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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in antiretroviral therapy have saved numerous lives, converting a diagnosis with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) from a death sentence into the possibility for a (nearly) normal life in many instances. However, the obligation for lifelong adherence, increased risk of accumulated co-morbidities, and continued lack of uniform availability around the globe underscores the need for an HIV cure. Safe and scalable HIV cure strategies remain elusive, in large part due to the presence of viral reservoirs in which caches of infected cells remain hidden from immune elimination, primarily within tissues. Herein, we summarize some of the most exciting recent advances focused on understanding, quantifying, and ultimately targeting HIV tissue viral reservoirs. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies have underscored the differences between viral reservoirs in tissue compartments as compared to peripheral blood, in particular, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Additionally, several novel or modified techniques are showing promise in targeting the latent viral reservoir, including modifications in drug delivery platforms and techniques such as CRISPR. SUMMARY Elimination of tissue viral reservoirs is likely the key to generation of an effective HIV cure. Exciting studies have come out recently that reveal crucial insights into topics ranging from the basic biology of reservoir seeding to effective drug targeting. However, there are still many outstanding questions in the field about the relative importance of specific reservoirs, such as the GI tract, that may alter the final strategy pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Carly E. Starke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Michael D. Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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2
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McCarron ME, Weinberg RL, Izzi JM, Queen SE, Tarwater PM, Misra SL, Russakoff DB, Oakley JD, Mankowski JL. Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy With Deep Learning-Based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Cornea 2021; 40:635-642. [PMID: 33528225 PMCID: PMC8009813 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize corneal subbasal nerve plexus features of normal and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques by combining in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) with automated assessments using deep learning-based methods customized for macaques. METHODS IVCM images were collected from both male and female age-matched rhesus and pigtailed macaques housed at the Johns Hopkins University breeding colony using the Heidelberg HRTIII with Rostock Corneal Module. We also obtained repeat IVCM images of 12 SIV-infected animals including preinfection and 10-day post-SIV infection time points. All IVCM images were analyzed using a deep convolutional neural network architecture developed specifically for macaque studies. RESULTS Deep learning-based segmentation of subbasal nerves in IVCM images from macaques demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension measurements did not differ between species, but pigtailed macaques had significantly higher baseline corneal nerve fiber tortuosity than rhesus macaques (P = 0.005). Neither sex nor age of macaques was associated with differences in any of the assessed corneal subbasal nerve parameters. In the SIV/macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus, acute SIV infection induced significant decreases in both corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension (P = 0.01 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The combination of IVCM and robust objective deep learning analysis is a powerful tool to track sensory nerve damage, enabling early detection of neuropathy. Adapting deep learning analyses to clinical corneal nerve assessments will improve monitoring of small sensory nerve fiber damage in numerous clinical settings including human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McCarron
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel L Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica M Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | | | | | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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3
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Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Brantley W, Varco-Merth B, Sperber HS, Hull PA, Montano M, Migueles SA, Rosenthal D, Hogan LE, Johnson JR, Packard TA, Grimmett ZW, Herzig E, Besnard E, Nekorchuk M, Hsiao F, Deeks SG, Snape M, Kiernan B, Roan NR, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Picker LJ, Verdin E, Krogan NJ, Henrich TJ, Connors M, Ott M, Pillai SK, Okoye AA, Greene WC. Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency Reversing Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33536176 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered in vivo to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective in vivo latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
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Shang L, Smith AJ, Duan L, Perkey KE, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Southern PJ, Johnson RP, Carlis JV, Haase AT. Vaccine-Associated Maintenance of Epithelial Integrity Correlated With Protection Against Virus Entry. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1272-1283. [PMID: 29401315 PMCID: PMC6455945 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) might penetrate the epithelial barrier during sexual transmission to women and the mechanisms of vaccine-associated protection against entry, we characterized early epithelial responses to vaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251 (SIVmac251) in naive or SIVmac239Δnef-vaccinated rhesus macaques. Vaginal inoculation induced an early stress response in the cervicovaginal epithelium, which was associated with impaired epithelial integrity, damaged barrier function, and virus and bacterial translocation. In vaccinated animals, early stress responses were suppressed, and the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity correlated with prevention of virus entry. These vaccine-protective effects were associated with a previously described mucosal system for locally producing and concentrating trimeric gp41 antibodies at the mucosal interface and with formation of SIV-specific immune complexes that block the stress responses via binding to the epithelial receptor FCGR2B and subsequent inhibitory signaling. Thus, blocking virus entry may be one protective mechanism by which locally concentrated non-neutralizing Ab might prevent HIV sexual transmission to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - L Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - K E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - S Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - M Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - P J Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - R P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J V Carlis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
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5
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Shang L, Smith AJ, Reilly CS, Duan L, Perkey KE, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Southern PJ, Johnson RP, Carlis JV, Haase AT. Vaccine-modified NF-kB and GR signaling in cervicovaginal epithelium correlates with protection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:512-522. [PMID: 28792003 PMCID: PMC5807226 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cervicovaginal epithelium plays a critical role in determining the outcome of virus transmission in the female reproductive tract (FRT) by initiating or suppressing transmission-facilitating mucosal immune responses in naïve and SIVmac239Δnef-vaccinated animals, respectively. In this study, we examined the very early responses of cervical epithelium within 24 h after vaginal exposure to SIV in naive and SIVmac239Δnef-vaccinated rhesus macaques. Using both ex vivo and in vivo experimental systems, we found that vaginal exposure to SIV rapidly induces a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory responses in the epithelium associated with a reciprocal regulation of NF-kB and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathways. Conversely, maintenance of high-level GR expression and suppression of NF-kB expression in the epithelium were associated with an immunologically quiescent state in the FRT mucosa and protection against vaginal challenge in SIVmac239Δnef-vaccinated animals. We show that the immunologically quiescent state is induced by FCGR2B-immune complexes interactions that modify the reciprocal regulation of NF-kB and GR signaling pathways. Our results suggest that targeting the balance of NF-kB and GR signaling in early cervicovaginal epithelium responses could moderate mucosal inflammation and target cell availability after vaginal infection, thereby providing a complementary approach to current prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - C S Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - L Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - K E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - S Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - P J Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - R P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J V Carlis
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Shang L, Duan L, Perkey KE, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Smith AJ, Southern PJ, Johnson RP, Haase AT. Epithelium-innate immune cell axis in mucosal responses to SIV. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:508-519. [PMID: 27435105 PMCID: PMC5250613 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type I) transmission to women, one hallmark of the mucosal response to exposure to high doses of SIV is CD4 T-cell recruitment that fuels local virus expansion in early infection. In this study, we systematically analyzed the cellular events and chemoattractant profiles in cervical tissues that precede CD4 T-cell recruitment. We show that vaginal exposure to the SIV inoculum rapidly induces chemokine expression in cervical epithelium including CCL3, CCL20, and CXCL8. The chemokine expression is associated with early recruitment of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells that are co-clustered underneath the cervical epithelium. Production of chemokines CCL3 and CXCL8 by these cells in turn generates a chemokine gradient that is spatially correlated with the recruitment of CD4 T cells. We further show that the protection of SIVmac239Δnef vaccination against vaginal challenge is correlated with the absence of this epithelium-innate immune cell-CD4 T-cell axis response in the cervical mucosa. Our results reveal a critical role for cervical epithelium in initiating early mucosal responses to vaginal infection, highlight an important role for macrophages in target cell recruitment, and provide further evidence of a paradoxical dampening effect of a protective vaccine on these early mucosal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - L Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - K E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - S Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - P J Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - R P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection from a deadly to a chronic infection. Despite its successes in reducing mortality, ART fails to cure HIV allowing HIV to persist in vivo. HIV persistence under ART is thought to be mediated by a combination of latent infection of long-lived cells, homeostatic proliferation of latently infected cells, anatomic sanctuaries, and low-level virus replication. To understand the contribution of specific cell types and anatomic sites to virus persistence in vivo animal models are necessary. RECENT FINDINGS The advancements in ART and our understanding of animal models have facilitated the development of models of HIV persistence in nonhuman primates and mice. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian/HIV infection (SHIV) of rhesus and pigtail macaques followed by effective ART represents the most faithful animal model of HIV persistence. HIV infection of humanized mice also provides a useful model for answering specific questions regarding virus persistence in a uniquely mutable system. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the most recent findings using animal models of HIV persistence. We will first describe the important aspects of HIV infection that SIV/SHIV infection of nonhuman primates are able to recapitulate, then we will discuss some recent studies that have used these models to understand viral persistence.
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8
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Molina PE, Amedee AM, Winsauer P, Nelson S, Bagby G, Simon L. Behavioral, Metabolic, and Immune Consequences of Chronic Alcohol or Cannabinoids on HIV/AIDs: Studies in the Non-Human Primate SIV Model. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:217-32. [PMID: 25795088 PMCID: PMC4470723 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated mortality has been significantly reduced with antiretroviral therapy (ART), and HIV infection has become a chronic disease that frequently coexists with many disorders, including substance abuse (Azar et al. Drug Alcohol Depend 112:178-193, 2010; Phillips et al. J Gen Int Med 16:165, 2001). Alcohol and drugs of abuse may modify host-pathogen interactions at various levels including behavioral, metabolic, and immune consequences of HIV infection, as well as the ability of the virus to integrate into the genome and replicate in host cells. Identifying mechanisms responsible for these interactions is complicated by many factors, such as the tissue specific responses to viral infection, multiple cellular mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses, neuroendocrine and localized responses to infection, and kinetics of viral replication. An integrated physiological analysis of the biomedical consequences of chronic alcohol and drug use or abuse on disease progression is possible using rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a relevant model of HIV infection. This review will provide an overview of the data gathered using this model to show that chronic administration of two of the most commonly abused substances, alcohol and cannabinoids (Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol; THC), affect host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA,
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9
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Akay C, Cooper M, Odeleye A, Jensen BK, White MG, Vassoler F, Gannon PJ, Mankowski J, Dorsey JL, Buch AM, Cross SA, Cook DR, Peña MM, Andersen ES, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Lindl KA, Zink MC, Clements J, Pierce RC, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Antiretroviral drugs induce oxidative stress and neuronal damage in the central nervous system. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:39-53. [PMID: 24420448 PMCID: PMC3928514 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), characterized by a wide spectrum of behavioral, cognitive, and motor dysfunctions, continues to affect approximately 50 % of HIV(+) patients despite the success of combination antiretroviral drug therapy (cART) in the periphery. Of note, potential toxicity of antiretroviral drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) remains remarkably underexplored and may contribute to the persistence of HAND in the cART era. Previous studies have shown antiretrovirals (ARVs) to be neurotoxic in the peripheral nervous system in vivo and in peripheral neurons in vitro. Alterations in lipid and protein metabolism, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress all play a role in peripheral ARV neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that ARVs also induce cellular stresses in the CNS, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and contributing to the changing clinical and pathological picture seen in HIV-positive patients in the cART era. In this report, we show that ARVs are neurotoxic in the CNS in both pigtail macaques and rats in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro, ARVs lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately induction of neuronal damage and death. Whereas ARVs alone caused some activation of the endogenous antioxidant response in vitro, augmentation of this response by a fumaric acid ester, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), blocked ARV-induced ROS generation, and neuronal damage/death. These findings implicate oxidative stress as a contributor to the underlying mechanisms of ARV-induced neurotoxicity and will provide an access point for adjunctive therapies to complement ARV therapy and reduce neurotoxicity in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Michael Cooper
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Akinleye Odeleye
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Brigid K. Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Michael G. White
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Fair Vassoler
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patrick J. Gannon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Joseph Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jamie L. Dorsey
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alison M. Buch
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Cross
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Denise R. Cook
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michelle-Marie Peña
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Emily S. Andersen
- Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Kathryn A. Lindl
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - M. Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janice Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dennis L. Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
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10
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Peeters M, D’Arc M, Delaporte E. Origin and diversity of human retroviruses. AIDS Rev 2014; 16:23-34. [PMID: 24584106 PMCID: PMC4289907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses, simian T‑cell lymphotropic viruses, and simian foamy viruses from nonhuman primates have crossed the species barrier to humans at several time points, leading to the HIV and human T lymphotropic virus epidemic and to sporadic cases of human infections with simian foamy viruses, respectively. Efficient infection and spread in humans differs between simian foamy virus, simian lymphotropic virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus, but seems also to differ among the different viruses from the same simian lineage, as illustrated by the different spread of HIV‑1 M, N O, P or for the different HIV‑2 groups. Among the four HIV‑1 groups, only HIV‑1 group M has spread worldwide, and the actual diversity within HIV‑1 M (subtypes, circulating recombinants) is the result of subsequent evolution and spread in the human population. HIV‑2 only spread to some extent in West Africa, and similarly as for HIV‑1, the nine HIV‑2 groups have also a different epidemic history. Four types of human T lymphotropic virus, type 1 to 4, have been described in humans and for three of them simian counterparts (simian T lymphotropic virus‑1, ‑2, ‑3) have been identified in multiple nonhuman primate species. The majority of human infections are with human T lymphotropic virus‑1, which is present throughout the world as clusters of high endemicity. Humans are susceptible to a wide variety of simian foamy viruses and seem to acquire these viruses more readily than simian immunodeficiency viruses or simian T lymphotropic viruses, but neither signs of disease in humans nor human‑to‑human transmission of simian foamy virus have been documented yet. The current HIV‑1 M epidemic illustrates the impact of a single cross‑species transmission. The recent discovery of HIV‑1 P, HIV‑2 I, new human T lymphotropic virus‑1 and ‑3 variants, as well as simian foamy virus infections in humans in Central Africa, show that our knowledge of genetic diversity and cross‑species transmissions of simian retroviruses is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Computational Biology Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Mirela D’Arc
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universitary Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
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11
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Molina PE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Biomedical consequences of alcohol use disorders in the HIV-infected host. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:265-75. [PMID: 25053365 PMCID: PMC4222574 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140721121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is the most common and costly form of drug abuse in the United States. It is well known that alcohol abuse contributes to risky behaviors associated with greater incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. As HIV has become a more chronic disease since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, it is expected that alcohol use disorders will have an adverse effect on the health of HIV-infected patients. The biomedical consequences of acute and chronic alcohol abuse are multisystemic. Based on what is currently known of the comorbid and pathophysiological conditions resulting from HIV infection in people with alcohol use disorders, chronic alcohol abuse appears to alter the virus infectivity, the immune response of the host, and the progression of disease and tissue injury, with specific impact on disease progression. The combined insult of alcohol abuse and HIV affects organ systems, including the central nervous system, the immune system, the liver, heart, and lungs, and the musculoskeletal system. Here we outline the major pathological consequences of alcohol abuse in the HIV-infected individual, emphasizing its impact on immunomodulation, erosion of lean body mass associated with AIDS wasting, and lipodystrophy. We conclude that interventions focused on reducing or avoiding alcohol abuse are likely to be important in decreasing morbidity and improving outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Nelson
- LSUHSC Physiology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV-infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti-retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4(+) T-cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T-cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to 'show AIDS the door', and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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13
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Xu H, Wang X, Liu DX, Moroney-Rasmussen T, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cells are restricted to mucosal tissues and are depleted in SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:658-69. [PMID: 22669579 PMCID: PMC3702374 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an emerging subset of lymphocytes involved in surveillance against virally infected cells. Here, we show CD3(-)CD8(high) lymphocytes in macaque blood include major subsets of ILCs including natural killer (NK) cells expressing CD16, NKp46, and NKG2A, but also populations of ILCs in mucosal tissues having different properties. One ILC subset secreted interleukin (IL)-17 (ILC17), but these were restricted to mucosal tissues. Some mucosal ILC17 cells expressed classical NK-cell markers, but little NKG2A or NKG2D. Some ILC17 cells secreted IL-22 and tumor necrosis factor-α, but few produced interferon (IFN)-γ or contained granzyme B. IL-17 production by ILCs was induced by IL-6, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-23. Further, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection resulted in a significant loss of ILC17 cells, especially in the jejunum, which persisted throughout SIV infection. These findings indicate that ILC17 cells may be involved in innate mucosal immune responses, and their loss may contribute to loss of intestinal mucosal integrity and disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - David X. Liu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Terri Moroney-Rasmussen
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
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14
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Vanham G, Van Gulck E. Can immunotherapy be useful as a "functional cure" for infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1? Retrovirology 2012; 9:72. [PMID: 22958464 PMCID: PMC3472319 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy aims to assist the natural immune system in achieving control over viral infection. Various immunotherapy formats have been evaluated in either therapy-naive or therapy-experienced HIV-infected patients over the last 20 years. These formats included non-antigen specific strategies such as cytokines that stimulate immunity or suppress the viral replication, as well as antibodies that block negative regulatory pathways. A number of HIV-specific therapeutic vaccinations have also been proposed, using in vivo injection of inactivated virus, plasmid DNA encoding HIV antigens, or recombinant viral vectors containing HIV genes. A specific format of therapeutic vaccines consists of ex vivo loading of autologous dendritic cells with one of the above mentioned antigenic formats or mRNA encoding HIV antigens.This review provides an extensive overview of the background and rationale of these different therapeutic attempts and discusses the results of trials in the SIV macaque model and in patients. To date success has been limited, which could be explained by insufficient quality or strength of the induced immune responses, incomplete coverage of HIV variability and/or inappropriate immune activation, with ensuing increased susceptibility of target cells.Future attempts at therapeutic vaccination should ideally be performed under the protection of highly active antiretroviral drugs in patients with a recovered immune system. Risks for immune escape should be limited by a better coverage of the HIV variability, using either conserved or mosaic sequences. Appropriate molecular adjuvants should be included to enhance the quality and strength of the responses, without inducing inappropriate immune activation. Finally, to achieve a long-lasting effect on viral control (i.e. a "functional cure") it is likely that these immune interventions should be combined with anti-latency drugs and/or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Vanham
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Gulck
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Present address: Community of Research Excellence and Advanced Technology (C.R.E.A.Te), Division of Janssen, Beerse, Belgium
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15
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Van Rompay KKA, Trott KA, Jayashankar K, Geng Y, LaBranche CC, Johnson JA, Landucci G, Lipscomb J, Tarara RP, Canfield DR, Heneine W, Forthal DN, Montefiori D, Abel K. Prolonged tenofovir treatment of macaques infected with K65R reverse transcriptase mutants of SIV results in the development of antiviral immune responses that control virus replication after drug withdrawal. Retrovirology 2012; 9:57. [PMID: 22805180 PMCID: PMC3419085 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that while prolonged tenofovir monotherapy of macaques infected with virulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) resulted invariably in the emergence of viral mutants with reduced in vitro drug susceptibility and a K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase, some animals controlled virus replication for years. Transient CD8+ cell depletion or short-term tenofovir interruption within 1 to 5 years of treatment demonstrated that a combination of CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses and continued tenofovir therapy was required for sustained suppression of viremia. We report here follow-up data on 5 such animals that received tenofovir for 8 to 14 years. RESULTS Although one animal had a gradual increase in viremia from 3 years onwards, the other 4 tenofovir-treated animals maintained undetectable viremia with occasional viral blips (≤ 300 RNA copies/ml plasma). When tenofovir was withdrawn after 8 to 10 years from three animals with undetectable viremia, the pattern of occasional episodes of low viremia (≤ 3600 RNA/ml plasma) continued throughout the 10-month follow-up period. These animals had low virus levels in lymphoid tissues, and evidence of multiple SIV-specific immune responses. CONCLUSION Under certain conditions (i.e., prolonged antiviral therapy initiated early after infection; viral mutants with reduced drug susceptibility) a virus-host balance characterized by strong immunologic control of virus replication can be achieved. Although further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications, these observations provide hope for a functional cure of HIV infection via immunotherapeutic strategies that boost antiviral immunity and reduce the need for continuous antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristin A Trott
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kartika Jayashankar
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongzhi Geng
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan Lipscomb
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Ross P Tarara
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Don R Canfield
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Kristina Abel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Hauser KF, Fitting S, Dever SM, Podhaizer EM, Knapp PE. Opiate drug use and the pathophysiology of neuroAIDS. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:435-52. [PMID: 22591368 PMCID: PMC3431547 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result in greater neurologic and cognitive deficits. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to interactive opiate-HIV-1 effects, in part because of the unique responses of microglia and astroglia. Although neurons are principally responsible for behavior and cognition, HIV-1 infection and replication in the brain is largely limited to microglia, while astroglia and perhaps glial progenitors can be latently infected. Thus, neuronal dysfunction and injury result from cellular and viral toxins originating from HIV-1 infected/exposed glia. Importantly, subsets of glial cells including oligodendrocytes, as well as neurons, express µ-opioid receptors and therefore can be direct targets for heroin and morphine (the major metabolite of heroin in the CNS), which preferentially activate µ-opioid receptors. This review highlights findings that neuroAIDS is a glially driven disease, and that opiate abuse may act at multiple glial-cell types to further compromise neuron function and survival. The ongoing, reactive cross-talk between opiate drug and HIV-1 co-exposed microglia and astroglia appears to exacerbate critical proinflammatory and excitotoxic events leading to neuron dysfunction, injury, and potentially death. Opiates enhance synaptodendritic damage and a loss of synaptic connectivity, which is viewed as the substrate of cognitive deficits. We especially emphasize that opioid signaling and interactions with HIV-1 are contextual, differing among cell types, and even within subsets of the same cell type. For example, astroglia even within a single brain region are heterogeneous in their expression of µ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors, as well as CXCR4 and CCR5, and Toll-like receptors. Thus, defining the distinct targets engaged by opiates in each cell type, and among brain regions, is critical to an understanding of how opiate abuse exacerbates neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1217 East Marshall Street, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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17
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Thippeshappa R, Ruan H, Kimata JT. Breaking Barriers to an AIDS Model with Macaque-Tropic HIV-1 Derivatives. Biology (Basel) 2012; 1:134-64. [PMID: 23336082 PMCID: PMC3546514 DOI: 10.3390/biology1020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of an animal model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/AIDS that is suitable for preclinical testing of antiretroviral therapy, vaccines, curative strategies, and studies of pathogenesis has been hampered by the human-specific tropism of HIV-1. Although simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or HIV-1/SIV chimeric viruses (SHIVs)-rhesus macaque models are excellent surrogates for AIDS research, the genetic differences between SIV or SHIV and HIV-1 limit their utility as model systems. The identification of innate retro viral restriction factors has increased our understanding about blockades to HIV-1 replication in macaques and provided a guide for the construction of macaque-tropic HIV-1 clones. However, while these viruses replicate in macaque cells in vitro, they are easily controlled and have not caused AIDS in host animals, indicating that we may not fully understand the restrictive barriers of innate immunity. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding HIV-1 restriction factors, particularly as they apply to cross-species transmission of primate lentiviruses and the development of a macaque model of HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.T.); (H.R.)
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18
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Jagadish T, Pottiez G, Fox HS, Ciborowski P. Plasma gelsolin accumulates in macrophage nodules in brains of simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:113-9. [PMID: 22403026 PMCID: PMC3794665 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN), an isoform 1, is secreted by various types of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, but not by the liver. pGSN circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, its concentration in CSF is approximately twenty times lower than in plasma. It has been shown that several types of cells such as oligodendrocytes, neurons, and/or astrocytes contribute to the overall pool of pGSN in the CNS. Further, it has been postulated that pGSN plays multiple roles during microbial infection and modulates inflammatory responses; however, the exact mechanism of regulation is not known. We previously showed that levels of pGSN in CSF of individuals with advanced neurocognitive impairment due to HIV infection of the brain are decreased. Here, we show that macrophages express significant amounts of pGSN in response to HIV infection in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry of simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus monkey brains, we show that increased levels of pGSN are present in macrophage nodules creating locally a high level of this protein within the brain. This may not be reflected by the overall decreased level in the distinct CSF compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jagadish
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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19
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Wiederin JL, Yu F, Donahoe RM, Fox HS, Ciborowski P, Gendelman HE. Changes in the plasma proteome follows chronic opiate administration in simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:105-12. [PMID: 21821369 PMCID: PMC3245805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantive plasma proteomic changes follow lentiviral infection and disease pathobiology. We posit that such protein alterations are modified during drug abuse, further serving to affect the disease. To this end, we investigated the effect of opiate administration on the plasma proteome of Indian-strain rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain smm9. METHODS Whole blood was collected at 7 weeks prior to and 1.4 and 49 weeks after viral infection. Viral load, CD4(+) T cell subsets, and plasma protein content were measured from monkeys that did or did not receive continuous opiate administrations. The plasma proteome was identified and quantified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling (iTRAQ) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS While substantive changes in plasma proteins were seen during SIV infection, the addition of opiates led to suppression of these changes as well as increased variance of the proteome. These changes demonstrate that opiates induce broad but variant immune suppression in SIV-infected monkeys. CONCLUSION The broad suppressive changes seen in plasma of SIV-infected monkeys likely reflect reduced multisystem immune homeostatic responses induced by opiates. Such occur as a consequence of complex cell-to-cell interactions operative between the virus and the host. We conclude that such changes in plasma proteomic profiling may be underappreciated and as such supports the need for improved clinical definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L. Wiederin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Robert M. Donahoe
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah USA 84112-5650
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
- Corresponding author: Pawel Ciborowski, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, Phone: 402 559 8920; FAX 402 559 3744;
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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20
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Ahuka-Mundeke S, Ayouba A, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Liegeois F, Esteban A, Lunguya-Metila O, Demba D, Bilulu G, Mbenzo-Abokome V, Inogwabini BI, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Novel multiplexed HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus antibody detection assay. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:2277-86. [PMID: 22172157 PMCID: PMC3311211 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most emerging infectious disease viruses, HIV is also of zoonotic origin. To assess the risk for cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from nonhuman primates to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we collected 330 samples derived from nonhuman primate bushmeat at 3 remote forest sites. SIV prevalences were estimated by using a novel high-throughput assay that included 34 HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Overall, 19% of nonhuman primate bushmeat was infected with SIVs, and new SIV lineages were identified. Highest SIV prevalences were seen in red-tailed guenons (25%) and Tshuapa red colobus monkeys (24%), representing the most common hunted primate species, thus increasing the likelihood for cross-species transmission. Additional studies are needed to determine whether other SIVs crossed the species barrier. With the newly developed assay, large-scale screening against many antigens is now easier and faster.
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21
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Reed JS, Sidney J, Piaskowski SM, Glidden CE, León EJ, Burwitz BJ, Kolar HL, Eernisse CM, Furlott JR, Maness NJ, Walsh AD, Rudersdorf RA, Bardet W, McMurtrey CP, O’Connor DH, Hildebrand WH, Sette A, Watkins DI, Wilson NA. The role of MHC class I allele Mamu-A*07 during SIV(mac)239 infection. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:789-807. [PMID: 21732180 PMCID: PMC3706270 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells play an important role in controlling HIV/SIV replication. These T cells recognize intracellular pathogen-derived peptides displayed on the cell surface by individual MHC class I molecules. In the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model, five Mamu class I alleles have been thoroughly characterized with regard to peptide binding, and a sixth was shown to be uninvolved. In this study, we describe the peptide binding of Mamu-A1*007:01 (formerly Mamu-A*07), an allele present in roughly 5.08% of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (n = 63 of 1,240). We determined a preliminary binding motif by eluting and sequencing endogenously bound ligands. Subsequently, we used a positional scanning combinatorial library and panels of single amino acid substitution analogs to further characterize peptide binding of this allele and derive a quantitative motif. Using this motif, we selected and tested 200 peptides derived from SIV(mac)239 for their capacity to bind Mamu-A1*007:01; 33 were found to bind with an affinity of 500 nM or better. We then used PBMC from SIV-infected or vaccinated but uninfected, A1*007:01-positive rhesus macaques in IFN-γ Elispot assays to screen the peptides for T-cell reactivity. In all, 11 of the peptides elicited IFN-γ(+) T-cell responses. Six represent novel A1*007:01-restricted epitopes. Furthermore, both Sanger and ultradeep pyrosequencing demonstrated the accumulation of amino acid substitutions within four of these six regions, suggestive of selective pressure on the virus by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, it appears that Mamu-A1*007:01 presents SIV-derived peptides to antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and is part of the immune response to SIV(mac)239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Chrystal E. Glidden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Enrique J. León
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Holly L. Kolar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | | | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Andrew D. Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Richard A. Rudersdorf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Curtis P. McMurtrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - William H. Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
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22
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Kulkarni V, Jalah R, Ganneru B, Bergamaschi C, Alicea C, von Gegerfelt A, Patel V, Zhang GM, Chowdhury B, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Valentin A, Rosati M, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Comparison of immune responses generated by optimized DNA vaccination against SIV antigens in mice and macaques. Vaccine 2011; 29:6742-54. [PMID: 21195080 PMCID: PMC3115438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Optimized DNA vectors were constructed comprising the proteome of SIV including the structural, enzymatic, regulatory, and accessory proteins. In addition to native antigens as produced by the virus, fusion proteins and modified antigens with altered secretion, cellular localization and stability characteristics were generated. The DNA vectors were tested for expression upon transfection in human cells. In addition, the vectors were tested either alone or in combinations in mice and macaques, which provided an opportunity to compare immune responses in two animal models. DNA only immunization using intramuscular injection in the absence or presence of in vivo electroporation did not alter the phenotype of the induced T cell responses in mice. Although several fusion proteins induced immune responses to all the components of a polyprotein, we noted fusion proteins that abrogated immune response to some of the components. Since the expression levels of such fusion proteins were not affected, these data suggest that the immune recognition of certain components was altered by the fusion. Testing different DNA vectors in mice and macaques revealed that a combination of DNAs producing different forms of the same antigen generated more balanced immune responses, a desirable feature for an optimal AIDS vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electroporation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, env/metabolism
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- HEK293 Cells
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Brunda Ganneru
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Agneta von Gegerfelt
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Vainav Patel
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Gen-Mu Zhang
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Bhabadeb Chowdhury
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | | | | | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States
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23
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Das A, Veazey RS, Wang X, Lackner AA, Xu H, Pahar B. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques induces selective tissue specific B cell defects in double positive CD21+CD27+ memory B cells. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:223-8. [PMID: 21622026 PMCID: PMC3159701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
B cell dysfunction represents a central feature in HIV infection and pathogenesis. Our recent studies have shown that peripheral and lymphoid double positive CD21+CD27+ B cells were able to become activated and proliferate at higher rates than other B cell subpopulations. Increased proliferation of tonsillar memory B cells was identified compared to other tissues examined. Here, we demonstrate the decreased proliferation of tonsillar memory (CD21+CD27+) B cells during acute SIV infection also suggests that these cells may play an important role in SIV pathogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that SIV infection may induce selective defective responses in specific tissues, by suppressing memory B cell proliferation in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
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24
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Abstract
With increases in the immunocompromised patient population and aging of the HIV+ population, the risk of serious fungal infections and their complications will continue to rise. In these populations, infection with the fungal opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Infection with Pneumocystis (Pc) has been shown to be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human subjects with and without HIV infection and in non-human primate models of HIV infection. In human studies and in a primate model of HIV/Pc co-infection, we have shown that antibody response to the Pc protein, kexin (KEX1), correlates with protection from colonization, Pc pneumonia, and COPD. These findings support the hypothesis that immunity to KEX1 may be critical to controlling Pc colonization and preventing or slowing development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E 1057 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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25
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Sampson SL, Mansfield KG, Carville A, Magee DM, Quitugua T, Howerth EW, Bloom BR, Hondalus MK. Extended safety and efficacy studies of a live attenuated double leucine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2011; 29:4839-47. [PMID: 21549795 PMCID: PMC3146342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the development of a live, fully attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine candidate strain with two independent attenuating auxotrophic mutations in leucine and pantothenate biosynthesis. In the present work, those studies have been extended to include testing for protective efficacy in a long-term guinea pig survival model and safety testing in the highly tuberculosis susceptible Rhesus macaque. To model the safety of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain in HIV-infected human populations, a Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Rhesus macaque group was included. Immunization with the non-replicating ΔleuD ΔpanCD conferred long-term protection against challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis equivalent to that afforded by BCG as measured by guinea pig survival. In safety studies, clinical, hematological and bacteriological monitoring of both SIV-positive and SIV-negative Rhesus macaques immunized with ΔleuD ΔpanCD, revealed no vaccine-associated adverse effects. The results support the further development of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain as a viable tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Sampson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Angela Carville
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Teresa Quitugua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barry R. Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary K. Hondalus
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We present current findings about two subsets of CD4+ T cells that play an important part in the initial host response to infection with the HIV type 1: those producing IL-17 (Th17 cells) and those with immunosuppressive function (CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells or T-reg). The role of these cells in the control of viral infection and immune activation as well as in the prevention of immune deficiency in HIV-infected elite controllers will be examined. We will also discuss the use of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of AIDS to study the interplay between these cells and lentiviral infection in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS Study of Th17 cells in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) has shown that depletion of these cells is associated with the dissemination of microbial products from the infected gut, increased systemic immune activation, and disease progression. Most impressively, having a smaller Th17-cell compartment has been found to predict these outcomes. T-reg have been associated with the reduced antiviral T-cell responses but not with the suppression of generalized T cell activation. Both cell subsets influence innate immune responses and, in doing so, may shape the inflammatory milieu of the host at infection. SUMMARY Interactions between Th17 cells, T-reg, and cells of the innate immune system influence the course of HIV and SIV infection from its earliest stages, even before the appearance of adaptive immunity. Such interactions may be pivotal for elite control over disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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27
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Patterson LJ, Daltabuit-Test M, Xiao P, Zhao J, Hu W, Wille-Reece U, Brocca-Cofano E, Kalyanaraman V, Kalisz I, Whitney S, Lee EM, Pal R, Montefiori DC, Dandekar S, Seder R, Roederer M, Wiseman RW, Hirsch V, Robert-Guroff M. Rapid SIV Env-specific mucosal and serum antibody induction augments cellular immunity in protecting immunized, elite-controller macaques against high dose heterologous SIV challenge. Virology 2011; 411:87-102. [PMID: 21237474 PMCID: PMC3039060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three Indian rhesus macaques, Ad-SIV primed/protein boosted and exposed twice to high-dose mucosal SIV(mac251) challenges, exhibited elite control of viremia over 6.5 years. They were negative for host factors associated with control of SIV infection. After a third intrarectal challenge with SIV(smE660), all controlled viremia, with one (macaque #5) maintaining undetectable viremia in blood. Acquisition was not blocked, but virus was contained in the jejunum and draining lymph nodes. Polyfunctional memory T cell responses and high-titered neutralizing and non-neutralizing serum and mucosal antibodies were present before and maintained post-challenge. The level of protection seen for animal #5 was predicted from analyses of gene transcription in jejunum 2 weeks post-challenge. Macaques #7 and #9, exhibiting lower pre-challenge cellular and humoral immunity, partially controlled the SIV(smE660) challenge. Initial vaccine-induced control by macaque #5 extended to the SIV(smE660) challenge due to multiple immune mechanisms that were boosted and augmented by cryptic SIV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jean Patterson
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mara Daltabuit-Test
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peng Xiao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jun Zhao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Stephen Whitney
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | | | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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28
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Abstract
The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense & Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles University School of Medicine, Hradec-Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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29
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Zheng Y, Ourmanov I, Goeken RM, Whitted S, Brown CR, Buckler-White A, Iyengar R, Plishka RJ, Hirsch VM. Correction of a carboxyl terminal simian immunodeficiency virus Nef frameshift mutation restores virus replication in macaques. Virology 2010; 401:207-14. [PMID: 20303562 PMCID: PMC3418331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the nef gene is a critical determinant of the pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a spontaneous frameshift mutation in the C-terminus of the nef gene of the minimally pathogenic SIVsmH4i clone. This clone exhibited a single nucleotide deletion in the nef gene relative to pathogenic SIV clones that resulted in a frameshift and addition of 46 amino acids to the C-terminus of Nef. We generated a corrected version of this clone, SIVsmH4i Nef+ that restored Nef protein expression. Inoculation of macaques with SIVsmH4i resulted in delayed and low levels of peak viremia. This contrasted with improved kinetics and robust peak viremia in macaques inoculated with the corrected version. Despite the restoration of in vivo replication ability, neither clone resulted in memory CD4+ T cell loss or disease in a period of two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilnour Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert M. Goeken
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonya Whitted
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R. Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ranjini Iyengar
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald J. Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Aghokeng AF, Ayouba A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Loul S, Liegeois F, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Exten sive survey on the prevalence and genetic diversity of SIVs in primate bushmeat provides insights into risks for potential new cross-species transmissions. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 10:386-96. [PMID: 19393772 PMCID: PMC2844463 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the risk of cross-species transmissions of SIVs from non-human primates to humans at the primate/hunter interface, a total of 2586 samples, derived from primate bushmeat representing 11 different primate species, were collected at 6 distinct remote forest sites in southeastern Cameroon and in Yaoundé, the capital city. SIV prevalences were estimated with an updated SIV lineage specific gp41 peptide ELISA covering the major part of the SIV diversity. SIV positive samples were confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis of partial pol fragments. The updated SIV ELISA showed good performance with overall sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 97.5% respectively. The overall SIV seroprevalence was low, 2.93% (76/2586) and ranged between 0.0% and 5.7% at forest sites, and reached up to 10.3% in Yaoundé. SIV infection was documented in 8 of the 11 species with significantly different prevalence rates per species: 9/859 (1.0%) in Cercopithecus nictitans, 9/864 (1.0%) Cercopithecus cephus, 10/60 (16.7%) Miopithecus ogouensis, 14/78 (17.9%) Colobus guereza, 15/37 (40.5%) Cercopithecus neglectus, 10/27 (33.3%) Mandrillus sphinx, 6/12 (50%) Cercocebus torquatus, and 3/6 (50%) Chlorocebus tantalus. No SIV infection was identified in Cercopithecus pogonias (n=293), Lophocebus albigena (n=168) and Cercocebus agilis (n=182). The SIV prevalences also seem to vary within species according to the sampling site, but most importantly, the highest SIV prevalences are observed in the primate species which represent only 8.5% of the overall primate bushmeat. The phylogenetic tree of partial pol sequences illustrates the high genetic diversity of SIVs between and within different primate species. The tree also showed some interesting features within the SIVdeb lineage suggesting phylogeographic clusters. Overall, the risk for additional cross-species transmissions is not equal throughout southern Cameroon and depends on the hunted species and SIV prevalences in each species. However, humans are still exposed to a high diversity of SIVs as illustrated by the high inter and intra SIV lineage genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelin F. Aghokeng
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD - UMR 145 “VIH et Maladies Associées” and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD - UMR 145 “VIH et Maladies Associées” and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole
- Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Severin Loul
- Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Florian Liegeois
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD - UMR 145 “VIH et Maladies Associées” and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD - UMR 145 “VIH et Maladies Associées” and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD - UMR 145 “VIH et Maladies Associées” and the Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent literature about the potential perturbation and role of Th17 cells in HIV pathogenesis. We discuss the recent findings on Th17 deficiency in HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and how this deficiency may impact the mucosal host defenses, potentially contributing to chronic immune activation. RECENT FINDINGS Th17 cells have been implicated in host defense against a variety of pathogens and are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Recently, Th17 cells were shown to be perturbed during HIV infection in humans and SIV infection in nonhuman primates. Th17 cells were found to be infected in vitro by HIV and SIV and are significantly depleted in the gastrointestinal tract of HIV-infected individuals. In monkeys, Th17 cells are only depleted in the pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques, which correlates with the progression to AIDS in these primates, whereas they remain intact in the nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys or sooty mangabeys. SUMMARY Th17 cells appear to be perturbed during HIV and SIV infection. This finding could have important implications in understanding the disruption of mucosal defenses in the gastrointestinal tract and potentially in predicting opportunistic infections during the course of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee ElHed
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
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32
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Abstract
The HIV vaccines tested in the halted Step efficacy trial and the modestly successful phase 3 RV144 trial were designed to elicit strong systemic immune responses; therefore, strategies to direct immune responses into mucosal sites should be tested in an effort to improve AIDS vaccine efficacy. However, as increased CD4(+) T-cell activation and recruitment to mucosal sites have the potential to enhance HIV transmission, mucosal immune responses to HIV vaccines should primarily consist of effector CD8(+) T cells and plasma cells. Controlling the level of mucosal T-cell activation may be a critical factor in developing an effective mucosal AIDS vaccine. Immunization routes and adjuvants that can boost antiviral immunity in mucosal surfaces offer a reasonable opportunity to improve AIDS vaccine efficacy. Nonhuman primate models offer the best system for preclinical evaluation of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Genescà
- Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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33
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Wang X, Xu H, Gill AF, Pahar B, Kempf D, Rasmussen T, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Monitoring alpha4beta7 integrin expression on circulating CD4+ T cells as a surrogate marker for tracking intestinal CD4+ T-cell loss in SIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:518-26. [PMID: 19710637 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal CD4+ T cells are rapidly and profoundly depleted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. However, monitoring intestinal cells in humans is difficult, and identifying surrogate markers in the blood, which correlate with loss or restoration of intestinal CD4+ T cells could be helpful in monitoring the success of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Recent studies indicate HIV utilizes the intestinal homing molecule alpha4beta7 for attachment and signaling of CD4+ T cells, suggesting this molecule may have a central role in HIV pathogenesis. Here, we compared beta7(HIGH) integrin expression on CD4+ T cells in blood with loss of CD4+ T cells in the intestine of macaques throughout SIV infection. The loss of beta7(HIGH) CD4+ T cells in blood closely paralleled the loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells, and proved to be a more reliable marker of intestinal CD4+ T-cell loss than monitoring CCR5+ memory CD4+ T cells. These data are consistent with a recent hypothesis that alpha4beta7 has a role in the selective depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells, and indicate that monitoring beta7(HIGH) expression on CD4+ T cells in the blood may be a useful surrogate for estimating intestinal CD4+ T cell loss and restoration in HIV-infected patients.
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34
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Kader M, Wang X, Piatak M, Lifson J, Roederer M, Veazey R, Mattapallil JJ. Alpha4(+)beta7(hi)CD4(+) memory T cells harbor most Th-17 cells and are preferentially infected during acute SIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:439-49. [PMID: 19571800 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections are believed to infect minimally activated CD4(+) T cells after viral entry. Not much is known about why SIV selectively targets these cells. Here we show that CD4(+) T cells that express high levels of the alpha4beta7 heterodimer are preferentially infected very early during the course of SIV infection. At days 2-4 post infection, alpha4(+)beta7(hi)CD4(+) T cells had approximately 5x more SIV-gag DNA than beta7(-)CD4(+) T cells. alpha4(+)beta7(hi)CD4(+) T cells displayed a predominantly central memory (CD45RA(-)CD28(+)CCR7(+)) and a resting (CD25(-)CD69(-)HLA-DR(-)Ki-67(-)) phenotype. Although the expression of detectable CCR5 was variable on alpha4(+)beta7(hi) and beta7(-)CD4(+) T cells, both CCR5(+) and CCR5(-) subsets of alpha4(+)beta7(hi) and beta7(-)CD4(+) T cells were found to express sufficient levels of CCR5 mRNA, suggesting that both these subsets could be efficiently infected by SIV. In line with this, we found similar levels of SIV infection in beta7(-)CD4(+)CCR5(+) and beta7(-)CD4(+)CCR5(-) T cells. alpha4beta7(hi)CD4(+) T cells were found to harbor most T helper (Th)-17 cells that were significantly depleted during acute SIV infection. Taken together, our results show that resting memory alpha4(+)beta7(hi)CD4(+) T cells in the blood are preferentially infected and depleted during acute SIV infection, and the loss of these cells alters the balance between Th-17 and Th-1 responses, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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35
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Abstract
Animal models for HIV research have been indispensible in fulfilling Koch's postulate and in exploring issues of viral infectivity and pathogenesis, sequence divergence, route(s) of acquisition, tissue distribution and tropism, immunogenicity and protection capacity of vaccine candidates, escape from adaptive immunity, and more. Did they fail to predict the efficacy of T-cell vaccines in humans? This article summarizes progress and status of models to inform and complement clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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36
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Pahar B, Lackner AA, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Wang X, Das A, Ling B, Montefiori DC, Veazey RS. Control of viremia and maintenance of intestinal CD4(+) memory T cells in SHIV(162P3) infected macaques after pathogenic SIV(MAC251) challenge. Virology 2009; 387:273-84. [PMID: 19298994 PMCID: PMC2674129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent HIV vaccine failures have prompted calls for more preclinical vaccine testing in non-human primates. However, similar to HIV infection of humans, developing a vaccine that protects macaques from infection following pathogenic SIV(MAC251) challenge has proven difficult, and current vaccine candidates at best, only reduce viral loads after infection. Here we demonstrate that prior infection with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) containing an HIV envelope gene confers protection against intravenous infection with the heterologous, highly pathogenic SIV(MAC251) in rhesus macaques. Although definitive immune correlates of protection were not identified, preservation and/or restoration of intestinal CD4(+) memory T cells were associated with protection from challenge and control of viremia. These results suggest that protection against pathogenic lentiviral infection or disease progression is indeed possible, and may correlate with preservation of mucosal CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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37
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Campbell KJ, Detmer AM, Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Blasky AJ, Hughes AL, Bimber BN, O’Connor SL, O’Connor DH. Characterization of 47 MHC class I sequences in Filipino cynomolgus macaques. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:177-87. [PMID: 19107381 PMCID: PMC2666003 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) provide increasingly common models for infectious disease research. Several geographically distinct populations of these macaques from Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius are available for pathogenesis studies. Though host genetics may profoundly impact results of such studies, similarities and differences between populations are often overlooked. In this study we identified 47 full-length MHC class I nucleotide sequences in 16 cynomolgus macaques of Filipino origin. The majority of MHC class I sequences characterized (39 of 47) were unique to this regional population. However, we discovered eight sequences with perfect identity and six sequences with close similarity to previously defined MHC class I sequences from other macaque populations. We identified two ancestral MHC haplotypes that appear to be shared between Filipino and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, notably a Mafa-B haplotype that has previously been shown to protect Mauritian cynomolgus macaques against challenge with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV(89.6P). We also identified a Filipino cynomolgus macaque MHC class I sequence for which the predicted protein sequence differs from Mamu-B*17 by a single amino acid. This is important because Mamu-B*17 is strongly associated with protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge in Indian rhesus macaques. These findings have implications for the evolutionary history of Filipino cynomolgus macaques as well as for the use of this model in SIV/SHIV research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Campbell
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ann M. Detmer
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alex J. Blasky
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Austin L. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbus, SC 29208
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Abstract
Many recent studies indicate that dysregulation of autophagy is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The HIV-1-associated neurological disorder is an acquired cognitive and motor disease that includes a severe neurodegenerative dementia. We find that the neurodegeneration seen in the brain in HIV-1 infection is associated with an inhibition of neuronal autophagy, leading to neuronal demise. Neurons treated with supernatants from SIV-infected microglia develop a decrease in autophagy-inducing proteins, a decrease in neuronal autophagy vesicles, and an increase in sequestosome-1/p62. Examination of brains from HIV-infected individuals and SIV-infected monkeys reveals signs of autophagy dysregulation, associated, respectively, with dementia and encephalitis. Excitotoxic and inflammatory factors could inhibit neuronal autophagy, and stimulation of autophagy with rapamycin prevents such effects. Here we amplify on these findings, and propose that in the setting of HIV-infection, the decreased neuronal autophagy sensitizes cells to pro-apoptotic and other damaging mechanisms, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Hence, new therapeutic approaches aimed at boosting neuronal autophagy are conceivable to treat those suffering from the neurological complications of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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39
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Biesinger T, Kimata JT. HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression. Virology (Auckl) 2008; 2008:49-63. [PMID: 20354593 PMCID: PMC2846839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon transmission, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes infection of the lymphatic reservoir, leading to profound depletion of the memory CD4(+) T cell population, despite the induction of the adaptive immune response. The rapid evolution and association of viral variants having distinct characteristics with different stages of infection, the level of viral burden, and rate of disease progression suggest a role for viral variants in this process. Here, we review the literature on HIV-1 variants and disease and discuss the importance of viral fitness for transmission and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Corresponding Author: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, BCM385, Room 811D, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA, Tel: 713-798-4536, FAX: 713-798-4435,
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Pereira LE, Villinger F, Wulff H, Sankaranarayanan A, Raman G, Ansari AA. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and functional studies of the selective Kv1.3 channel blocker 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen in rhesus macaques. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007; 232:1338-54. [PMID: 17959847 PMCID: PMC2390884 DOI: 10.3181/0705-rm-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1) is a selective blocker of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 that is highly expressed in cell membranes of activated effector memory T cells (TEMs). The blockade of Kv1.3 results in membrane depolarization and inhibition of TEM proliferation and function. In this study, the in vitro effects of PAP-1 on T cells and the in vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetics (PK) were examined in rhesus macaques (RM) with the ultimate aim of utilizing PAP-1 to define the role of TEMs in RM infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Electrophysiologic studies on T cells in RM revealed a Kv1.3 expression pattern similar to that in human T cells. Thus, PAP-1 effectively suppressed TEM proliferation in RM. When administered intravenously, PAP-1 showed a half-life of 6.4 hrs; the volume of distribution suggested extensive distribution into extravascular compartments. When orally administered, PAP-1 was efficiently absorbed. Plasma concentrations in RM undergoing a 30-day, chronic dosing study indicated that PAP-1 levels suppressive to TEMs in vitro can be achieved and maintained in vivo at a non-toxic dose. PAP-1 selectively inhibited the TEM function in vivo, as indicated by a modest reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. Immunization of these chronically treated RM with the live influenza A/PR8 (flu) virus suggested that the development of an in vivo, flu-specific, central memory response was unaffected by PAP-1. These RM remained disease-free during the entire course of the PAP-1 study. Collectively, these data provide a rational basis for future studies with PAP-1 in SIV-infected RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Pereira
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - F. Villinger
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H. Wulff
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of California – Davis, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Facility, CA
| | - A. Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of California – Davis, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Facility, CA
| | - G. Raman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of California – Davis, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Facility, CA
| | - A. A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Chan KS, Kaur A. Flow cytometric detection of degranulation reveals phenotypic heterogeneity of degranulating CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods 2007; 325:20-34. [PMID: 17628586 PMCID: PMC2039909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flow-cytometric conditions for detection of lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) on the surface of recently degranulated cells were optimized for rhesus macaques and used to investigate the functional properties of rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes with regards to cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion in six asymptomatic CMV-seropositive rhesus macaques. Unlike humans, the rhesus macaque LAMP-1 protein CD107a underwent little or no endocytosis over a six to 18 h stimulation period. Following in vitro stimulation, rhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were heterogeneous with regards to the composition of cells positive for CD107a and/or IFN-gamma, time to reach peak degranulation, and kinetics of IFN-gamma secretion relative to degranulation. Responder CD8+ T lymphocytes that underwent degranulation without IFN-gamma production (CD107a+IFN-gamma-) were predominantly composed of terminally differentiated effectors (CD28-CD45RA+). Moreover, they had significantly lower frequencies of effector memory (CD28-CD45RA-) cells compared to the IFN-gamma-secreting cells that did or did not undergo degranulation (CD107a+IFN-gamma+ or CD107a-IFN-gamma+). The perforin content of effector CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in rhesus macaques, suggesting that they were more cytolytic. Our findings suggest that the composition of rhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes with regards to CD107a+IFN-gamma- responders may be an important determinant of their ability to control CMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Chan
- Department of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Department of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
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Pahar B, Wang X, Dufour J, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Virus-specific T cell responses in macaques acutely infected with SHIV(sf162p3). Virology 2007; 363:36-47. [PMID: 17307212 PMCID: PMC1959567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are believed to play an important role in the control of primary HIV and SIV infection. However, the role of these cells in macaques acutely infected with SHIV(sf162p3) has not been well characterized. In this study, ten adult rhesus macaques were intravaginally infected with SHIV(sf162p3), and antigen-specific cytokine responses to SHIV-Tat, Nef, Gag and Env peptide pools were examined through 70 days post inoculation (p.i.) using ELISPOT and/or cytokine flow cytometry (CFC). Peak plasma viral replication occurred between 14 and 21 days p.i. followed by low to undetectable plasma viremia by 70 days of infection in most macaques. Although some animals had strong virus-specific cellular immune responses, many had weak or minimal responses that did not correlate with the post peak decline in plasma viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Steckbeck JD, Grieser HJ, Sturgeon T, Taber R, Chow A, Bruno J, Murphy-Corb M, Montelaro RC, Cole KS. Dynamic evolution of antibody populations in a rhesus macaque infected with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus identified by surface plasmon resonance. J Med Primatol 2006; 35:248-60. [PMID: 16872288 PMCID: PMC3361734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that an effective AIDS vaccine will need to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses. However, the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization have not been defined. Previous studies from our lab have identified significant differences in the rates of antibody binding to trimeric SIV envelope proteins that correlate with neutralization sensitivity. Importantly, these results demonstrate differences in monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding to neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant envelope proteins, suggesting that one mechanism for virus neutralization may be related to the stability of antibody binding. To date, little has been done to evaluate the binding properties of polyclonal serum antibodies elicited by SIV infection or vaccination. METHODS In the current study, we translate these findings with MAbs to study antibody binding properties of polyclonal serum antibody responses generated in rhesus macaques infected with attenuated SIV. Quantitative and qualitative binding properties of well-characterized longitudinal serum samples to trimeric, recombinant SIV gp140 envelope proteins were analyzed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology (Biacore). RESULTS Results from these studies identified two antibody populations in most of the samples analyzed; one antibody population exhibited fast association/dissociation rates (unstable) while the other population demonstrated slower association/dissociation rates (stable). Over time, the percentage of the total binding response of each antibody population evolved, demonstrating a dynamic evolution of the antibody response that was consistent with the maturation of antibody responses defined using our standard panel of serological assays. However, the current studies provided a higher resolution analysis of polyclonal antibody binding properties, particularly with respect to the early time-points post-infection (PI), that is not possible with standard serological assays. More importantly, the increased stability of the antibody population with time PI corresponded with potent neutralization of homologous SIV in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the stability of the antibody-envelope interaction may be an important mechanism of serum antibody virus neutralization. In addition, measurements of the 'apparent' rates of association and dissociation may offer unique numerical descriptors to characterize the level of antibody maturation achieved by candidate vaccine strategies capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Steckbeck
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Jordan-Sciutto KL, Wang G, Murphey-Corb M, Wiley CA. Cell cycle proteins exhibit altered expression patterns in lentiviral-associated encephalitis. J Neurosci 2002; 22:2185-95. [PMID: 11896158 PMCID: PMC3670958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins regulate processes as diverse as cell division and cell death. Recently their role in neuronal death has been reported in several models of neurodegeneration. We have reported previously that two key regulators of the cell cycle, the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb) and transcription factor E2F1, exhibit altered immunostaining patterns in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE). Here we show that E2F1 and the inactivated, hyperphosphorylated form of pRb (ppRb) also exhibit altered immunostaining patterns in human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE). Quantification of E2F1 and ppRb staining by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy confirms a significant increase in E2F1 and ppRb in both HIVE and the simian model. This increase in E2F1 and ppRb staining correlates with an increase in the presence of activated macrophages, suggesting a link between changes in cell cycle proteins and the presence of activated macrophages. Changes in ppRb and E2F1 staining in SIVE also correlate with alterations in E2F/DNA binding complexes present in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from both midfrontal cortex and basal ganglia. These findings suggest that changes in cell cycle proteins occur in both HIVE and the simian model and that these changes have functional implications for gene expression in neural cells under encephalitic conditions mediated by macrophage activation or infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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45
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Mandache E. Follicular dendritic cells - a reservoir for immunodeficiency virus. J Cell Mol Med 2000; 4:306-307. [PMID: 12067467 PMCID: PMC6517808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2000.tb00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mandache
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, Romania.
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