Nanokelvin DC and AC Meissner-transition-edge temperature detectors

Based upon a superconducting transition edge sensor (TES), the Meissner-TES is a relatively new type of high resolution cryogenic thermometer which employs the magnetic transition of a superconductor to measure temperature. We have improved the signal-to-noise for DC sensing by a factor of 30 compared to our prior effort and developed a new AC mode which uses an oscillating magnetic field and a lock-in technique with much lower magnetic noise than the DC mode. The thermometer was tuned in situ over a range of operating temperatures 10-50 times larger than the transition width of the superconductor, using an applied persistent magnetic field. The DC mode can have sensitivity better than 1 nK for 100 s averaging, and the AC mode has sensitivity better than 120 nK for very small applied magnetic fields near 14 nT and 100 s averaging. The Meissner-TES can be applied to high resolution temperature control, high sensitivity infrared sensing, optical power scale realization, and the study of temperature-dependent phase transitions.

Wideband infrared trap detector based upon doped silicon photocurrent devices

We have designed, fabricated, and measured infrared trap detectors made from arsenic-doped silicon (Si:As) blocked impurity band (BIB) photodetectors. These trap detectors are composed of two detectors in a wedge geometry, with an entrance aperture diameter of either 1 or 3 mm. The detectors were calibrated for quantum efficiency against a pyroelectric reference detector using a Fourier transform spectral comparator system, and etalon effects and spatial uniformity of the traps were also quantified. Measurements of the traps at a temperature of 10 K show that nearly ideal external quantum efficiency (>90%) can be attained over much of the range from 4 to 24 μm, with significant responsivity from 2 to 30 μm. The traps exhibited maximum etalon oscillations of only 2%, which is about 10 times smaller amplitude than those of the single Si:As BIB detectors measured under similar conditions. Spatial nonuniformity across the entrance apertures of the traps was about 1%. The combination of high detectivity, wideband wavelength coverage, spectral flatness, and spatial uniformity make these trap detectors an excellent reference detector for spectrally resolved measurements and radiometric calibrations over the near- to far-infrared wavelength range.

Serotonergic functions in man

Abundant preclinical evidence suggests that serotonin-containing neural systems may participate in the regulation of both extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine function. In an attempt to examine these possibilities in man, patients with various neurologic disorders received drugs believed to facilitate or inhibit serotonergic function. Extrapyramidal signs in patients with parkinsonism or Huntington's disease showed no consistent change with L-tryptophan or parachlorophenylalanine. Unexpectedly, L-5-hydroxytryptophan, given in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, caused a worsening of parkinsonian akinesia and rigidity. Fenfluramine, at doses which appeared to diminish central serotonin but not dopamine turnover, had no consistent effect on the severity of involuntary movements in patients with Huntington's chorea, but did produce a significant rise in plasma prolactin.

Experimental measurements and noise analysis of a cryogenic radiometer

A cryogenic radiometer device, intended for use as part of an electrical-substitution radiometer, was measured at low temperature. The device consists of a receiver cavity mechanically and thermally connected to a temperature-controlled stage through a thin-walled polyimide tube which serves as a weak thermal link. With the temperature difference between the receiver and the stage measured in millikelvin and the electrical power measured in picowatts, the measured responsivity was 4700 K/mW and the measured thermal time constant was 14 s at a stage temperature of 1.885 K. Noise analysis in terms of Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) was used to quantify the various fundamental and technical noise contributions, including phonon noise and Johnson-Nyquist noise. The noise analysis clarifies the path toward a cryogenic radiometer with a noise floor limited by fundamental phonon noise, where the magnitude of the phonon NEP is 6.5 fW/√Hz for the measured experimental parameters.

How safe is it to manage diverticular colovesical fistulation non-operatively?

AIM

Colovesical fistula (CVF) is an uncommon condition. Diagnosis and management varies according to presentation and aetiology. The identification of patients suitable for conservative management and their outcome following this approach has not been well documented.

METHODS

The clinical outcomes of all patients diagnosed with a CVF over a 7-year period from an uro-radiological database were reviewed. Cases secondary to diverticular disease were analysed with respect to the approach by which they were managed: those treated surgically and those managed conservatively.

RESULTS

Sixty-two patients (32 men) were diagnosed with CVF of whom 53 (85%) had diverticular disease. Twenty-seven (mean age 69 years, range 42-90) underwent surgery (with a stoma in 59%) with a 30-day mortality of 15%. Those managed conservatively (n = 26) were older (mean age 76 years, range 39-87) and frailer (62% American Society of Anesthesiologists Grades III and IV). At 1 and 3 years following diagnosis there was no difference in mortality between these two groups and only one death was as a consequence of urosepsis.

CONCLUSION

Many patients with CVF secondary to diverticular disease can be safely managed non-operatively.

Characterization of the optical properties of an infrared blocked impurity band detector

Si:As blocked impurity band detectors have been partially deprocessed and measured by Fourier transform spectroscopy to determine their transmittance and reflectance at cryogenic temperatures over the wavelength range 2 μm to 40 μm. A method is presented by which the propagation constants can be extracted from an inversion of the transmittance and reflectance data. The effective propagation constants for the active layer from 2 μm to 20 μm were calculated as well as the absorption cross section of arsenic in silicon, which agrees well with previous results from the literature. The infrared absorptance of the full detector was determined, and the analytical method also provides an estimate of absorption in the active layer alone. Infrared absorptance of the active layer is compared to the quantum yield measured by photoelectric means on similar detectors. The optical methods outlined here, in conjunction with standard electronic measurements, could be used to predict the performance of such detectors from measurements of the blanket films from which they are to be fabricated.

Basaloid carcinoma of the prostate: a case report and review of the literature

Malignant tumours arising from the basal cells of the prostate gland are extremely rare, and the majority of reports in the literature suggest a relatively indolent clinical course. We report a case of infiltrative basaloid carcinoma of the prostate in a 68-year old man that did not respond to systemic chemotherapy. It is essential that this aggressive disease is differentiated from more indolent basaloid proliferations, as metastatic spread can occur and outcome may be poor.

In vitro characterization of primary SIVsmm isolates belonging to different lineages. In vitro growth on rhesus macaque cells is not predictive for in vivo replication in rhesus macaques

We report in vitro characterization of 11 SIVsmm strains of six lineages co-circulating in naturally infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) from US Primate Centers and showed no major differences in the in vitro replication pattern between different SIVsmm lineages. Primary SIVsmm isolates utilized CCR5 and Bonzo co-receptors in vitro. SIVsmm growth in human T cell lines was isolate-, not lineage-specific, with poor replication on Molt4-Clone8, CEMss and PM1 cells and better replication on MT2, SupT1 and CEMx174 cells. All primary SIVsmm isolates replicated on SM and human PBMCs. In vitro replication in macaques varied widely, with moderate to high replication in pig-tailed macaque PBMCs, enhanced by CD8+ T cell depletion, and highly variable replication on rhesus macaque (Rh) PBMCs. Primary SIVsmm isolates replicated in Rh monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In vivo, SIVsmm isolates replicated at high levels in all SIVsmm-infected Rh. The poor in vitro replication of primary SIVsmm isolates in Rh cells did not correlate with in vivo replication, emphasizing the value of in vivo studies.

Aspect-ratio scaling and the stiffness exponent theta for Ising spin glasses

We introduce the technique of aspect-ratio scaling to study the scale dependence of interfacial energies in Ising spin glasses, and we show how one can use it to determine the stiffness exponent theta in a clean way, with results that are independent of the domain-wall-forcing boundary conditions imposed on the system. In space dimension d = 2 we obtain theta = -0.282(3) for a Gaussian distribution of exchange interactions.

Serial interleukin 6 measurements in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis

The objective of the present study was to evaluate serial interleukin 6 (IL6) levels in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Subjects included 255 neonates from the Neonatal Unit of Johannesburg Hospital evaluated for suspected sepsis between February and May 1998. All infants had IL6, full blood count (FBC), C reactive protein (CRP) and blood cultures done at presentation. CRP and IL6 were repeated after 24 h. Infants were categorized into groups according to the likelihood of infection on the basis of clinical presentation, CRP, FBC and culture results, i.e., group 1 (no infection) to group 4 (definite infection). IL6 was compared between the groups by the U-test of Mann-Whitney; stepwise logistic regression was done to establish the best predictors of infection, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were determined. The initial IL6 level was significantly raised in those infants with possible infection [880.67 pg/ml (2966.04), p value 0.0104], probable infection [422.62pg/ml (4077.7), p value 0.0021] and definite infection [11164.39pg/ml (24139.77), p value 0.0000] as compared to those infants without infection [58.65 (182.4)]. The best predictors of infection were the combination of the initial IL6 value and CRP value after 24 h (goodness of fit 97.7 per cent). An initial IL6 value below 20 pg/ml gave a negative predictive value of 90.18 per cent. It is concluded that an IL6 value done at the time of presentation of signs and symptoms suggestive of infection is useful in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. In particular, an initial IL6 value below 20 pg/ml may allow antibiotics to be withheld in a number of infants evaluated for sepsis. There is no benefit in serial determination of IL6 in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Electrophysiological findings in dominant optic atrophy (DOA) linking to the OPA1 locus on chromosome 3q 28-qter

Pattern and flash visual evoked cortical potentials (PVEP, FVEP), and pattern electroretinograms, (PERG) were recorded in 13 affected individuals from 8 families with DOA. These were selected as representative from 87 affected members of 21 pedigrees with DOA who were examined, and who underwent genetic linkage analysis. Linkage to the OPA1 locus on chromosome 3q 28-qter was demonstrated in all families. VA ranged from 6/9 to HM: visual fields showed a variable centro-caecal defect; SLO (when performed) showed diffuse nerve fibre loss; MRI (when performed) showed small intra-orbital optic nerves. In 9/13 patients the PVEP was absent in one or both eyes. Most recordable PVEPs were of abnormal latency, but the delays were not marked (peak times 116-135 msec); amplitudes were low or subnormal. PERG fell within the normal range in 9 eyes of 7 patients. 14 eyes showed an abnormal N95:P50 ratio in keeping with ganglion cell dysfunction. Some severely affected eyes showed P50 component involvement, but in no eye was the PERG extinguished. Significant interocular asymmetries in at least one electrophysiological measure were present in 6/13 patients. Colour contrast thresholds were significantly elevated for all three colour confusion axes, with tritan being most affected.

Determinants of participation in an epidemiological study of preterm delivery

We describe the study design and patterns of participation for a cohort study of preterm delivery, focused on genital tract infections, nutrition, tobacco use, illicit drugs and psychosocial stress. Women are recruited at 24-29 weeks' gestation from prenatal clinics at a teaching hospital and a county health department. We recruited 57% of the first 1843 eligible women; 29% refused and 8% could not be contacted. White women were somewhat more likely to participate than African-American women (61% vs. 54% respectively). More notable differences were found comparing teaching hospital and health department clinics (71% vs. 47% participation respectively), with the health department clinic having a greater proportion refuse (24% vs. 33%) and more women who could not be contacted (4% vs. 11%). Participation was affected only minimally by day or timing of recruitment, but inability to contact diminished substantially as the study continued (13-0%). Refusals were largely unrelated to patient attributes. Lower education predicted inability to contact. Risk of preterm delivery was 14% among recruited women, 10% among women who refused, and 15% among women whom we were not able to contact, demonstrating that, overall, risk status was not lower among recruited women.

Accuracy of video imaging in mandibular surgery

Video imaging can simulate combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment to assist in treatment planning and patient education. Video imaging predictions were compared with actual posttreatment results for 18 patients who received orthodontic and mandibular orthognathic surgical treatments. Three untreated control subjects were also studied. The locations of 13 soft tissue landmarks relative to horizontal and vertical reference planes were compared between predictions and posttreatment photographs, and significant variation (+/- 5 mm) was found for many of the landmarks. Comparisons of various steps repeated during the prediction process were also completed to test for reproducibility. Relatively small differences, generally less than +/- 2 mm, were attributed to the process of linking the cephalogram and photograph and to the manual steps to create surgical treatment objectives. The largest proportion of the total variation, about 80%, was estimated to arise from inaccuracy inherent in the software program. Other contributions to the total variation likely came from physiologic facial changes over time and nonstandardized head positions in the photographs.

A standard protocol for the evaluation of laser treatment of the prostate. The British Laser Urological Evaluation Society (BLUES)

OBJECTIVES

To present a standardized protocol, suitable for general use, for the evaluation of laser treatment of the prostate.

METHODS

Many new operative treatments which are available to treat symptomatic prostatic enlargement are being accepted and offered to patients after scanty clinical evaluation, e.g. interventions using lasers. A consistent and standard protocol was developed, comprising data-recording sheets for patients' admission details, pre-operative assessments, operative details of laser ablation, post-operative in-patient progress and re-attendance, and subsequent out-patient follow-up.

RESULTS

The protocol was tested by the members of BLUES and fulfilled their requirement for easy use in any department of Urology. It provides a simple way of accurately recording relevant data within a structured format with the additional advantage of permitting results to be expressed uniformly.

CONCLUSION

The adoption of this protocol will allow valid comparisons of core data between studies assessing different procedures. The flexibility of the protocol enables it to be used, with minor modification, for the evaluation of any operative intervention aimed at relieving prostatic symptoms.

Steroid hormone receptor immunohistochemistry and amplification of c-myc protooncogene. Relationship to disease-free survival in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

It is important to develop parameters that aid in prognosticating which patients with breast cancer are more likely to have a rapid disease course and therefore might benefit from early aggressive therapies.

METHODS

Specimens from two groups of women, deliberately selected because their clinical courses differed greatly, were studied to detect amplification of the protooncogenes c-myc, int-2, and C-erbB-2/neu by slot-blot assay, the estrogen receptor (ER), and the progesterone receptor (PR) by both biochemical and immunohistochemical procedures (ERICA and PRICA). One group of 50 patients had a prolonged disease-free interval after initial surgery (mean, 6.4 years); the other group of 52 women had had rapid disease recurrence (mean, 1.4 years) or progression (5 patients died of disease within 1 year of diagnosis). The patients were selected from 1700 consecutively accessioned cases if they fit the study criteria and sufficient tissue was available for oncogene hybridization studies.

RESULTS

The two groups differed statistically by stage, number of involved axillary lymph nodes, ERICA and PRICA results (P = 0.001), and amplification of c-myc (P = 0.003). The percentage of patients with rapid disease recurrence and progression increased from 0-93% when risk factors changed from best case (ERICA and PRICA results, positive; c-myc, not amplified; and axillary nodes, not involved) to worst case (ERICA and PRICA findings, negative; c-myc, amplified; and axillary nodes, involved).

CONCLUSIONS

Women with these worst-case parameters were more likely to have a recurrence sooner and rapidly progressive disease. They might benefit from early aggressive therapeutic measures.

Immunocytochemical estrogen and progestin receptor assays in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies. Histopathologic, demographic, and biochemical correlations and relationship to endocrine response and survival

Breast cancer specimens from 600 women were assayed for estrogen receptors (ER) using an immunocytochemical assay (ICA) employing the monoclonal antiestrophilin antibody H222 Sp gamma. Results showed significant correlation with biochemical ER determinations as well as with tumor grade and menopausal status. In 449 cases, results of progesterone receptor assay by ICA using the monoclonal anti-PgR antibody KD 68, also correlated significantly with biochemical PgR measurements. The ERICA/PgRICA positivity was significantly more frequent in postmenopausal white women. Colloid carcinomas were most likely to be ERICA positive and PgRICA positive whereas medullary carcinomas were most often negative. In 47 patients with advanced mammary carcinoma, results of ERICA and PgRICA were more closely related to endocrine response than those of ER and PgR by dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC). In 339 women with Stage I or Stage II breast cancer, ERICA was significantly associated with disease-free survival. Analysis by Cox's proportional hazard model, however, showed PgRICA to be the best predictor of survival and disease-free survival in 197 women at the same stages of disease. These data indicate that ICA is more predictive of prognosis than biochemical ER and PgR. The ease of ICA performance coupled with these results indicate that the method is an acceptable substitute for DCC in analyzing breast cancers for ER/PgR.

Effect of age on the in vitro reflection coefficient of the aortoiliac bifurcation in humans

The local reflection coefficient (r) at the aortoiliac junction was estimated in vessels removed at autopsy from 15 females and 31 males aged 2 months to 88 years by calculating the characteristic impedance (Zc) of the abdominal aorta and the two common iliac arteries. Zc was evaluated for each vessel by measuring cross-sectional area from radiographs and propagation velocity of an isolated pressure impulse generated by a solenoid-driven piston connected to the distal end of the abdominal aorta, and detected at several sites a known distance from the junction. Attenuation coefficients in the aorta were estimated from the peak amplitude of the impulse at these several sites. We observed significant decreases with age in abdominal aortic attenuation coefficient (gamma = 0.053-5 x 10(-4) age [yr], r = -0.42, p less than 0.005), and the area ratio (AR) of the junction (sum of the iliac cross-sectional areas/aortic cross-sectional area) (AR = 0.93-0.002 x age [yr], r = -0.31, p less than 0.05). Bifurcation angle (Angle) and aortic propagation velocity (caorta) increased significantly (angle = 40.2 + 0.26 x age [yr], r = 0.41, p less than 0.01; caorta (ms-1) = 7.59 + 0.175 x age [yr], r = 0.69, p less than 0.0001). No significant association between age and iliac propagation velocity was found. On the basis of area measurements alone, it has been argued that the observed decrease in area ratio with age causes r to become more positive. The lack of age-related changes in iliac propagation velocity (and hence stiffness), an observation confirmed by most of the few reports in the literature, and the large increase in abdominal aortic stiffness, however, greatly outweighed the area ratio changes and caused a significant decline in reflection coefficient from +0.3 in early life to -0.3 in old age. (Reflection coefficient = 0.30-0.0065 x age [yr], r = -0.68, p less than 0.0001). Between the ages of 30 and 60 years, its absolute value was less than 0.1, confirming in vivo work on subjects within this age range. In children, a significant positive reflection at the distal end of the aorta will amplify the pulse wave in this region. As this vessel becomes stiffer with increasing age, amplification will increase, whereas the increasingly negative value of r will partially offset this rise, reducing pulse pressure on either side of the junction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Immunocytochemical detection of progesterone receptor in breast cancer with monoclonal antibody. Relation to biochemical assay, disease-free survival, and clinical endocrine response

A new immunocytochemical assay for progesterone receptor (PgR-ICA) employing the monoclonal antibody JZB 39 was used to study tumors from two series of patients with breast cancer. In Series 1 assay results were in agreement with those of biochemistry in 76% of 338 cases (P less than 0.001) and in 54% of 101 cases in Series 2 (P less than 0.001). Agreement was better in Series 1 because it included fresher, previously untouched specimens. There were 70 patients in Series 1 with known clinical endocrine response. A negative assay correlated with disease progression in 45 of 57 patients, significantly better than with biochemistry (P = 0.013). In comparing 39 women with rapid disease progression with 39 free of disease at 5.1 years, those with PgR-ICA-positive tumors were over four times more likely to remain disease-free than those with negative results (P = 0.007). Product moment life-table analysis of 79 patients from Series 2 showed a significantly better cumulative survival for those with PgR-ICA-positive tumors (P = 0.047). These findings indicate that PgR-ICA should be of value in planning therapy and predicting disease course in breast cancer patients.

Histochemical estrogen binding. An independent predictor of recurrence and survival in stage II breast cancer

Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the prognostic significance of multiple variables affecting recurrence and survival in patients with Stage II breast cancer. Among the variables were biochemical estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) values and results of a histochemical estrogen-binding assay using a fluoresceinated bovine serum albumin-estradiol conjugate where carrier and label were bound at position 17. In 190 cases ER and PgR were not found to be significantly associated with either disease recurrence or patient survival. On the other hand, patients with tumors that were demonstrably "rich" in estradiol ligand conjugate binding by histochemistry experienced both a longer disease-free interval (P less than 0.03) and survival (P less than 0.02) than did patients whose tumors were "poor" in conjugate binding or showed a heterogeneous population of positively and negatively stained cells. A patient with a tumor rich in estrogen binding was five times more likely to survive than a patient with a neoplasm that was poor in estrogen binding by histochemistry. These results indicate that the histochemical technique used provides new and independent parameters for determination of prognosis in Stage II breast cancer.

An evaluation of the effect of vincristine added to cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and prednisone in advanced breast cancer

A multi-institutional randomized clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of vincristine (V) added to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP) for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. There were 427 patients entered into the study and randomly assigned to one of the two treatments, i.e. the five drug therapy CMFPV or the four drug therapy CMFP. The differences in patient survival and tumor response between the two treatment groups were not statistically significant. The data were also analyzed using multivariate procedures to determine those factors ascertained at entry into the study which were predictors of survival or predictors of response to therapy. The one factor that predicted both response and survival was performance status. An additional important predictor of survival was sites of metastatic involvement. Other significant predictors of response were menopausal age, BUN, and hematocrit.

Methods of motivating the practice of breast self-examination: a randomized trial

A randomized trial of 1,733 women compared three methods of motivating the practice of breast self-examination (BSE): (a) cognitive teaching which emphasized factual knowledge; (b) affective teaching which stressed feelings, attitudes, and values; and (c) a mixed approach which combined features of both. Subjects returned for follow-up at 3, 12, and 24 months or at 6 and 12 months, at which times they completed questionnaires and were evaluated by nurses. They demonstrated how they performed BSE and palpated breast models for lumps. No differences were observed among the teaching groups for any of several indicators of BSE practice, such as frequency, knowledge about when to do BSE, technique, or number of lumps detected in the model. However, these measures were associated with women's initial confidence in practicing BSE. Women in all teaching groups improved their BSE technique over time. Women in this study practiced BSE more frequently and detected more lumps than reported in other studies. The better performance of subjects in the present study might be ascribed to the amount of time spent teaching and to reinforcement from repeated follow-ups. The affective and cognitive approaches were equally effective in motivating the practice of BSE.

Heterogeneity of estrogen binding sites in breast cancer: morphologic demonstration and relationship to endocrine response

Breast cancer specimens from 184 patients were analyzed for estrogen binding by two different histochemical techniques using conjugates of estradiol, bovine serum albumin, and fluorescein. In one conjugate estradiol was bound at position 6, in the other at position 17. Results were in agreement in 64% (p less than .001), but obvious differences in ligand distribution were noted. Results were also correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) analysis by dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC) and were in accord in 65% and 67% of specimens respectively (p less than .001). In 114 cases, the tissue samples were also studied with the estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ERICA) of Greene and his colleagues, which employs monoclonal antibodies to ER protein. Results were in accord with DCC in 86% (p less than .001). The pattern of staining with ERICA differed from that of either histochemical method. In 43 cases assay results were correlated with clinical endocrine response. Overall, the best statistical prognostic parameters were obtained with ERICA. Analysis of combined assay results revealed that patients with assays positive by all techniques were the most likely to respond to hormonal treatment (p less than .001), whereas if one or more assays were negative the chances for a good response were significantly less favorable. These data suggest that DCC and ERICA are both a measure of the same estrogen binding site (type I) while the histochemical methods apparently identify two other separate and distinct sites (putative type II sites). A degree of positive interaction may exist between these multiple estrogen binding sites.

Immunohistologic localization of estrogen receptors in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies. Correlation with biochemistry and clinical endocrine response

Breast cancer specimens from 114 patients were assayed for the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) utilizing highly specific, monoclonal antiestrophilin antibodies and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Results were compared with conventional ER determinations by the dextran-coated charcoal method (DCC) and were in agreement as to positivity and negativity in 86%. Semiquantified immunocytologic assay results were in accord with the level of ER as measured by DCC in 66%. The tumors studied included 43 from patients with Stage IV disease where clinical response to hormonal manipulation was known. In the latter group, the immunohistologic method had a sensitivity similar to that of DCC but showed a superior positive predictive value and a significantly better specificity. These results indicate that this new method is a valuable laboratory tool, enabling prediction of hormone responsiveness in advanced mammary carcinoma and capable of performance at the community hospital level.

Characteristics of a specific radioimmunoassay for measurement of ferritin on the surface of peripheral mononuclear white blood cells in cancer patients

Using 125I-labeled rabbit anti-Hodgkin's spleen ferritin antibody (RHF), a simple radioimmunoassay has been developed for quantitation of ferritin on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear white blood cells (PBM). This method makes use of a % specific binding determination (%SP) by measuring the amount of 125I-labeled RHF bound to 1 X 10(6) PBM in the presence and absence of soluble ferritin. To standardize this procedure, artificial ferritin positive control cells were prepared by covalently coupling ferritin to cultured acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. These cells were tested on a daily basis in parallel with patient PBM's to ensure inter and intra-assay precision and remained stable for over two years. Characteristics of 125I-labeled RHF binding to control and patient PBM's were evaluated to determine the specificity of interaction and optimum binding parameters. %SP was linear in the range of 1 X 10(5) - 1 X 10(6) PBM's and was progressively inhibited by graded concentrations of soluble ferritin. F(ab')2 preparations of RHF were equally as effective as intact RHF in blocking 125I-labeled RHF binding confirming that 125I-labeled RHF was not binding non-specifically to PBM Fc receptors. Additional experiments describing kinetics and methods of standardization of new lots of 125I-labeled RHF are also described.

Measurement of ferritin-bearing peripheral mononuclear blood cells in cancer patients by radioimmunoassay

A radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure ferritin bound to the surface of isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear white blood cells (PBMs) in order to investigate the possible relationship of this phenomenon to breast and other forms of cancer. The assay measures the specific binding (%SP) of affinity-purified 125I-labeled rabbit anti-Hodgkin's spleen ferritin antibody to isolated patient PBMs. A preliminary prospective, preclinical trial on 300 patients was run which included: (a) normals, benign breast disease, and medical/surgical patients as non-cancer controls; (b) postoperative primary cancer and advanced cancer in clinical remission as post cancer controls; and (c) both early preoperative breast cancer patients and cancer patients with localized recurrences or active disseminated disease as test groups. The mean %SP for the non-cancer control groups was in the range of 4.3 to 5.1 (n = 187), which was identical to that for inactive cancer or postoperative cancer, which was no evidence of recurrence. Using a %SP normal cutoff level of 6.5, which resulted in a false-positive rate of approximately 10% for both non-cancer and post-cancer control groups, only 27% of early preoperative cancers (n = 22) gave elevated %SP values. These results suggest that measurement of ferritin-PBM is inappropriate for early disease diagnosis. In contrast, 91% of patients with advanced active breast cancer and 73% of those patients with other types of advanced cancers, including tumors of ovarian, lung, colon or esophageal origin, showed elevated %SP values more than double those of post-cancer controls. The mean %SP value in active advanced cancer was 10.8 for breast (n = 12) and 10.6 for all other solid tumors investigated (n = 34). Paired patient comparisons of ferritin-PBM and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer showed elevations in 91% of the patients for ferritin-PBM and 67% for carcinoembryonic antigen. Overall, these results suggest that patients with advanced cancer display elevated levels of ferritin on the surface of their PBMs and that this measurement may be a useful adjunct in monitoring and evaluating the clinical status of cancer patients.

Pulmonary cryptococcosis and Cushing's syndrome

Pulmonary cryptococcosis occurred in two patients with Cushing's syndrome, both of whom were successfully treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine. Excessive endogenous production of corticosteroids may have predisposed these patients to the development of opportunistic infection. Persons with Cushing's syndrome and a pulmonary infiltrate should be examined for infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in addition to an examination for ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production.

Five-day storage of platelet concentrates. II. In-vivo studies

Following in-vitro tests it was concluded that platelet concentrates stored for 5 days at 22 degrees C in polyolefin containers, coded PL732, should be as effective in clinical practice as similar concentrates stored in the standard PVC containers, coded PL146. These predictions have been confirmed by the following in-vivo tests; autologous survival studies in volunteers, determination of recovery, platelet increment calculations 1 and 24 h after transfusion and clinical appraisal after transfusion of haemorrhagic thrombocytopenic patients. Bacteriological cultures of the platelet concentrates were sterile after storage for more than 5 days. It can be concluded that the 5-day storage of platelet concentrates in these containers is a practical proposition.

The effects of patient delay and symptoms other than a lump on survival in breast cancer

This study examined the relationship of survival in breast cancer to delay in treatment and the presence of symptoms. Data were analyzed for 664 patients diagnosed from 1975-1979 at 15 hospitals in Brooklyn, New York. Pathologic risk factors were defined to classify breast cancer into less (Class I) or more aggressive (Class III) disease. Delay and survival were not significantly associated among women diagnosed with Class I disease. Delay was associated with poor survival for patients with Class III disease (P less than 0.001). The presence of symptoms other than a lump was associated with longer delay and poorer survival in patients with Class II and III disease. These findings suggest that the contradictory relationship between delay and survival reported by others may be due to variations in the proportions of slow and fast growing tumors and that fast growing tumors must be treated promptly for a successful result.

Immunohistologic and histochemical methods for detection of steroid binding in breast cancer: a reappraisal

A review of the current literature on immunohistologic and histochemical methods for the detection of steroid hormone binding sites in breast cancer, reveals that many, but not all of the criteria for establishing hormone-receptor binding interactions have been met. These include tissue specificity, binding between labeled ligands and soluble receptor in vitro, correlations between histochemical and biochemical assays, as well as between histologic procedures and tumor hormone responsiveness. However, histochemical binding phenomena do not appear to follow classical receptor dogma in regard to the concentration of ligand required, or specificity of binding as determined by competitive binding assays. It is concluded that these histologic techniques may be detecting classical receptor that may be reacting differently than would be expected from biochemical analyses, Types II and III binding sites, and/or organelle and membrane-bound receptors. Certainly no current method should presently be promoted as a laboratory method for the detection of classical receptor. New immunocytologic procedures employing specific, antireceptor sera currently under development, may obviate many of the criticisms leveled against earlier methods.

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen): its role as a marker in the management of cancer

A consensus Development Conference was held at the National Institutes of Health from September 29-October 1, 1980, to address issues concerning the role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a marker in the management of cancer. The panel met following formal presentations and discussions to assess the issues based on the evidence presented. These issues included: Should CEA be used in cancer screening? Is CEA helpful in cancer diagnosis? What does CEA tell about the extent and outcome of cancer? Is CEA helpful in monitoring cancer treatment? This paper constitutes the panel's findings.

Breast self-examination, relationship to stage of breast cancer at diagnosis

Data from 996 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients indicated a highly significant association (P less than 0.001) between periodic breast self-examination (BSE) and pathologic stage of disease. Among women reporting periodic BSE, only small differences were noted between those who practiced monthly and those who practiced several times annually. Average maximum tumor diameter and frequency of tumors 4 cm or large were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) among women who rarely or never practiced BSE. The relationship between the periodic practice of BSE and the diagnosis of breast cancer before nodal involvement was present even after controlling for a wide variety of variables. The regular practice of BSE was associated with a one-third reduction in the likelihood of diagnosis of disease with positive nodes. This difference translated to a 10% decline in five-year mortality for whites and a 17% decline for nonwhites.

Histochemical assay of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: correlation with biochemical assays and patients' response to endocrine therapies

Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptors were assayed by histochemistry in primary, recurrent, and metastatic breast cancer. Ligand-conjugates composed of 17 beta-estradiol and 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone covalently linked to bovine serum albumin and labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate were employed. Results were compared with those of conventional biochemical receptor assays and correlated for ER in 92% of 314 tumors and for PgR in 86% of 86 specimens. ER and PgR determinations by both assay systems were correlated with clinical response to various endocrine therapies in 40 women with Stage IV disease. The histochemical assay enabled successful prediction of response in 80% of cases including eight which could not be fully analyzed biochemically.

Identification of breast cancer patients with high risk of early recurrence after radical mastectomy: III. Steroid hormones measured in urine

The relationship of the levels of selected urinary steroid metabolites to breast cancer recurrence after radical mastectomy was studied. An analysis of variance of the steroid measurements suggested that the measurements standardized to per gram of creatinine were the appropriate measure to use in exploring these relationships. No significant associations were found for premenopausal patients; however, for postmenopausal patients, low levels of total 17-ketosteroids were associated with a reduced two-year recurrence-free rate whereas low and high levels of OHA and high levels of total estrogens were associated a relatively low high two-year recurrence-free rate. Because of the large number of significance tests performed and the lack of consistent patterns, it is questionable whether the observed associations are of any importance. Including these steroid quantities in a multivariate regression model along with previously determined clinical prognostic factors indicated that the steroid determinations were the least important variables and did not make a significant contribution to the fit of the model.

Histochemical analyses of steroid hormone receptors in breast and prostatic carcinoma

Histochemical analyses estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptors in breast cancer were statistically correlated with results of dextran-coated charcoal (DDC) and sucrose gradient assays. Correlated for ER was 91% of 363 cases, and for PgR 88% of 255 specimens. Breast cancer ER/PgR positivity by histochemistry correlated with a favorable clinical response to endocrine therapies in 72% of 25 cases, while ER/PgR negativity correlated with a lack of response in 96% of 22 cases with Stage IV disease. Nuclear ER/PgR correlated with a poor response to therapy in 8 of 12 patients. An in vitro technique to detect nuclear translocation of ER revealed two groups of ER positive cases, with 11 of 17 exhibiting translocation and 6 not displaying translocation. In prostatic carcinoma, 72% of 65 men were positive for ER and/or androgen receptor. Comparison of specimens obtained without and with electrocautery revealed a preponderance of nuclear binding in the latter, suggesting heat-induced nuclear translocation of receptor. coumestrol, a naturally fluorescent, entirely unaltered estrogen was also used for histochemical detection of ER. Results correlated with ER by DCC in 87% of 61 breast cancers. Coumestrol was additionally used to visually observe receptor and nuclear translocation of ER in intact whole cells in culture.

An improved histochemical method for detection of estrogen receptors in mammary cancer. Comparison with biochemical assay

Unselected, consecutive surgical specimens from 120 women with cancer of the breast were subjected to histochemical assay for the presence of estrogen receptor. A fluoresceinated bovine serum albumin--estradiol conjugate was used that linked estradiol at position 17 and contained 5 mol fluorescein and 4 mol estradiol per mole albumin. Simultaneous competitive binding studies with excess unlabeled estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and the antiestrogen nitromifene citrate were regularly performed. Results were compared to those obtained by the dextran-coated charcoal receptor assay. Three specimens were necrotic, two others thawed, and two lacked sufficient protein for biochemical analysis. One specimen did not contain tumor, and 11 others showed a predominant nuclear staining pattern. Nuclear receptor was not assayed biochemically. Comparison of results in the remaining 101 cases showed agreement in 92%. The precedure is uncomplicated, economical, and could be performed and interpreted in any pathology laboratory.

Histochemistry of steroid receptors in breast cancer: an overview

Immunofluorescence and a new histochemical technique were employed to assay 226 breast cancer specimens for estrogen receptor. Results showed an overall correlation of 91 percent when compared to those of biochemical assays. The histochemical technique is rapid, easy to perform and reveals the same parameters as does immunofluorescence without the need for antiserum. Tumor cell receptor heterogeneity and location of receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus is readily defined by both methods. These histologic tests should prove to be useful in extending the availability of estrogen receptor analysis to all patients with breast cancer.

A histochemical technique for evaluation of progesterone receptors in breast cancer

A histochemical method for the detection and localization of progesterone receptors in human breast cancer has been developed employing a fluorescein labeled conjugate of bovine serum albumin linked to a progestin as the binding hormone. Considerable tumor cell receptor heterogeneity was apparent and nuclear binding was frequently noted. The results of the new assay correlated with those obtained by dextran-coated charcoal assay in 91 per cent of specimens.

Relationship of race to functional status among breast cancer patients after curative surgery

Analysis of functional status of 197 breast cancer patients three years after curative radical mastectomy indicated a cumulative probability of disability of 25%, whereas the probability of death regardless of prior disability was 40.5%. Analysis of functional status by patient characteristics indicated that nonwhites were three times more likely than whites to experience disability (P less than 0.01) as defined in terms of their ability to carry on normal activities without assistance. Although whites and nonwhites were diagnosed at similar stages of disease, nonwhites were, on average, eight years younger than whites. They younger age may reflect a larger proportion of premenopausal breast cancer cases among nonwhites, which if associated with more rapidly progressing disease could account for their poorer prognosis. Alternatively there may exist factors in the nonwhites' social or economic environment that limited the ability of the family to care for the patient at home. These data reaffirm the need to monitor closely breast cancer patients to diagnose acute complications, and they indicate that most patients can resume normal activities shortly after curative surgery.

Relationship of plasma lipids to renal function and length of time on maintenance hemodialysis

Significant hypertriglyceridemia, the most common lipid abnormality in renal failure, first occurs when the creatinine clearance falls to 50 ml/min. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia continues to rise as creatinine clearance falls further with the highest rate developing at a creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min. Hypertriglyceridemia is correlated with plasma glucagon levels but not growth hormone or insulin. Plasma cholesterol values remain normal in the face of deteriorating renal function and show no correlation with any of the hormones measured. Although all three hormones became elevated as renal function diminished, none were directly correlated with glomerular filtration rate. There was a distinct decrease in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia after 5 years of maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Plasma growth hormone and glucagon through an effect on plasma triglyceride and plasma insulin by effecting plasma cholesterol may play a role in this decline of hyperlipidemia with duration of hemodialysis.

Effects of halofenate on glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia

Halofenate, a triglyceride- and uric acid-lowering drug, potentiated the effect of oral hypoglycemics. Its effect on serial glucose tolerance was evaluated in ten patients with hypertriglyceridemia without overt diabetes. Six-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were done during a control period and every 24 weeks over two years of halofenate treatment. Abnormal glucose tolerance (chemical diabetes) was observed during the control period in six of ten patients. The number of abnormal tests gradually decreased to none by 48 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid values during the glucose tolerance tests were reduced significantly. Halofenate induced significant serum uric acid reduction. No significant regressions were observed among levels of lipids, hormones, glucose, and uric acid. The mechanisms by which lipid-lowering drugs improve glucose tolerance are as yet unexplained.

Immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Comparison with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assays

Biopsy specimens from 106 women with primary operable, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were analyzed in a double blind study designed to compare the results of a new fluorescent antibody method for detection of estrogen receptors with estrogen receptors measured biochemically with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assay techniques. Assay results correlated in 89.4% of tumors analyzed, and molecular receptor forms (8S and 4S) were accurately predicted in 94.7% of neoplasms studied. Divergent results most often occurred in specimens sparsely populated with malignant cells. The new technique permitted recognition of possible sources of false negative results such as necrosis, absence of tumor and, on occasion, estrogen bound in vivo. It was possible to analyze by the immunofluorescence method two specimens of insufficient size for biochemical assay.