasing doses of R5-tropic clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-C). Systemic infection occurred in parasitized monkeys at viral doses that remained sub-infectious in normal hosts. In fact, the 50% animal infectious (AID50) SHIV-C dose was 17-fold lower in parasitized animals compared to controls (P<0.001). Coinfected animals also had significantly higher peak viral RNA loads than controls (P<0.001), as well as increased viral replication in CD4+ central memory cells (P = 0.03). Conclusions/Significance Our data provide the first direct evidence that acute schistosomiasis significantly increases the risk of de novo AIDS virus acquisition, and the magnitude of the effect suggests that control of helminth infections may be a useful public health intervention to help decrease the spread of HIV-1. To test the hypothesis that infection with helmiths may increase host susceptibility to infection with HIV-1, we quantified the amount of a clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus needed to infect rhesus macaques that had acute Schistosoma mansoni infections. Compared to control animals exposed to virus alone, monkeys with schistosomiasis required exposure to 17-fold lower levels of virus to become infected. The schistosome-infected monkeys also had significantly higher levels of initial virus replication and loss of a certain subset of memory T cells, both predictors of a more rapid progression to immune dysfunction. These results suggest that worm infections may increase the risk of becoming infected with HIV-1 among individuals with viral exposures. Furthermore, they support the idea that control programs for schistosomiasis and perhaps other parasitic worm infections may also be useful in helping to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in developing countries where helminths are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès-Laurence Chenine
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ela Shai-Kobiler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa N. Steele
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Helena Ong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Augostini
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruijiang Song
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMR); (WES)
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMR); (WES)
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16
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Abstract
While the circumstances surrounding the origin and spread of HIV are becoming clearer, the particulars of the origin of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are still unknown. Specifically, the age of SIV, whether it is an ancient or recent infection, has not been resolved. Although many instances of cross-species transmission of SIV have been documented, the similarity between the African green monkey (AGM) and SIVagm phylogenies has long been held as suggestive of ancient codivergence between SIVs and their primate hosts. Here, we present well-resolved phylogenies based on full-length AGM mitochondrial genomes and seven previously published SIVagm genomes; these allowed us to perform the first rigorous phylogenetic test to our knowledge of the hypothesis that SIVagm codiverged with the AGMs. Using the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test, we show that the AGM mitochondrial genomes and SIVagm did not evolve along the same topology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the SIVagm topology can be explained by a pattern of west-to-east transmission of the virus across existing AGM geographic ranges. Using a relaxed molecular clock, we also provide a date for the most recent common ancestor of the AGMs at approximately 3 million years ago. This study substantially weakens the theory of ancient SIV infection followed by codivergence with its primate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel O Wertheim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
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17
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Seaman MS, Leblanc DF, Grandpre LE, Bartman MT, Montefiori DC, Letvin NL, Mascola JR. Standardized assessment of NAb responses elicited in rhesus monkeys immunized with single- or multi-clade HIV-1 envelope immunogens. Virology 2007; 367:175-86. [PMID: 17599382 PMCID: PMC2075526 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) remains a major obstacle to the development of an antibody-based AIDS vaccine. The present studies examine the breadth and magnitude of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in rhesus monkeys after immunization with DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus (rAd) boost vaccines encoding either single or multiple genetically distant Env immunogens, and subsequently challenged with a pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-89.6P). Using a standardized multi-tier panel of reference Env pseudoviruses for NAb assessment, we show that monkeys immunized with a mixture of Env immunogens (clades A, B, and C) exhibited a greater breadth of NAb activity against neutralization-sensitive Tier 1 viruses following both vaccination and challenge compared to monkeys immunized with a single Env immunogen (clade B or C). However, all groups of Env-vaccinated monkeys demonstrated only limited neutralizing activity against Tier 2 pseudoviruses, which are more characteristic of the neutralization sensitivity of circulating HIV-1. Notably, the development of a post-challenge NAb response against SHIV-89.6P was similar in monkeys receiving either clade B, clade C, or clade A+B+C Env immunogens, suggesting cross-clade priming of NAb responses. In addition, vaccines encoding Env immunogens heterologous to SHIV-89.6P primed for a rapid anamnestic NAb response following infection compared to vaccines lacking an Env component. These results show that DNA/rAd immunization with multiple diverse Env immunogens is a viable approach for enhancing the breadth of NAb responses against HIV-1, and suggest that Env immunogens can prime for anamnestic NAb responses against a heterologous challenge virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave/RE-204, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Harrington PR, Connell MJ, Meeker RB, Johnson PR, Swanstrom R. Dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus populations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid over the full course of infection. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1058-67. [PMID: 17763329 DOI: 10.1086/520819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and compartmentalization in the central nervous system, including in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), are associated with severe neurological disease and may contribute to viral persistence during antiretroviral therapy. To understand the relationships between viral populations in multiple compartments, we performed a systematic longitudinal characterization of viral populations in blood plasma and CSF obtained at short time intervals over the full course of infection in 3 macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm strain E660). METHODS Complex viral genetic populations in blood plasma and CSF were characterized using a heteroduplex tracking assay targeted to the V1/V2 hypervariable region of env. To identify signs of neurological disease, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels in CSF and CD68(+) monocyte/macrophage infiltration in brain tissues were quantified. RESULTS Two patterns of blood/CSF viral dynamics were apparent as infection progressed: concordant blood/CSF viral evolution and discordant blood/CSF viral evolution. Perivascular CD68(+) cells in autopsy brain tissue and elevated CSF MCP-1 levels accompanied blood/CSF viral population discordance but not concordance. CONCLUSIONS Two distinct patterns of blood/CSF viral population dynamics can be observed in SIV-infected macaques, and the patterns may be associated with different neurological disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Harrington
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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19
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Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Neel C, Lafay B, Keele BF, Shaw KS, Takehisa J, Kraus MH, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Yangda B, Sharp PM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic clustering of SIVcpzPtt in wild chimpanzees in Cameroon. Virology 2007; 368:155-71. [PMID: 17651775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that the clade of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting west central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) comprises the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we have greatly expanded our previous molecular epidemiological survey of SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees in Cameroon. The new results confirm a wide but uneven distribution of SIVcpzPtt in P. t. troglodytes throughout southern Cameroon and indicate the absence of SIVcpz infection in Pan troglodytes vellerosus. Analyzing 725 fecal samples from 15 field sites, we obtained partial nucleotide sequences from 16 new SIVcpzPtt strains and determined full-length sequences for two of these. Phylogenetic analyses of these new viruses confirmed the previously reported phylogeographic clustering of SIVcpzPtt lineages, with viruses related to the ancestors of HIV-1 groups M and N circulating exclusively in southeastern and south central P. t. troglodytes communities, respectively. Importantly, the SIVcpzPtt strains from the southeastern corner of Cameroon represent a relatively isolated clade indicating a defined geographic origin of the chimpanzee precursor of HIV-1 group M. Since contacts between humans and apes continue, the possibility of ongoing transmissions of SIV from chimpanzees (or gorillas) to humans has to be considered. In this context, our finding of distinct SIVcpzPtt envelope V3 sequence clades suggests that these peptides may be useful for the serological differentiation of SIVcpzPtt and HIV-1 infections, and thus the diagnosis of new cross-species transmissions if they occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Van Heuverswyn
- UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier 1, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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20
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Wain LV, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Decker JM, Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Takehisa J, Ngole EM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH, Sharp PM. Adaptation of HIV-1 to its human host. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:1853-60. [PMID: 17545188 PMCID: PMC4053193 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated from three independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpzPtt) infecting chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in west central Africa, giving rise to pandemic (group M) and non-pandemic (groups N and O) clades of HIV-1. To identify host-specific adaptations in HIV-1 we compared the inferred ancestral sequences of HIV-1 groups M, N and O to 12 full length genome sequences of SIVcpzPtt and four of the outlying but closely related SIVcpzPts (from P. t. schweinfurthii). This analysis revealed a single site that was completely conserved among SIVcpzPtt strains but different (due to the same change) in all three groups of HIV-1. This site, Gag-30, lies within p17, the gag-encoded matrix protein. It is Met in SIVcpzPtt, underwent a conservative replacement by Leu in one lineage of SIVcpzPts but changed radically to Arg on all three lineages leading to HIV-1. During subsequent diversification this site has been conserved as a basic residue (Arg or Lys) in most lineages of HIV-1. Retrospective analysis revealed that Gag-30 had reverted to Met in a previous experiment in which HIV-1 was passaged through chimpanzees. To examine whether this substitution conferred a species specific growth advantage, we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate variants of these chimpanzee-adapted HIV-1 strains with Lys at Gag-30, and tested their replication in both human and chimpanzee CD4+ T lymphocytes. Remarkably, viruses encoding Met replicated to higher titers than viruses encoding Lys in chimpanzee T cells, but the opposite was found in human T cells. Taken together, these observations provide compelling evidence for host-specific adaptation during the emergence of HIV-1 and identify the viral matrix protein as a modulator of viral fitness following transmission to the new human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V Wain
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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21
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Apetrei C, Gautam R, Sumpter B, Carter AC, Gaufin T, Staprans SI, Else J, Barnes M, Cao R, Garg S, Milush JM, Sodora DL, Pandrea I, Silvestri G. Virus subtype-specific features of natural simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm infection in sooty mangabeys. J Virol 2007; 81:7913-23. [PMID: 17507488 PMCID: PMC1951324 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIV(smm) naturally infects sooty mangabeys (SMs) and is the source virus of pathogenic infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and SIV(mac) of humans and macaques, respectively. In previous studies we characterized SIV(smm) diversity in naturally SIV-infected SMs and identified nine different phylogenetic subtypes whose genetic distances are similar to those reported for the different HIV-1 group M subtypes. Here we report that, within the colony of SMs housed at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, at least four SIV(smm) subtypes cocirculate, with the vast majority of animals infected with SIV(smm) subtype 1, 2, or 3, resulting in the emergence of occasional recombinant forms. While SIV(smm)-infected SMs show a typically nonpathogenic course of infection, we have observed that different SIV(smm) subtypes are in fact associated with specific immunologic features. Notably, while subtypes 1, 2, and 3 are associated with a very benign course of infection and preservation of normal CD4+ T-cell counts, three out of four SMs infected with subtype 5 show a significant depletion of CD4+ T cells. The fact that virus replication in SMs infected with subtype 5 is similar to that in SMs infected with other SIV(smm) subtypes suggests that the subtype 5-associated CD4+ T-cell depletion is unlikely to simply reflect higher levels of virus-mediated direct killing of CD4+ T-cells. Taken together, this systematic analysis of the subtype-specific features of SIV(smm) infection in natural SM hosts identifies subtype-specific differences in the pathogenicity of SIV(smm) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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22
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Fu W, Prasad VVSP, Chen J, Nikolaitchik O, Hu WS. Molecular mechanisms of simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(agm) RNA encapsidation. Virology 2007; 363:210-9. [PMID: 17321560 PMCID: PMC2920611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primate lentiviruses are composed of several distinct lineages, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm. HIV-1 and HIV-2 have significant differences in the mechanisms of viral RNA encapsidation. Therefore, the RNA packaging mechanisms of SIVagm cannot be predicted from the studies of HIV-1 and HIV-2. We examined the roles of the nucleocapsid (NC) zinc finger motifs on RNA packaging by mutating the conserved zinc finger (CCHC) motifs, and whether SIVagm has a preference to package RNA in cis by comparing the RNA packaging efficiencies of gag mutants in the presence of a wild-type vector. Our results indicate that the SIVagm NC domain plays an important role in Gag-RNA recognition; furthermore SIVagm is distinct from the other currently known primate lentiviruses as destroying either zinc finger motif in the NC causes very drastic RNA packaging defects. Additionally, trans-packaging is a major mechanism for SIVagm RNA encapsidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei-Shau Hu
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 301 846 6013., (W.-S. Hu)
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Gautam R, Carter AC, Katz N, Butler IF, Barnes M, Hasegawa A, Ratterree M, Silvestri G, Marx PA, Hirsch VM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. In vitro characterization of primary SIVsmm isolates belonging to different lineages. In vitro growth on rhesus macaque cells is not predictive for in vivo replication in rhesus macaques. Virology 2007; 362:257-70. [PMID: 17303205 PMCID: PMC1936220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report in vitro characterization of 11 SIVsmm strains of six lineages co-circulating in naturally infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) from US Primate Centers and showed no major differences in the in vitro replication pattern between different SIVsmm lineages. Primary SIVsmm isolates utilized CCR5 and Bonzo co-receptors in vitro. SIVsmm growth in human T cell lines was isolate-, not lineage-specific, with poor replication on Molt4-Clone8, CEMss and PM1 cells and better replication on MT2, SupT1 and CEMx174 cells. All primary SIVsmm isolates replicated on SM and human PBMCs. In vitro replication in macaques varied widely, with moderate to high replication in pig-tailed macaque PBMCs, enhanced by CD8+ T cell depletion, and highly variable replication on rhesus macaque (Rh) PBMCs. Primary SIVsmm isolates replicated in Rh monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In vivo, SIVsmm isolates replicated at high levels in all SIVsmm-infected Rh. The poor in vitro replication of primary SIVsmm isolates in Rh cells did not correlate with in vivo replication, emphasizing the value of in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gautam
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Bienvenue Y, Ngolle EM, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas. Nature 2006; 444:164. [PMID: 17093443 DOI: 10.1038/444164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from west central Africa are recognized as the reservoir of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that have crossed at least twice to humans: this resulted in the AIDS pandemic (from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 group M) in one instance and infection of just a few individuals in Cameroon (by HIV-1 group N) in another. A third HIV-1 lineage (group O) from west central Africa also falls within the SIVcpzPtt radiation, but the primate reservoir of this virus has not been identified. Here we report the discovery of HIV-1 group O-like viruses in wild gorillas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Van Heuverswyn
- UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier 1, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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25
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Aghokeng AF, Bailes E, Loul S, Courgnaud V, Mpoudi-Ngolle E, Sharp PM, Delaporte E, Peeters. M. Full-length sequence analysis of SIVmus in wild populations of mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) from Cameroon provides evidence for two co-circulating SIVmus lineages. Virology 2006; 360:407-18. [PMID: 17156809 PMCID: PMC1900428 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus), which form a significant component of primate bushmeat in west central Africa, are infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmus). We identified and genetically characterized five new SIVmus strains infecting wild living mustached monkeys from Cameroon. Phylogenetic analysis of partial pol sequences revealed that SIVmus strains form two distinct groups within the clade comprised of lentiviruses isolated from Cercopithecus nictitans (SIVgsn), Cercopithecus mona (SIVmon) and C. cephus (SIVmus). Characterisation of three full-length SIVmus genomes confirmed the presence of two distinct lineages infecting mustached monkeys. These two variants of SIVmus, here designated SIVmus-1 and SIVmus-2, were isolated from animals sharing habitats within the same geographic region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the diversification of SIVmus, SIVgsn and SIVmon involved inter-lineage recombination, and suggested that one of the SIVmus lineages likely resulted from cross-species transmission and recombination involving SIVmus and an as yet uncharacterized SIV. These results indicate that cross-species transmission and recombination play a major role in the evolution of primate lentiviruses among sympatric primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelin F. Aghokeng
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Elizabeth Bailes
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Severin Loul
- Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Valerie Courgnaud
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Eitel Mpoudi-Ngolle
- Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Paul M. Sharp
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters.
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
- * Corresponding author and address: UMR 145 – Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD, 911 Ave. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Phone: +33 4 67 41 62 97. Fax: +33 4 67 41 61 46. E-mail:
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Miura T, Matsuyama M, Ogatsu F, Hayami M. Whole genome sequence data of an infectious molecular clone of the SIVagm TYO-1 strain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1183-5. [PMID: 17147508 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We first sequenced a full genome of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from African green monkey (SIVagm) but the clone sequenced was found not to be biologically active. We subsequently succeeded in reconstructing a full genome infectious molecular clone, named pSA212. The infectious pSA212 clone (known as the TYO-1 strain of SIVagm) has been distributed widely for research analysis of SIVagm but its genome has never been fully sequenced. Here, we report the whole genome sequence of the infectious pSA212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Miura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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De Rose R, Batten CJ, Smith MZ, Fernandez CS, Peut V, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Comparative efficacy of subtype AE simian-human immunodeficiency virus priming and boosting vaccines in pigtail macaques. J Virol 2006; 81:292-300. [PMID: 17050602 PMCID: PMC1797265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01727-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against AIDS is hampered by great diversity between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Heterologous B-subtype-based simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA prime and poxvirus boost vaccine regimens can induce partial, T-cell-mediated, protective immunity in macaques. We analyzed a set of DNA, recombinant fowlpox viruses (FPV), and vaccinia viruses (VV) expressing subtype AE HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, Rev, and Env proteins and SIV Gag/Pol in 30 pigtail macaques. SIV Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were induced by sequential DNA/FPV vaccination, although lower FPV doses, VV/FPV vaccination, and DNA vaccines alone were not as consistently immunogenic. The SHIV AE DNA prime, FPV boost regimens were significantly less immunogenic than comparable B-subtype SHIV vaccination. Peak viral load was modestly (0.4 log10 copies/ml) lower among the AE subtype SHIV-immunized animals compared to controls following the virulent B subtype SHIV challenge. Protection from persistent high levels of viremia and CD4 T-cell depletion was less in AE subtype compared to B subtype SHIV-vaccinated macaques. Gag was highly immunodominant over the other AE subtype SHIV vaccine proteins after vaccination, and this immunodominance was exacerbated after challenge. Interestingly, the lower level of priming of immune responses did not blunt postchallenge Gag-specific recall responses, despite more modest protection. These studies suggest priming of T-cell immunity to prevent AIDS in humans is possible, but differences in the immunogenicity of various subtype vaccines and broad cross-subtype protection are substantial hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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29
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Taber R, Rajakumar PA, Fuller DH, Trichel AM, Dowling P, Meleason D, Amedee A, Murphey-Corb M. Effects of monotherapy with (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA) on the evolution of a primary Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolate. Virology 2006; 354:116-31. [PMID: 16884757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the impact of antiretroviral therapy on virus evolution could advance the development of improved therapeutics/vaccines against HIV. Toward this goal, we analyzed virus burden, quasispecies complexity, and T cell responses in SIV/DeltaB670-infected rhesus macaques+/-treatment for 7 months with PMPA (2-30 weeks postinfection). Treatment divided the animals into two groups: poor responders (a reduction of < or =1 log) and responders (> or =2 log reduction) in virus burden. Virus evolution in poor responders and untreated controls was characterized by expression of a complex quasispecies that evolved as the disease progressed. This included the universal loss of a viral genotype selected against by in vitro passage in monkey cells and selected for by propagation in human cells. In contrast, a good response to PMPA was characterized by infection with a less complex quasispecies that evolved more slowly. Interestingly, in 2 of the best responders, the human-preferred genotype persisted until the study was discontinued (89 weeks p.i.). Neither virus burden nor the magnitude of the T cell response at 2 weeks postinfection predicted PMPA responsiveness. However, responders expressed a less complex quasispecies than nonresponders prior to treatment. These data suggest a role for intrinsic host factors in treatment responsiveness, and lend support for therapeutic vaccination as an adjunct to effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Taber
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, BSTWR E1240, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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30
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Pal R, Kalyanaraman VS, Nair BC, Whitney S, Keen T, Hocker L, Hudacik L, Rose N, Mboudjeka I, Shen S, Wu-Chou TH, Montefiori D, Mascola J, Markham P, Lu S. Immunization of rhesus macaques with a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine elicits protective antibody response against simian human immunodeficiency virus of R5 phenotype. Virology 2006; 348:341-53. [PMID: 16460776 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of a poylvalent HIV-1 vaccine comprised of Env antigens from primary R5 isolates was evaluated in rhesus macaques. DNA vaccines encoding four Env antigens from multiple HIV-1 subtypes and HIV-1 Gag antigen from a single subtype elicited a persistent level of binding antibodies to gp120 from multiple HIV-1 isolates that were markedly enhanced following boosting with homologous gp120 proteins in QS-21 adjuvant irrespective of the route of DNA immunization. These sera neutralized homologous and, to a lesser degree, heterologous HIV-1 isolates. Four of the six immunized animals were completely protected following rectal challenge with a SHIV encoding Env from HIV-1(Ba-L), whereas the virus load was reduced in the remaining animals compared to naïve controls. Hence priming with DNA encoding Env antigens from multiple HIV-1 clades followed by boosting with homologous Env proteins elicits anti-HIV-1 immune responses capable of protecting macaques against mucosal transmission of R5 tropic SHIV isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- Department of Cell Biology, Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Kensington, MD 20895, USA.
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31
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von Gegerfelt AS, Alicea C, Valentin A, Morrow M, van Rompay KKA, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Markham P, Else JG, Marthas ML, Pavlakis GN, Ruprecht RM, Felber BK. Long lasting control and lack of pathogenicity of the attenuated Rev-independent SIV in rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:516-28. [PMID: 16796527 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cohort of 22 rhesus macaques of Indian origin infected as neonates, juveniles, or adults by Rev-independent strains of SIV was monitored over several years. After the initial acute phase, virus replication was controlled and plasma virus loads were persistently below the threshold of the assay. The animals were monitored for up to 7.6 years after infection for viral loads, cellular and humoral immune responses, hematological changes, and overall health and no signs of immune dysfunction or AIDS were observed. This study represents several years of additional observation compared to the previously published results, and indicates that the Rev-independent SIV clones tested do not cause AIDS-like progressive disease within 7.6 years from infection. All the animals showed persistent humoral and cellular SIV-specific immune responses, consistent with chronic infection. Different Rev-independent SIV strains showed similar properties and lack of pathogenicity. Multicolor flow cytometric analysis demonstrated preservation of the Central Memory subset of T cells in the attenuated SIV-infected animals. This study demonstrates a potent, long-lasting control of the Rev-independent attenuated SIV in macaques independent of the age at virus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta S von Gegerfelt
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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32
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Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen Y, Wain LV, Liegeois F, Loul S, Ngole EM, Bienvenue Y, Delaporte E, Brookfield JFY, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science 2006; 313:523-6. [PMID: 16728595 PMCID: PMC2442710 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon, where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and nonpandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as a natural reservoir of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F. Keele
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fran Van Heuverswyn
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Boite Postale 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bailes
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jun Takehisa
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yalu Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Florian Liegeois
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Boite Postale 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Severin Loul
- Projet Prevention du Sida au Cameroun (PRESICA), Boite Postale 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Eitel Mpoudi Ngole
- Projet Prevention du Sida au Cameroun (PRESICA), Boite Postale 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Yanga Bienvenue
- Projet Prevention du Sida au Cameroun (PRESICA), Boite Postale 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Boite Postale 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - John F. Y. Brookfield
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Paul M. Sharp
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 720 South 20th Street, KAUL 816, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Martine Peeters
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Boite Postale 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- †To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
To develop effective intervention strategies that prevent breast milk transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we must understand the specific viral properties and mechanisms responsible for infant infection. We have used lactating rhesus macaques infected with a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) stock to analyze the viral genotypes expressed in plasma and milk throughout the disease course and to identify those variants ultimately transmitted to infants through breastfeeding. In these studies we observed mother-to-infant transmission of SIV/Delta(B670) by eight females during the chronic phase of disease, and we analyzed by heteroduplex tracking assays and sequence analysis the distribution and fluctuations in viral genotypes expressed. Each female expressed multiple V1 envelope genotypes in milk near the time of transmission, while a single genotype was found in each of the infants. Variants transmitted to infants were not expressed throughout the maternal disease course but were only detected near the time of transmission. The emergence of the transmitted genotype in the dam typically occurred in plasma before milk and was coincident with increased milk viral loads. Transmitted genotypes tended to be longer and more glycosylated and had a less negative charge over the V1 region compared to viral genotypes expressed in milk but not transmitted. These observations demonstrate that specific viral genotypes are selectively transmitted to infants through breastfeeding and support the hypothesis that transmission occurs as genotypes adapt for efficient expression in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Rychert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Demma LJ, Vanderford TH, Logsdon JM, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Evolution of the uniquely adaptable lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host. Retrovirology 2006; 3:19. [PMID: 16549011 PMCID: PMC1431560 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of emerging pathogens to infect new species is likely related to the diversity of pathogen variants present in existing reservoirs and their degree of genomic plasticity, which determines their ability to adapt to new environments. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz, SIVsm) have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new species, including humans, resulting in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics. Although SIV diversification has been studied on a population level, the essential substrates for cross-species transmission, namely SIV sequence diversity and the types and extent of viral diversification present in individual reservoir animals have not been elucidated. To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. Results SIVsm demonstrated extensive intra-animal V1V2 length variation and amino acid diversity (le38%), and continual variation in V1V2 N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence frequency and location. Positive selection was the predominant evolutionary force. Temporal sequence shifts suggested continual selection, likely due to evolving antibody responses. In contrast, gag p27 was predominantly under purifying selection. SIVsm V1V2 sequence diversification is at least as great as that in HIV-1 infected humans, indicating that extensive viral diversification in and of itself does not inevitably lead to AIDS. Conclusion Positive diversifying selection in this natural reservoir host is the engine that has driven the evolution of the uniquely adaptable SIV/HIV envelope protein. These studies emphasize the importance of retroviral diversification within individual host reservoir animals as a critical substrate in facilitating cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJ Demma
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D-63, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - TH Vanderford
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JM Logsdon
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Current address: University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences, Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 301 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - MB Feinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Merck Vaccine Division, Merck and Company, Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - SI Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Rd., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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35
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Liegeois F, Courgnaud V, Switzer WM, Murphy HW, Loul S, Aghokeng A, Pourrut X, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Molecular characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus lineage (SIVtal) from northern talapoins (Miopithecus ogouensis). Virology 2006; 349:55-65. [PMID: 16469345 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates, and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat and following occupational exposures to captive nonhuman primates. Here, we report the molecular characterization of a new SIV lineage, SIVtal, from wild-caught and captive talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus ogouensis) from Cameroon and U.S. zoos, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analyses of a small fragment in the pol gene indicated that all SIVtal strains clustered together forming a single species-specific lineage. Full-length sequence analysis for two strains, SIVtal-00CM266 and SIVtal-01CM8023, from wild-caught animals in Cameroon confirmed that SIVtal was distinct from all primate lentiviruses isolated so far and represents a new SIV lineage. Phylogenetic analyses in different viral genes showed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs. In addition, SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs in Gag and Env that distinguish them from other primate lentiviruses. Like SIVsyk and SIVdeb, a vpu gene homologue was also absent in SIVtal. Although northern talapoins belong to the Miopithecus genus, their SIVs belong to the Cercopithecus SIV lineage, suggesting evolution from a common ancestor or cross-species transmission between both primate genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Liegeois
- UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
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Beer BE, Brown CR, Whitted S, Goldstein S, Goeken R, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Hirsch VM. Immunodeficiency in the absence of high viral load in pig-tailed macaques infected with Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsun or SIVlhoest. J Virol 2006; 79:14044-56. [PMID: 16254339 PMCID: PMC1280237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14044-14056.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is known to result in an asymptomatic infection of its natural African monkey host. However, some SIV strains are capable of inducing AIDS-like symptoms and death upon experimental infection of Asian macaques. To further investigate the virulence of natural SIV isolates from African monkeys, pig-tailed (PT) macaques were inoculated intravenously with either of two recently discovered novel lentiviruses, SIVlhoest and SIVsun. Both viruses were apparently apathogenic in their natural hosts but caused immunodeficiency in PT macaques. Infection was characterized by a progressive loss of CD4(+) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes, generalized lymphoid depletion, a wasting syndrome, and opportunistic infections, such as Mycobacterium avium or Pneumocystis carinii infections. However, unlike SIVsm/mac infection of macaques, SIVlhoest and SIVsun infections in PT macaques were not accompanied by high viral loads during the chronic disease stage. In addition, no significant correlation between the viral load at set point (12 weeks postinfection) and survival could be found. Five out of eight SIVlhoest-infected and three out of four SIVsun-infected macaques succumbed to AIDS during the first 5 years of infection. Thus, the survival of SIVsun- and SIVlhoest-infected animals was significantly longer than that of SIVagm- or SIVsm-infected macaques. All PT macaques maintained strong SIV antibody responses despite progression to SIV-induced AIDS. The development of immunodeficiency in the face of low viremia suggests that SIVlhoest and SIVsun infections of macaques may model unique aspects of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte E Beer
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Boadi T, Schneider E, Chung S, Tsai L, Gettie A, Ratterree M, Blanchard J, Neurath AR, Cheng-Mayer C. Cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate protects against challenge with pathogenic X4 and R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 2005; 19:1587-94. [PMID: 16184027 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000186020.24426.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the protective efficacy of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP) formulated in a glycerol-based gel against infection with CXCR4 (X4) and CCR5 (R5) viruses in the simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 transmission. DESIGN Mucosal infection of non-human primates is a reasonable model for use in the investigation of HIV-1 intervention strategies. METHODS Rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera 5 weeks prior to challenge were inoculated intravaginally twice, over a period of 6 h with mixed inocula of pathogenic X4- and R5-SHIV in the presence or absence of CAP. Plasma viral load, peripheral and mucosal CD4 T cell counts as well as the genotype of the circulating virus were determined. RESULTS CAP protected seven of ten macaques against transmission of both X4- and R5-SHIV, reaching statistically significant values (P = 0.0256). Delayed and/or reduced virus replication, as well as blunting of peripheral and mucosal CD4 T cell loss was noted in the three macaques that were infected in the CAP treated group compared to those in the placebo group. Further, protection conferred by CAP appeared to be more effective against X4- than R5-SHIV infection. CONCLUSIONS CAP is protective against highly permissive challenges with X4 and R5 viruses in vivo. Research on further development of this promising compound as a candidate microbicide for the prevention of sexual HIV-1 transmission is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Boadi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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38
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Apetrei C, Metzger MJ, Richardson D, Ling B, Telfer PT, Reed P, Robertson DL, Marx PA. Detection and partial characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm strains from bush meat samples from rural Sierra Leone. J Virol 2005; 79:2631-6. [PMID: 15681464 PMCID: PMC546599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.4.2631-2636.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys). In order to further investigate the relationship between HIV-2 and SIVsm, the SIV specific to the SM, we characterized seven new SIVsm strains from SMs sold in Sierra Leone markets as bush meat. The gag, pol, and env sequences showed that, while the viruses of all seven SMs belonged to the SIVsm-HIV-2 lineage, they were highly divergent viruses, in spite of the fact that most of the samples originated from the same geographical region. They clustered in three lineages, two of which have been previously reported. Two of the new SIVsm strains clustered differently in gag and env phylogenetic trees, suggesting SIVsm recombination that had occurred in the past. In spite of the fact that our study doubles the number of known SIVsm strains from wild SMs, none of the simian strains were close to the groups in which HIV-2 was epidemic (groups A and B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Microbiology Division, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Takemura T, Ekwalanga M, Bikandou B, Ido E, Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Ohkura S, Harada H, Takehisa J, Ichimura H, Parra HJ, Nende M, Mubwo E, Sepole M, Hayami M, Miura T. A novel simian immunodeficiency virus from black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1967-1971. [PMID: 15958675 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand primate lentivirus evolution, characterization of additional simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains is essential. Here, an SIV from a black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo was analysed phylogenetically. The monkey had cross-reactive antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. The viral pol region sequence was amplified by nested PCR and sequence analysis confirmed that it was related to known SIV sequences. This is the first report to characterize genetically an SIV from the monkey genus Lophocebus. Phylogenetic analysis of the pol region revealed that this novel SIV, designated SIVbkm, fell into the SIVsyk and SIVgsn virus group, containing viruses isolated from the genus Cercopithecus, and suggests that cross-species transmission has occurred between species of the genera Lophocebus and Cercopithecus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Takemura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Michel Ekwalanga
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Blaise Bikandou
- Cite Louis Pasteur-Laboratoire National de Sante Publique, Brazzaville 120, Republic of Congo
| | - Eiji Ido
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata
- Biological Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Ohkura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotada Harada
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Takehisa
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Henri-Joseph Parra
- Cite Louis Pasteur-Laboratoire National de Sante Publique, Brazzaville 120, Republic of Congo
| | - Monique Nende
- Kinshasa Zoo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eric Mubwo
- Kinshasa Zoo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Masanori Hayami
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Apetrei C, Kaur A, Lerche NW, Metzger M, Pandrea I, Hardcastle J, Falkenstein S, Bohm R, Koehler J, Traina-Dorge V, Williams T, Staprans S, Plauche G, Veazey RS, McClure H, Lackner AA, Gormus B, Robertson DL, Marx PA. Molecular epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm in U.S. primate centers unravels the origin of SIVmac and SIVstm. J Virol 2005; 79:8991-9005. [PMID: 15994793 PMCID: PMC1168739 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8991-9005.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrospective molecular epidemiology was performed on samples from four sooty mangabey (SM) colonies in the United States to characterize simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm diversity in SMs and to trace virus circulation among different primate centers (PCs) over the past 30 years. The following SIVsm sequences were collected from different monkeys: 55 SIVsm isolates from the Tulane PC sampled between 1984 and 2004, 10 SIVsm isolates from the Yerkes PC sampled in 2002, 7 SIVsm isolates from the New Iberia PC sampled between 1979 and 1986, and 8 SIVsm isolates from the California PC sampled between 1975 and 1977. PCR and sequencing were done to characterize the gag, pol, and env gp36 genes. Phylogenetic analyses were correlated with the epidemiological data. Our analysis identified nine different divergent phylogenetic lineages that cocirculated in these four SM colonies in the Unites States in the past 30 years. Lineages 1 to 5 have been identified previously. Two of the newly identified SIVsm lineages found in SMs are ancestral to SIVmac251/SIVmac239/SIVmne and SIVstm. We further identified the origin of these two macaque viruses in SMs from the California National Primate Research Center. The diversity of SIVsm isolates in PCs in the United States mirrors that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M subtypes and offers a model for the molecular epidemiology of HIV and a new approach to vaccine testing. The cocirculation of divergent SIVsm strains in PCs resulted in founder effects, superinfections, and recombinations. This large array of SIVsm strains showing the same magnitude of diversity as HIV-1 group M subtypes should be extremely useful for modeling the efficacy of vaccination strategies under the real-world conditions of HIV-1 diversity. The genetic variability of SIVsm strains among PCs may influence the diagnosis and monitoring of SIVsm infection and, consequently, may bias the results of pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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41
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Dazza MC, Ekwalanga M, Nende M, Shamamba KB, Bitshi P, Paraskevis D, Saragosti S. Characterization of a novel vpu-harboring simian immunodeficiency virus from a Dent's Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona denti). J Virol 2005; 79:8560-71. [PMID: 15956597 PMCID: PMC1143702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8560-8571.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of a new simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), designated SIVden, in a naturally infected Dent's Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona denti), which was kept as pet in Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. SIVden is genetically distinct from the previously characterized primate lentiviruses. Analysis of the full-length genomic sequence revealed the presence of a vpu open reading frame. This gene is also found in the virus lineage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) and was recently described in viruses isolated from Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus mona, and Cercopithecus cephus. The SIVden vpu coding region is shorter than the HIV-1/SIVcpz and the SIVgsn, SIVmon, and SIVmus counterparts. Unlike Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii viruses (SIVcpzPts) and Cercopithecus monkey viruses (SIVgsn, SIVmon, and SIVmus), the SIVden Vpu contains the characteristic DSGXES motif which was shown to be involved in Vpu-mediated CD4 and IkappaBalpha proteolysis in HIV-1 infected cells. Although it harbors a vpu gene, SIVden is phylogenetically closer to SIVdeb isolated from De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus), which lacks a vpu gene, than to Cercopithecus monkey viruses, which harbor a vpu sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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43
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Nerrienet E, Santiago ML, Foupouapouognigni Y, Bailes E, Mundy NI, Njinku B, Kfutwah A, Muller-Trutwin MC, Barre-Sinoussi F, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH, Ayouba A. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-caught chimpanzees from cameroon. J Virol 2005; 79:1312-9. [PMID: 15613358 PMCID: PMC538556 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1312-1319.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz) infecting chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in west central Africa are the closest relatives to all major variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ([HIV-1]; groups M, N and O), and have thus been implicated as the source of the human infections; however, information concerning the prevalence, geographic distribution, and subspecies association of SIVcpz still remains limited. In this study, we tested 71 wild-caught chimpanzees from Cameroon for evidence of SIVcpz infection. Thirty-nine of these were of the central subspecies (Pan troglodytes troglodytes), and 32 were of the Nigerian subspecies (Pan troglodytes vellerosus), as determined by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Serological analysis determined that one P. t. troglodytes ape (CAM13) harbored serum antibodies that cross-reacted strongly with HIV-1 antigens; all other apes were seronegative. To characterize the newly identified virus, 14 partially overlapping viral fragments were amplified from fecal virion RNA and concatenated to yield a complete SIVcpz genome (9,284 bp). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SIVcpzCAM13 fell well within the radiation of the SIVcpzPtt group of viruses, as part of a clade including all other SIVcpzPtt strains as well as HIV-1 groups M and N. However, SIVcpzCAM13 clustered most closely with SIVcpzGAB1 from Gabon rather than with SIVcpzCAM3 and SIVcpzCAM5 from Cameroon, indicating the existence of divergent SIVcpzPtt lineages within the same geographic region. These data, together with evidence of recombination among ancestral SIVcpzPtt lineages, indicate long-standing endemic infection of central chimpanzees and reaffirm a west central African origin of HIV-1. Whether P. t. vellerosus apes are naturally infected with SIVcpz requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nerrienet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Apetrei C, Marx PA. African lentiviruses related to HIV. J Neurovirol 2005; 11 Suppl 1:33-49. [PMID: 15962455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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45
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Aghokeng AF, Peeters M. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in Africa. J Neurovirol 2005; 11 Suppl 1:27-32. [PMID: 15960238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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46
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Ling B, Telfer P, Reed P, Robertson DL, Marx PA. A link between SIVsm in sooty mangabeys (SM) in wild-living monkeys in Sierra Leone and SIVsm in an American-based SM colony. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1348-51. [PMID: 15650427 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a noninvasive method for SIVsm virion RNA detection in feces of captive sooty mangabeys (SMs) (Cercocebus atys). Employing this method to investigate the natural history of SIVsm in endangered SMs is useful for understanding the diversity and evolution of SIVsm and HIV-2. The fecal samples of 61 wild-living SMs and 14 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) were studied. Samples were collected in rural Sierra Leone in 1993. One SM sample tested positive by reverse transcriptase-PCR. No viral sequence was detected in the feces of 14 chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analysis of the env sequence obtained from SM#13 showed that it clustered within the SIVsm lineage that includes SIVsmH4, B670, and PBj, confirming a direct connection between SIVsm from West Africa and an American-based colony of SM. The virus, designated as SIVsmSL93g, supports a link between the SIVB670/SIVsmH4/SIVPbj lineage and SMs living in Northern Sierra Leone in 1993. The discovery of this strain in a wild-living SM also indicates that noninvasive methods can be used for SIV detection from monkey feces collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
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47
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Bibollet-Ruche F, Gao F, Bailes E, Saragosti S, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Sharp PM. Complete genome analysis of one of the earliest SIVcpzPtt strains from Gabon (SIVcpzGAB2). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1377-81. [PMID: 15650433 PMCID: PMC2692896 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees in west central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are known to harbor simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that represent the closest relatives of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); however, the number of SIVcpzPtt strains that have been fully characterized is still limited. Here, we report the complete nucleotide sequence of SIVcpzGAB2, a virus originally identified in 1989 in a chimpanzee (P. t. troglodytes) from Gabon. Analysis of this sequence reveals that SIVcpzGAB2 is a member of the SIVcpzPtt group of viruses, but that it differs from other SIVcpzPtt strains by exhibiting a highly divergent Env V3 loop with an unusual crown (NLSPGTT) containing a canonical N-linked glycosylation site, an unpaired cysteine residue in Env V4, and two late (L) domain motifs (PTAP and YPSL) in Gag p6. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses indicate evidence of recombination during the early divergence of SIVcpzPtt strains; in particular, part of the pol gene sequence of SIVcpzGAB2 appears to be derived from a previously unidentified SIVcpz lineage ancestral to HIV-1 group O. These data indicate extensive diversity among naturally occurring SIVcpzPtt strains and provide new insight into the origin of HIV-1 group O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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48
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van der Kuyl AC, van den Burg R, Hoyer MJ, Gruters RA, Osterhaus ADME, Berkhout B. SIVdrl detection in captive mandrills: are mandrills infected with a third strain of simian immunodeficiency virus? Retrovirology 2004; 1:36. [PMID: 15516270 PMCID: PMC529309 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A pol-fragment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is highly related to SIVdrl-pol from drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus) was detected in two mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) from Amsterdam Zoo. These captivity-born mandrills had never been in contact with drill monkeys, and were unlikely to be hybrids. Their mitochondrial haplotype suggested that they descended from founder animals in Cameroon or northern Gabon, close to the habitat of the drill. SIVdrl has once before been found in a wild-caught mandrill from the same region, indicating that mandrills are naturally infected with a SIVdrl-like virus. This suggests that mandrills are the first primate species to be infected with three strains of SIV: SIVmnd1, SIVmnd2, and SIVdrl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van den Burg
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Hoyer
- Artis, Plantage Kerklaan 38–40, 1018 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A Gruters
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, P.O Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert DME Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, P.O Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Prevailing theory holds that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are nonpathogenic in their natural simian hosts and that lifelong infections persist without disease. Numerous studies have reported that SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys) remain disease free for up to 24 years despite relatively high levels of viral replication. Here, we report that classic AIDS developed after an 18-year incubation in an SM (E041) with a natural SIVsm infection. Unlike that described in previous reports of SIV-related disease in SMs, the SIVsm infecting E041 was not first passaged through macaques; moreover, SM E041 was simian T-cell leukemia virus antibody negative. SM E041 was euthanized in 2002 after being diagnosed with severe disseminated B-cell lymphoma. The plasma virus load had been approximately the same for 16 years when a 100-fold increase in virus load occurred in years 17 and 18. Additional findings associated with AIDS were CD4(+)-cell decline, loss of p27 core antibody, and loss of control of SIVsm replication with disseminated giant cell disease. These findings suggest that the time to development of AIDS exceeds the average lifetime of SMs in the wild and that the principal adaptation of SIV to its natural African hosts does not include complete resistance to disease. Instead, AIDS may develop slowly, even in the presence of high virus loads. However, a long-term relatively high virus load, such as that in SM E041, is consistent with AIDS development in less than 18 years in humans and macaques. Therefore, the results also suggest that SMs have a special mechanism for resisting AIDS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Yamaguchi J, Bodelle P, Vallari AS, Coffey R, McArthur CP, Schochetman G, Devare SG, Brennan CA. HIV infections in northwestern Cameroon: identification of HIV type 1 group O and dual HIV type 1 group M and group O infections. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:944-57. [PMID: 15585082 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 strain diversity was examined in a study population that consisted of hospital and clinic patients from seven cities and villages located in the northwestern regions of Cameroon. Specimens were screened using a serological algorithm designed to identify HIV-1 group M, N, and O, and SIVcpz-like infections followed by RT-PCR amplification to characterize the infecting virus. The results show that the HIV epidemic in northwest Cameroon is dominated by HIV-1 group M CRF02_AG infections (57%). Additional group M subtypes present include A, D, F2, G, and CRF01_AE. Based on discordant subtype classification between gag and env sequences, a high percentage (23%) of viral strains appear to be unique intersubtype recombinants with the majority (88%) involving recombination with CRF02_AG. Group O prevalence is low accounting for only 0.4% of HIV infections. However, group O strain diversity is high; isolates from clades I, IV, and V, as well as unclassified and recombinant strains, were found. Three dual infections by HIV-1 group M and group O were identified and characterized. In two specimens, both group M and O sequences were amplified in gag, pol, and env suggesting the presence of both viruses. Analysis of the third specimen shows the presence of a group O virus and an intergroup M/O recombinant virus. Finally, no infections due to HIV-1 group N or SIVcpz-like strains were found in the study population.
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